SECTION 6.1 (PAGE 321) R. A.

ADAMS: CALCULUS

CHAPTER 6. TECHNIQUES OF INTE- 5. x 3 ln x d x
GRATION
U = ln x d V = x 3 d x
dx x4
dU = V =
x 4
Section 6.1 Integration by Parts

1 4 1
(page 321) = x ln x − 3
x dx
4 4

1 1 4
= x 4 ln x − x + C.
1. x cos x d x 4 16


U=x d V = cos x d x 6. x(ln x)3 d x = I3 where
dU = d
x V = sin x

= x sin x − sin x d x In = x(ln x)n d x

= x sin x + cos x + C. U = (ln x)n dV = x dx

n 1

dU = (ln x)n−1 d x V = x2
x
2
2. (x + 3)e2x d x 1 2 n
= x (ln x)n − x(ln x)n−1 d x
U = x +3 d V = e2x d x 2 2
1 2 n
dU = d x V = 12 e2x = x (ln x)n − In−1

2 2
1 1 1 2 3
= (x + 3)e2x − e2x d x I3 = x (ln x)3 − I2
2 2 2 2
1 1 
= (x + 3)e2x − e2x + C. 1 2 3 3 1 2 2
2 4 = x (ln x) − x (ln x)2 − I1
2 2 2 2

 
1 2 3 3 2 2 3 1 2 1
3. x 2 cos π x d x = x (ln x) − x (ln x) + x (ln x) − I0
2 4 2 2 2


U = x2 d V = cos π x d x 1 2 3 3 3
sin π x = x (ln x)3 − x 2 (ln x)2 + x 2 (ln x) − x dx
dU = 2x d x V = 2 4 4 4
π  

x2 3 3 3
x 2 sin π x 2 = (ln x)3 − (ln x)2 + (ln x) − + C.
= − x sin π x d x 2 2 2 4
π π


U=x d V = sin π x d x
cos π x 7. tan−1 x d x
dU = d x V =−
π

 U = tan−1 x dV = dx
x 2 sin π x 2 x cos π x 1 dx
= − − + cos π x d x dU = V =x
π π π π 1 +
x 2
1 2 2 2 x dx
= x sin π x + 2 x cos π x − 3 sin π x + C. = x tan−1 x −
π π π 1 + x2

1
= x tan−1 x − ln(1 + x 2 ) + C.
4. (x 2 − 2x)ekx d x 2


U = x 2 − 2x d V = ekx
1 8. x 2 tan−1 x d x
dU = (2x − 2) d x V = ekx

k U = tan−1 x d V = x 2 d x
1 1 dx
= (x 2 − 2x)ekx − (2x − 2)ekx d x dU = x3
k k 2 V =
1+x 3
U = x − 1 d V = ekx d x

1 x3 1 x 3
dU = d x V = ekx = tan−1 x − dx
k 3 3 1 + x2


 
1 2 1 1 x3 1 x
= (x 2 − 2x)ekx − (x − 1)ekx − ekx d x = tan−1 x − x− dx
k k k k 3 3 1 + x2
1 2 2 2 kx x3 x2 1
kx kx
= (x − 2x)e − 2 (x − 1)e + 3 e + C. = tan−1 x − + ln(1 + x 2 ) + C.
k k k 3 6 6

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 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 6.1 (PAGE 321)

9. x sin−1 x d x For n = 5 we have

√
U = sin−1 x dV = x dx π/4 2 2 3
dx x2 sec5 x d x = I5 = + I3
dU = √ V = 0 4 4
√ √
1 − x2 2 2 3 2 1


1 2 −1 1 x2 dx = + + I1
= x sin x − √ Let x = sin θ 2 4 2 2
2 2 1 − x2 √
d x = cos θ dθ 7 2 3 π/4


1 2 −1 1 2 = + ln | sec x + tan x|
= x sin x − sin θ dθ 8
√ 8 0
2 2 √
7 2 3
1 1 = + ln(1 + 2).
= x 2 sin−1 x − (θ − sin θ cos θ ) + C 8 8
2
  4
1 2 1 1 
= x − sin−1 x + x 1 − x 2 + C.

2 4 4
12. I = tan2 x sec x d x

U = tan x d V = sec x tan x d x

dU = sec2 x
d x V = sec x

3
= sec x tan x − sec x d x
2
10. x 5 e−x d x = I2 where


= sec x tan x − (1 + tan2 x) sec x d x
2
In = x (2n+1) e−x d x
= sec x tan x − ln | sec x + tan x| − I
1 1
2
Thus, I = 2 sec x tan x − 2 ln | sec x + tan x| + C.
U= x 2n
dV = dxxe −x

2
dU = 2nx (2n−1) d x V = − 21 e−x 13. I = e2x sin 3x d x


1 2 2
= − x 2n e−x + n x (2n−1) e−x d x U = e2x d V = sin 3x d x
2
1 2 dU = 2e2x d x V = − 31 cos 3x
= − x 2n e−x + n In−1

2 1 2

 = − e2x cos 3x + e2x cos 3x d x
1 2 1 2 2 3 3
I2 = − x 4 e−x + 2 − x 2 e−x + xe−x d x
2 2
1 −x 2 4 U = e2x d V = cos 3x d x
= − e (x + 2x 2 + 2) + C.
2 dU = 2e2x d x V = 13 sin 3x
 
1 2 1 2x 2
= − e2x cos 3x + e sin 3x − I
3 3 3 3
13 1 2x 2 2x

I = − e cos 3x + e sin 3x + C1
π/4 9 3 9
11. In = secn x d x 1 2x
0 I = e (2 sin 3x − 3 cos 3x) + C.
13

√
U = secn−2 x d V = sec2 x d x 14. I = xe x d x Let x = w2
dU = (n − 2) sec n−2 x tan x d x V = tan x

d x = 2w dw
π/4
π/4

= tan x secn−2 x  − (n − 2) secn−2 x tan2 x d x = 2 w3 ew dw = 2I3 where
0 0

√
= ( 2)n−2 − (n − 2)(In − In−2 ). In = wn ew dw
√
(n − 1)In = ( 2)n−2 + (n − 2)In−2 . U = wn d V = ew dw
Therefore dU = nwn−1 dw V = ew
= wn ew − n In−1 .
√ I = 2I3 = 2w3 ew − 6[w2 ew − 2(wew − I0 )]
( 2)n−2 n−2 √ √ √
In = + In−2 , (n ≥ 2). = e x (2x x − 6x + 12 x − 12) + C.
n−1 n−1

213
 SECTION 6.1 (PAGE 321) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

1 sin−1 x 19. I = cos(ln x) d x
15. dx
1/2 x2
dx U = cos(ln x) dV = dx
U = sin−1 x dV = 2 sin(ln x) V =x
dx x dU = − dx
dU = √ 1
x
1 − x2 V =−
x = x cos(ln x) + sin(ln x) d x
1
1
1 −1  dx
= − sin x  + √ Let x = sin θ U = sin(ln x) dV = dx
x 1/2 1/2 x 1 − x 2
d x = cos θ dθ cos(ln x) V =x

π/2 dU = dx
π π x
=− + + csc θ dθ
2 3 π/6 = x cos(ln x) + x sin(ln x) − I
π π/2
 1

= − − ln | csc θ + cot θ | I = x cos(ln x) + x sin(ln x) + C.
6 π/6 2
π √ √ π
= − − ln 1 + ln(2 + 3) = ln(2 + 3) − .
e
6 6 20. I = sin(ln x) d x

1 1
√ √
16. x sin(π x) d x Let x = w2 U = sin(ln x) dV = dx
0
d x = 2w dw cos(ln x) V =x

1 dU = dx
x
=2 2
w sin(π w) dw e
e

0 = x sin(ln x) − cos(ln x) d x
U = w2 d V = sin(π w) dw 1 1

dU = 2w dw cos(π w) U = cos(ln x) dV = dx
V =− sin(ln x)
π dU = − dx V =x
1
1 x
2 2  4   
= − w cos(π w) + w cos(π w) dw e
π 0 π 0 = e sin(1) − x cos(ln x) + I
U =w d V = cos(π w) dw 1
sin(π w) 1
dU = dw V = Thus, I = [e sin(1) − e cos(1) + 1].
π 2
 1
1

2 4 w  4 ln(ln x)
= + 
sin(π w)  − 2 sin(π w) dw 21. d x Let u = ln x
π π π 0 π 0 x dx
1 du =
2 4  2 4 2 8 x
= + 3 cos(π w) = + 3 (−2) = − 3 .

