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CHAPTER 9: ELECTRONICS
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Figure 9.1
(b) The figure shows ………… emitted are accelerated ………….. the anode by the high
…………………… between the cathode and anode.
(c) A beam of electrons moving at high speed in a vacuum is known as a ………………..
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
Figure 9.2
1. In a cathode ray tube, an electron with kinetic energy of 1.32 × 10-14 J is accelerated.
Calculate the potential difference, V between the cathode and the accelerating anode.
[ e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C]
Solution:
1
Kinetic energy = mv 2 = eV
2
1.32 × 10 = 1.6 × 10 −19 V
-14
V = 8.25 × 10 3 V
3. If the potential difference between the cathode and the anode in a CRO is 3.5 kV,
calculate the maximum speed of the electron which hit the screen of CRO.
[ e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C; m= 9 x 10 -31 kg]
Solution:
1 2
mv = eV = 1.6 × 10 −19 × 3.5 × 10 3 = 5.6 × 10 −16
2
5.6 × 10 −16
v2 = × 2 = 1.24 × 1015 v = 1.24 × 1015 = 3.53 × 10 6 ms -1
9 × 10 −31
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
Figure 9.3
Electron gun
Deflecting
system
Fluorescen
t screen
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
Figure 9.4
2. If the CRO in figure uses Y-gains of 1.5 Vcm-1, calculate the value of Vpp.
Solution:
V = 1 .5 × 2 .0 = 3 .0 V
Figure 9.5
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
3. The figure shows a trace on a CRO set at 5 Volt per division on the vertical axis.
(a) What is the maximum voltage (peak voltage)
indicated?
Solution:
1
Peak voltage, Vp = (Y-gains) × (h)
2
1
V P = 5 V/div × × 4 divs
2 Figure 9.6
V P = 10 V
(c) Sketch the trace displayed on the screen if the settings are changed to 1 Vcm-1 and 1
ms cm-1.
Figure 9.8
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
Solution:
(a) Peak-to-peak voltage, Vpp = (Y-gains) × h
= 2V/div × 6 divs
= 12 V
(b) Peak voltage, Vp = 6 V
1 1
(c) Vr.m.s = Vp = × 6 = 4.24 V
2 2
5 divs
6. When two claps are made close to a microphone which is
connected to the Y-input and earth terminals, both pulses
will be displayed on the screen at a short interval apart as Figure 9.9
shown in figure below. Measure the time lapse between the
two claps.
Solution:
Length between two pulses = 5 divs
Time taken, t = 5 divs × 10 ms/div
= 50 ms
∴Time interval = 0.05 s
8. An ultrasound signal is transmitted vertically down to the sea bed. Transmitted and
reflected signals are input into an oscilloscope with a time base setting of 150 ms cm-1.
The diagram shows the trace of the two signals on the screen of the oscilloscope. The
speed of sound in water is 1200 ms-1. What is the depth of the sea?
Solution:
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
Figure 9.12
pentavalent
Silicon like Silicon doped with ………………atoms such as ……………
antimony or
increases the number of free electron. The phosphorus atoms have
phosphorus ………….
four being used in the formation of covalent bonds.
five valence electrons, with ……
……..
The fifth electron is free to move through the silicon. The silicon has
negative electrons
….………………….. as majority charge-carriers and it thus known as an n-type
semiconductor.
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
Figure 9.13
p-type n-type
p-n junction
Figure 9.13
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
3. (a) Forward-biased
(i) positive terminal and the n-
In forward-bias, the p-type of the diode is connected to ………………….
negative terminal of the battery.
type is connected to the ……………………
(ii) Complete the diagram below to show the diode is in forward-bias.
+ -
Figure 9.14
(iii) Draw arrows to show the current, electrons and holes flow in the diagram.
(b) Reverse-biased
(i) In reverse-bias, the p-type of the diode is connected to ………………….
negative terminal , and the n-
positive terminal of the battery.
type is connected to the ……………………
(ii) Complete the diagram below to show the diode is in reverse-bias.
- +
Figure 9.15
4. Draw arrows to show the current, electrons and holes flow in the diagram.
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
Figure 9.16
(ii) Sketch waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when a
capacitor is connected in parallel across a resistor, R.
