V

j j
j j f ,
X, j ,
j j.
j .
j j f j (x) = (x; a0 , a1 , . . . , an )
ai = ai (i = 0, n) j.
, j
j.
j j:
(x) = a0 0 (x) + a1 1 (x) + + an n (x),
a0 , a1 , . . . , an . j,
j k (x) = xk , (k = 0, n), j.
(x) = a0 + a1 x + + an xn ,
j .
j j k (x) {1, cos x, sin x, cos 2x, sin 2x, . . . }, j
j j .
:
k (x) = (x xk )m
+

(
(x xk )m , x xk
=
0,
,

j m j,
. j j (. spline j
, ).
1

V j j

j, j :
1 j j:
(x) = c0 eb0 x + c1 eb1 x + + cr ebr x ,
j n = 2r + 1.
2 j:
(x) =

b0 + b1 x + + br xr
,
c0 + c1 x + + cs xs

j n = r + s + 1.
jj j :

1. j,
2. - j,
3. min max j.
j = . , j
.
j [a, b] n + 1 a = x0 , x1 , . . . , xn = b
( j) j f (x) :
fk = f (xk ), (k = 0, n).
j (x) ( j) j
j (xk ) = fk , j.
a0 0 (xk ) + a1 1 (xk ) + + an n (xk ) = fk ,

(k = 0, n).

()

j
. j (x) , j j . ,
j j , j
() . j j j {0 , 1 , . . . , n }
, j .

V j j

j {0 , 1 , . . . , n } ,
j j j
a0 0 (x) + a1 1 (x) + + an n (x)
j n + 1 [a, b].
j 1
( -).
1. j k : [a, b] R, (k = 0, n), (n + 1)-
j j k {0, 1, . . . , n} j2



 0
1 k 
 0
 0
01 0k 

Wk =  ..
..
..  6= 0,
..
 .
.
.
. 
 (k)
(k)
(k) 


j {0 , 1 , . . . , k } j .
j j (x)
j f (x) x 6= xk (k = 0, n).

xk [x0 , xn ], j j (j ),
j x , j j.
j, j j
j j
( , j .).
min-max j j
. j j. j
j
|f (x)(x)|. j ,
.
j, jj j
, j,
j.
1

Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev (Russian: , 1821-1894):

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pafnuty_Chebyshev
2
J
ozef Maria Ho one-Wro
nski (1778-1853): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wronski

V j j

2 (j3 ). Ako je y = f (x) j

[a, b], > 0, n N Pn (x) x [a, b] j
|f (x) Pn (x)| < .

1.
, j ,
( 1).
3 (j).
j f (x) j 2,
j j (x),
j:
|f (x) (x)| < ,
j
(x) = a0 +

n
X

ak cos kx + bk sin kx .

k=1
3

Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass (18151897):

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weierstrass

V j j

4
4. j j y = f (x) j yk =
f (xk ) xk (k = 0, n), j a x0 < x1 < < xn b.
j j :
Pn (x) = (x) = a0 + a1 x + + an xn ,

j Pn (xk ) = yk .

. j a0 , a1 , . . . , an
:

a0 + a1 x0 + + an xn0 = y0

a0 + a1 x1 + + an xn1 = y1

..

a0 + a1 xn + + an xnn = yn


1 x0 xn0 


n
1 x1 xn 
Y
1

D = . . .
=
(xi xj ) 6= 0.

. . ... 
 .. ..
i,j=0


1 xn xn 
i>j
n

5 j ,
j .
j j , x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ,
:
Pn (x) = An xn + + A1 x + A0 = An (x x1 )(x x2 ) (x xn ).
, x0 , x1 , . . . , xn ,
j j y = f (x) Pn (x)
j:
x
Pn (x) = f (x)

x0
y0

x1
y1

xn
yn

4
Joseph-Louis Lagrange, born Giuseppe Lodovico Lagrangia (17361813):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange
5
Alexandre-Theophile Vandermonde (17351796):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre-Th
eophile_Vandermonde

V j j

j :
Pn (x) = a0 (x x1 )(x x2 ) (x xn )+
+ a1 (x x0 )(x x2 ) (x xn )+

(1)