π π 0 π π π π = ln u du


17. x sec2 x d x U = ln u d V = du
du V =u
dU =
U=x d V = sec2 x d x
u
dU = d
x V = tan x = u ln u − du = u ln u − u + C
= x tan x − tan x d x
= (ln x)(ln(ln x)) − ln x + C.
= x tan x − ln | sec x| + C.
4√ √


22. xe x
dx Let x = w2
1
18. x sin2 x d x = (x − x cos 2x) d x 0
2 d x = 2w dw


2
x2 1 =2 w2 ew dw = 2I2
= − x cos 2x d x
4 2 0
U=x d V = cos 2x d x See solution #16 for the formula

dU = d x V = 12 sin 2x In = wn ew dw = wn ew − n In−1 .


2 
2 
x 2 1 1 1  
= − x sin 2x − sin 2x d x = 2 w2 ew  − 2I1 = 8e2 − 4 wew  − I0
4 2 2 2 0 0
2

2
x x 1 2 2 w 2
= − sin 2x − cos 2x + C. = 8e − 8e + 4 e dw = 4(e − 1).
4 4 8 0

214
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 6.1 (PAGE 321)

23. cos−1 x d x 27. x(tan−1 x)2 d x

U = cos−1 x dV = dx U = (tan−1 x)2 dV = x dx

dx V =x 2 tan−1 x d x x2
dU = − √ dU = V =
2

1 − x 1 + x2

2 −1
2
x dx x 2 x tan x
= x cos−1 x + √ = (tan−1 x)2 − d x Let u = tan−1 x
 1 − x2 2 1 + x2 dx
−1
= x cos x − 1 − x 2 + C. du =
1 + x2



x2
24. x sec−1 x d x = (tan−1 x)2 − u tan2 u du
2


U = sec−1 x dV = x dx x2
= (tan−1 x)2 + (u − u sec2 u) du
dx 1 2
dU = √ V = x2

2
|x| x − 1 2 x2 u2

= (tan−1 x)2 + − u sec2 u du
1 2 −1 1 |x| 2 2
= x sec x − √ dx
2 2 x2 − 1 U =u d V = sec2 u du
1 1 
= x 2 sec−1 x − sgn (x) x 2 − 1 + C. dU = du V = tan u

2 2 1 2 −1
= (x + 1)(tan x)2 − u tan u + tan u du

2 2
25. sec−1 x d x 1
= (x 2 + 1)(tan−1 x)2 − x tan−1 x + ln | sec u| + C
1 2

2
1 1 1
= cos−1 = (x 2 + 1)(tan−1 x)2 − x tan−1 x + ln(1 + x 2 ) + C
1 x 2 2
1 .
U = cos−1 dV = dx
x  
1 1 V =x
dU = − − 2 dx
1 x
1− 2
x
2
2
1  dx
= x cos−1  − √ Let x = sec θ
x 1 1 x2 − 1
d x = sec θ tan θ dθ 28. By the procedure used in Example 4 of Section 7.1,

π/3
2π
= −0− sec θ dθ

3 0
2π π/3 e x cos x d x = 12 e x (sin x + cos x) + C;

= − ln | sec θ + tan θ |

3 0
2π √ e x sin x d x = 12 e x (sin x − cos x) + C.
= − ln(2 + 3).
3


26. (sin−1 x)2 d x Let x = sin θ Now

d x = cos θ dθ


= θ 2 cos θ dθ xe x cos x d x
U= θ2 d V = cos θ dθ U=x d V = e x cos x d x
dU = 2θ dθ

V = sin θ dU = d x V = 12 e x (sin x + cos x)


= θ 2 sin θ − 2 θ sin θ dθ
= 12 xe x (sin + cos x) − 12 e x (sin x + cos x) d x
U =θ d V = sin θ dθ
= 12 xe x (sin + cos x)
dU = dθ V = − cos
θ − 14 e x (sin x − cos x + sin x + cos x) + C
2
= θ sin θ − 2(−θ cos θ + cos θ dθ )
= 12 xe x (sin x + cos x) − 12 e x sin x + C.
2
= θ sin θ + 2θ cos θ − 2 sin θ + C

= x(sin−1 x)2 + 2 1 − x 2 (sin−1 x) − 2x + C.

215
 SECTION 6.1 (PAGE 321) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

π
π/2
29. Area = A = e−x sin x d x 32. In = x n sin x d x
0 0
U = e−x d V = sin x d x U = xn d V = sin x d x
dU = −e−x d x V = − cos x dU = nx n−1 d x V = − cos x

π π/2
π 

π/2
= −e cos x  −
−x
e−x cos x d x = −x n cos x  + n x n−1 cos x d x
0 0
0 0
U = e−x d V = cos x d x U = x n−1 d V = cos x d x
dU = −e−x d x V = sinx dU = (n − 1)x n−2 d x V = sin x
π  π/2
π/2 
= e−π + 1 − e−x sin x  + A 
0 = n x n−1 sin x  − (n − 1) x n−2 sin x d x
1 + e−π 0 0
Thus Area = A = units2
π n−1
2 =n − n(n − 1)In−2 , (n ≥ 2).
2

π/2 π/2

I0 = sin x d x = − cos x  = 1.
30. The tangent line to y = ln x at x = 1 is y = x − 1, 0


0

 
Hence,
π 5 π 3 π
I6 = 6 − 6(5) 4 − 4(3) 2 − 2(1)I0
2 2 2

e
1 3 5 3
Shaded area = (1)(1) + (1)(e − 2) − ln x d x = π − 15π + 360π − 720.
2 1 16
e
3 
= e − − (x ln x − x)
2 1
3 5
= e − − e + e + 0 − 1 = e − sq. units.

2 2
33. In = sinn x d x (n ≥ 2)
y
y=x−1
y=1
U = sinn−1 x d V = sin x d x
(e,1) dU = (n − 1) sinn−2 x cos
x d x V = − cos x
y=ln x
= − sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1) sinn−2 x cos2 x d x
1 x
= − sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1)(In−2 − In )
n In = − sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1)In−2
Fig. 6.1.30 1 n−1
In = − sinn−1 x cos x + In−2 .
n n
Note: I0 = x + C, I1 = − cos x + C. Hence


31. In = (ln x)n d x 1 5
I6 = − sin5 x cos x + I4
U= (ln x)n dV = dx 6 6 
dx 1 5 5 1 3
dU = n(ln x)n−1 V =x = − sin x cos x + − sin3 x cos x + I2
x 6 6 4 4
In = x(ln x)n − n In−1 . 1 5 5 3
= − sin x cos x − sin x cos x
6  24 
I4 = x(ln x)4 − 4I3

 5 1 1
+ − sin x cos x + I0
= x(ln x)4 − 4 x(ln x)3 − 3I2 8 2 2

 1 5 5 5
3
= x(ln x)4 − 4x(ln x)3 + 12 x(ln x)2 − 2I1 = − sin x cos x − sin x cos x − sin x cos x
6 24 16
= x(ln x)4 − 4x(ln x)3 + 12x(ln x)2 5

