AW101 Occupational Safety and Health

AW101
Occupational Safety And Health 1

Chapter 7
Occupational First Aid

Contents
Understand First Aid Understand first-aid equipment Understand basic rules of first-aid Understand basic first-aid and treatment Practice proper safety methods of first-aid equipment. Practice proper and safe methods in conducting Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).
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Content 1-3
7.1 Understand first-aid 7.1.1 Define first aid 7.2 Understand first-aid equipment 7.2.1 Define first-aid equipment 7.2.2 Identify first-aid equipment 7.2.3 Apply first-aid equipment

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Content 2-3
7.3 Understand basic rules of first-aid 7.3.1 Explain the basic rules of first-aid 7.4 Understand basic first-aid and treatment 7.4.1 Explain burns and scalds 7.4.2 Explain bleedings 7.4.3 Explain shock 7.4.4 Explain bone fractures 7.4.5 Explain poisoning 7.4.6 Explain Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Content 3-3
7.5 Practice proper safety methods of first-aid equipment. 7.6 Practice proper and safe methods in conducting Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).

What First Aid?

Definition

First Aid

DEFINITION
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The provision of first-aid facilities, services and personnel required for the initial treatment of persons suffering from injury or illness at a workplace.
Source : GUIDELINES ON FIRST-AID FACILITIES IN THE WORKPLACE; DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES MALAYSIA, 1996 8

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What is First Aid Facilities?

Definition first aid equipment;

Others Terms 1-2

First-aid requirements - means the requirement for first aid facilities, services and personnel at a workplace. First-aid services - means any procedure or method associated with the provision of first-aid at a workplace
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* a first-aid box; * a first-aid room; and * first-aid equipment, for example, oxygen equipment and a stretcher
Source : GUIDELINES ON FIRST-AID FACILITIES IN THE WORKPLACE; DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES MALAYSIA, 1996

Others Terms 2-2

First-aider - means a person who has
successfully completed a first-aid course conducted by an institution recognized by the Ministry of Health and has been awarded with a certificate of proficiency in first-aid treatment

Occupational health services.- means a

specialised service for the purpose of conserving, promoting and restoring the health of employee at a workplace
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First Aid

FACILITY & EQUIPMENTS

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Major Components
1. First-aider (personnel) 2. First-aid box 3. First-aid room 4. First-aid requirement

1.First Aider
First-aider means a person who has successfully completed a first-aid course and has been awarded with a certificate of proficiency in first-aid by an institution listed in Appendix 1.

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Appendix 1

2.First Aid Box

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Contents of a First-Aid Box

Checklist for First-Aid Box

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3.First Aid Room

Facilities For First Aid Room

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Typical Layout First Aid Room

4. First-Aid Requirement
1.Provision for Mass Casualties 2.Special Instructions 3.Protective Clothing and Equipment 4.Cleaning Up

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4. First-Aid Requirement
1.Provision for Mass Casualties In a workplace where there is a potential risk of mass casualties, provisions should be made for a safe place for evacuation and for the availability of adequate equipment e.g. stretchers, wheelchairs, sheets, bandages, blankets, etc
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4. First-Aid Requirement
2.Special Instructions Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS) for that hazardous chemical kept in a conspicuous place close to each location where it used and shall be easily accessible to the employees (Chemicals hazardous to health are as in USECHH Regulations 2000).
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4. First-Aid Requirement
3.Protective Clothing and Equipment Protective clothing and equipment should be provided where there is a possibility that the first-aider may need protection to avoid becoming a casualty himself while administering first-aid.
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4. First-Aid Requirement
4.Cleaning Up First-aiders should wash their hands or any other surfaces of their body splashed with blood or other body fluids as soon as possible with soap and water. Contaminated surfaces should be cleansed and disinfected.
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Basic Rules of First Aid

Save life To avoid even worse injury to victim To reduce paint To manage further treatment at hospital

