Learning Area General Physics 2 Grade Level Grade 12

W4 Quarter Fourth Quarter Date

I. LESSON TITLE Optics and Lenses
II. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING 1. Relate the properties of EM wave (wavelength, frequency,
COMPETENCIES (MELCs) speed) and the properties of vacuum and optical medium
(permittivity, permeability, and index of refraction)
2. Explain the conditions for total internal reflection
3. Explain the phenomenon of dispersion by relating to Snell’s Law
4. Calculate the intensity of the transmitted light after passing through a series
of polarizers applying Malus’s Law
5. Solve problems involving reflection, refraction, dispersion, and polarization in
contexts such as, but not limited to, (polarizing) sunglasses, atmospheric
haloes, and rainbows

III. CONTENT/CORE CONTENT Total Internal Reflection, Reflection, Dispersion, Refraction

Snell’s Law
Malus’s Law
IV. LEARNING PHASES AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES
I. Introduction (Time Frame: 15 minutes)
The ability of man, and various animals groups, to visually perceive their surroundings is realized by the eye and coupled
nerve endings in the brain. To describe this ability, the Greeks used the word "optikos," which can be interpreted as seeing,
vision, or visual faculty.
The origins and historical development of our current knowledge of optics are very interesting. Archaeological findings
from the time of the Pharaohs (2600-2400BC) have shown this culture possessed outstanding anatomical knowledge. It is known
that when observing a statue, it appears the statue is always looking at you, even when you are in motion.
The demonstration of the magnetic field components of light, by Faraday, in 1845 led Maxwell to formulate the general
consistency of the propagation of light as electromagnetic waves. The famous "Maxwell Equations" were described in his
"Treatise" of 1873. Max Planck (1858-1947) in 1900, presented his results of the quantum nature of light (light can be divided up
into small quantities of energy). In 1905 A. Einstein broadened our understanding of light to include the quantum and particle
nature of light with the concept of photons.
D. Development (Time Frame: 80 minutes)

The Law of Reflection

The law of reflection states that the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. Whenever you look into a mirror or
squint at sunlight glinting off a lake, you are seeing a reflection. When you look at the text in a book, you are actually seeing
the light that is reflected from it. Large telescopes use reflections to form images of stars and other astronomical objects. In
fact, the only way we can see an object that does not itself emit light is if that object reflects light.

Law of Reflection: The law of reflection states that the angle of reflection equals the
angle of incidence: θr = θi. The angles are measured relative to the perpendicular to
the surface at the point where the ray strikes the surface.

Malus’s Law
At the beginning of the nineteenth century the only known way to generate polarized light was with a calcite crystal. In
1808, using a calcite crystal, Étienne-Louis Malus discovered that natural incident light became polarized when it was reflected
by a glass surface, and that the light reflected close to an angle of incidence of 57° could be extinguished when viewed
through the crystal. He then proposed that natural light consisted of the s- and p-polarizations, which were perpendicular to
each other.
Since the intensity of the reflected light varied from a maximum to a minimum as the crystal was rotated, Malus proposed
that the amplitude of the reflected beam must be A = A0 cosθ. However, in order to obtain the intensity, Malus squared the
amplitude relation so that the intensity equation I(θ) of the reflected

polarized light was

where I0 = A02. this equation is known as Malus’s Law. A normalized
plot of Malus’s Law is shown below.

Malus’ law states that the intensity of plane-polarized light that

passes through an analyzer varies as the square of the cosine of the angle between the plane of the polarizer and the
transmission axes of the analyzer. Today, this law is used to define the intrinsic connection between optics and electromagnetism
as well as demonstrate the transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.

Snell’s Law and the Index of Refraction

The amount that a light ray changes its direction depends both on the incident angle and the amount that the
speed changes.
Law of Refraction: Looking at the fish tank as shown, we can see the same fish in two
different locations, because light changes directions when it passes from water to air. In
this case, the light can reach the observer by two different paths, and so the fish seems to
be in two different places. This bending of light is called refraction and is responsible for
many optical phenomena. Refraction: The changing of a light ray’s direction (loosely
called bending) when it passes through variations in matter.

The amount that a light ray changes its direction depends both on the incident angle and the amount that the speed
changes. For a ray at a given incident angle, a large change in speed causes a large change in direction, and thus a large
change in angle. The exact mathematical relationship is the law of refraction, or “Snell’s Law,” which is stated in equation
form as:
n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2
Here n1 and n2 are the indices of refraction for medium 1 and 2, and θ1 and θ2 are the angles between the rays and
the perpendicular in medium 1 and 2. The incoming ray is called the incident ray and the outgoing ray the refracted ray, and
the associated angles the incident angle and the refracted angle. The law of refraction is also called Snell’s law after the
Dutch mathematician Willebrord Snell, who discovered it in 1621. Snell’s experiments showed that the law of refraction was
obeyed and that a characteristic index of refraction n could be assigned to a given medium.

Total Internal Reflection

Total internal reflection is a phenomenon that happens when a propagating wave strikes a medium boundary at an angle
larger than a particular critical angle with respect to the normal to the surface. TIR only takes place when both of the following
two conditions are met:
• the light is in the more dense medium and approaching the less dense medium.
• the angle of incidence is greater than the so-called critical angle.