 + x +C
16
− 24 x ln x − x + C

 5x sin5 x 5 sin3 x 5 sin x
= − cos x + + + C.
= x (ln x)4 − 4(ln x)3 + 12(ln x)2 − 24 ln x + 24 + C. 16 6 24 16

216
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 6.1 (PAGE 321)

1 6

2
I7 = − sin6 x cos x + I5 dx 1 x + a2 − x 2
7 7
35. In = 2 2
= 2
dx
 (x + a ) n a (x 2 + a 2 )n
1 6 1 4


= − sin6 x cos x + − sin4 x cos x + I3 1 dx 1 x2
7 7 5 5 = 2 2 2
− 2 dx
a (x + a ) n−1 a (x + a 2 )n
2
1 6 6 4
= − sin x cos x − sin x cos x
7  35  x dx
24 1 2 U =x dV =
+ − sin2 x cos x + I1 (x 2
+ a 2 )n
35 3 3 dU = d x −1
1 6 6 4 8 V =
= − sin x cos x − sin x cos x − sin2 x cos x 2(n − 1)(x 2 + a 2 )n−1
7 35 35 
16 1 1 −x
− cos x + C = I n−1 −
35 a2 a 2 2(n − 1)(x 2 + a 2 )n−1
 6 

sin x 6 sin4 x 8 sin2 x 16 1 dx
= − cos x + + + + C. + .
7 35 35 35 2(n − 1) (x 2 + a 2 )n−1
x 2n − 3
In = + In−1 .
2(n − 1)a2 (x 2 + a 2 )n−1 2(n − 1)a2
1 x
Now I1 = tan−1 , so
a a
x 3
I3 = + 2 I2
4a 2 (x 2 + a 2 )2 4a
 
x 3 x 1
34. We have = + + I 1
4a 2 (x 2 + a 2 )2 4a 2 2a 2 (x 2 + a 2 ) 2a 2

x 3x 3 x
= + 4 2 + tan−1 + C.
In = secn x d x (n ≥ 3) 4a 2 (x 2 + a 2 )2 8a (x + a 2 ) 8a 5 a
36. Given that f (a) = f (b) = 0.
U = secn−2 x d V = sec2 x d x
b
dU = (n − 2) secn−2 x
tan x d x V = tan x (x − a)(b − x) f  (x) d x
a
= secn−2 x tan x − (n − 2) secn−2 x tan2 x d x U = (x − a)(b − x) d V = f  (x) d x


dU = (b + a − 2x) d x V = f  (x)
= secn−2 x tan x − (n − 2) secn−2 x(sec2 x − 1) d x b
b

= (x − a)(b − x) f  (x) − (b + a − 2x) f  (x) d x
= secn−2 x tan x − (n − 2)In + (n − 2)In−2 + C a a
1 n−2 U = b + a − 2x d V = f  (x) d x
In = (secn−2 x tan x) + In−2 + C.
n

− 1 n−1 dU = −2d x V = f (x)
 b
b 
I1 = sec x d x = ln | sec x + tan x| + C; 

= 0 − (b + a − 2x) f (x) + 2 f (x) d x
a a
I2 = sec2 x d x = tan x + C.
b
  = −2 f (x) d x.
1 4 1 2 a
I6 = (sec4 x tan x) + sec2 x tan x + I2 + C
5 5 3 3 37. Given: f  and g  are continuous on [a, b], and
1 4 8 f (a) = g(a) = f (b) = g(b) = 0. We have
= sec4 x tan x + sec2 x tan x + tan x + C.
5 15 15
b

1 5 1 f (x)g  (x) d x
I7 = (sec5 x tan x) + sec3 x tan x+ a
6 6 4
  U = f (x) d V = g  (x) d x
3 1 1 
sec x tan x + I1 + C dU = f (x) d x V = g  (x)
4 2 2 b
b
1 5 15 
= sec5 x tan x + sec3 x tan x + sec x tan x+ = f (x)g  (x) − f  (x)g  (x) d x.
6 24 48 a a
15 Similarly,
ln | sec x + tan x| + C.
48
b b

 b
f (x)g(x) d x = f (x)g(x) −
 
f  (x)g  (x) d x.
a a a

217
 SECTION 6.1 (PAGE 321) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

Thus we have or, rearranging the factors on the left,

b
b
 2 2 4 4 2n 2n π
f (x)g (x) d x − f  (x)g(x) d x lim · · · ··· · = .
a a n→∞ 1 3 3 5 2n − 1 2n + 1 2

b
= f (x)g  (x) − f  (x)g(x)  = 0
a
Section 6.2 Inverse Substitutions
by the assumptions on f and g. Thus (page 328)

b
b

f (x)g  (x) d x = f  (x)g(x) d x. dx
1. √ Let u = 2x
a a 1 − 4x 2

du = 2 d x
This equation is also valid for any (sufficiently smooth) 1 du 1 1
= √ = sin−1 u + C = sin−1 (2x) + C.
functions f and g for which 2 1−u 2 2 2

2
x dx
f (b)g  (b) − f  (b)g(b) = f (a)g (a) − f  (a)g(a). 2. √ Let 2x = sin u
1 − 4x 2
2 d x = cos u du
Examples are functions which are periodic with period

1 sin2 u cos u du
b − a, or if f (a) = f (b) = f  (a) = f  (b) = 0, or if =
8
cos u
instead g satisfies such conditions. Other combinations of
1 u sin 2u
conditions on f and g will also do. = (1 − cos 2u) du = − +C

π/2 16 16 32
38. In = cosn x d x. 1 1
= sin−1 2x − sin u cos u + C
0 16 16
1 1 
a) For 0 ≤ x ≤ π/2 we have 0 ≤ cos x ≤ 1, and so = sin−1 2x − x 1 − 4x 2 + C.
0 ≤ cos2n+2 x ≤ cos2n+1 x ≤ cos2n x. Therefore 16 8
0 ≤ I2n+2 ≤ I2n+1 ≤ I2n .

x2 dx
n−1 2n + 1
3. √ Let x = 3 sin θ
b) Since In = In−2 , we have I2n+2 = I2n . 9 − x2
d x = 3 cos θ dθ
n 2n + 2

Combining this with part (a), we get 9 sin2 θ 3 cos θ dθ
=
3 cos θ
2n + 1 I2n+2 I2n+1 9
= ≤ ≤ 1. = (θ − sin θ cos θ ) + C
2n + 2 I2n I2n 2
9 x 1 
The left side approaches 1 as n → ∞, so, by the = sin−1 − x 9 − x 2 + C.
2 3 2
Squeeze Theorem,

dx
4. √ Let x = 12 sin θ
I2n+1 x 1 − 4x 2
lim
n→∞ I2n
= 1. d x = 12 cos θ dθ



cos θ dθ
= √ = csc θ dθ
c) By Example 6 we have, since 2n + 1 is odd and 2n sin θ 1 − sin2 θ  
 1 √
is even,  1 − 4x 2 
= ln | csc θ − cot θ | + C = ln  − +C
 2x 2x 
2n 2n − 2 4 2  √ 
I2n+1 = · ··· ·  1 − 1 − 4x 2 
2n + 1 2n − 1 5 3  
= ln   + C1 .
2n − 1 2n − 3 3 1 π  x 
I2n = · ··· · · .
2n 2n − 2 4 2 2

dx
5. √ Let x = 3 sin θ
Multiplying the expression for I2n+1 by π/2 and x 9 − x2
2

d x = 3 cos θ dθ
dividing by the expression for I2n , we obtain, by 3 cos θ dθ
part (b), = 2