+ a2 (x x0 )(x x1 ) (x xn ) + +
+ an (x x0 )(x x1 ) (x xn1 ).
j j yk = Pn (xk ), k = 0, 1, . . . , n, j:
x = x0 : y0 = a0 (x x1 )(x x2 ) (x xn )
a0 =

y0
,
(x0 x1 )(x0 x2 ) (x0 xn )

x = x1 : y1 = a1 (x1 x0 )(x1 x2 ) (x1 xn )

a1 =

y1
,
(x1 x0 )(x1 x2 ) (x1 xn )

..
.
x = xn : yn = an (xn x0 )(xn x1 ) (xn xn1 )
an =

yn
.
(xn x0 )(xn x1 ) (xn xn1 )

j:
(1)

Pn (x) =

(x x1 )(x x2 ) (x xn )
y0 +
(x0 x1 ) (x0 xn )
(x x0 )(x x2 ) (x xn )
+
y1 +
(x1 x0 )(x1 x2 ) (x1 xn )
(x x0 )(x x1 ) (x xn1 )
+
yn Ln (x)
(xn x0 )(xn x1 ) (xn xn1 )

, x0 , x1 ,
. . . , xn j ( j j).

n+1 (x) = (x x0 )(x x1 ) (x xn )
0n+1 (xi ) = (xi x0 )(xi x1 ) (xi xi1 )(xi xi+1 ) (xi xn )

V j j

pi (x) =

1
n+1 (x)
0
,
x xi
n+1 (xi )

j
(
1, i 6= k
pi (xk ) =
0, i = k,
j :
Pn (x) =

n
X

pi (x)yi Ln (x).

i=0

j
j

. Ln (x),
x 6= xi (i = 0, n). j j xn+1 6= xk ,
k = 0, n, j Ln (x)
j Ln+1 (x). j
.
j
f (x) j x [a, b] j j .
j
( j) , j
j ( xi ,
f (xi ) = yi )
( j,
).
1. (j) j j

. j, j :


Rn (x) = f (x) Ln (x)
: Rn (x) = f (x) Pn (x) .
5. j (n + 1)-j j
f (x) Ln(x) x [a, b] :
|Rn (x)|

Mn+1
|n+1 (x)|,
(n + 1)!

V j j

j
Mn+1 = max |f (n+1) ()|.
[a,b]

. j,
j j a = min{x, x0 } b = max{x, xn }.
. j
F (x) = f (x) Ln (x) kn+1 (x).
k j F (s) = 0 s [a, b]
s 6= xi , i = 0, n.
j f (x) j (n + 1) j
[a, b]. , j
. j F (x) (n+1) j
F (xi ) = 0. n+1 (s) 6= 0 F (s) = 0
k=

f (s) Ln (s)
.
n+1 (s)

, j j:
F (x) = f (x) Ln (x)

f (s) Ln (s)
n+1 (x),
n+1 (s)

(~)

(n + 2) [a, b] : s, x0 , x1 , . . . , xn .
(6 ). j f (x)
[a, b] f (a) = f (b) = 0, j j
c (a, b) j f 0 (c) = 0 ( 2).

2.
6

Michel Rolle (1652-1719): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Rolle

V j j

j F (x) [x0 , x1 ],
[x1 , x2 ], . . . , [xk1 , xs ], [s, xk ], . . . , [xn1 , xn ] ( 3):

3.
j F 0 (x) (n + 1) (a, b).
, j F 00 (x) n (a, b),
.
j F (n+1) (x) j (a, b), j. F (n+1) () = 0.
(n)
j Pnm (x) = 0 m > n Pn (x) = n! ( j j
(n+1)
(n+1)
1), j Ln
(x) = 0 n+1 (x) = (n + 1)!
j (~) (n + 1) , j:
F (n+1) (x) = f (n+1) (x) 0

f (s) Ln (s)
(n + 1)!
n+1 (s)

F (n+1) () = 0 j
f (n+1) ()
f (s) Ln (s)
=
.
n+1 (s)
(n + 1)!
j s , j x [a, b] :
Rn (x) = f (x) Ln (x) =

f (n+1) ()
n+1 (x),
(n + 1)!

j.
|Rn (x)|

Mn+1
|n+1 (x)|,
(n + 1)!

j Mn+1 = max |f (n+1) ()|.

(a,b)

Rn (x) =

f (n+1) ()
n+1 (x),
(n + 1)!

