Computer

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Problem Background Humans have two functions of the position in this life that is as individual beings and social beings. As social beings, humans need to communicate among each other and is an essential requirement in order to be able to interact properly. On the basis that humans create systems and tools to be able to interact, starting from the image (picture form), gesture (hand, smoke and noise), letters, words, words, writings, letters, through phone and internet. The development of information systems in human life as human civilization itself until finally the term Information Technology (IT). Starting from the form of meaningless pictures on the walls, inscriptions, until the information became known to the internet. The information is managed and delivered and continue to be developed, from simple information such as just described a situation, until the strategic information warfare tactics. Current information and communication technology is developing very rapidly and thus be utilized in a variety of activities as may facilitate our work, for example, searching for information via computer. The computer is a modern tool that cant be separated from everyday life. Ranging from office work, multimedia, and even entertainment. Today the development of the computer is still growing and will continue to grow without limit. We as humans would not want to keep abreast of technological advances, especially the field of computing that we are not consumed by the tools of our own making. On that basis we
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try to discuss it in the form of papers in the hope it can be useful for others, especially for us. Lots of discussion about computers, but we try to write a paper with the title of the Computer System described in general outline only, or, if we discuss the overall time it takes quite a bit and a lot of references. The paper is structured very simple so that readers easily digest it and not get bored reading it, as the author of We apologize if there is a lack of proper discussion and distorted, because we are still in the learning process.

B. The focus of discussion This paper will discuss the development of computers as information and communication technology

C. Writing objectives Preparation of this paper is aimed to complete the Applied Physics course and add insight for writers and readers as well.

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CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

1.Komputer Nearly all aspects of human life cant be separated from the technology, especially computer technology. Now people tend to select information using a computer and they can sort out which information they like. Computers are not only used to find this information even when the computer is used everywhere such as hospitals, supermarkets, offices, etc. 1.1 Definition of Computer The term computer has a broad meaning and is different for everyone. The term computer comes from the Latin meaning Computare count (to compute or to rckon). According Blissmer (1985), the computer is an electronic device capable of performing several tasks, which receives input, processes the input according to the instructions, keep the command-processing orders and results, and provides output in the form of information. Meanwhile, according to Sanders (1985), the computer is an electronic system to manipulate data quickly and accurately as well as designed and organized in order to automatically receive and store input data, process it, and produce output based on the instructions that have been stored in the memory. And many more experts who try to define it differently on your computer. However, in essence it can be concluded that the computer is an electronic device that can accept input, process input, provide

