Step 3

Waves behavior in open and enclosure mediums

MEMBERS GROUP 203058_15

Jhon Edizon Cruz H
Pablo Andrés Martinez
Daniel Alejandro Bonell
Esteban Rodriguez
Marco Nelson Catolico Angarita

TEACHER
Doria Lizeth Quintero

“UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD”

School of Basic Sciences, Technology and Engineering
Electromagnetic Theory and Waves
April 2019
CONTENT OF TABLE

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 4
Activity 1 questions using academic references to support the research ...................................... 5
Jhon Edizon Cruz ......................................................................................................................... 5
Pablo Andres Martinez ................................................................................................................ 8
Marco Nelson Catolico Angarita ............................................................................................... 10
Esteban Rodriguez ..................................................................................................................... 12
Estudiante ................................................................................................................................. 13
Activity 2 Problems ....................................................................................................................... 15
Exercise 1: xxxx .......................................................................................................................... 15
Exercise 2: Jhon Edizon Cruz.................................................................................................... 15
Exercise 3: Esteban Rodriguez .................................................................................................. 18
Exercise 4: Pablo Andres Martinez ............................................................................................ 18
Exercise 5: xxxxxxx..................................................................................................................... 20
Collaborate Item............................................................................................................................ 21
Pablo Andres Martinez .............................................................................................................. 21

................................................................................................................................................... 21
Jhon Edizon Cruz ....................................................................................................................... 22
Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 23
References......................................................................................................................................... 24
INTRODUCTION

It is important to emphasize that electromagnetism is a branch of physics that studies and

unifies electrical and magnetic phenomena in a single theory,
The fundamentals were delivered by Michael Faraday and the formulas for the first time in
full mode by James Clerk Maxwell in the year 1865.
Now, through this subject during the academic semester it will be important to highlight
different factors and theories that allows us to determine and understand all the users seen
during the course For example, to understand an electromagnetic wave and its main means
of propagation. what we will see during the development of this initial activity
Activity 1 questions using academic references to support the research

Jhon Edizon Cruz

1. Determine 3 advantages and 2 disadvantages presented by natural phenomena of refraction

or reflection for the transmission of electromagnetic waves.

First of all, we can define these concepts, Reflection as a movement that involves a change in
direction of waves when they bounce off a barrier and, the Refraction of waves, when involves a
change in the direction of waves as they pass from one medium to another.

Refraction, or the bending of the path of the waves, is accompanied by a change in speed and
wavelength of the waves.

Advantages
Now we know the concepts, now we can add a technical aspect that is the main idea how the
refraction works in the optical fiber and is the critical angle.

 Depending the index refraction and its critical angle we can get a great light and speed
conductor, these stuffs are get into the optical fiber, this material is made by very pure glass
(silica). In the fiber, the core must have a refractive index (n1) greater than the refractive
index (n2) of the coating. When this occurs, the light is reflected in such a way that it is not
able to cross the surface between both means completely reflecting, without refraction.

 Thanks to the refraction and reflection, we can see the objects that exist around us.
Depending on the wave length we can see its shadows and its colors but this aspect refers
more to the diffraction phenomenon.

 Using the AM radio waves and the diffraction phenomenon we can get a much better signal
than the FM waves because of wave length is shorter so can round the elements. But not
only using the diffraction and a short wave length we can get a better signal, we can get much
more details on the small stuffs, this is the main idea from the electronic microscopic. This
microscopic uses the electron beams to light the objects in a very small scale.

Disadvantages
  Depending how is the temperature, the waves are going to change on their speed, so if a
wave that is created and the temperature from the ground is colder than in the air, the sound
could be heard furthermore and its speed is slower but in the opposite if the ground is hotter
than in the air, the refraction from the wave is going upstairs

 Depending on the material surface and the wave length we can get a great reflation or a
diffuse reflation. These characteristics are important to make the antennas. Using a short
light wave length in a satellite, the surface is going to be so much diffuse but instead using a
radio wave long length signal the surface is going to be like a mirror and could be consider
an excellent reflector.

2. Explain what Snell's Law is for in the propagation of electromagnetic waves

The Snell´s law is a relationship between the path taken by a ray of light in crossing the boundary or
surface of separation between two contacting substances and the refractive index of each.
The law was discovered in 1621 by the Dutch astronomer and mathematician Willebrord Snell (also
called Snellius). The account of Snell’s law went unpublished until its mention by Christiaan Huygens
in his treatise on light.

n1 and n2 represent the indices of refraction for the two media, and
𝜃1 and 𝜃2 are the angles of incidence and refraction that the ray P
makes with the normal (perpendicular) line OQ at the boundary

Snell’s law asserts that

𝑛1 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜃1
=
𝑛2 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜃2

3. How is the total reflection of an electromagnetic wave achieved by colliding with a

different medium of propagation?