V j j

10

j j
x [x0 , xn ]. , j
j . , j
x j ,
[xi1 , xi ], j .
Rn (x), j f (n+1) () j f (x)
. , n+1 (x)
j. j jj
x0 , x1 , . . . , xn j j |n+1 (x)| j
[a, b] j:
b+a ba
2i + 1
xi =
+
i ;
i = cos
,
2
2
2n + 2
i Tn+1 (x), :
Tn+1 (x) = cos[(n + 1) arccos x],

|x| 1,

T1 (x) = cos(arccos x) = x,
T2 (x) = cos(2 arccos x) = 2 cos2 (arccos x) 1 = 2x2 1,
..
.
Tn+1 (x) = 2xTn (x) Tn1 (x).
j

|n+1 (x)| 2

ba
4

n+1

j j [a, b].
2.
. j
j
j jj .
, .
1. j j pi (x)

n
X
Ln (x) =
pi (x)yi
i=0

n
X
i=0

pi (x) = 1.

V j j

11

. j j
j f (x) = const. = C j j Ln (x) = yi = C
x [a, b]. j , j C = 1, j:
1=

n
X

pi (x) 1 j

i=0

n
X

pi (x) = 1.

i=0

. yi = f (xi ) , j
j j
.
. yi Ln (x) ,
yi Ln (x) j .
j
yi = yi +
Ln (x) =

Ln (x)

(i = 0, n)
+ ()

j
Ln (x) =

n
X
i=0

n
X
i=0

pi (x)yi =

n
X

pi (x)[yi + ] =

i=0
n
X

pi (x)yi +

pi (x)

Ln (x) + 1.

i=0

j () = .
, j f (x) j ()
, j j j
.

j
j j y = f (x) j x = h j
x, j .

V j j

12

:
I :
II :

y = [f (x + x) f (x)]
2 y = (y) = [f (x + x + x) f (x + x)]
[f (x + x) f (x)] =
= f (x + 2x) 2f (x + x) + f (x)
..
.

n :

n y = (n1 y),

n = 2, 3, . . .

j Pn (x) = an xn + + a0 j n Pn (x) = an n! hn =
const., n j .
:

(u v) = u v;
C j (C u) = C u;
m (n y) = n+n y.
y = f (x) y = f (x+x)f (x), f (x) = f (x+x)f (x).
j f (x + x) = f (x) + f (x), j :
f (x + x) = (1 + )f (x).
6. : f (x + nx) = (1 + )n f (x).
. j j 7
:
n
X
f (x + nx) =
Cnk k f (x),
k=0

Cnk

n
k

j.

, = (1 + ) 1,
j:
n f (x) = [(1 + ) 1]n f (x) =
= (1 + )n f (x) Cn1 (1 + )n1 f (x) + + (1)n f (x)

2.6

= f (x + nx) Cn1 f (x + (n 1)x) + + (1)n f (x).

7

Sir Isaac Newton (16431727): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton

V j j

13

7. j f (x) j f (n) (x)

(x, x + nx) :
n f (x) = (x)n f (n) (x + nx),

(0, 1).

. j :
f (b) f (a) = f 0 ()(b a) (a, b) j.
. j
:
n f (x)
,
f (n) (x) = lim
x0 (x)n
j.
n f (x)
f (n) (x)
.
(x)n
j j xi , i = 0, 1, 2,
. . . , n j ( ),
xi = xi+1 xi = h = const.,
j f (x)
:
yi = yi+1 yi
2 yi = (yi ) = (yi+1 yi ) = yi+1 yi
..
.
n yi = n1 yi+1 n1 yi .
, yi+1 = yi + yi = (1 + )yi yi+n = (1 + )n yi .
j n j x:
def.

x[n] = x(x h)(x 2h) (x (n 1)h)

def.

x[0] = 1 h = 0 j x[n] = xn ,
j.
, .
:

V j j

14

( 9.1), j
;
j ( 9.2), j j .
x
x0
x1
x2
x3
..
.

y
y0
y1
y2
y3
..
.

2 y
2 y0
2 y1
2 y2
2 y3
..
.

y
y0
y1
y2
y3
..
.

3 y
3 y0
3 y1
3 y2
3 y3
..
.

..
.

..
.

9.1.