9 sin θ 3 cos θ
2n 2n − 2 4 2 π 1
· ··· · · = csc2 θ dθ
2n +1 2n − 1 5 3 2 = π ×1= π, 9
lim √
n→∞ 2n − 1 2n − 3 3 1 π 2 2 1 1 9 − x2
· ··· · · = − cot θ + C = − + C.
2n 2n − 2 4 2 2 9 9 x

218
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 6.2 (PAGE 328)

dx dx
6. √ Let x = 3 sin θ 11. Let x = a sin θ
x 9 − x2 (a 2 − x 2 )3/2

d x = 3 cos

θ dθ
dx =

a cos θ dθ
3 cos θ dθ 1 a cos θ dθ 1
= = csc θ dθ = = 2 sec2 θ dθ
3 sin θ 3 cos θ 3   a 3 cos3 θ a
√
1 1  3 9 − x 2  1
= 2 tan θ + C = 2 √
1 x
+ C.
= ln | csc θ − cot θ | + C = ln  − +C a a a − x2
2
3 3 x x 
 √ 
1  3 − 9 − x 2 
= ln   + C.
3  x 
a
x




x +1 x dx dx
7. √ dx = √ + √ θ
9−x 2 9−x 2 9 − x2
 √
x a 2 −x 2
= − 9 − x 2 + sin−1 + C.
3
Fig. 6.2.11


dx
8. √ Let x = 3 tan θ
9 + x2
d x = 3 sec2 θ dθ

2

3 sec θ dθ
= = sec θ dθ
3 sec θ

= ln | sec θ + tan θ | + C = ln(x + 9 + x 2 ) + C1 .


dx
√ 12. Let x = a tan θ
9+x 2 (a 2 + x 2 )3/2
x d x = a sec2 θ dθ

2

θ
a sec θ dθ a sec2 θ dθ
= 2
=
3 2 2
(a + a tan θ ) 3/2 a 3 sec3 θ


1 1 x
Fig. 6.2.8 = 2 cos θ dθ = 2 sin θ + C = √ + C.
a a a2 a2 + x 2

√
x3 dx a 2 +x 2
x
9. √ Let u = 9 + x 2
9 + x2

du = 2x d
x θ
1 (u − 9) du 1 a
= √ = (u 1/2 − 9u −1/2 ) du
2 u 2 Fig. 6.2.12
1
= u 3/2 − 9u 1/2 + C
3
1 
= (9 + x 2 )3/2 − 9 9 + x 2 + C.
3

√
9 + x2
10. dx Let x = 3 tan θ
x4

d x = 3 sec2 θ dθ x2 dx

13. Let x = a sin θ
(3 sec θ )(3 sec2 θ ) dθ (a 2 − x 2 )3/2
= d x = a cos θ dθ
81 tan4 θ
2 2

3
a sin θ a cos θ dθ
1 sec θ 1 cos θ =
= dθ = dθ Let u = sin θ
a 3 cos3
θ
9 tan4 θ 9 sin4 θ

du = cos θ dθ = tan2 θ dθ = (sec2 θ − 1) dθ
1 du 1 1
= =− +C =− +C
9 u4 27u 3 27 sin3 θ = tan θ − θ + C (see Fig. s6-5-17)
(9 + x 2 )3/2 x −1 x
=− + C. = √ − sin + C.
27x 3 a2 − x 2 a

219
 SECTION 6.2 (PAGE 328) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

dx 1 dx dx 1 x +1
14. Let x = √ tan θ 17. = = tan−1 + C.
(1 + 2x 2 )5/2 2 x 2 + 2x + 10 (x + 1)2 + 9 3 3
1


d x = √ sec2 θ dθ dx dx
2 1



18. 2
= 2  √ 2 Let u = x + 2
1 sec2 θ dθ 1 x +x +1 1 3
= √ = √ cos3 θ dθ x+ + du = d x
2
(1 + tan2 θ )5/2 2 2 2

 
1 du 2 −1 2
= √ (1 − sin2 θ ) cos θ dθ Let u = sin θ =  √ 2 = √ tan √ u +C
2 3 3 3

 du = cos  θ dθ u2 +
1 1 1 3 2
2  
= √ (1 − u ) du = √ u − u + C 2 −1 2x + 1
2 2 3 = √ tan √ + C.
1 1 3 3
= √ sin θ − √ sin3 θ + C
2 3 2

 √ 3 dx
√ 19.
2x 1 2x (4x 2 + 4x + 5)2
= √ √ − √ √ +C

2 1 + 2x 2 3 2 1 + 2x 2 dx
=
2 Let 2x + 1 = 2 tan θ
4x 3 + 3x (2x + 1)2 + 4 2 d x = 2 sec2 θ dθ
= + C.
3(1 + 2x 2 )3/2
2

sec θ dθ 1
= = cos2 θ dθ
√ 4
16 sec θ 16
1+2x 2 √
2x 1

= θ + sin θ cos θ
θ
32
1 1 2x + 1 1 2x + 1
= tan−1 + + C.
32 2 16 4x 2 + 4x + 5
Fig. 6.2.14


dx √
15. √ Let x = 2 sec θ (x > 2) 4x 2 +4x+5
x x2 − 4

d x = 2 sec θ tan θ dθ 2x+1
2 sec θ tan θ dθ
=

2 sec θ 2 tan θ θ
1 θ 1 x
= dθ = + C = sec−1 + C. 2
2 2 2 2
Fig. 6.2.19
x √
x 2 −4


x dx (x − 1) + 1
θ 20. 2
= d x Let u = x − 1
2 x − 2x + 3 (x − 1)2 + 2


du = d x
Fig. 6.2.15 u du du
= +
u2 + 2 u2 + 2

 
dx 1 1 u
16. √ Let x = a sec θ (a > 0) = ln(u 2 + 2) + √ tan−1 √ +C
x2 x 2 − a2 2 2 2

d x = a sec θ tan θ dθ 
a sec θ tan θ dθ 1 1 x −1
= = ln(x 2 − 2x + 3) + √ tan−1 √ + C.
a
2 sec2 θ a tan θ 2 2 2
1 1

= 2 cos θ dθ = 2 sin θ + C x dx
a
√
a 21. √
2
1 x 2 − a2
2ax − x
= 2 + C. x dx
a x =  Let x − a = a sin θ
a 2 − (x − a)2 d x = a cos θ dθ


x √ (a + a sin θ )a cos θ dθ
x 2 −a 2 =
a cos θ
θ = a(θ − cos θ ) + C
a
x −a 
= a sin−1 − 2ax − x 2 + C.
Fig. 6.2.16 a

220
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 6.2 (PAGE 328)

dx dx
24. = Let x + 1 = tan u
(x 2 + 2x + 2)2 [(x + 1)2 + 1]2
d x = sec2 u du



a sec2 u du
x−a = 4u
= cos2 u du

sec
1 u sin 2u
θ = (1 + cos 2u) du = + +C
√ 2 2 4
2ax−x 2 1 1
= tan−1 (x + 1) + sin u cos u + C
Fig. 6.2.21 2 2
1 −1 1 x +1
= tan (x + 1) + + C.
2 2 x 2 + 2x + 2

√
dx
22. x 2 +2x+2
x+1
(4x − x 2 )3/2


dx u
= Let 2 − x = 2 sin u 1
[4 − (2 − x)2 ]3/2

−d x = 2 cos u du


2 cos u du 1 Fig. 6.2.24
=− =− sec2 u du
8 cos3 u 4
1 1 x −2
= − tan u + C = √ + C.
4 4 4x − x 2

2
2−x

dx
u √ 25. Let x = tan θ
(1 + x 2 )3
4x−x 2 d x = sec2 dθ

2

Fig. 6.2.22 sec θ
= dθ = cos4 θ dθ
sec6 θ

 
1 + cos 2θ 2

= dθ
x dx 2
23.
 
