OPTIMAL LINE DESIGNS

R. Stephen ESKOM
PRESENTATION TO SC B2 ICELAND 2011

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What is a power line?

A device to transmit power over distances. Design of the line can be tailor made to meet planners requirements. Load flow depends on R, X and B values.

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Maximise Power Transfer

Zs is surge impedance SIL is the surge impedance loading Reduce L and increase C to maximise transfer

L is series inductance C is shunt capacitance

VLL is phase to phase

voltage

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Determination of R, X and B

Resistance is a function of
Conductor construction material and line length
Lay ratio, ACSR, AAAC, number of layers, diameter of strands.

Temperature
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance

Current and frequency

Transformer effect Eddy currents.

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Variation with current

1.14 1.12 1.10 Rac/Rdc 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.02 1.00 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 I(A) 800

Penguin(1+6) T cond=80C

107 mm2

1.10 1.08 Rac/Rdc 1.06 1.04 1.02 1.00 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 I(A)

800 mm2
Falcon(19+54) T cond=80C

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Determination of L

L is a function of GMR and GMD Larger bundle radius and closer phase spacing gives lower L

r =0.7788xradius of conductor (m) Rb=radius of bundle n=number of subconductors

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GMD EXAMPLES

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Determination of C

To increase capacitance keep phases closer together. P=1/C

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LINE MODEL

X = jL B=jC/2 R=R
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Summary

SIL (L and C) can be varied by

varying phase spacing closer is better Increasing bundle size larger is better

Resistance can be improved by

Varying lay ratios per layer (not practical) Different materials Homogeneous conductors

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Corona limitations

Corona (often producing audible noise) is a function (inter alia) of phase spacing and bundle size
Smaller bundle radius better Wider phase spacing better More sub conductor bundles better.

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Audible noise as a function of voltage

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Mechanical considerations

Wind load is major consideration in tower design

Less conductors in the bundle the better Less UTS the better (Lighter strain towers). Higher tension to increase height.

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Thermal loading

Load at which the safety or annealing criteria of the line is met

Current at which the height above the ground is in line with OHS act Height determined by voltage and flashover distance

Heat Balance equation used.

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Joule and magnetic heating

Joule dependent on AC resistance and temperature Magnetic heating dependent on current and conductor layers.

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Solar heating

Darkness of conductor Diameter of conductor Solar radiation

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Convective cooling

Dependent on
the conductor diameter (bigger is better) Wind speed Temperature difference (bigger is better) Roughness

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Templating temperature

Templating temperature is the conductor temperature at which the height above ground is in accordance with the OHS act
Conductor
TERN TERN TERN TERN ZEBRA ZEBRA ZEBRA ZEBRA Templating Normal Emergency temperature deg C Amps Amps 50 611 814 60 784 991 70 911 1138 80 1023 1257 50 642 859 60 818 1049 70 963 1203 80 1080 1325
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SUMMARY

SIL Phase spacing decrease Large al area/cond (less conductors) Diameter Bundle increase High steel content Good Bad

Corona Bad Bad

Mechanical loading Good Good

Thermal rating Neutral Bad

Good

Bad

Bad

Neutral

Neutral

Neutral

Bad

Good

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Planning requirements

Planners need to specify the following

Load transfer requirements Load profile daily, annual RXB parameters, high and low Line Voltage for AC Length of line Location, start and end points Reliability requirements

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Conductor size and temp

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Material considerations

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Material - core

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Conductor type

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Selection of conductor

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Indicator to determine best design

Need to combine
SIL Thermal rating Cost initial and life cycle
(Taking into account corona, magnetic fields, mech loading etc)

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FACTOR 1 Life Cycle Cost (k1)

Covers determination of optimum aluminium area required. (Kelvins law) Cost of maintenance (estimate) Cost of losses use system losses not line losses. (Due to power flow in interconnected system)

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FACTOR 2 THERMAL (k2)

Cost is directly proportional to Thermal rating

Higher rating higher initial cost

A ratio is therefore needed

Initial cost/MVA thermal (emergency or normal)

The lower the ratio the better.

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FACTOR 3 SIL (k3)

The higher the SIL the higher the initial cost (normally) Ratio is therefore also required
Initial cost/MVA sil

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COMBINATION OF THE FACTORS

Objective Matrix method

Present practice is given 3/10 0 or 10 level is determined (normally trial and error) and a linear interpolation used.