The critical angle is the angle of incidence above which total internal reflection occurs. The angle of incidence is measured
with respect to the normal at the refractive boundary (see diagram illustrating Snell’s law). Consider a light ray passing from
glass into air. The light emanating from the interface is bent towards the glass. When the incident angle is increased sufficiently,
the transmitted angle (in air) reaches 90 degrees. It is at this point no light is transmitted into air.

Polarization
Brewster’s angle (also known as the polarization angle) is an angle of incidence at
which light with a particular polarization is perfectly transmitted through a transparent dielectric
surface, with no reflection. When unpolarized light is incident at this angle, the light that is
reflected from the surface is therefore perfectly polarized. This special angle of incidence
is named after the Scottish physicist Sir David Brewster (1781–1868).

The physical mechanism for this can be qualitatively understood from the manner in
which electric dipoles in the media respond to p-polarized light (whose electric field is
polarized in the same plane as the incident ray and the surface normal). One can imagine
that light incident on the surface is absorbed, and then re-radiated by oscillating
electric dipoles at the interface between the two media. The refracted light is emitted
perpendicular to the direction of the dipole moment; no energy can be radiated
in the direction of the dipole moment. Thus, if the angle of reflection θ1
(angle of reflection) is equal to the alignment of the dipoles (90 – θ2), where An illustration of the polarization of light that is
incident on an interface at Brewster’s angle.
θ2 is angle of refraction, no light is reflected.
Dispersion
Dispersion is defined as the spreading of white light into its full spectrum of wavelengths. More technically, dispersion occurs
whenever there is a process that changes the direction of light in a manner that depends on wavelength. Dispersion, as a
general phenomenon, can occur for any type of wave and always involves wavelength-dependent processes.

Pure Light and Light Dispersion: (a) A pure wavelength of light falls onto a prism
and is refracted at both surfaces. (b) White light is dispersed by the prism (shown
exaggerated). Since the index of refraction varies with wavelength, the angles of
refraction vary with wavelength. A sequence of red to violet is produced, because
the index of refraction increases steadily with decreasing wavelength.

E. Engagement (Time Frame: 60 minutes)

Learning Task 1.
Differentiate between unpolarized light and plane-polarized light using the table below.
Unpolarized light Plane polarized light

Learning Task 2.
For each combination of media, which light ray (A or B) will undergo total internal reflection if the incident angle is gradually
increased?

A. Assimilation (Time Frame: 50 minutes)

Answer the following completely.
1. When you see a straw in a glass of water, it looks bent, why is that so?
2. Explain how rainbow form.
3. An incident ray strikes a glass (n=1.52) with an angle of 380 to the surface of the glass.
A. Illustrate with label angle of incidence, angle of reflected ray and angle of
refraction. (2pts)
B. What is the angle of reflected ray? (2pts)
C. What is the angle of refracted ray? (2pts)
4. Light travelling in glass (n=3/2) is incident on air (n=1). What is the angle of incidence
that causes the light to experience total internal reflection?(3pts)
5. Look at the picture at the right side, explain the scientific reason behind the
disappearing glass.
V. ASSESSMENT (Time Frame: 20 minutes)
Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer based on what you have learned in this lesson.
1. What happens to light during total internal reflection?
a. The light reflects into the original medium at the same angle.
b. The light refracts farther away from the normal line.
c. The light refracts closer to the normal line.
d. The light reflects at the angle it would have refracted at.
2. When angle of incident (i) equals to critical angle (c) if light is traveled from a denser medium to a less dense medium,
a. total internal reflection occurs. c. light is refracted out
b. angle of refraction is equal to 90 degrees. d. light travel in straight line
 3. When will total internal reflection occur?
a. When light travels from a less dense to a more dense medium
b. When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle
c. When the angle of incidence is smaller than the critical angle
d. When the light cannot pass through a medium
4. What do we call a material that light can travel through?
a. air c. water
b. medium d. pathway
5. What might explain why light travels in a straight line?

a. If there is nothing to interfere with light waves, they should travel in a straight line.
b. Light waves do not travel in a straight line.
c. Light waves will always travel in a straight line, even if they come into contact with another object.
d. Light waves travel in a straight line because sound waves travel in a straight line.

VI. REFLECTION (Time Frame: 15 minutes)

• Communicate your personal assessment as indicated in the Learner’s Assessment Card.
Personal Assessment on Learner’s Level of Performance
Using the symbols below, choose one which best describes your experience in working on each given task. Draw it in the column
for Level of Performance (LP). Be guided by the descriptions below:
 - I was able to do/perform the task without any difficulty. The task helped me in understanding the target content/ lesson.
✓ - I was able to do/perform the task. It was quite challenging, but it still helped me in understanding the target content/lesson.
? – I was not able to do/perform the task. It was extremely difficult. I need additional enrichment activities to be able to do/perform this
task.
Learning Task LP Learning Task LP Learning Task LP Learning Task LP
Number 1 Number 3 Number 5 Number 7
Number 2 Number 4 Number 6 Number 8
VII. REFERENCES https://www.vision-systems.com/factory/article/16739075/fundamentals-of-optics-an-introduction-for-
beginnershttps://spie.org/publications/fg05_p03_maluss_law?SSO=1
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-physics/chapter/reflection-refraction-and-dispersion/

Prepared by: GINA L. MARBIDA Checked by: JOCELYN B. REYES

WILLMA G. FLORES