ECNG2011

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

LECTURE 3

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Properties of impulses
The area under the impulse is important
Not the height
Not the shape
Example in problem set 1 on this
Remember the definition:

(t ) = 0 t 0

( )d = 1, for any real number > 0

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Properties of impulses
Sifting property

g ( ) ( t )d = g ( t )
1

We can use this property to explain sampling

mathematically
First let us review shifting some impulses around

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Shifting impulses around

(t )

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

10

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

10

(t 4)

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Shifting impulses around

(t + 3)
-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

10

Examine Fig 3.7 in Handout

Examine Ex 3.4 in Handout

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Figure 3.7(b) and (c)

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Example 3.4

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Example 3.4

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Shifting impulses around

Therefore what would the following look like?

p (t ) = (t nT ) ?

....

....

Called an impulse train or sometimes a COMB function

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Sampled Signals
So what would be the outcome of the following
operation?

x p (t ) = x(t ) p (t ) ?

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Sampling Revisited

Sampled signal
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The DT impulse
Defined as

1 n = 0
0 n 0

[n] or [nT ] =

Shifted (Delayed)
2

1.8

1.8

[n]

1.6
1.4

1.6

1.2

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0
-8

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[n 3]

1.4

1.2

-6

-4

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0
-4

-2

10

12

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DT Impulse
Referred to as
The Unit Sample
The Unit pulse
Note: The Unit Sample is not the sampled version of the
CT impulse function
We can use the properties of shifting and sifting to
disassemble a sampled signal into a set of shifted unit
samples.

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DT signal representation (reverse of sampling)

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DT signal representation

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Piecewise Continuous Signals

Examine a CT signal x(t)
Signal is said to be DISCONTINUOUS at some point
t1
If x(t1 ) x(t1+ )

x(t )

Signal jumps at t1
t1

Note (t1 t1 ) and (t1+ t1 ) are infinitesimal

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positive numbers
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Piecewise Continuous Signals

Examine a CT signal x(t)
Signal is said to be PIECEWISE CONTINUOUS if:
It is continuous at all t except at a finite or
countably infinite collection of points.

A Pulse Train for example

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Differentiability (You know this)

CT signal x(t) is differentiable at some t1 if
x(t1 + h) x(t1 )
h

Has a limit as
h 0

If limit exists then

dx(t )
x(t + h) x(t1 )
= lim 1
dt t =t1 h0
h

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Differential of piecewise continuous signals

What is the derivative of this signal?

x2 (t )

x1 (t )

t1

t2

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t3

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Differential of piecewise continuous signals

x2 (t )

x1 (t )

t1

t2

t3

Can express this signal as:

x(t ) = x1 (t )[u (t + t1 ) u (t t 2 )] +
x2 (t )[u (t t 2 ) u (t t3 )]

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Why?
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Differential of piecewise continuous signals

x2 (t )

x1 (t )

t1

t2

t3

Therefore we can express the differential as?

Remember the differential of a step function and the
rest is easy!
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Differential of piecewise continuous signals

First
jump

dx(t )
= (t + t1 ) x1 (t1+ ) x1 (t1 )
dt
dx (t )
+ 1 + (t t 2 ) x2 (t 2+ ) x1 (t 2 )
dt
dx (t )
+ 2 + (t t3 ) x2 (t3+ ) x2 (t3 )
dt

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Second
jump

Third
jump

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Differential of piecewise continuous signals

dx1 (t )
dt

(t + t1 )

dx2 (t )
dt

(t t 2 )

(t t3 )

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12