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See Life by Means of the Types of Photography
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Photography
The process of forming stable or permanent visible images directly or indirectly by theaction of light or other forms of radiation on sensitive surfaces. Traditional photographyuses the action of light to cause changes in a film of silver halidecrystals in whichdevelopment converts exposed silver halide to (nonsensitive) metallic silver. Followingexposure in a camera or other device, the film or plate is developed, fixed in a solutionthat dissolves theundevelopedsilver halide, washed to remove thesolublesalts, and
dried. Printing from the original, if required, is done by contact or optical projection ontoa second emulsion-coated material, and a similar sequence of processing steps isfollowed. Digital photography captures images directly with an electronic photosensor.
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.Photography is practiced on a professional level for portraitureand for variouscommercial and industrial applications, including the preparation of photographs for advertising, illustration, display, and record-keeping. Press photography is for newspaper and magazine illustrations of topical events and objects. Photography is used at severallevels in the graphic arts to convert original photographs or other illustrations into printing plates for high-quality reproduction in quantity. Industrial photography includesthe generation and reproduction of engineering drawings, high-speed photography,schlieren photography, metallography, and many other forms of technical photographywhich can aid in the development, design, and manufacture of various products. Aerial photography is used for military reconnaissance and mapping, civilian mapping, urbanand highway planning, and surveys of material resources. Biomedical photography isused to reveal or record biological structures, often of significance in medical research,diagnosis, or treatment. Photography is widely applied to preparing projection slides andother displays for teaching through visual education.
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Printing;Schlieren
photography.Photography is one of the most important tools in scientific and technical fields. Itextends the range of vision, allowing records to be made of things or events which aredifficult or impossible to see because they are toofaint, too brief, too small, or toodistant, or associated with radiation to which the eye isinsensitive. Technical photographs can be studied at leisure, measured, and stored for reference or security. The
acquisition and interpretation of images in scientific and technical photography usuallyrequires direct participation by the scientist or skilled technicians.
Infrared photography
Emulsions made with special sensitizing dyes can respond to radiation at wavelengths upto 1200 nanometers, though the most common infrared films exhibit little sensitivity beyond 900 nm. One specialized color film incorporates a layer sensitive in the 700–900-nm region and is developed to false colors to show infrared-reflecting subjects as brightred.
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Infrared radiation .Photographs can thus be made of subjects which radiate in the near-infrared, such asstars, certain lasers and light-emitting diodes, and hot objects with surface temperaturesgreater than 500°F (260°C). Infrared films are more commonly used to photographsubjects which selectively transmit or reflect near-infrared radiation, especially in amanner different from visible radiation. Infrared photographs taken from long distancesor high altitudes usually show improvedclarityof detail because atmospheric scatter (haze) is diminished with increasingwavelengthand because the contrast of ground
objects may be higher as a result of their different reflectances in the near-infrared. Grassandfoliageappear white becausechlorophyllis transparent in the near-infrared, while
water is rendered black because it is an efficient absorber of infrared radiation.
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Ultraviolet photography
Two distinct classes of photography rely onultraviolet radiation. In the first, therecording material is exposed directly with ultraviolet radiation emitted, reflected, or transmitted by the subject; in the other, exposure is made solely with visible radiationresulting from thefluorescenceof certain materials whenirradiatedin the ultraviolet. In
the direct case, the wavelength region is usually restricted by the camera lens andfiltrationto 350–400 nm, which is readily detected with conventional black-and-whitefilms. Ultraviolet photography is accomplished at shorter wavelengths in spectrographsand cameras fitted with ultraviolet-transmitting or reflecting optics, usually withspecialized films. In ultraviolet-fluorescence photography, ultraviolet radiation is blockedfrom the film by filtration over the camera lens and the fluorescing subject is recordedreadily with conventional color or panchromaticfilms. Both forms of ultraviolet
photographyare used in close-up photography and photomicrography by mineralogists,
museums, art galleries, and forensic photographers.
See also
High-speed photography
Photography at exposure durations shorter than those possible with conventional shuttersor at frequencies (frame rates) greater than those achievable with motion picture cameraswithintermittentfilm movements is useful in a wide range of technical applications.
The best conventional between-the-lens shutters rarely yield exposures shorter than 1/500s. Some focal plane shutters are rated at 1/2000 or 1/4000 s but may take 1/100 s to
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Photography
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OHH MY.... ANOTHER POORLY PUT TOGETHER BOOK... WELL IT'S FREE!
In the paragraph which begins, "Method of recording permanent images by the action of light,..." you write: "In addition, two Englishmen, Thomas Wedgwood and William Henry Fox Talbot, patented the negative-positive calotype process (1839) that became the forerunner of modern photographic technique." This absolutely false, and demands to be corrected! For one thing, Thomas Wedgwood, son of ceramic
In your paragraph beginning "France was the birthplace of photography,... " you claim that "It was Nicephore Niepce (1765-1833) who in the 1820's cooperating with Daguerre, developed the process from which photography derives." This is not only incorrect, but also implies a line of development that simply did not happen. Niepce's process was a form of engraving, using tars (bitumen of judea) an