Figure 9.17
7. The figure shows a full-wave rectifier circuit that is connected to CRO.
(i) Draw arrows to show the current flow in the first half cycle and
to show the current flow in second half cycle in the diagram.
(ii) Sketch the waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when the
time-base is on.
a
To CRO
Figure 9.18
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
(iii) Sketch waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when a
capacitor is connected in parallel across a resistor, R.
a
To CRO
Figure 9.19
8. What is the function of the capacitor?
Acts as a current regulator or smoother.
……………………………………………………………………………………………....
9.3 TRANSISTOR
9. 3.1 Terminals of a Transistor.
1. What is a transistor?
A transistor is a silicon chip which has three terminals labeled as base, collector and emitter.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Draw and label symbol of n-p-n transistor and p-n-p transistor.
Collector, C Collector, C
Base, B Base, B
Emitter, E Emitter, E
n-p-n transistor p-n-p transistor
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
BE Base circuit
: ………………………………….
CE Collector circuit
: ………………………………….
Ib Base current
: ………………………………….
Ic Collector current
: ………………………………….
R1 Limit the base current
: …………………………………...
Ie
Limit the collector current
R2 : …………………………………...
Figure 9.20 Supply energy to the base circuit
E1 : …………………………………...
Supply energy to circuit.
(b) Transistor circuit with 1 battery. E2 : …………………………………...
Potential divider
Rx : …………………………………...
Potential divider
Ry : …………………………………...
Remember:
Ie = Ib + Ic
Ie > Ic > Ib
Ie ∆Ic >>>>∆Ib
No Ib, No Ic
Figure 9.21
2. The working circuit of a transistor used as a potential divider can be connected as shown
in figure. The voltage across Rx and Ry can be calculated as follows.
⎛ Rx ⎞ ⎛ Ry ⎞
Vx = ⎜ ⎟V VY = ⎜ ⎟V
⎜R +R ⎟ ⎜R +R ⎟
⎝ x y ⎠ ⎝ x y ⎠
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
(a) Figure shows a transistor circuit. The bulb can be lighted up when potential difference, V
across resistor P is 2V and resistance P is 10 kΩ. Calculate the maximum resistance, S so
that the bulb is lighted up.
Solution:
⎛ Rp ⎞
V = ⎜ ⎟V
Bulb p ⎜R +R ⎟
⎝ s p ⎠
⎛ 10 × 10 3 ⎞
2 V = ⎜⎜ ⎟6 V
⎝ R s + (10 × 10 )
3 ⎟
⎠
RS + 10 × 10 = 30000
3
RS = 20000 Ω = 20 kΩ
Figure 9.22
RX
IC
Battery voltage IB
Base voltage RY
IE
Figure 9.23
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
10 kΩ R
IC
1kΩ
6V
IE
LDR
Figure 9.24
Figure shows a transistor-based circuit that functions as a light controlled switch.
light-dependent resistor (LDR) has a very high resistance in the …….…
The ……………………….. dark and a low
bright light
resistor in ………………... resistor The LDR and R form a potential
R is a fixed …………….
divider in the circuit.
low resistance compared to R. Therefore, the base
In bright light, the LDR has a very ……….
low to switch on the transistor.
voltage of the transistor is too ……..
large and the voltage across the LDR is
In darkness, the resistance of the LDR is very ………
high enough to switch on the transistor and thus lights up the bulb. This circuit can be
………
on the bulb at night.
used to automatically switch ……
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
RB
Alarm
R
Figure 9.25
Figure shows a transistor-based circuit that function as a heat controlled switch.
thermistor
A ……………..is high when it is
a special type of resistor. Its resistance becomes very ………
drops rapidly. At room
cold. When the thermistor is heated, its resistance …………
high resistance compared to R. Therefore, the base
temperature, the thermistor has a ……….
voltage of the transistor is too low to switch on the transistor.
resistance drops considerablely compared to R.
When the thermistor is heated, its …………….
Therefore, the base voltage VB is high enough to switch …….
……………., on the transistor. When the
on
transistor is switch on, the relay switch is activated and the relay is switched ………. The
circuit can also be used in a fire alarm system.
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
R2 IC
R1
µA
R IB
IE
Figure 9.26
A transistor functions as a current amplifier by allowing a small current to control a
collector current IC is primarily determined by the
larger current. The magnitude of the ………………….,
base current
………………….., big
small change in the base current, IB will cause a ……..