ATI = w1k1+w2k2+w3k3
wn are weighting factors

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CONDUCTOR SELECTION
CONDUCTOR OPTIMISATION
900.00

800.00

700.00

600.00 2 X IEC800 4 X KINGBIRD LCC(Rmil) 500.00 3 X BERSFORT 3 X TERN 3 X YEW 3 x Bersfort 4 X TERN

400.00

300.00

4 x Tern

200.00 4 x Kingbird 100.00 3 x Tern

0.00 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Pm e an(MVA)

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TOWER SELECTION

SERV UDE A IT ND
400kV

SERV ITUDE A ND
400kV
Cross- Rope

Guyed suspension type

V 28 .0 V V

suspension
V

23 .0m

V V

36 .0 m (aver age)

33 .0 m (aver age)

V
M in. Condu cto r cleara nce

+ +

+
+

+ +

+ +

+ +

M inimu m Condu cto r cleara nce

+ +

+ +

+ +

+ +

8. 5 + m

8.5m

+ V

+ V

V V

21 .0m 55 .0m Servitud e

V V

V V

26 .0m 55 .0m Servitud e

V V

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Tower development

Proposed CRS 6% saving on line cost

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Existing guyed V
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Cost Savings
R450,000 R375,000 R300,000 R225,000 R150,000 R75,000 R0

52% Saving

46% Saving
Misc Costs Insulation Hardware Tower Erection Tower Supply Foundations

0-15 degree structures

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15-30 degree structures

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Performance comparison

Improved performance can give 0.05-0.1faults/100km/annum

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705A tower at NETFA

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EXAMPLE LINE

.Quad Zebra guyed Vee tower .Triple Bunting conductor guyed Vee tower .Quad Bunting cross rope suspension (CRS) tower with a phase spacing of 6,5m. .Quad Rail conductor with a CRS tower with a 6,5m phase spacing. .Triple Bittern conductor with a CRS tower with a 6,5m phase spacing. .Quad Boblink conductor with a CRS tower with a 6,5m phase spacing. .Triple Bersfort conductor with a CRS tower with a 8,2m phase spacing.

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ATI SCORES

CASE

AL AREA mm 2 1715 1817 2423 1935 1933 2901 2059

DESCRIPTION

K 1 (LCC)

K2 (CI/MVA th ) 28,13 [3,07] 19.48 [5,20] 13.27 [6,73] 14.32 [6,47] 17.86 [5,60] 17.04 [5,80 16.23 [6,00]

K3 (CI/MVA sil) 7,43 [3,19] 6,31 [5,38] 7,02 [3,96] 5,94 [6,12] 6,31 [5,38] 8,06 [1,88] 6,30 [5,40]
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4XZEB V 3XBUNT V 4XBUNT CRS 6.5m 4XRAIL CRS 6.5m 3xBIT CRS 6.5m 4Xbob CRS 6.5m 3xBers CRS 8.2m
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103,53 [3,30] 84,4 [6,25] 88,36 [5,64] 87,76 [5,73] 82,91 [6,48] 93,33 [4,87] 80,41 [6,81]

ATI WEIGHTING

CASE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

W 1 ;W 2 ;W 3 0,8;0,1;0,1 2,82 [7] 5,80 [3] 5,23 [5] 5,56 [4] 6,04 [2] 4,33 [6] 6,42 [1]

W 1 ;W 2 ;W 3 0,6;0,2;0,2 2,89 [7] 5,67 [4] 5,18 [5] 5,74 [3] 5,90 [2] 4,21 [6] 6,24 [1]

W 1 ;W 2 ;W 3 0,4;0,3;0,3 2,96 [7] 5,55 [4] 5,14 [5] 5,93 [2] 5,77 [3] 4,08 [6] 6,06 [1]

W 1 ;W 2 ;W 3 0,2;0,4;0,4 3,03 [7] 5,42 [4] 5,09 [5] 6,11 [1] 5,63 [3] 3,96 [6] 5,88 [2]

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FINDINGS/BENEFITS

Tower, foundation, hardware, electrical designers work together with planners (iterative process) Indicator very sensitive and detects errors rapidly Line optimisation is possible looking at overall line design. Reliability is assumed constant for options Cost system is critical Most aspects of the line design are taken into account

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Double Circuit developments

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Comparison self supporting vs CRS

Bulk power transfer capacity Max tower height (Self Support) Max tower height (Cross Rope) Performance (Faults / 100 km / year) Visually acceptable Efficient land use Conductor Bundle Max Altitude (AMSL) Country wide application 5,000 MW 77,5 m 53,2 m < 0,3 Yes 57 % 8 x Bersfort 1,650 m Yes

Self Support Tower (Figure 3a) Electric field (max) Audible Noise Radio Interference Magnetic Field (@ 523 A) SIL

9,7 kV /m 43,5 dBA 48,3 dBV/m 3,9 T 2,581 MW

Cross Rope Tower (Figure 3b) Electric field (max) Audible Noise Radio Interference Magnetic Field (@ 523 A) SIL

10 kV/m 49,8 dBA 56,3 dBV/m 4,3 T 2,904 MW

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CONCLUSIONS

Line design options can be objectively determined ATI is a guide from which options can be finalised. Alignment with Planners requirements

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REFERENCES/ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

[Stephen 2004] Stephen R. Use of indicators to optimise design of overhead transmission lines. Paper 330-1 Shanghai Symposium, Cigr 2003. (Held in Lubljana April 4-6 2004) [Muftic]. Muftic D, Bisnath S, Britten A, Cretchley DH, Pillay T, Vajeth R The Planning design and construction of overhead power lines Published by Crown publications 2005 ISBN 9780620330428 [Southwire] Overhead Conductor Manual First edition copyright 1994. Prof. C.T.Gaunt (UCT) acknowledged for comments and input.
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