1 1 + cos 4θ
(3 − 2x − x 2 )3/2 = 1 + 2 cos 2θ + dθ

4 2
x dx
=
3/2 Let x + 1 = 2 sin θ 3θ sin 2θ sin 4θ
4 − (x + 1)2 d x = 2 cos θ dθ = + + +C
8 4 32

3θ sin θ cos θ sin 2θ cos 2θ
(2 sin θ − 1)2 cos θ dθ = + + +C
= 8 2 16

8 cos3 θ

1 1 3θ sin θ cos θ 1
= sec θ tan θ dθ − sec2 θ dθ = + + sin θ cos θ (2 cos2 θ − 1) + C
2 4 8 2 8  
1 1 3 −1 1 x 1 x 2
= sec θ − tan θ + C = tan x + · + · − 1 +C
2 4 8 2 1 + x2 8 1 + x2 1 + x2
1 1 x +1 3 3 x 1 x
= √ − √ +C = tan−1 x + · + · +C
3 − 2x − x 2 4 3 − 2x − x 2 8 8 1 + x2 4 (1 + x 2 )2
1 3−x 3 3x 3 + 5x
= ·√ + C. = tan−1 x + + C.
4 3 − 2x − x 2 8 8(1 + x 2 )2

√
1+x 2
2
x+1 x

θ θ
√ 1
3−2x−x 2

Fig. 6.2.23 Fig. 6.2.25

221
 SECTION 6.2 (PAGE 328) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS


x2 dx 28. I = 9 + x2 dx Let x = 3 tan θ
26. Let x = tan u
(1 + x 2 )2 d x = 3 sec2 θ dθ
d x = sec2 u du




tan2 u sec2 u du tan2 u du = 3 sec θ 3 sec2 θ dθ
= =

sec4 u
sec2 u

1 = 9 sec3 θ dθ
= sin2 u du = (1 − cos 2u) du
2
u sin u cos u U = sec θ d V = sec2 θ dθ
= − +C
2 2 dU = sec θ tan
θ dθ V = tan θ
1 1 x
= tan−1 x − + C. = 9 sec θ tan θ − 9 sec θ tan2 θ dθ
2 2 1 + x2

= 9 sec θ tan θ − 9 sec θ (sec2 θ − 1) dθ
√


1+x 2
x
= 9 sec θ tan θ + 9 sec θ dθ − 9 sec3 θ dθ
u
1 = 9 sec θ tan θ + 9 ln | sec θ + tan θ | − I
 √  √ 
Fig. 6.2.26 9 9 + x2
x  9  9 + x 2 x 
I = + ln  + +C
2 3 3 2  3 3
1  9
 
= x 9 + x 2 + ln 9 + x 2 + x + C1 .
2 2
9
(where C1 = C − ln 3)
2


dx
29. √ Let x = u 2
2+ x

d
x = 2u du 
2u du 2
= =2 1− du
2+u u+2
√ √
= 2u − 4 ln |u + 2| + C = 2 x − 4 ln(2 + x) + C.


dx
30. Let x = u 3
1 + x 1/3
d x = 3u 2 du

2
u du
=3 Let v = 1 + u

√ 1+u
1 − x2 dv = du
27. dx Let x = sin θ
2
 
x3 v − 2v + 1 1
d x = cos θ dθ =3 dv = 3 v−2+ dv

v v
cos2 θ  2 
= 3
dθ = I, where v

sin θ =3
2
− 2v + ln |v| + C
I = cot2 θ csc θ dθ 3
= (1 + x 1/3 )2 − 6(1 + x 1/3 ) + 3 ln |1 + x 1/3 | + C.
2
U = cot θ d V = cot θ csc θ dθ

dU = − csc2 θ
dθ V = − csc θ 1 + x 1/2
31. I = d x Let x = u 6 .
3 1 + x 1/3
= − csc θ cot θ − csc θ dθ d x = 6u 5 du


8

1 + u3 5 u + u5
= 6u du = 6 du.
= − csc θ cot θ − csc θ dθ − I. 1 + u2 1 + u2
Division is required to render the last integrand as a
Therefore polynomial with a remainder fraction of simpler form:
1 1 observe that
I = − csc θ cot θ + ln | csc θ + cot θ | + C
2 2  
√ √ u8 = u8 + u6 − u6 − u4 + u4 + u2 − u2 − 1 + 1
1 1 − x2 1  1 1 − x 2 
=− + ln  + +C = (u 2 + 1)(u 6 − u 4 + u 2 − 1) + 1
2 x2 2 x x 
√ u5 = u5 + u3 − u3 − u + u
1  1 1 1 − x2
= ln(1 + 1 − x 2 ) − ln |x| − + C. = (u 2 + 1)(u 3 − u) + u.
2 2 2 x2

222
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 6.2 (PAGE 328)

√
Thus 3−1 dx
35.
−1 x 2 + 2x + 2
u8 + u5 u+1
√
= u6 − u4 + u3 + u2 − u − 1 + 2 . 3−1 dx
u2 + 1 u +1 = Let u = x + 1
−1 (x + 1)2 + 1
Therefore du = dx

√3 √3

  du  π
u+1 = = tan−1 u  = .
I =6 u6 − u4 + u3 + u2 − u − 1 + 2 du u2 + 1 3
u +1 0 0
 7
u u5 u4 u3 u2
2
=6 − + + − −u dx
7 5 4 3 2 36. √ Let x = 3 sin u
 1 x2 9 − x2
1 d x = 3 cos u du
+ ln(u 2 + 1) + tan−1 u + C
x=2

2 3 cos u du 1 x=2
= 2
= csc2 u du
6 6 3 x=1 9 sin u(3 cos u) 9 x=1
= x 7/6 − x 5/6 + x 2/3 + 2x 1/2 − 3x 1/3 − 6x 1/6 x=2 √ x=2
7 5 2 1  1 9 − x 2 
= (− cot u) =−
+ 3 ln(1 + x 1/3 ) + 6 tan−1 x 1/6 + C. 9 9 x 
x=1 x=1
√ √ √ √

√ 1 5 8 2 2 5
x 2 − x2 =− − = − .
32. √ d x Let u 2 = x 2 + 1 9 2 1 9 18
x2 + 1
2u du = 2x d x

√
u 3 − u 2 du 3
= x

 u
√ u √
= 3 − u 2 du Let u = 3 sin v 9−x 2
√

√ du = 3 cos
v dv
√ Fig. 6.2.36
= ( 3 cos v) 3 cos v dv = 3 cos2 v dv


3 dθ
= (v + sin v cos v) + C
37. Let x = tan(θ/2),
2 2 + sin θ 2x 2 dx
  √ sin θ = , dθ =
3 −1 u 3 u 3 − u2 1 + x2 1 + x2
= sin √ + +C 2 dx
2 3 2 3


⎛ ⎞ dx
1 + x2 =
3 x2 + 1 ⎠ 1  2 =
2x 1 + x + x2
= sin−1 ⎝ + (x + 1)(2 − x 2 ) + C. 2+
2 3 2 1 + x2



dx 2 2x + 1
0  =  2 = √ tan−1 √ +C
33. e x 1 − e2x d x
Let e x = sin θ 1 3 3 3
− ln 2 x+ +
e x d x = cos θ dθ 2 4

π/2 π/2  
1  2 −1 2 tan(θ/2) +1
= cos2 θ dθ = (θ + sin θ cos θ ) = √ tan √ + C.
π/6 2 π/6 3 3
 √ √
1 π 3 π 3
π/2
= − = − . dθ θ 2
2 3 4 6 8 38. Let x = tan , dθ = d x,
0 1 + cos θ + sin θ 2 1 + x2