IB. A ………..
change in the collector current, IC. The current amplification can be calculated as follows:
∆I C
Current Amplification =
∆I B
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
Input Output
A B Y
A 0 0 0
AND gate Y
0 1 0
B
1 0 0
1 1 1
Input Output
A B Y
A
0 0 0
OR gate Y
0 1 1
B
1 0 1
1 1 1
Input Output
A Y
A 0 1
Y
NOT gate 1 0
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
Input Output
A B Y
NAND A 0 0 1
gate Y 0 1 1
B
1 0 1
1 1 0
Input Output
A B Y
A 0 0 1
NOR gate
Y
0 1 0
B
1 0 0
1 1 0
0011
A P 1100
Y
0100
B
0101 Figure 9.27
The truth table:
Input Output
A B P Y
0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
2.
0011 P
A 1100
Y
1000
B
Q 1010
0101
Figure 9.28
The truth table:
Input Output
A B P Q Y
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0
3. 0011
A X 0001
B
0101 Y
0100
B
1010
The truth table: Figure 9.29
Input Output
A B B X Y
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 0
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
4.
0011
A P
1110
Y
0110
0111
B Q
0101 Figure 9.30
The truth table:
Input Output
A B P Q Y
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0
5.
A P
B Y
B
The truth table: Figure 9.31
Input Output
A B P Q Y
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
Input J
Light
detector L
Air-conditioner
Heat
detector Input K
Figure 9.32
Keys:
The light detector (Input J): In the day, logic “1”.
At night, logic “0”.
The heat detector (Input K): Hot, logic “1”.
Cool logic “0”.
Input Output
J K L
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 1 1
(b) Based on the truth table in (a), state the conditions in which the air-conditioner conditions
in which the air-conditioner will operate and function normally.
- On a hot say or daytime – On a hot night
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
Reinforcement Chapter 9
Part A: Objective questions A. 2.5 V
B. 5.5 V
1. Which of the following is not a property
C. 7.5 V
of cathode rays?
D. 12.5 V
A. It is positively charged.
E. 15.0 V
B. It travels in a straight line.
C. It can be deflected by magnetic field.
5. In p-type semiconductor
D. It can be deflected by electric field.
A. The number of holes are equal to the
number of electrons.
2. Cathode rays consists of
B. The number of the holes are more
A. Fluorescent particles
than the number of electrons.
B. Light rays from a screen
C. The number of the holes are less than
C. Beams of fast moving particles
the number of electrons.
D. Light rays from hot filament
6. Which of the following is not true about
3. A beam of electrons is being deflected
diode?
due to a potential difference between
A. It can be used to rectify alternating
plates P and Q.
current.
P B. It can only conduct electricity when
Figure 9.33
it is connected in forward in forward
bias in a circuit.
Q
C. It is formed by joining an n-type and
a p-type semiconductor.
Which of the following statements is not
D. The majority charge carriers in the
true?
diode are electrons.
A. The potential at plate P is positive.
B. The deflection would be greater if
7. The figure 9. 35 shows the arrangement
the potential difference is greater.
of silicon atoms after an atom P is doped
C. The deflection would be greater if
to form an extrinsic semiconductor.
the electrons are moving faster.
D. The electron beam will return to
straight line if a suitable magnetic Figure 9.35
field is applied between the plates.
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
Figure 9.37
10.
Figure 9.38
Figure 9.38 shows four identical bulbs,
P, Q, R and S, and four electronic
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
A. 3 kΩ
B. 4 kΩ
Figure 9.39 C. 5 kΩ
D. 6 kΩ
E. 7 kΩ
13. What is the function of the transistor 16. The figure 9. 42 shows a transistor
circuit shown in figure 9.39? circuit being used to amplify sound.
A. As an amplifier
B. As a rectifier M- Microphone
C. As a switch device C- Capacitor
D. As a modulator S- Speaker
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
What is gate X?
A. AND
B. NOR
C. OR
D. NAND
18. The figure 9.44 shows a logic gate
circuit. 20. The figure 9. 45 shows a combination of
three logic gates in a logic circuit. When
inputs P and Q are both 1 output Y is 1.
