WHOSE
WHOM
WHERE
WHEN
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Ifthe noun we are going to
define is possessive in the
defining sentence,
«whose» can be used for
both people and objects.
It is used instead of possessive
adjectives such as my, her, our, …..
Romeo and Juliet were two lovers.
Their parents hated each other.
= Romeo and Juliet, whose parents
hated each other, were two lovers.
The chair must be thrown away. Its legs are
broken.
= The chair whose legs are broken
must be thrown away.
Annesi banakada çalısan kız tatil için
para biriktiriyor.
= The girl whose mother Works in
a bank is saving money for her holiday.
= The bus whose tyre is flat will
wait at this station for 2 hours.
It is used instead of personal pronouns in
object position such as her, them, us,… ..
The man was Mr. Jones. I met him
yesterday.
= The man whom (who) (that) I met
yesterday was Mr. Jones.
My sister whom (who) (that) you’ve
met once, will come to visit me tomorrow.
The woman whom (who) (that) I told
you about is over there.
*** In the 3 example sentences above,
relative pronouns can be omitted because
they are followed by nouns.
If the name we are defining indicates a location
in the defining sentence, we use "where" as the
relative word.
I like the hotel. We stayed there last summer.
I like the hotel where we stayed last summer.
I know the hospital. He works in the
hospital.
I know the hospital where he works.
A cinema is a place. We can see films there.
A cinema is a place where we can see films.
He liked the seaside resort. We spent our
holiday there.
He liked the seaside resort where we spent our
holiday.
The city is full of tourists. He lives there now.
The city where he lives now is full of tourists.
If the noun we are qualifying is either the
subject or the object in the sentence and
does not specify a place (e.g., in the
garden, at school), "where" is not used.
"where" is not used to describe a noun.
When and where are used only to specify
place and time (e.g., at the cinema, in the
room).
My father likes the house . It has a
big garden. (definition sentence)
My father likes the house which
/that has a big garden.
My father likes the house. He was
born in that house .
(reporting location)
My father likes the house where he
was born.
If the noun we are defining expresses time
in the defining sentence, such as "the year,
that day, on that day, in that year, on that
hour," the relative word "WHEN" is used.
1453 is the year. Fatih conquered Istanbul
in that year.
1453 is the year when Fatih conquered
Istanbul.
I will never forget the day . I met
her on that day.
I will never forget the day when I
met her .
When is not used to describe a noun.
When is used only to indicate TIME
(e.g., on Tuesday, in the year).
1989 is the year. I met her in that year.
(reporting time)
1989 is the year when I met her.
1989 is the year . I can’t forget it .
(tanımlama cümlesi)
1989 is the year which / that I can’t
forget.
If we use the Relative Clause structure
when defining previously defined or
known names, a comma must be used.
Such structures are called Non-
Defining Relative Clause structures.
Istanbul, where I live, is wonderful.
(Istanbul is already a well-known
name. So, removing the "where I live"
clause doesn't change the meaning.)
The city where I live is wonderful.
(The city, but which city? The relative
clause structure we use to indicate this
is very important. So, omitting the
where I live clause would distort the
meaning.)
The woman who lives next door is a
nurse. (defining) (gerekli bilgi)
Mrs.Brown, who lives next door, is
a nurse. (non-definig) (ekstra bilgi)
A person who lives in İstanbul may
have a lot of problems.
My brother Yılmaz, who lives in
İstanbul, is a computer technican.
İdentified nouns
A father who is very strict with his
children is not approved much.
My father , who works in
Kazakhistan, is not a strict person.
We stayed at a hotel which a friend
of mine recommended us.
We stayed at that hotel, which a
friend of mine recommended us.
The cell phone which is on the sofa
belongs to me.
The red cell phone, which is on the
sofa, belongs to me
My sister, who is 25, will get
married next week.
My friend Mehmet, whose son you
have met, is an English teacher.
Mr. James, whom I have been
working with for 10 years, is a very
intelligent man.
Ankara, where millions of people
live, has many problems to settle.
A city where millions of people live
may probably have many problems.
I need a friend whom I can always
trust.
I need my friend Ali, whom I can
always trust.
Relative Clause, “of” içeren miktar
ifadeleri içerebilir: some of, many of,
most of, none of, two of, half of, both
of, neither of, each of, several of, a
few of, little of, a number of…gibi.
When using these expressions, only
"whom," "which," and "whose" can be
used.
A comma is always used.
In my English class there are 10
students . Most of them are from
İzmir.
In my English class there are 10
students, most of whom are from
İstanbul.
I bought five books. Two of them
are about music.
I bought five books, two of which
are about music .
They talked about Mary . One of her
problems was coming to class late.
They talked about Mary, one of
whose problems was coming to class
late.
She received two job offers, neither
of which she accepted.
I have three sisters, all of whom are
living in İstanbul.
Shakespeare is one of the writers,
most of whose works are still very
popular nowadays.
She tried five pairs of shoes, none of
which she liked.
The new school has 500 hundred
students, many of whom are boys.
Last night we watched a romantic
movie, one of whose scenes I will
never forget.
