Useful properties.

f (t), f ' (t)=0 wheref (t)=1 Proof: Using f ( t)=1 d d 2 2 1 /2 (f (t))= (( f 1 (t) +f 2(t ) ) )=0 dt dt differentiating the center equation with respect to t for functions f 1 (t)and f 2 (t ) f 1 (t) f 1 '( t)+f 2 (t ) f 2 ' (t) =f 1 (t)f 1 ' (t )+ f 2 (t ) f 2 ' (t)= f (t ), f '( t)=0 ((f 1 (t)2 +f 2(t)2))1/ 2 // To show d c '(t ) ( )= (t)J c(t). dt c '(t ) where (t)= det( c ' (t) , c ' ' (t))
3.

(1)

c' (t )

c ' ' (t) c '( t) c ' ' (t) c '( t) d c '(t ) ( )= ( c1 '(t )c 1 ' '(t )+ c2 '(t) c2 ' '(t ))= ( c ' (t ), c ' ' (t)) 3 dt c '(t ) c ' (t) c ' (t) c ' (t) c ' (t)3 Expanding the right side into component form and simplifying yields the following vector c 1 ' ' (c 2 ' )2c 1 ' c2 ' c 2 ' ' c2 ' ' (c 1 ' )2c 1 ' c 2 ' c 1 ' ' [ , ] 3 3 c ' (t) c '(t ) Factoring c 2 ' on the x component and c 1 ' on y component yields c 2 ' det (c ' (t ) , c ' '(t )) c 1 ' det ( c ' (t ) , c ' ' (t )) [ , ] 3 3 c ' ( t) c ' (t ) This vector becomes under formula the results above since det (c ' (t ), c ' ' (t )) c ' [ 2 ]=J c ' (t)and k ( t)= 3 c1 ' c ' (t) The process of normalizing a vector valued function is such that a given parametric function is divided by its length magnitude which yields a new parametric equation whose magnitude length is 1. Thus, for a given parametric equation of the form c '(t ) c '(t ), normalization of this function requires division by c '(t )so that =1 c ' (t) We'd then note the application of lemma 1.1 to the normalized function c '( t) which should also yield the same results in the formula above of the t derivative of such c '( t) function (under simplification).