Total reflection is a process that occurs when Snell's law for refraction can no longer be
solved for real angles. To understand this topic first we need to get an idea from what it is a
Critical angle. This angle is gotten when a ray of light reaches to the limit of refraction known
as 90 degrees.
When the rays have angles higher than 90 degrees the light never pass to the other medium
instead reflex internally.
This phenomenon only occurs when the incident light comes from a higher density
Using the Snell´s Law we can get that
𝑛1 𝑆𝑒𝑛 𝜃𝑐 = 𝑛2 𝑆𝑒𝑛 𝜃2
And 𝜃2 = 90 and Sen 90 = 1 Simplifying
𝑛2
𝑆𝑒𝑛 𝜃𝑐 =
𝑛1

4. How is the total refraction of an electromagnetic wave achieved by colliding with a different
means of propagation?

The refraction is a phenomenon in which the ray of light pass through from one medium to another.
The refraction never occurs when the angle is 90 degrees.
When The refraction occurs the speed change. The more the refractions index the less the speed in
that medium, this is known as optical density material.

5. What do you mean by polarization of electromagnetic waves?

Polarization is a property of certain electromagnetic radiations in which the direction and magnitude
of the vibrating electric field are related in a specified way.

A beam of unpolarized light consists of waves moving in the same direction with their electric vectors
pointed in random orientations about the axis of propagation. Plane polarized light consists of waves
in which the direction of vibration is the same for all waves. In circular polarization the electric vector
rotates about the direction of propagation as the wave progresses. Light may be polarized by
reflection or by passing it through filters, such as certain crystals, that transmit vibration in one plane
but not in others.
Pablo Andres Martinez

1. Determine 3 advantages and 2 disadvantages presented by natural phenomena of refraction

or reflection for the transmission of electromagnetic waves.

Advantages:
 One of the major uses of reflection in telecommunications is the use of optical fiber
since a flexible cable of transparent material that has a refractive index such that said
index is greater than the refractive index of the material that covers it. In this way,
when a pulse of light is introduced with a certain angle of entry into the fiber, it is
confined in its interior reaching the end with little loss of intensity, since all the
reflections that are produced meet the condition of reflection total. Thus, the
possible angles of light input to the fiber define an acceptance cone within which the
rays must be intended to meet the condition of total reflection inside the fiber.
 Another advantage is the use of transmissions in the ionosphere for the refraction of
radio waves through which signals are propagated throughout the world.
 Theories of reflection and refraction have wide applications both in everyday
objects, such as mirrors or glasses, and in scientific fields, such as crystallography
and microscopy.

Disadvantages:
  The refraction in the media depending on how dense the surface is, its line will
bend towards a line drawn normal to the boundary surface.
 in the transmission it is necessary that the frequency remains constant so that the
value of the wavelength does not change

2. Explain what Snell's Law is for in the propagation of electromagnetic waves.

 Snell's law is an equation in physics that helps describe the angles at which light
enters different materials or media.

3. How is the total reflection of an electromagnetic wave achieved by colliding with a different
medium of propagation?

 When a ray of light passes from one medium to another less refractive, that is,
from a medium of higher refractive index to one with a lower refractive index, the
phenomenon of total reflection occurs.

It can be calculated with the following equation:

𝑛2
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐 =
𝑛1
𝑛2
𝜃𝑐 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1
𝑛1

4. How is the total refraction of an electromagnetic wave achieved by colliding with a different
means of propagation?

 The total refraction occurs when the velocity of propagation of the first medium is
greater than that of the medium to which it strikes, although for this it is necessary
to see the refractive index that the material possesses to which the wave strikes.

5. What do you mean by polarization of electromagnetic waves?

 It is a phenomenon that can occur in electromagnetic waves, such as light, by which

the electric field oscillates only in a plane called plane of polarization. This plane can
be defined by two vectors, one of them parallel to the direction of propagation of
the wave and another perpendicular to that same direction which indicates the
direction of the electric field.
 There are different types such as:
Linear Polarization, Circular Polarization, Elliptical Polarization

Marco Nelson Catolico Angarita

1. Determine 3 advantages and 2 disadvantages presented by natural phenomena

of refraction or reflection for the transmission of electromagnetic waves.