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information, using a program stored in computer memory, can store the program and processing the results, and works automatically. From the definition, there are three important terms, namely the input (data), data processing, and information (output). Data processing using a computer known as electronic data processing (EDP) or electronic data processing (EDP). Data is a collection of events that removed from reality (facts), can be numbers, letters, special symbols, or combination of all three. Data still cant tell you much that needs to be further processed. Data processing is a process of manipulation of data into a form that is more useful and more means, namely in the form of information. Thus, information is the result of a data processing activities that provide a more meaningful form of a fact. Therefore, the electronic data processing is the manipulation of data into a more meaningful form of an information by using an electronic device, namely a computer. 1.2 The Development of Computer Based on the development of computers can be made into four generations as follows: 1. Generation I (1951 - 1958): characterized by a hollow tube (vacuum tubes), Richard punched a user input device, as well as machine language or assembly language as a base it program. 2. Generation II (1959 - 1963): The transistor is a hallmark of second-generation computers. The raw material consists of three layers, namely: "basic", "collector" and "emiter". Transistor stands for Transfer Resistor, which means to influence
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the resistance between two of the three layers, then the power (resistor) which is in the next layer can also be affected. Thus, the transistor functions as a signal amplifier. As a solid component, transistor has many advantages such as: not easily broken, do not distribute the heat. and thus, there are computers become smaller and cheaper. 3. Generation III (1964 - 1963): The concept of the smaller and more affordable than transistors, eventually spurring people to continue to conduct various studies. Thousands of transistors finally combined in a form that is very small. Yag silicium piece the size of several millimeters have been made, and this is called as Integrated Circuit or IC-chip that is the hallmark of the computer. 4. Generation IV (1979 - present): In this generation is characterized by the emergence of: LSI (Large Scale Integration) which is the solidification of thousands into an IC chip. The term chip is used to indicate a rectangular plate containing integrated circuits. LSI then be developed in VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration). 1.3 Computer System Computer systems are the elements related to running an activity using the computer. Elements of a computer system composed of human (brainware), software, set of instructions (instruction set), hardware and hardware). Thus the component is an element that is involved in a computer system. Of course, the hardware does not mean anything if no one from the other two (software and brainware). A simple example, who would turn on the computer if there are no humans. Or what the computer will execute
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the command if there is no software. Von Neumann architecture describes a computer with four main sections: Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), control unit, memory, and input and output devices (collectively termed I / O). This section is connected by a wire beam, "bus". 1.4 Components of Computers A. Hardware (Hardware) Devices that can take a look and we can physically touch, such as device input devices, processing devices, as well as the output device. Physically, the computer consists of a couple of system components. If one component does not work, will result in a computer is not functioning properly. Included in the category Computer hardware elements. The hardwere devices include: 1. Input Device Input equipment serves as a medium for loading data from external systems into a memory and a processor for processing to produce the required information. a. Keyboard

sovira12.wordpress.com
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Figure A.1.a. Keyboard input is the most important equipment in a data processing with computers. The keyboard works include letters, numbers, special characters as well as a medium for the users to perform other commands are required, such as saving a file and open the file. b. Mouse

sovira12.wordpress.com Figure A.1.b Mouse image input device is one that serves to move the pointer or cursor quickly. In addition, orders can be as practical and faster than the keyboard. c. Toucpad

sovira12.wordpress.com Figure A.1c is used instead of a touchpad mouse on a laptop or notebook. d. Microphon

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Figure 1.1d Microphon serves to insert a voice recording or to be stored in computer memory and to talk when you're chatting e. Webcame

sovira12.wordpress.com Figure A.1e Function to take pictures or video to be transferred to the internet. f. Scanner

sovira12.wordpress.com Figure A.1f Scanner used to copy or take pictures outside of the computer file of the results will be displayed on the comput er.

2. Processing Equipment (Process Device) Process equipment is the main and most important unit processes in a computer that controls the entire process of processing data from the read data from input devices, processing or process until the release of information to the output device. a. Motherboard

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sovira12.wordpress.com Figure A.2a The motherboard is one of the devices in a computer used as a place to put up or put some other equipment such as: processor, memory, the data cables (connecting) the hard disk, floppy disk, Card a crate: VGA Card, NIC (network card) and so forth. b. Processor

sovira12.wordpress.com Figure A.2b Processor is a chip that is the brain processing and central control various other devices so that the computer can work with each other. c. Ram

sovira12.wordpress.com Figure A.2c RAM stands for Random Access Memory, a computer component that serves to store data from a program which we run and the data can be accessed randomly or random.
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d. Video Card

sovira12.wordpress.com Figture A.2d Video card is a computer component that serves to

generate the output image to be displayed on the monitor. e. Sound Card

Figure A.2e Sound Card has a function as a data processor in the form of audio or a sound and a connector device input or output sound to the computer. 3. Equipment Output (Output Device) Output equipment is equipment which is used to display data, instructions and information in the form of text and graphics or pictures. a. Monitor

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sovira12.wordpress.com Figure A.3a Monitor function to display the data, instructions and information in the form of text and graphics or pictures on the screen. b. Speaker

sovira12.wordpress.com Figure A.3b Speaker has a function to generate or remove the sound effects of a computer. c. Printer

sovira12.wordpress.com Figur A.3c Printer output is the equipment used to print the data or information from the computer to paper.