First Aid

RULES & TREATMENT

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First-Aid & Treatment

Burns and scalds Bleedings Shock Bone fractures Poisoning Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
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First Aid - Burn and scalds

Burn injury can be avoid by avoiding hot source and use appropriate PPE. Burn divided into 3 category; i) First Degree ii) Second Degree iii) Third Degree

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Skin Anatomy
The skin is the largest organ of the body. The skin and its derivatives (hair, nails, sweat and oil glands) make up the integumentary system. One of the main functions of the skin is protection. It protects the body from external factors such as bacteria, chemicals, and temperature
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Burn - First Degree

Damage skin surface only, such as sunburn. The symptom is: - Redness of skin. & Pain on the skin.

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Burn - First Degree

The treatment is avoiding / remove source of heat. Cooling skin with cool water or skin cream. Do not use ice, may cause frostbite.

Burn - First Degree

Minor Burn First Aid

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Burn - Second Degree

Damage skin surface and tissue underneath. Symptom is: i) Redness & Blistering ii) Feel very paint around the area that burn, but not feel the pain at the center of the area.

Burn - Second Degree

Treatment ; avoid / remove heat source. Cool with water about 10 minute and wrap with sterile bandage. Dont cut blister, may cause infection. Blister may disappear in 2 days. Danger to life if burn area more then 9% of body part.

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Burn Third Degree

Destroy skin surface and tissue underneath. Symptom is; Gray / black / burn-out skin. Blistering on the skin.

Burn Third Degree

Treatment avoid / remove from heat source. Cool with water for 10 minute. Loose bandage the area. Dont use ice or cut the blister. Get immediate treatment because may cause death if more then 9% of body area involved.

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Rules of 9s
Fastest method to estimate percentage of body burn area Second Class may treat life if more the 9% of body burn. Third Class need immediate treatment because usually treat life even only 9% of the body burn.
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First-Aid Bleedings
First aid is appropriate for external bleeding. Calm and reassure the person. The sight of blood can be very frightening. Lay the person down. This reduces the chances of fainting by increasing blood flow to the brain. When possible, raise up the part of the body that is bleeding. Put pressure directly on an outer wound with a sterile bandage, clean cloth, or even a piece of clothing. If nothing else is available, use your hand. DO NOT apply a tourniquet to control bleeding, except as a last resort. Doing so may cause more harm than good. A tourniquet should be used only in a lifethreatening situation and should be applied by an experienced person DO NOT try to clean a large wound. This can cause heavier bleeding DO NOT try to clean a wound after you get the bleeding under control. Get medical help

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Apply Direct Pressure

Bleeding from most injuries can be stopped by applying direct pressure to the injury. This keeps from cutting off the blood supply to the affected limb.

Apply Tourniquets
When there is severe bleeding where a major artery has been severed, pressure may be insufficient and a tourniquet may be necessary. Tourniquets are an effective way of stopping bleeding from an extremity. They do, however, stop circulation to the affected extremity and should ONLY be used when other methods, such as pressure dressings, have failed (or are likely to fail). Pressure from tourniquets must be relieved periodically to prevent damage to the tissue from lack of oxygen.
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Apply Tourniquets
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Apply Pressure & Ice

Bleeding from most injuries can be stopped by applying direct pressure to the injury. This keeps from cutting off the blood supply to the affected limb. When there is severe bleeding, where a major artery has been severed, pressure may be insufficient and a tourniquet may be necessary.
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First-Aid Shock
Shock is a severe condition that occurs when not enough blood flows through the body, causing very low blood pressure, a lack of urine, and cell and tissue damage

First-Aid Shock
Check the person's airway, breathing, and circulation. If the person is conscious and does NOT have an injury to the head, leg, neck, or spine, Lay the person on the back and elevate the legs about 12 inches. Do NOT elevate the head. If raising the legs will cause pain or potential harm, leave the person lying flat. Give appropriate first aid for any wounds, injuries, or illnesses. Keep the person warm and comfortable. Loosen tight clothing. IF THE PERSON VOMITS OR DROOLS Turn the head to one side so he or she will not choke. Do Not: Do NOT give the person anything by mouth, including anything to eat or drink. Do NOT move the person with a known or suspected spinal injury. Do NOT wait for milder shock symptoms to worsen before calling for emergency medical help.