π/2 2
cos x 1−x 2x
34. √ d x Let u = sin x cos θ = 2
, sin θ = .
0 1 + sin2 x   1 + x 1 + x2
du = cos x d x 2

1
du
1 dx
= √ Let u = tan w 1 + x2
0 1 + u2 =    
du = sec2 w dw 0 1 − x2 2x

π/4
π/4 1+ +
sec2 w dw 1 + x2 1 + x2
= = sec w dw
1
1
0 sec w 0 dx dx
π/4 =2 =
 2 + 2x 1 +x
= ln | sec w + tan w| 0
1
0
0 
√ √ = ln |1 + x| = ln 2.
= ln | 2 + 1| − ln |1 + 0| = ln( 2 + 1). 0

223
 SECTION 6.2 (PAGE 328) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

dθ y
39. Let x = tan(θ/2),
3 + 2 cos θ
1 − x2 2 dx y=
9
x 4 +4x 2 +4
cos θ = , dθ =
1 + x2 1 + x2
2 dx



1 + x2 2 dx R
= =
2 − 2x 2 5 + x2 y=1
3+
1 + x2  
2 x 2 tan(θ/2)
= √ tan−1 √ + C = √ tan−1 √ + C.
5 5 5 5
−1 1 x

Fig. 6.2.41

1
1
dx dx
40. Area = √ = 
1/2 2x − x 2 1/2 1 − (x − 1)2
Let u = x − 1
du = d x

0 0

du  1 4 dx
= √ = sin−1 u  42. Average value =
−1/2 1−u 2
−1/2 4 0 (x 2 − 4x + 8)3/2

π π

1 4 dx
=0− − = sq. units. =
6 6 4 0 [(x − 2)2 + 4]3/2
Let x − 2 = 2 tan u
d x = 2 sec2 u du


1 π/4 2 sec2 u du
=
9 4 −π/4 8 sec3 u
41. For intersection of y = and y = 1 we have
π/4 π/4
x + 4x 2 + 4
4
1 1 
= cos u du = sin u 
16 −π/4 16 −π/4
4 2
x + 4x + 4 = 9   √
1 1 1 2
x 4 + 4x 2 − 5 = 0 = √ +√ = .
16 2 2 16
(x 2 + 5)(x 2 − 1) = 0,

so the intersections are at x = ±1. The required area is

1 9 dx

A=2 − 1 dx 43. Area of R
0 x 4 + 4x 2 + 4
√a 2 −b2
 

1
dx √ =2 a2 − x 2 − b d x Let x = a sin θ
= 18 − 2 Let x = 2 tan θ 0
2
0 (x + 2)
2 √ d x = a cos θ dθ
d x = 2 sec2 θ
√

x=1 √ x= a 2 −b2 
2 sec2 θ dθ =2 a 2 cos2 θ dθ − 2b a 2 − b2
= 18 −2 x=0
4 sec4 θ
x=0

x=1 x=√a 2 −b2 
9 
= √ cos2 θ dθ − 2 = a 2 (θ + sin θ cos θ ) − 2b a 2 − b2
2 x=0 x=0
√
9
x=1
  a 2 −b2 
= √ θ + sin θ cos θ  −2 −1 x
2
= a sin + x a 2 − x 2  − 2b a 2 − b2
2 2 x=0 a
 √  1  0
9 −1 x 2x  2  
= √ tan √ + 2 −2 b
2 2 2 x + 2 0 = a 2 sin−1 1 − 2 + b a 2 − b2 − 2b a 2 − b2
  a
9 1 1 
= √ tan−1 √ − units2 2 −1 b
2 = a cos − b a 2 − b2 units2
2 2 2 a

224
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 6.2 (PAGE 328)

y y (x−2)2 +y 2 =4

√ 1
x= 4
R ( a 2 −b2 ,b)
x 2 +y 2 =1
y=b A
b
a x
x
x 2 +y 2 =a 2

Fig. 6.2.44

Fig. 6.2.43

4  
12
45. Required area = 25 − x 2 − dx
3 x

4
4
12
1
= 25 − x 2 d x − dx
44. The circles intersect at x = 4, so the common area is 3 3 x
A1 + A2 where Let x = 5 sin u, d x = 5 cos u du in the first integral.

x=4 4


1  = 25 cos2 u du − 12 ln x 
A1 = 2 1 − x2 dx Let x = sin u x=3 3
x=4
1/4
d x = cos u du 25  4

x=1 = (u + sin u cos u) − 12 ln
2 x=3 3
=2 cos2 u du   4
x=1/4 25 x 1   4
 x=1 = sin−1 + x 25 − x 2  − 12 ln
 2 5 2 3
= (u + sin u cos u)   3
25 4 3 4
x=1/4 = sin−1 − sin−1 − 12 ln sq. units.
 x=1 2 5 5 3

= (sin−1 x + x 1 − x 2 ) y
x=1/4
√ xy=12
π −1 1 15
= − sin − sq. units.
2 4 16 (3,4)

1/4 
A2 = 2 4 − (x − 2)2 d x Let x − 2 = 2 sin v (4,3)
0
d x = 2 cos v dv

x=1/4
s 2 +y 2 =25
2
=8 cos v dv
x=0
 x=1/4 x

= 4(v + sin v cos v)
x=0 Fig. 6.2.45
    √ x=1/4
x −2 x −2 4x − x 2 
= 4 sin−1 + 
2 2 2 x=0
   √ 
7 7 15 π

x 2
−1 a
= 4 sin − − +
8 64 2 46. Shaded area = 2 b 1− dx Let x = a sin u
  √ c a
7 7 15
d x = a cos u du
= −4 sin−1 − + 2π sq. units. x=a
8 16 = 2ab cos2 u du
x=c
x−a

Hence, the common area is = ab(u + sin u cos u)
x=c
√  a
5π 15 x b  2 
A1 + A2 = − = ab sin−1 + x a − x 2 
2 2   a a c
   
1 7 π c cb  2
− sin−1 − 4 sin−1 sq. units. = ab − sin−1 − a − c2 sq. units.
4 8 2 a a

225
 SECTION 6.2 (PAGE 328) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

y

dx
x=c
48. √ Let x = a cosh u
x2 − a2

d x = a sinh u du
a sinh u du
= =u+C
a sinh u
x 
x = cosh−1 + C = ln(x + x 2 − a 2 ) + C, (x ≥ a).

a

dx a sinh u du
x2 y2
√ =
+ =1
a 2 b2
2
x
x − a2 2 a cosh2 u a sinh u
2
1 1
= 2 sech2 u du = 2 tanh u + C
a a
Fig. 6.2.46

1 x
= 2 tanh cosh−1 +C
a  a
x x2 1
+ 2
−1− 
a a
x x2
47. Area of R − −1
1 a a2

√1+Y 2  = 2 ·  +C
Y a
= 1+Y − 2 x2 − 1 dx x x2 1
2 1 + −1+ 
a a2
Let x = sec θ x x2
− −1
d x = sec θ tan θ dθ a a2

tan−1 Y √
Y x 2 − a2
= 1 + Y2 − sec θ tan2 θ dθ = + C1 .
2 0 a2 x

tan−1 Y
Y
= 1+Y − 2 sec3 θ dθ Section 6.3 Integrals of Rational Functions
2 0

tan−1 Y (page 336)
+ sec θ dθ

0  2 dx
Y 1 1. = ln |2x − 3| + C.
= 2
1 + Y + − sec θ tan θ 2x − 3
2 2

tan−1 Y dx 1
1  2. = − ln |5 − 4x| + C.
− ln | sec θ + tan θ | + ln | sec θ + tan θ |  5 − 4x 4
2


0 x dx 1 πx + 2 − 2
Y Y 1  3. = dx
= 1+Y − 2 1 + Y + ln(Y + 1 + Y 2 )
2 πx + 2 π πx + 2
2 2 2 x 2
1  = − 2 ln |π x + 2| + C.
2
= ln(Y + 1 + Y ) units 2
π π
2