In the process of propagation of electromagnetic waves intervenes not only in the medium but
also in the conditions of the same, the way in which the temperature can be altered from the
constant of the speed of the waves, to the direction of propagation of these. Two factors of high
relation with reflection and refraction. In the first plane, the wave has undergone a change in its
trajectory, returning to the original medium; in the second case, the wave modifies the speed
when making a change in the middle of the propagation, which also generates a change in its
trajectory or direction.

As advantages we have:

 Use in telecommunications in the form of radio waves. Currently, they are the basis for
transmitting signals that allow for example that they carry information of different kinds such
as data, audio and video.
  In fields such as medicine and research, they are often used in X-ray mode; by means of which
it is necessary to be able to "see" for example the state of a bone fracture in people
 A growing number of electronic devices have wireless connectivity using electromagnetic
wave transmission in the form of infrared rays, allowing connectivity with household
appliances, for example.

As for disadvantages we are:

 Perhaps the factor considered to be the most disadvantageous is the impact that some wave
propagation frequencies have on the health of people; Gama rays for example.
 It is also considered a disadvantage, the alteration that these suffer due to sudden changes
in the environment, such as atmospheric pressure or the presence of heavy rains.

2. Explain what Snell's Law is for in the propagation of electromagnetic waves.

Snell's Law consists of a formula that allows explaining through a mathematical model, the
change of direction that a light beam experiences when passing from a medium such as air to a
medium such as water. Describe or calculate the relationship between the indices of refraction
that each medium possesses.
The refractive index 𝒏 is obtained by dividing the value of the speed of light in vacuum 𝒄, by the
speed of light in another medium 𝒗:

𝒄
𝒏=
𝒗

Snell's formula tells us that the relationship between the angle of entry with respect to the
normal and the refractive index of each medium, will make it possible to know the angle and
direction of the ray in the medium that it will be refracted eventually.

𝒏𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟐
= ↔ 𝒏𝟏 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟏 = 𝒏𝟐 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟐
𝒏𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟏

3. How is the total reflection of an electromagnetic wave achieved by colliding with

a different medium of propagation?

The phenomenon of total reflection occurs when the ray of light is transmitted to a medium our
refractive index is lower in the medium by which it is said that the "bounce" ray and always
maintain its trajectory in the medium that index higher of refraction. Its mathematical
representation is determined by:

𝒏𝟐
𝜽𝒄 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 ↔ 𝒏𝟏 ∙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝜽𝟏 = 𝒏𝟐 ∙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝜽𝟐
𝒏𝟏
 The light rays are photons, therefore in the optical corpuscular theory can be considered a total
reflection effect and with zero loss of light power

4. How is the total refraction of an electromagnetic wave achieved by colliding with

a different means of propagation?

The refraction process occurs when an electromagnetic wave that travels at a determined speed
in a medium collides with a medium whose optical density is different from the first; which
generates alteration in both the velocity and the direction of propagation of the wave. In any
case, the refraction of the wave will depend on the refractive index of the medium through which
it propagates and the same principle is applied to the medium on which the wave is refracted.

5. What do you mean by polarization of electromagnetic waves?

The concept of polarization of electromagnetic waves establishes in essence the possibility of

giving or directing these in a defined sense or direction, dissuading the change of orientation of
the same. The propagation of a wave draws a trajectory, which depends on its nature and the
environment. A polarized light beam, for example, would move in the direction of the
propagation axis, from which the variation of the vector can be validated, which can also
represent a circular, elliptical or linear displacement. With the above, it is defined that the
polarization of electromagnetic waves will propitiate the stable propagation of waves

Esteban Rodriguez

6. Determine 3 advantages and 2 disadvantages presented by natural phenomena of refraction

or reflection for the transmission of electromagnetic waves.

Advantages:
• the use of optical fiber, for its flexibility of transparent material has a refractive index that is
greater than the index that covers it, this being so When it is exposed to a certain pulse of light with
an angle of entry into the fiber, it is confined in its interior reaching the end with little loss of intensity.
• the use of transmissions in the ionosphere for refraction, in which they propagate signs all
over the world
• Theories of reflection and refraction have wide applications both in everyday objects, such
as mirrors or glasses, and in scientific fields, such as crystallography and microscopy.
Disadvantages:

• The refraction varies depended the density of the surface

• it is necessary that the frequency be constant so that the value of the wavelength does not
present variations

2. Explain what Snell's Law is for in the propagation of electromagnetic waves.

is a formula used to calculate the refractive angle of light when crossing the separation surface
between two means of propagation of light (or any electromagnetic wave) with a different refractive
index.

