Digital Filters
What Are Digital Filters?
Digital filters are mathematical algorithms used to process digital
signals by modifying or enhancing certain aspects of the
signal, such as removing noise, extracting useful information, or
improving quality.
What Are Digital Filters?
They operate on discrete-time signals, meaning they work with data
that has been sampled at specific intervals rather than continuous
signals like analog filters.
Key Functions of Digital Filters:
1. Remove unwanted noise (e.g., background noise in audio recordings).
2. Enhance important signal components (e.g., sharpening images).
3. Extract specific frequency components (e.g., isolating bass or treble in music).
4. Improve data transmission (e.g., reducing interference in communication
systems).
Types of Digital Filters
Types of Digital Filters
1. Low-pass Filter - a filter that passes signals with a frequency
lower than a selected cutoff frequency and attenuates signals
with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency.
cutoff frequency, corner frequency, or break frequency is a boundary in a system's frequency response at which
energy flowing through the system begins to be reduced (attenuated or reflected) rather than passing through.
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Types of Digital Filters
2. High-pass Filter - is an electronic filter that passes signals
with a frequency higher than a certain cutoff frequency and
attenuates signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff
frequency.
Types of Digital Filters
3. Band-pass Filter - is a device that passes frequencies within a
certain range and rejects frequencies outside that range. A band
pass filter removes frequencies above and below a designated
band of frequencies called a passband. A bandpass filter is a
combination of a high pass filter and a low pass filter.
Types of Digital Filters
4. Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter - is a filter whose impulse
response (or response to any finite length input) is of finite duration,
because it settles to zero in finite time (meaning it reaches zero after
a specific period) and no internal feedback.
Types of Digital Filters
5. Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filter
- is a digital filter whose impulse
response goes on forever theoretically.
Unlike FIR filters, IIR filters utilize
feedback; hence, they can achieve a
desired frequency response with low
orders than which results to
computational efficiency.
Basic Filter Characteristics
Basic Filter Characteristics
1. Frequency response - is the quantitative measure of the
magnitude and phase (angle) of the output as a function of input
frequency.
Basic Filter Characteristics
2. Impulse response - or impulse response function (IRF), of a dynamic system
is its output when presented with a brief input signal, called an impulse (δ(t)). More
generally, an impulse response is the reaction of any dynamic system in response to
some external change. In both cases, the impulse response describes the reaction of
the system as a function of time (or possibly as a function of some other independent
variable that parameterizes the dynamic behavior of the system).
Basic Filter Characteristics
3. Transfer function - is a mathematical representation that models
the relationship between the output and input of a system. It describes
how the output responds to various input signals and is often expressed
in the complex frequency domain (using the Laplace transform).
Applications of Digital Filters
● Noise reduction in audio processing
● Image processing and sharpening
● Communication systems and signal enhancement
Mathematical Calculations
Finite impulse
response
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