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B. Software The series of procedures and documentation program that serves the desired resolve. Electronic data is stored as such by the computer itself, the data stored may include programs or instructions to be executed by the command, and the records required by the computer to run the executable commands. The software, namely: Operating System Application Program Language Program

C. Brainware Brainware is a person who operates a computer 1.5 Principles of Computer A computer can work with the involvement of three important elements. In everyday computer use, these elements consist of: 1. Hardware, is the physical equipment of the computer that can be seen and felt. 2. Software, a computer program that allows you to perform a job according to the desired.

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3. Brainware (people who operate the computer), personnel directly involved in the use of computer, operator, user, and others. 1.6 How to Work Computer Each time the computer in turn, will experience the process of booting. At initial boot, the BIOS will take over to initiate the beginning of all the components onto the motherboard. There are three stages of the process of work boots, the CPU reset, PowerOn-Self-Test (POST), and the boot disk.

1.7 Making Up a Series of Computers in Physics a. Capacitor (condenser) Capacitors can store electric charge, may continue the alternating voltage (AC) but hold DC voltage, power sizing is expressed in farads (F). In radio, a capacitor is used for: A. Storing electric charge 2. Set the frequency 3. as the filter 4. As a means of coupling (linking)

telkomspeedy.com Figure 1.7a Syimbol of Capasitor

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b. Diodes Diodes are the simplest semiconductor components, it consists of two (2) the cathode and anode electrodes. End of the body diode is usually given the undersigned, a bracelet or a point, which indicates the location of the cathode. Diodes can only be energized in the direction DC, the DC current in the opposite direction will not flow. If the silicon diode is energized AC currents of electricity, so that flow only in one direction only so that the flow of DC current output diode. When given the potential positive anode and negative cathode, said diode is forward biased and when given the other hand, is said to be reverse biased diode. At forward bias, the difference between the cathode and the anode voltage is called threshold voltage or knee voltage. Large voltage depends on the type of diode, can be 0.2V, 0.6V, and so forth.

telkomspeedy.com Figure 1.7b Syimbol of Diode c. Transistor Transistor, this component includes a component that virtually simple composition when compared with the Integrated Circuit. In principle, a transistor diode consists of two pieces joined together. Transistor in order to work, to the

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foot of his legs have given voltage, this voltage is called the bias voltage. Given base emitter forward voltage, while the base collector reverse voltage is given. Nature of the transistor is that between the collector and emitter will be no current (transistor will deliver) when the base current. The bigger the base the greater the flow of delivery. Various forms of transistors that were sold in the market, the packaging casing material also exists a wide range of metal sheath for example, there is a sheathed ceramic and polyester. Transistors generally have three legs, feet first is called the base, called the collector and the next leg of the third leg is called the emitter.

telkomspeedy.com Figure 1.7c Syimbol transistor NPN and PNP

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CHAPTER III CONCLUSION

The computer is an electronic device that can accept input, process input, and can provide information, using a program stored in computer memory, can store the program of the processing. And works automatically. Computer systems are the elements related to running an activity using the computer. Elements of computer system consisting of human (brainware), software (software), set of instructions (instruction set) and hardware (hardware). Component component in the computer system is divided into three, which are not inherent bias that is: 1. Hardware (Hardware) Processing Device Input Device Output Device Storage Device 2. Software (Software) Operating System Application Program Language Program 3. Brainware (People Who Operate the Computer) The existence of multiple hardware can cause synchronization problems. Therefore, the operation of computer systems to prevent a memory controller is added to the synchronization of memory access. To improve performance, use multiple buses. Each bus is a data path between several different devices. If the computer is turned on Bootstrap program will check the hardware main-main hardware. On modern

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computers are usually characterized by the emergence of software or hardware interrupt, so the operating system is called Interrupt-driven.

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