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Research Methodology
Muhammad MahadiEnvironmental Science Discipline
Lecture-1( 02/11/08)Research:
Find out new information based on previous information is research. It would be new information aboutscience or literature. Information may be positive or negative.
Research is the search or find out new information based on previous information.
Research is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic.
Research is a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.
Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggestedsolutions: collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making deductions and reachingconclusions; and last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit theformulating hypothesis.
 New information must be collected in a research work.
Research may be positive or negative. It would be new information of Literature, Science,History, socioeconomic condition etc.Two types basically based on theme:
(I)Development or Applied Research:
Development or Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial or business organization.
Research aimed at certain conclusions facing a concrete social or business problem is an example of applied research.- For example: starch or some other components are found in rice, find out livelihood pattern of a particular family or environment.
(II)Fundamental or Basic or Pure Research:
Fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalizations and with theformulation of a theory.
Research concerning some natural phenomenon or relating to pure mathematicsare examples of fundamental research.- For example: If we use fertilizer in agricultural field, we can grow more rice. We can control fire byusing CO
2,
if we use any sort of chemical with CO
2
it would be more applicable.
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Research Methodology
Muhammad MahadiEnvironmental Science Discipline
Data collection method:
Data collection methods are two types:
(I)
Observation method
(II)
Practical or Experimental method.
Factors affecting the data collection method:
Data collection method may depend on:
Title
Problem and Time period.
Types of data collection based on aim and study:
There are mainly two types of data:
1)Primary data collection:
The primary data are those which are collected afresh and for the first time, and thus happen to be original in character. Which data are not collected by anyone earlier.
2)Secondary data collection:
The secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and whichhave already been passed through the statistical process.
The secondary data are those which already have been published earlier in Journal or Paper or Thesis or Books or Report , newspaper etc i.e. any form of publication.- Type of data collection will depend on aim / title.
Types of research based on data collection technique:
Research can be divided into two categories based on data collection technique:
(I)Primary research:
Primary research is done by based on primary data and secondary data.
(II)Review research or Secondary research:
Review research or Secondary research only can be done by the use of secondary data.
Data:
Data is information which gathered in different ways and which will give us new information.
 Questions :
What do you mean by research ?
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Research Methodology
Muhammad MahadiEnvironmental Science Discipline
What do you mean by research methodology ?
Discuss the types of research ?
What do you mean by data ?
Lecture-2: (03/11/08)
Types of Secondary data:
Secondary data are mainly two categories:
(I)Observatory data:
The data which is gathered or collected by different or any kind of observation is known as Observatory data.
There is no exact information.
For giving the qualitative data we need this kind of data. Example: Buyingrice from market, Bad smell, color etc of water.
(II)Experimental data:
The data which is gathered by any types of experiment is known asExperimental data.
There is exact information.
For giving quantitative data we need this kind of data.
Example: Comparing the nutrient level and test of any fruit, BOD, COD, P
H
etc. test of water.Experimental data are mainly two types:1) Experiment in laba.Internal laboratory b.External laboratory or field laboratory2) Experiment in field
Most of the research or for a good research Observatory data and Experimental data both arenecessary.
As an example different Maps and Photographs are supporting data for research work.
Source of Secondary data:
Secondary data sources are:
Burro of Statistics.
Journals
Books
Library
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reply04 / 11 / 2010
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reply05 / 24 / 2009
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