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Relations and Functions.
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 Main highlights of Relations and Functions…..
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In this chapter we will learn

 Linking of pairs of the two objects from
two sets (Cartesian Product of Sets).
 The Relation between two objects in pair.
 And lastly special Relations which qualify
to be Functions.
 Next lets see another concept called Relations…..
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A relation R from a non – empty set A to a non-empty set B is a
Definition:
subset of the cartesian product A x B. The subset is derived by describing a
relationship between the first element and the second element of the
ordered pairs in A x B. The second element is called the image of the first
element.
Components
Domain and Range

The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R from a set A to
a set B is called the domain of the relation R.

The set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R from a set
A to a set B is called the range of the relation R.

Note : The whole set B is called the codomain of the Relation R.

Range ⊆ co-domain.
 Let’s come to the NCERT Exercise now…….
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 Let’s look at an example now on Relations…..
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 Let’s do a Question now on Relations…..
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Q1) Let A = { 1, 2, 3,…………..,14 }.
Define a relation R from A to A by
R ={(x,y) : 3x – y = 0, where x , y ∈ 𝑨}. Write
down its domain, range and codomain.
 Let’s come to the NCERT Exercise now…….
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14 Que 2:

If A={ 1,2,3,4,5,6}and R
be the relation
defined on A by R =
{(𝑎, 𝑏): a∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵and
a divides b
o𝑛 𝐴 }, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
i) List the element on
R
ii) Find the domain of
R
iii) Find the range of R
15 Function

 A relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be a function if every element of

set A has one and only one image in set B.
 In other words, a function f is a relation from a non-empty set A to a non-
empty set B such that the domain of f is A and no two distinct ordered pairs
in f have the same first element.
 If f is a function from A to B and (a, b) ∈ f, then f (a) = b, where b is called
the image of a under f and a is called the preimage of b under f
The function f from A to B is denoted by f: A →B
16 Domain and Range of a function

Let f is a function from 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 then the set X is called the domain and the set
Y is called the co-domain.
The set consisting of all the images of the element of X under the function f is
called the Range of f . It is denoted by f(x)

Range of f ={𝑓(𝑥): 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋}

17 Difference between function and
relation
18 Function explained
19 Which of the following arrow diagram
represents a function

A B

C
20 Example

 Let N be the set of natural numbers and the relation R be defined on N

such that R = {(x, y) : y = 2x, x, y ∈ N}.
 What is the domain, codomain and range of R? Is this relation a function?
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RECAP

1 , 2 .3

a.b
 Let A={ 1,2 ,3} and B= { a ,b ,c ,d }

A B
RELATION

1 a

b
FUNCTION 2

c
3
d
 Let A={ 1,2 ,3,4 } and B= { a ,b ,c ,d }

A B
RELATION

1 a

FUNCTION
b
2 Let A={ 1,2 ,3} and B= { a ,b ,c ,d }

c
3
d
4
 Let A={ 1,2 ,3} and B= { a ,b ,c ,d }

RELATION
A B

FUNCTION

1 a

2 b

c
3
d
 Let A={ 1,2 ,3} and B= { a ,b ,c ,d
}

A B

RELATION 1 a

FUNCTION b
2

c
3
d
Domain,codomain and range

Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑜𝑓 𝑓
 Set B 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑪𝒐𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑜𝑓 𝑓
 The set of all images of elements of A is known as the range of 𝑓 and is
denoted by 𝑓(𝐴).
 𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑓 𝑥 : 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 =Range of f
 𝒇 𝑨 ⊆𝑩
Question 1:

Let X = { 1,2,3 .4.5} and Y= 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟕, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟑 and

 𝒇 = 𝟏, 𝟏 , 𝟐, 𝟎 , 𝟑, 𝟕 , 𝟒, 𝟗 , 𝟓, 𝟏𝟑 , then check f is a
function from X to Y or not .
Question2 :

 . Which of the following relations are functions? Give

reasons. If it is a function, (i) {(2,1), (5,1), (8,1), (11,1),
(14,1), (17,1)}
 (ii) {(2,1), (4,2), (6,3), (8,4), (10,5), (12,6), (14,7)}
 (iii) {(1,3), (1,5), (2,5)}.
Question 3

 Is the given relation a function? Justify your answer.

(i) f = {(x, x) : x is a real number}

 ( ii) g = 𝒏, 𝒏𝟐 : 𝐧 is a positive integer}

MAIN FEATURES OF A FUNCTION

 Let f. ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵 is a function, then

 To every 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 such that 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑥)
 No element of A can have more than one image in B
 There may be elements of B which are not associated
with any elements of A .
 Distinct element of A may have same image in B .
 Function f is determined when f(x) is known for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 .
REAL FUNCTION

 A function which has either R or one of its subsets as its

range is called a real valued function.

 If its domain is also either R or a subset of R, it is called a

real function.
IDENTITY FUNCTION

 Let R be the set of real numbers; real valued function f :

R → R defined
by y = f(x) = x for each x ∈ R. Such a function is called the
identity function. the domain R.
range R
Constant function

 The function f: R → R by y = f (x) = c, x ∈ R where

c is a constant and each x ∈ R. Domain of f is R
 Range is {c}.
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