9.2.
j Pn (x) = an xn + + a0 j j,
j j j:
y = Pn (x) = Pn (x + x) Pn (x) =

 

= an (x + x)n + an1 (x + x)n1 + an xn + an1 xn1 + =


(1)
= an xn + hxn1 x + xn + = Pn1 (x).
, I j (n 1).
(k)
, k y = Pnk (x), j.
(n)

(n)

n y = Pnn (x) = P0 (x) = const.

j
.
j j j
, j

V j j

15

j. , j
, j. j j xi , i =
0, 1, . . . , N N > n y = Pn (x).

9.3.
yn yn + ,
(
9.3).
k y


j k0 , k1 , . . . , (1)k .
k
j

nj 2 ( j
Pn0,
n
k=0 k = 2 ).

,
j y = f (x) j j j yk = f (xk )
, j. xi = x0 + ih, i = 0, 1, . . . , n.

Pn (x) = a0 + a1 (x x0 ) + a2 (x x0 )(x x1 ) +
+ a3 (x x0 )(x x1 )(x x2 ) + +
+ an (x x0 ) (x xn1 ),
j , j:
Pn (x) = a0 + a1 (x x0 )[1] + a2 (x x0 )[2] + a3 (x x0 )[3] + + an (x x0 )[n] .

V j j

16

j ai j Pn (xi ) = yi , i = 0, n
j:
i y0
.
ai =
i!hi
, :
NI (x) = y0 +

y0
2 y0
n y0
[2]
(x x0 )[1] +
(x

x
)
+

+
(x x0 )[n] .
0
1!h
2!h2
n!hn

h 0, j x0 .
0
xx
h = u j j :
NI (x) = y0 +

2 y0
n y0
y0
u+
u(u 1) + +
u(u 1) (u n + 1).
1!
2!
n!

j f (x) x j j
[x0 , xn ].
j x j [x0 , xn ], :
Pn (x) = a0 + a1 (x xn ) + a2 (x xn )(x xn1 ) + + an (x xn ) (x x1 ),
j j ai v =

xxn
h .

:
NII (x) = y0 +

yn1
2 yn2
n y0
v+
v(v + 1) + +
v(v + 1) (v + n 1).
1!
2!
n!

NI (x) j j
(x < x0 ).
NII (x) j j
(x > xn ).
j j f (x),
n+1
( 5) f (n+1) () j hn+1() ,
j n+1 () , j ,
(n + 1).
j:
R(x)

n+1 ()
n+1 ()
|
(x)|
=
(x x0 )[n+1] ,
n+1
(n + 1)!hn+1
(n + 1)!hn+1

V j j

17

j j 8 .
j j j (n + 1-)
, j . j
.

j j
j j
j : A
B, B A. j
j (x) j ,
j. (x) j:
|0 (x)| < 1.
j, j9
a, j. (a) = a, j j j .
j y = f (x) j .
:
y = y0 + y0 u + 2 y0

u(u 1)
u(u 1) (u n + 1)
+ + n y0
. ()
2!
n!

j u:
u = (y, u),
j.
j () j:
u=

y y0 u(u 1) 2

y0 (y, u)
y0
2!y0

x x0

u=
h

x0

u =
h

Brook Taylor (16851731): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_Taylor

Stefan Banach (Ukrainian: ; 18921945):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach
9

V j j

18

j j j = f (), j
:
u0 =

y0
y0

un+1 = (, un ) (un ).

j, j . ,
, j u = uk uk+1 .
u =

x0
h

j = x0 + u h.

j jj j j,
j j.

j
j f (x) = a f (x) j Ln (x ) = a, j
x x, Ln (x) j
. |x x | =?
f (x) f (x ) = f 0 ()(x x ), [x, x ],
f 0 () 6= 0 :
x x =
=

f (x) f (x )
Ln (x ) f (x )
=
f 0 ()
f 0 ()
f (n+1) (1 )n+1 (x)
,
(n + 1)!f 0 ()

2.5

1 [a, b].

, j j j f (x) =
a, j. f (xk ) a f (xk+1 ) I [xk , xk+1 ] = I,
j j f (x), :
|x x |

Mn+1 max |n+1 (x)|

,
(n + 1)!m1

(~)

j Mn+1 = max |f (n+1) (1 )| m1 = min |f 0 ()|.

1 [a,b]

h (~)
, j j.