3. How is the total reflection of an electromagnetic wave achieved by colliding with a different
medium of propagation?

When a ray of light moves from one medium of propogation to another with less refraction, this is
called total reflection
𝑛2
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐 =
𝑛1
𝑛2
𝜃𝑐 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1
𝑛1
4. How is the total refraction of an electromagnetic wave achieved by colliding with a different
means of propagation?

The total refraction is generated when the propagation of the first medium has one is greater than
that of the medium that hits it.

5. What do you mean by polarization of electromagnetic waves?

This phenomenon is presented in waves as light, by means of which the electric field moves in a single
plane that they call polarization, the plane can be defined by two vectors, one parallel to the direction
of propagation and the other perpendicular.

Estudiante
Activity 2 Problems

Choose one of the following problems, solve it and share the solution in the forum. Perform
a critical analysis on the group members’ contributions and reply this in the forum

Exercise 1: xxxx

Exercise 2: Jhon Edizon Cruz

In the following figure 𝑛1 = 1.9, 𝑛2 = 1.4, and 𝑛3 = 1.1, light refracts from material 1 into
material 2. If it is incident at point A at the critical angle for the interface between materials 2 and
3, what are:

a) the angle of refraction at point B and

First we need to find the critical angle at point “A” because the light makes a total internal reflation
because of n2 is higher than n3 and so
Using the nell´s law and a new graphic with the normal at that point
 𝑛2 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜔 = 𝑛3 𝑆𝑒𝑛 90
𝑛3
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜔 =
𝑛2
1,1
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜔 =
1,4
𝜔 = 51,780

Knowing the right angle is equal to 90 degrees we can say

𝜔 + 𝛽 = 90
𝛽 = 90 − 𝜔
𝛽 = 90 − 51,78
𝛽 = 38,220

Appling the Geometric, we can say that opposite angles by vertex are equal, so

𝛽 = 𝛽𝑟
𝜔 = 𝜔𝑟

So the incident angle at point B with the new Normal is 𝛽𝑟 and applying snell´s law when the ray
diffract because n3 is lower than n2
 𝑛3 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝛾 = 𝑛2 𝑆𝑒𝑛 𝛽𝑟

b) the initial angle 𝜃?

𝑛1 𝑆𝑒𝑛∅ = 𝑛2 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜔𝑟
𝑛2 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜔𝑟
𝑆𝑒𝑛∅ =
𝑛1
1,4 𝑆𝑒𝑛 51,78
𝑆𝑒𝑛∅ =
1,9
∅ = 35,37𝑜

If, instead, light is incident at B at the critical angle for the interface between materials 2 and 3, what
are

c. the angle of refraction at point A

Finding the critical angle between material 2 and 3

𝑛3
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐 =
𝑛2
1.1
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐 =
1.4
𝜃𝑐 = 51,78𝑜
Using this critical angle and the diagram in the geometric we can determinate the new Incident ray
that will reflect into point A and at the same time the first ray was on the n2

𝐼𝑐 = 𝜃𝑐 + 𝜃2 = 90
 𝐼𝑐 = 𝜃2 = 90 − 𝜃𝑐
𝜃2 = 90 − 51,78
𝐼𝑐 = 𝜃2 = 38,22

d. the initial angle 𝜃

𝑛1 𝑆𝑒𝑛∅ = 𝑛2 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜃2
𝑛2 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜃2
𝑆𝑒𝑛∅ =
𝑛1
1,4 𝑆𝑒𝑛 38,22
𝑆𝑒𝑛∅ =
1,9
𝜃 = 27,12𝑜

Exercise 3: Esteban Rodriguez

 A laser that is inside a tank of water, shoots a ray of light upwards. If the laser is located
h1=20cm under water. At what minimum horizontal distance d1 from the laser pointer
should you shoot so that the beam does not leave the water?

𝑛1 1
𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝜃𝑐 ) = = = 0.666
𝑛2 1.5
𝜃𝑐 = 𝑆𝑒𝑛−1 (0.666) = 41.8°
𝑑1
= 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃1
ℎ1
𝑑1 = ℎ1 . 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃1 = 20𝑐𝑚 × 𝑇𝑎𝑛(41.8°) = 17.9 𝐶𝑚

Exercise 4: Pablo Andres Martinez

 4. In the following figure a 3m long vertical pole extends from the bottom of a swimming pool
to a point 50cm above the water. Sunlight is incident at angle 𝜃 = 60𝑜 . What is the length of
the shadow of the pole on the level bottom of the pool?

