Power System Analysis

EE432

Chapter: 3
Modeling of Generators and
Transformers

IGEE, Dept. of Power & Control

Spring Semester
Dr. Kheldoun A.
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Ch3: Modeling of Generators and Transformers

Review:

Active, reactive, apparent power and PF relationships

Power conservation

Power factor correction using power triangle

Power flow direction

Three phase circuits

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 Ch3: Modeling of Generators and Transformers

1. Introduction

Before the power system network is solved (which is one of the main

objectives of power system analysis), it must be modeled by single

phase circuits. As discussed in the previous chapters, the essential

components that constitute the PS are AC generators, transformers,

transmission lines and loads. In this chapter we drive simple models of

generators and transformers for steady state balanced operation.

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 Ch3: Modeling of Generators and Transformers

2. Three phase synchronous generators (Alternators)

Synchronous generator is an ac machine whose stator frequency under

steady state conditions is proportional to the speed of the rotor shaft
(speed of prime mover).

P N
fe
2 60

Where N is given in RPM and P is total number of poles.

The rotor along with magnetic field created by the dc current on the
rotor, rotates in synchronism with the rotating magnetic field produced by
the stator currents
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 Ch3: Modeling of Generators and Transformers

2. Three phase synchronous generators (Alternators)

According to the type of rotor, we distinguish two types of synchronous

machines.

1. Salient-pole rotor : which is best adapted to multi-polar, low speed

operation. Hydroelectric generators are best application for this rotor type

Pole face
Shorting ring

Bars
Concentrated
winding
Pole shoe
Shaft 5
 Ch3: Modeling of Generators and Transformers

2. Three phase synchronous generators (Alternators)

2. Cylindrical-rotor : mostly found in turbo-generators or steam turbine

drive alternators. Its is suitable for high speed operation.

D=1m

Steam L=10m

High speed operation

3600 r/min -pole
1800 r/min -pole Slots housing coils
Shaft 6
Rating up to 2000 MVA
 Ch3: Modeling of Generators and Transformers

3. Synchronous Generator Model

Magnetic
The figure below illustrates an elementary two- axis of rotor
pole three phase generator. Fr
a
Applying KVL to Winding “a” F sr
c’
gives:
b’
m=wmt+ 0
- Generating mode
d a
va R a ia Magnetic
dt F s c axis of
- Motoring mode b phase a
d a
va R a ia a’
dt
is the total magnetic flux Schematic diagram of 2-pole
a which links winding “a”. =? cylindrical rotor SM 7
a
 Ch3: Modeling of Generators and Transformers

3. Synchronous Generator Model

The flux linkages produced by the stator and rotor windings are functions of
inductances and currents as follows,

a aa ia ab ib ac ic af if
b ba ia bb ib bc ic bf if
c ca i a cb ib cc ic cf i f

f fa i a fb ib fc ic ff i f

self induct . kk ,k a, b, c, f
mutual induct . kj , ( k , j a , b, c, f ) (k j)
 Ch3: Modeling of Generators and Transformers

3.1. Rotor self-inductance

For cylindrical rotor, the self inductance or the rotor winding is independent of
the rotor position if harmonic effects due to stator slots are neglected.

This inductance is function of the air-gap dimension

ff L ff and rotor winding data

At steady state operation, If =Vf /Rf (Lff accounts for only under transient
or unbalanced operation)

3.2. Stator –to-rotor mutual inductances

This inductance is function of electric angles me between magnetic axes of

the field winding and the armature phase “a”

fa af L af cos me
 Ch3: Modeling of Generators and Transformers

3.2. Stator –to-rotor mutual inductances

fa af L af cos me m st 0
P
And me mt 0e me t 0e
2
0e is the electric angle of the rotor field winding at t=0

Therefore,

fa af L af cos( me t 0e )

Similarly for phase b and c,

fb bf Lbf cos( me t 0e 120 )

fc cf Lcf cos( me t 0e 120 )

 Ch3: Modeling of Generators and Transformers

3.3. Stator self-inductances

For cylindrical rotor, the air-gap geometry is independent of rotor position, stator
self-inductances will be constant

aa bb cc Lm L0
Where

Lm is the component of self-inductance due to space-fundamental air-gap flux.