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First Aid Bone fractures

Treatment bone fractures

Causes: Fall from a height Motor vehicle accidents Direct blow Repetitive forces, such as those caused by running, can cause stress fractures of the foot, ankle, tibia, or hip
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Treatment bone fractures

Symptoms: A visibly out-of-place or misshapen limb or joint Swelling, bruising, or bleeding Intense pain, Numbness and tingling Broken skin with bone protruding Limited mobility or inability to move a limb
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Treatment bone fractures

First Aid: Keep the person still and calm. Examine the person closely for other injuries. If needed, immobilize the broken bone with a splint or sling. Possible splints include a rolled up newspaper or strips of wood. Immobilize the area both above and below the injured bone. Apply ice packs to reduce pain and swelling. Lay the person flat, elevate the feet about 12 inches above the head, and cover the person with a coat or blanket. However, DO NOT move the person if a head, neck, or back injury is suspected.
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Fracture types (1)

Types of bone fracture: Oblique - a fracture which goes at an angle to the axis Comminuted - a fracture of many relatively small fragments Spiral - a fracture which runs around the axis of the bone Compound - a fracture (also called open) which breaks the skin

Fracture types (2)

Greenstick - an incomplete fracture in which the bone bends Transverse - a fracture that goes across the bone's axis Simple - a fracture which does not break the skin
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First Aid Methods

ankle_splint elbow_splint

Danger of poisons
Persons of any age can become ill if they come into contact with certain medications, household pesticides, chemicals, cosmetics, or plants. However, children, in particular, continue to face a greater risk of unintentional poisoning death and exposure than adults - not only because they are smaller, but, also because they have faster metabolic rates and are less able physically to handle toxic chemicals.
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arm_splint

upper_leg_splint

Treatment poisoning
There are many poisonous substances that can potentially turn fatal if inhaled, digested, or absorbed by the body. Listed are some, Lead Poisoning Food Poisoning Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Chemical Poisoning and Syrup of Ipecac

Swallowed Poisons
Get the poison away from the child. If the substance is still in the child's mouth, make him/her spit it out or remove it with your fingers. Call your local poison control center or your child's physician. If your child swallowed another substance, describe it as much as you can to help identify it.

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Syrup of ipecac
What is syrup of ipecac? Syrup of ipecac is an emetic (an agent that causes vomiting) made from the dried root of a plant called ipecacuanha that is grown in Brazil.

Poisons on the skin

If your child spills a chemical on her body, remove his/her clothes and rinse the skin with lukewarm - not hot - water. If the area shows signs of being burned, continue rinsing for at least 15 minutes. Then call the poison control center for further advice. Do not use ointments or grease.
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Poison in the eye

Flush the eye by holding the eyelid open and pouring a steady stream of lukewarm water (not hot) into the inner corner of the eye. Continue flushing the eye for 15 minutes, and call the poison control center for further instructions. Do not use an eyecup, eyedrops or ointment unless the poison center instructs you to do so.
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Poisonous fumes or gases

From the following sources: a car running in a closed garage leaky gas vents. wood, coal, or kerosene stoves that are not working properly If your child breathes in fumes or gases, get him/her into fresh air right away. If your child has stopped breathing, start CPR and do not stop until your child breathes on his/her own.

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Treatment CPR
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation

CardioPulmonary Resuscitation
Definition;

CPR is a procedure to support and maintain breathing and circulation for a person who has stopped breathing (respiratory arrest) and/or whose heart has stopped (cardiac arrest).
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CPR Steps

CPR Video
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Reference 1

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Reference 2
First aid equipment, facilities and training www.umm.edu , University of Maryland Medical Center
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