Figure 9.43
J
Which of the following is the output Y
signal Z? K
A. 0110
B. 1010
C. 1110 Figure 9.45
D. 0101
Which of the following logic gates can
19. The figure 9.44 shows the combination be used to represent J and K?
of three logic gates.
J K
A. AND NOR
B. NAND NOR
Figure 9.44
C. OR AND
D. NOR AND
The truth table for the combination of
tree logic gates is as follows.
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
2. Figure 9. 47 shows a full wave bridge rectifier. The a.c supply has a frequency of 50 Hz.
Figure 9.47
(a) When the polarity of the a.c supply voltage is positive at A, state the two diodes which
are forward biased.
D1 and D3
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) When the polarity of the a.c supply voltage is negative at A, state the two diodes which
are forward biased.
D2 and D4
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Using the axes in figure 9.48, sketch the voltage-time graph across the resistor, R.
Voltage/V
Time/ms
Figure 9.48
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
(d) On the figure 9.49, sketch the voltage-time graph across the resistor if a capacitor is
connected across the resistor if a capacitor is connected across the resistor R parallel with
the resistor.
Voltage/V
(e) Explain how the capacitor causes the voltage across the resistor to vary with time in the
way that you have drawn.
The charging of the capacitor by the power supply and the discharging of the capacitor
………………………………………………………………………………………………
through the resistor will smooth the output.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. A student wants to build a simple lift motor control system which operates using two buttons,
A and B for a two-storey building.
A: Up button
B: Down button
The lift motor only activates when someone presses any one of the buttons. Figure 9.50
shows the circuit that can be used to activate the motor.
12 V
Logic gate
A
X 240 V
B
0V
Figure 9.50
Keys:
Buttons A and B : When pressed, logic “1”
Not pressed, logic ”0”
X Output : Motor is activated, logic “1”
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
(a) The truth table below shows the operations of the logic gates in a lift motor control
system.
Input Output
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
240 V
Motor
R
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
(i) State the relationship between the resistance and the intensity of light received
by the light dependent resistor, LDR.
The higher the light intensity, the lower the resistance of the resistor.
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Complete the circuit in figure 9.51 by drawing the resistor and the light
dependent resistor using the symbols given below.
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
2. Figure 9.55 shows four circuits W, X, Y and Z, each has an ideal transformer and the circuit
are used for the purpose of rectification.
Circuit W
Circuit Y
Circuit X Circuit Z
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
3. A student carries out an experiment to determine the relationship between the collector
current IC to the base current IB of a transistor.
R1 = 1kΩ
A2
IC
R2 = 56kΩ IB 6V
A1 T
R3 = 2kΩ
Figure 9.56
Transistor T is connected to fixed resistor R1 =1kΩ and R2 = 56 kΩ and a rheostat R3 as
shown in figure 9.56. The battery supplies a voltage of 6 V to the transistor circuit.
Rheostat R3 is adjusted until the current IB detected by microammeter A1 is 10 µA. The
collector current, IC recorded by miliammeter A2 is shown in figure 9.57(a).
2 3
1 4
0 5
mA
(a) IB = 10µA
3131
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
2 3 2 3
1 4 1 4
0 5 0 5
mA mA
(b) IB = 20µA
(b) IB = 30µA
2 3 2 3
1 4 1 4
0 5 0 5
mA mA
0 mA 5
(e) IB = 60µA
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
4. Figure 9.58 shows a microphone connected to a power amplifier. When the microphone
has detected a sound, an amplified sound is given out through the loudspeaker. The sound
becomes louder if the volume of the amplifier is turned on to increase the power.
Power amplifier
Loudspeaker
Volume control
Microphone
Figure 9.58
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Student’s Copy Chapter 9: Electronics
Using the information based on the observation of the brightness of the bulbs,
(a) Make one suitable inference.
(b) State one appropriate hypothesis that could be investigated.
(c) Design an experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in (b). Choose suitable
apparatus such as a diode, rheostat and others.
In your description, state clearly the following:
(i) Aim of the experiment,
(ii) Variables in the experiment,
(iii) List of apparatus and materials,
(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus,
(v) The procedure of the experiment, which includes the method of controlling
the manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding
variable,
(vi) The way you would tabulate the data,
(vii) That way you would analyse the data.
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