Input data:

N1= 1
N2= 1.33

𝜃 = 60°
As N2> N1, we know that the beam bends towards normality.

𝜃𝑖 = 90° − 60° = 30°

1
𝜃𝑟 = sin−1 ( ∗ sin 30°)
1.33
𝜃𝑟 = 22°
now we proceed with the help of geometry, we say that:
0.5𝑀
tan 60° =
𝑑2
𝑑2 = 0.28𝑀

2.5𝑀
tan 22° =
𝑑1
𝑑1 = 6.18 𝑀
With the obtained data we say that:

𝐷 = 𝑑1 + 𝑑2
𝐷 = 0.28𝑀 + 6.18𝑀
𝐷 = 6.46 𝑀

Exercise 5: xxxxxxx
Collaborate Item

Pablo Andres Martinez

Pablo_Snell
Law.xlsx
Jhon Edizon Cruz

Jhon_Snell Law.xlsx
CONCLUSIONS

Conclusion 1: Student name

Conclusion 2: Jhon Edizon Cruz H

 When a ray is applied to a medium the we have to know the reflection index “n”
because this a-dimensional tern represents the change from the velocity in that
medium, this term is gotten from the relationship between the speed of light in the
vacuum and the speed in the new medium.
 The higher the “n” factor the lower speed get in the medium

Conclusion 3: Esteban Rodriguez

 Through this activity we can show the different types of electromagnetic waves

 we can also tell you that waves vary according to the medium in which they are
propagated

 The length of a wave is inversely proportional to its frequency and this translates into
a transmission medium.

Conclusion 4: Student name

Conclusion 5: Student name

REFERENCES

Bibliography 1: Jhon Edizon Cruz Hernandez

FISICA - Reflexión de la Luz - [HD] . VON NEUMANN Publicado el 1 sept. 2015 Retrive from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGsp7rDamEM&t=401s

Reflexión Total Interna - Teoría, Concepto y Problemas Resueltos. . Ayudinga 27 jul. 2016.
Retrive from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_pQ8GrMOKg

Reflexion – Concepto. Ayudinga 27 jul. 2016. Retrive from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gr8OjvAl2aQ

 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. PHYSICS. Get from

https://www.britannica.com/science/Snells-law

 Microscope Master. Definitions, Applications and Uses in Microscopy. Get from

https://www.microscopemaster.com/total-internal-reflection.html

 Fisica 2 Tippens. Mc GrawHill

 Fisica Conceptual. Third Edition. Paul G. Hewitt

Bibliography 2: Pablo Andres Martinez

Wiley J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband
Wireless. 25-70. Retrieved
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.
com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press, 519-
524. Retrieved
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.
com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519
 Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Snell Law [Video]. Retrieved
from http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13140

Woodwell, G. (2016). Reflection And Refraction. Salem Press Encyclopedia Of

Science, Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ers&AN=893171
93&lang=es&site=eds-live

Bibliography 3: Esteban Rodriguez

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press. 513-519.
Retrieved
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/logi
n.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513

OVI
The following video explains the main electromagnetic parameters associated with the
medium and the wave, in order to recognize how a medium could be characterized for a
specific transmission system.
Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent [Video]. Retrieved
fromhttp://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139

Additional educational resources for the course (Complementary Bibliography)

The following reference is aimed to complement the required reference, in order to give
academic sources to complement the research of the concepts and the proposal problems.

Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). From Maxwell's Equations to Free and
Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction for First-year Undergraduates. New York:
Nova Science Publishers, Inc, 49-80 Retrieved
fromhttp://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=7468
51&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49
Last modified: Wednesday, 16 January 2019, 10:19 AM

Bibliography 4: Nelson Catolico

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press. 513-519. Retrieved
from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direc
t=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513

Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent [Video]. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2
Fcommons%2Fthumb%2Fb%2Fb3%2FEM_Spectrum_Properties_es.svg%2F450px-
EM_Spectrum_Properties_es.svg.png&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fes.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEs
pectro_electromagn%25C3%25A9tico&docid=ofk_1wABXErDZM&tbnid=aUiSwHz6EOmWmM%3A
&vet=10ahUKEwjcgfCmurzgAhUKd98KHfSmBhkQMwg-
KAAwAA..i&w=450&h=257&bih=705&biw=1517&q=espectro%20electromagnetico%20personas&
ved=0ahUKEwjcgfCmurzgAhUKd98KHfSmBhkQMwg-KAAwAA&iact=mrc&uact=8

https://translate.google.com/?hl=es

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_Snell

Bibliography 5: Student name