L0 is the additional component due leakage flux.
Ch3: Modeling of Generators and Transformers

a aa ab ac af

a Lm L0 i a Lab ib Lac ic af i f
Stator –to- stator mutual inductances
 Ch3: Modeling of Generators and Transformers

3.3. Stator mutual inductances

The armature phase –to-phase mutual inductances are given by the following
equations
1
ab ac Lm cos( 120 ) Lm cos( 120 ) Lm
2
1
ba ab Lm
2
1
ca ac Lm
2
Therefore

1
a Lm L0 i a Lm (ib ic ) af i f
2
 Ch3: Modeling of Generators and Transformers

3.4 SG equivalent circuit

1
a Lm L 0 .i a L m ( ib ic ) af if
2
Under balanced conditions, ia+ ib+ ic=0 ib+ ic=-ia

Substituting in the expression of flux linkage gives

3
a Lm L 0 ia af if
2
Let’s define the synchronous inductance as
3
Ls Lm L0
2
And the flux will be
b L s ib bf if
a L s ia af if Similarly
c L s ic cf if
 Ch3: Modeling of Generators and Transformers

3.4 SG equivalent circuit

The voltage across the winding of phase “a” is the sum of the armature resistance
voltage drop and the induced voltage. The induced voltage referred to as the
generated voltage or internal voltage is found from the time derivative of the flux
while armature current set equal to zero. With dc excitation If in the field winding
one obtains
d a d( af I f )
e af
dt ia 0 dt
L af I f e sin( et e0 )

The terminal voltage will be (case of motoring mode)

d a di a
va R a ia R a ia Ls e af
dt dt
 Ch3: Modeling of Generators and Transformers

3.4 SG equivalent circuit

The terminal voltage va is

di a
va R a ia Ls e af
dt
Where

eaf Laf I f e sin( et e0 ) E af 2 sin( et e0 )

Laf I f e
and E af is the rms amplitude of the generated voltage
2
Laf I f e 2 fk w N ph f
E af 4.44 fk w N ph f
2 2
 Ch3: Modeling of Generators and Transformers

3.4 SG equivalent circuit

Fr
di a Fsr
va R a ia Ls e af
dt
In steady state, the
terminal voltage shown r
above can be expressed
in terms of voltage and
current phasors.
E af
r
Va Ra I a jX s I a E af
Fs jX ar I a
Va E sr
Where Xs e Ls e ( L0 1.5 Lm ) Ia
jX 0 I a
Rs I a
X 0 1.5 X m( X ar )
is known as the synchronous Schematic diagram of 2-pole
reactance cylindrical rotor SM
 Ch3: Modeling of Generators and Transformers

3.4 SG equivalent circuit

Va Ra Ia jX s Ia E af
The above equation is based on the fact that the current is defined positive when
going into the machine winding terminals. This is known as the motor reference
direction.
Alternatively, the generator motor reference direction is defined with the
reference direction of current chosen as positive out of the machine winding
terminals. The voltage equations then becomes

E af Va Ra Ia jX s Ia

V nl V rated E af V rated
VR 100 100
V rated V rated
 Ch3: Modeling of Generators and Transformers

3.4 SG Model: equivalent circuit

Based on the obtained two equations of the terminal voltage, two equivalents circuits
can be obtained according to choice of reference direction of current

Va Ra I a jX s I a E af Va Ra I a jX s I a E af
Ia Ia
jXs Ra jXs Ra
+ +
+ +
Eaf a) Va Eaf b) Va

Synchronous Machine equivalent circuits:

a) Motor reference direction
b) Generator reference direction
 Ch3: Modeling of Generators and Transformers

Summary

We have seen in this lecture:

- types of synchronous machines

- modeling of SM using coupled-circuit method

- single phase equivalent circuit

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