 
If Y = sinh t, then we have x2 16
4. dx = x +4+ dx
x −4 x −4
1 1 t x2
Area = ln(sinh t + cosh t) = ln et = units2 = + 4x + 16 ln |x − 4| + C.
2 2 2 2
1 A B
5. = +
y x2 − 9 x −3 x +3
Ax + 3 A + Bx − 3B
=
x 2 −y 2 =1  x2 − 9
A+B =0 1 1
√ ⇒ ⇒ A= , B=− .
( 1+Y 2 ,Y )
3(A − B) =1 6 6




dx 1 dx 1 dx
= −
x2 − 9 6 x −3 6 x +3
1

R = ln |x − 3| − ln |x + 3| + C
6  
1 x
1  x − 3 
= ln  + C.
Fig. 6.2.47 6 x + 3

226
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 6.3 (PAGE 336)

1 A B
6. = √ +√
5 − x2 5−x 5+x
√ x A B
(A + B) 5 + (A − B)x 10. = +
= 3x 2 + 8x − 3 3x − 1 x +3
5 − x2 (A + 3B)x + (3 A − B)
 =
1 1 3x 2 + 8x − 3
⇒ A + B = √5 ⇒ A = B = √ .  1 3
2 5 A + 3B = 1
A − B
=0 ⇒ ⇒ A= , B= .

 3 A − B = 0 10 10
1 1 1 1

 
dx = √ √ +√ dx x dx 1 1 3
5 − x2 2 5 5−x 5+x = + dx
3x 2 + 8x − 3 10 3x − 1 x +3
1
√ √ 
= √ − ln | 5 − x| + ln | 5 + x| + C 1 3
2 5  = ln |3x − 1| + ln |x + 3| + C.
 30 10
1  √5 + x 
  x −2 A B Ax + A + Bx
= √ ln  √  + C.
2 5  5−x 11. = + =
x2 + x x x +1 x2 + x

1 A+ B =1
A B ⇒ ⇒ A = −2, B = 3.
7. = +
A=
−2

a2 − x 2 a−x a+x x −2 dx dx
Aa + Ax + Ba − Bx dx = 3 −2
= x2 + x x +1 x
a2 − x 2
 1 = 3 ln |x + 1| − 2 ln |x| + C.
Aa + Ba = 1
⇒ ⇒ A=B= .
A−B =0 2a 1 A Bx + C
Thus 12. = + 2



x 3 + 9x x x +9
dx 1 dx 1 dx
= + Ax 2 + 9 A + Bx 2 + C x
a2 − x 2 2a a−x 2a a+x =
1

 x 3 + 9x
= − ln |a − x| + ln |a + x| + C A+ B =0 1 1
2a   ⇒ C =0 ⇒ A = , B = − , C = 0.
1 a + x  9 9
= ln   + C.

9 A
=  1 
2a a −x dx 1 1 x
= − 2 dx
1 A B x 3 + 9x 9 x x +9
8. = + 1 1
b2 − a 2 x 2 b − ax b + ax = ln |x| − ln(x 2 + 9) + K .
(A + B)b + (A − B)ax 9 18
=


b2 − a 2 x 2 dx dx 1
1 13. = = + C.
⇒A = B = 1 − 6x + 9x 2 (1 − 3x)2 3(1 − 3x)


 2b 


dx 1 1 1 x x
= + dx 14. d x = d x Let u = 3x + 1
b2 − a 2 x 2 2b b − ax b + ax 2 + 6x + 9x 2 (3x + 1)2 + 1
 


du = 3 d x
1 − ln |b − ax| ln |b + ax| 1 u−1 1 u 1 1
= + +C du = du − du
2b a a 9 u2 + 1 9 u2 + 1 9 u2 + 1
 
1  b + ax  1 1
= ln   + C. = ln(u 2 + 1) − tan−1 u + C
2ab  b − ax  18 9


  1 1
x2 dx x −2 = ln(2 + 6x + 9x 2 ) − tan−1 (3x + 1) + C.
9. = 1− 2 dx 18 9
2
x +x −2 x +x −2




x −2 x2 + 1 1 9x 2 − 6x + 6x + 9
=x− d x. 15. d x = dx
x2 + x − 2 6x − 9x 2 9
6x − 9x
2
x −2 A B Ax − A + Bx + 2B x 1 2x + 3
If 2 = + = , =− + d x.
x +x −2 x +2 x −1 x2 + x − 2 9 9 x(2 − 3x)
then A + B = 1 and − A + 2B = −2, so that A = 4/3 Now
and B = −1/3. Thus
2x + 3 A B 2 A − 3 Ax + Bx



= + =
x2 dx 4 dx 1 dx x(2 − 3x) x 2 − 3x x(2 − 3x)
=x− +
x2 + x − 2 3 x +2 3 x −1 ⇒2 A = 3, −3 A + B = 2
4 1 3 13
= x − ln |x + 2| + ln |x − 1| + C. ⇒A = , B= .
3 3 2 2

227
 SECTION 6.3 (PAGE 336) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

Therefore we have 18. The partial fraction decomposition is

x2 + 1 1 A B Cx + D
dx = + + 2
6x − 9x 2
x 4 − a4 x −a x +a x + a2


x 1 dx 13 dx A(x + ax + a x + a ) + B(x 3 − ax 2 + a 2 x − a 3 )
3 2 2 3
=− + + =
9 6 x 18 2 − 3x x 4 − a4
x 1 13 C(x − a x) + D(x 2 − a 2 )
3 2
= − + ln |x| − ln |2 − 3x| + C. +
9 6 54 x 4 − a4
⎧
⎪ A+ B +C =0
⎨
aA − aB + D = 0
⇒ 2 2 2
⎩a A + a B − a C = 0
⎪
a A − a B − a2 D = 1
3 3

16. First divide to obtain 1 1 1

⇒ A = 3 , B = − 3 , C = 0, D = − 2 .
4a 4a 2a
x3 + 1 37x + 85
= x −7+
x2
+ 7x + 12 (x + 4)(x + 3)

 
37x + 85 A B dx 1 1 1 2a
= + = − − dx
(x + 4)(x + 3) x +4 x +3 x 4 − a4 4a 3 x −a x +a x 2 + a2
 

1 x − a
(A + B)x + 3 A + 4B = 3 ln   − 1 tan−1 x + K .
= 4a x +a  2a 3 a
x 2 + 7x + 12

A + B = 37
⇒ ⇒ A = 63, B = −26.
3 A + 4B = 85

Now we have a3 A Bx + C
19. = + 2
x3 −a 3 x −a x + ax + a 2


 
x3 + 1 63 26 Ax + Aax + Aa 2 + Bx 2 − Bax + C x − Ca
2
d x = x − 7 + − dx =
12 + 7x + x 2 x +4 x +3 x 3 − a3
  A = a/3
x2 A+B =0
= − 7x + 63 ln |x + 4| − 26 ln |x + 3| + C. ⇒ Aa − Ba + C = 0 ⇒ B = −a/3
2
Aa 2 − Ca = a 3 C = −2a 2 /3.
Therefore we have


 
x3 a3
= 1 + dx
1 A B C x 3 − a3 x 3 − a3
17. = + +


x(x 2 − a 2 ) x x −a x +a a dx a x + 2a
= x+ −
Ax 2 − Aa 2 + Bx 2 + Bax + C x 2 − Cax 3 x −a 3
x + ax + a 2
2
= a a 2x + a + 3a
x(x 2 − a 2 ) = x + ln |x − a| −
  3 6 x 2 + ax + a 2
A+B+C =0
A = −1/a 2 a a
⇒ B−C =0 ⇒ = x + ln |x − a| − ln(x 2 + ax + a 2 )
B = C = 1/(2a 2 ). 3 6
− Aa 2 = 1

a2 dx
Thus we have −

2 a 2 3 2
x+ + a

2 4
dx a a
x(x 2 − a 2 ) = x + ln |x − a| − ln(x 2 + ax + a 2 )



