Relations and

Functions
Name: [Durjay Yadav]
Class: XI-B
Roll No: [12]
Subject: Mathematics Project
Session: 2025-26
 Table of Contents

• 1. Description
• 2. Procedure
• 3. Mathematics Used
• 4. Diagrams & Illustrations
• 5. Conclusion
• 6. Bibliography
• 7. Acknowledgement
 Description
• This project is focused on the topic of 'Relations and
Functions,' a cornerstone concept in higher
mathematics. A relation is any association between
elements of two sets, and a function is a specific type
of relation where every input is connected to exactly
one output. In this project, I explore how these
abstract concepts form the basis for solving complex
algebraic and geometric problems. The study begins
with understanding ordered pairs and cartesian
products, progressing to mapping diagrams and
graph interpretations. Real-life examples such as
temperature conversions and currency exchange
rates are included to illustrate the relevance of
functions. This project uses visual aids like Venn
diagrams and coordinate plots to enhance
comprehension. The goal is to not only understand
the mathematical theory but also apply it in real-
 Procedure
• To begin this project, I referred to multiple
sources, primarily the NCERT Mathematics
textbook for Class XI, to gather a clear
understanding of the concepts. I identified key
definitions and differences between relations and
functions. I explored various types of relations
including reflexive, symmetric, and transitive, as
well as different types of functions like one-one,
onto, and many-one. I created mapping diagrams
and sketched graphs to visualize these
relationships. Using graph paper and drawing
tools, I plotted functions such as f(x) = x² and f(x)
= 2x + 3. I also researched real-world applications
and incorporated them into the project to
demonstrate practical relevance. Each concept
was documented step-by-step along with examples
 Mathematics Used
• The mathematics involved in this project includes several
key concepts that are foundational in algebra and
coordinate geometry. These include:
• - Cartesian Product: A × B forms the basis for creating
relations.
• - Ordered Pairs: Each relation consists of ordered pairs (a,
b).
• - Types of Relations: Reflexive, Symmetric, Transitive, and
Equivalence Relations.
• - Functions: Special types of relations where each input
has a unique output.
• - Domain, Codomain, and Range: Definitions that
determine the behavior of functions.
• - Graphs: Linear, quadratic, and identity functions were
represented on the Cartesian plane.
• I also used mapping diagrams, Venn diagrams, and
algebraic methods to explore and explain these concepts.
Real-life uses like temperature conversions and cost
estimations further demonstrated the utility of functions.
Diagrams & Illustrations
• This section includes visual representations that
make understanding of relations and functions
easier. 1. Venn Diagram: To illustrate the Cartesian
product and relation between sets A and B.
• 2. Mapping Diagram: Shows how each element in
the domain maps to one in the codomain.
• 3. Graphs: Includes graphs for linear function
f(x)=2x+3 and quadratic function f(x)=x².
• These diagrams visually distinguish functions from
general relations. A function will have no vertical
line intersecting more than one point on its graph.
They also illustrate injective (one-one), surjective
(onto), and bijective functions effectively. These
visuals enhance conceptual clarity.
 Conclusion
• Through this project, I have gained a deeper
understanding of the concepts of relations and
functions. I learned how to define, represent,
and differentiate between different types of
relations and functions. The project allowed me
to explore mathematical logic, visualization, and
analysis. Creating mapping diagrams and graphs
provided hands-on experience in identifying the
characteristics of each type of function. The
application of these concepts in real-world
problems such as temperature conversion,
billing systems, and grading schemes showed
how useful and versatile functions are. This
project helped me to think critically, organize
information logically, and present it effectively. I
am now more confident in solving function-based
 Bibliography
• - NCERT Mathematics Textbook (Class XI)
• - RS Aggarwal Mathematics (Senior
Secondary)
• - www.mathsisfun.com
• - www.khanacademy.org
• - Meritnation and BYJU’S App
• - School lecture notes and teacher handouts
• - YouTube: Math Antics, ExamFear Education
 Acknowledgement
• I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my
Mathematics teacher for guiding me throughout
the project and helping me understand the
intricacies of relations and functions. I also thank
my classmates for their encouragement and
support. This project has allowed me to
independently explore and present the topic in a
structured manner. I acknowledge that this project
was completed entirely by me, and it reflects my
individual understanding and effort. I am thankful
for the resources and opportunities provided by my
school, and I hope this project will serve as a
helpful reference for future learners.