SCIENCE

FORM 2 CHAPTER 8
NAMA PELAJAR : MUHAMMAD AMMAR FAIZ BIN ABD MANAB TINGKATAN : 2 CEMERLANG

CONTENT :

8.1:SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS . 8.2:SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN PLANTS . 8.3:APPRECIATING THE SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN LIVING THINGS .

8.1:SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS

(VERTEBRATES AND INVERTEBRATES)
~ Vertebrates are animals with backbones. ~ Invertebrates are animals without backbones.

~ VERTEBRATE

Vertebrates are supported by internal skeleton of bones called endoskeleton .

VERTEBRATE
The

function of endoskeleton are :

(a) to support the body weight (b) to protect the internal organs (c) to maintain the shape of the body

LAND VERTEBARTE
The land vertebrates have to support their own body weight. Hence, the endoskeletons of land vertebrates are normally BIG and STRONG.

AQUATIC VERTEBRATE
The body weight of aquatic vertebrates supported by the buoyancy of water . Hence, the endoskeletons of aquatic vertebrates are smaller.

INVERTEBRATE
i) ii)

The support systems of invertebrates consist of Exoskeleton Hydrostatic skeleton

INVERTEBRATExoskeleton
Cuticle is an exoskeleton which is made of chitin. It covers and protects the body . Bees , flies , cockroaches , scorpions , crabs and prawns are supported by cuticle.

INVERTEBRATE-Hydrostatic skeleton

Invertebrates which have soft bodies such as worms , leeches and caterpillars are supported by the body fluid pressure called hydrostatic pressure .

8.2 : SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN PLANTS

1. WOODY PLANTS : a) The woody plants are supported by woody tissues. b) Some of the examples of woody trees are rubber trees , rambutan trees and durian trees. c) Some woody plants have additional features to help them. i) Buttress roots ii) Prop roots iii) Stilt roots

BUTTRESS Roots

Casuarina trees have buttress roots to provide additional support to the stems .

PROP Roots

Banyan trees and maize plants have prop roots to give them extra support.

STILT Roots

Mangrove trees have stilt roots which provide extra support to the stem and help them to obtain sunlight.

NON-WOODY PLANTS
i) Non-woody plants have soft stems. ii) The turgidity of the cells provides support to these non-woody plants. iii) Some on the examples of non-woody plants are yam plant, leafy vegetables and balsam plant.

NON-WOODY PLANT
Some non-woody plants have weak stems which are unable to support the plants. However, they have other features to help them. a) Tendrils b) Thorns and prickles c) Clasping roots

TENDRILS

Cucumber plants and pumpkin plants climb andgrow upwards using tendrils .

THORNS AND PRICKLES

Bougainvillea plants , rattan plants and rose plants climb using thorns.

TWINING STEMS

Morning glory plants twine around other plants to help them climb higher in order to get enough sunlight.

CLASPING ROOTS

Money plants and pepper plants climb by clasping.