William Garcia Franco

IEEE Electrical and

Electronic Engineering
Universidad de los Andes, Bogota
wd.garcia@uniandes.edu.co

Elementos de sistemas eléctricos

Bono 2
Universidad de los Andes IELE2100
2021-01
Prof. Paulo De Oliveira
Bono 2 - Voltage control using OTLC with electric vehicle loads (5 %)

Massive connection of electric vehicles can deteriorate power quality, e.g. voltage mag- nitude
at load buses. According to the Colombian grid code (CREG-025 1995) voltage magnitudes must
operate within a defined range (+/- 5 %). To avoid voltage deviations we can use an OLTC (on-
load tap changer) transformer in order to keep voltage at load fixed a nominal value (1 pu). To do
so we need an electronic/electrical engineer capable to determine an OTLC function for the tap
position according to the expected load pattern. This function must be later programmed by the
engineer in the microprocessor that controls the tap changer.
In the figure we can see a time-varying load s(t)=−sd(t)=-pd(t)-jqd(t). The 24-hour active power
load is compatible with a number of houses with high penetration of electric vehicles:
pd(t)=0.8+0.05t sin2( 2πt ) pu with power factor 0.8 (lag) ∀t=0,...,23h. To see the 24-h load shape
please run the Load_Shape.m
24 script.
The load is fed by an OTLC transformer whose parameters are: r=0.05 pu, x=0.1 pu. Notice
that the tap a(t) can vary from 0.8 to 1.2, and it is located at left transformer winding (primary).
Distribution lines are neglected in this case.
The research questions are

1) Determine a general algebraic expression for the transformer tap a(t) as a function of
transformer resistance r and reactance x and, the dynamic load pd(t) and qd(t) in order to keep the
voltage magnitude at the load bus as nominal: |v2(t)| = 1 ∀t=0,...,23h. Assume nominal voltage at
source node: v1=1+0j.

- Hallar matriz de admitancia en función de tab mediante el modelo Pi.

Z=Y^-1

Donde:
Zl=0.05+0.1j p.u

Matriz de admitancia:
 4−8 i −4 +8 i
Y=
[
a2
−4+ 8i
a
a
4−8 i ]
En base a la matriz de admitancia podemos determinar:

G= real(Y)
B=img(Y)

Teniendo G y B a partir de Y en función del tab a se continua con las ecuaciones:

De esta manera se obtienen:

8 sin ( t 2 ) 4 cos ( t 2 )
P 2( x)=4∗v 22 +v 2∗ ( a
−
a )
8 cos ( t 2 ) 4 s ¿ (t 2 )
Q 2(x)=8∗v 2 2+ v 2∗ ( a
−
a )
Se halla el respectivo jacobiano y se itera mediante el método de newton-Raphson y se halla la
expresión para v2 y a:
a=103/(5*p(t) + 10*q(t) + 106)

V2(t)=1 -(a*(q(t) - 8/a + 8))/(10*(2*a - 1)) - (a*(p(t) - 4/a + 4))/(20*(2*a -

1))

1º
2) Numerical results and validation:

A(t)=
olumns 1 through 11

0.8879 0.8876 0.8855 0.8808 0.8738 0.8662 0.8601 0.8577 0.8601 0.8669
0.8761

Columns 12 through 22

0.8844 0.8879 0.8838 0.8715 0.8534 0.8340 0.8180 0.8094 0.8105 0.8215
0.8404

Columns 23 through 24
 0.8624 0.8806

V2(t)=
Columns 1 through 11

1.0300 1.0300 1.0300 1.0300 1.0300 1.0300 1.0300 1.0300 1.0300 1.0300
1.0300

Columns 12 through 22

1.0300 1.0300 1.0300 1.0300 1.0300 1.0300 1.0300 1.0300 1.0300 1.0300
1.0300

Columns 23 through 24

1.0300 1.0300
2.1) Plot the transformer tap function a(t)=f (r, x, pd(t), qd(t)) for t ∈ [0h, 23h],
2.2) Plot the angle θ2(t)=f (r, x, pd(t), qd(t)) for t ∈ [0h, 23h] and,
2.2) Validate if the second row of the i-Yv=0 expression for t ∈ [0h, 23h] is true:
s∗2 (t)
− Y 21 − Y 22 v 2 (t) = 0
v ∗2 (t)

Columns 1 through 11

2.1128 2.1219 2.1807 2.3167 2.5219 2.7512 2.9363 3.0102 2.9363 2.7284
2.4534

Columns 12 through 22

2.2128 2.1128 2.2311 2.5906 3.1456 3.7835 4.3443 4.6613 4.6206 4.2180
3.5691

Columns 23 through 24

2.8668 2.3223
No se valida la expresión planteada.