 3 6
1 dx dx dx a2 2
= 2 −2 + + −1 x + (a/2)
2a x x −a x +a − √ tan √ +K
2 3a ( 3a)/2
1 a a
= 2 (−2 ln |x| + ln |x − a| + ln |x + a|) + K = x + ln |x − a| − ln(x 2 + ax + a 2 )
2a 3 6
1 |x 2 − a 2 | a −1 2x + a
= 2 ln + K. − √ tan √ + K.
2a x2 3 3a

228
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 6.3 (PAGE 336)

20. Here the expansion is so we have

2


x +1 5 dx 1 7x − 4
1 A Bx + C 3
d x = + dx
= + 2 x +8 12 x + 2 12 (x − 1)2 + 3
x 3 + 2x 2 + 2x x x + 2x + 2 Let u = x − 1
A(x 2 + 2x + 2) + Bx 2 + C x du = d x

=
x 3 + 2x 2 + 2 5 1 7u + 3
 = ln |x + 2| + du
A+B =0 1 12 12 u2 + 3
⇒ 2 A + C = 0 ⇒ A = −B = , C = −1, 5 7
2 = ln |x + 2| + ln(x 2 − 2x + 4)
2A = 1 12 24
1 x −1
so we have + √ tan−1 √ + K .
4 3 3




dx 1 dx 1 x +2
= − dx 1 A B C D
3 2
x + 2x + 2x 2 x 2 2
x + 2x + 2 23. = + + +
(x 2 − 1)2 x − 1 (x − 1)2 x + 1 (x + 1)2
Let u = x + 1

1
du = d x
= 2 2
A(x − 1)(x + 1)2 + B(x + 1)2
1 1 u+1 (x − 1)

= ln |x| − du
2 2 u2 + 1 + C(x + 1)(x − 1)2 + D(x − 1)2
1 1 1 ⎧ ⎧
= ln |x| − ln(u 2 + 1) − tan−1 u + K ⎪ A+C = 0 ⎪ 1
2 4 2 ⎨ ⎨A=−
A+ B −C + D = 0 4
1 1 1 ⇒ ⇒
= ln |x| − ln(x + 2x + 2) − tan−1 (x + 1) + K .
2 ⎩ − A + 2B − C − 2D = 0
⎪ ⎩ B = C = D = 1.
⎪
2 4 2 −A + B + C + D = 1 4
Thus


dx
1 A B C (x 2 − 1)2



21. = + + 1 dx dx
x 3 − 4x 2 + 3x x x −1 x −3 = − +
A(x 2 − 4x + 3) + B(x 2 − 3x) + C(x 2 − x) 4 x −1 (x − 1)2
=


x 3 − 4x 2 + 3x dx dx
 + +
A+ B+C = 0 x +1 (x + 1)2
 
⇒ −4 A − 3B − C = 0 1 1 1
3A = 1 = ln |x + 1| − ln |x − 1| − − +K
4 x −1 x +1
1 1 1  
⇒ A= , B=− , C = . 1  x + 1  x
3 2 6 = ln  − + K.
4 x − 1  2(x 2 − 1)
Therefore we have

24. The expansion is
dx
x 3
− 4x 2 + 3x
x2 A B C D

= + + +
1 dx 1 dx 1 dx (x 2 − 1)(x 2 − 4) x −1 x +1 x −2 x +2
= − +
3 x 2 x −1 6 x −3 x2 1 1
A = lim = =−
1 1 1 x→1 (x + 1)(x 2 − 4) 2(−3) 6
= ln |x| − ln |x − 1| + ln |x − 3| + K .
3 2 6 x2 1 1
B = lim = =
x→−1 (x − 1)(x 2 − 4) −2(−3) 6
x2 4 1
C = lim 2 = =
x→2 (x − 1)(x + 2) 3(4) 3
22. Here the expansion is
x2 4 1
D = lim 2
= =− .
x2 + 1 A Bx + C x→−2 (x − 1)(x − 2) 3(−4) 3
3
= + 2 Therefore
x +8 x +2 x − 2x + 4

A(x 2 − 2x + 4) + B(x 2 + 2x) + C(x + 2) x2 1 1
= d x = − ln |x − 1| + ln |x + 1|+
x3 + 8 (x 2 − 1)(x 2 − 4) 6 6
 1 1
A+B =1 5 7 1 ln |x − 2| − ln |x + 2| + K .
⇒ −2 A + 2B + C = 0 ⇒ A = B= , C=− , 3 3
12 12 3
4 A + 2C = 1

229
 SECTION 6.3 (PAGE 336) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

1 1 t A Bt + C Dt + E
25. = 3 27. = + 2 + 2
x 4 − 3x 3 x (x − 3) (t + 1)(t 2 + 1)2 t +1 t +1 (t + 1)2
A B C D 1

= + 2+ 3 + = A(t 4 + 2t 2 + 1) + B(t 4 + t 3 + t 2 + t)
x x x x −3 (t + 1)(t 2 + 1)2

A(x 3 − 3x 2 ) + B(x 2 − 3x) + C(x − 3) + Dx 3 + C(t 3 + t 2 + t + 1) + D(t 2 + t) + E(t + 1)
=
x 3 (x − 3) ⎧ ⎧
⎧ ⎪ A+B =0 ⎪ B = −A
⎪ A + D = 0 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎨ ⎨B+C =0 ⎨C = A
−3 A + B = 0
⇒ ⇒ 2 A + B + C + D = 0 ⇒ D = −2 A
⎪
⎩ −3B + C = 0 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
−3C = 1
⎪
⎩B+C + D+E =1 ⎩ 2D = 1
⎪
⎧ A+C + E = 0 E = −2 A.
⎪ A = −1/27
⎨ Thus A = −1/4 = C, B = 1/4, D = E = 1/2. We have
B = −1/9
⇒
⎩ C = −1/3
⎪

D = 1/27. t dt
Therefore (t + 1)(t 2 + 1)2





1 dt 1 (t − 1) dt 1 (t + 1) dt
dx =− + +
4 t +1 4 t2 + 1 2 (t 2 + 1)2
x −
3x 3
4



1 1 1
1 dx 1 dx 1 dx 1 dx = − ln |t + 1| + ln(t 2 + 1) − tan−1 t
=− − 2
− 3
+ 4 8
4
27  x  9 x 3 x 27 x −3 1 1 dt
1 x − 3 1 1 − + Let t = tan θ
= ln   + + 2 + K. 4(t 2 + 1) 2 (t 2 + 1)2
27  x  9x 6x dt = sec2 θ dθ
1 1 1
= − ln |t + 1| + ln(t 2 + 1) − tan−1 t
4 8
4
26. We have 1 1 2


− + cos θ dθ
x dx x dx 1 4(t 2 + 1) 2
=  2 Let u = x − 2 1 1 1
(x − x + 1)2
2
= − ln |t + 1| + ln(t 2 + 1) − tan−1 t
(x − 12 )2 + 34 du = d x


4 8 4
u du 1 du 1 1
= + − + (θ + sin θ cos θ ) + K
(u 2 + 34 )2 2 (u 2 + 34 )2 4(t 2 + 1) 4
√ 1 1 1
3 = − ln |t + 1| + ln(t 2 + 1) − tan−1 t
Let u = tan v, 4 8 4
√ 2 1 1 1 t
−1
3 − + tan t + 2 +K
du = sec2 v dv in the second integral. 4(t 2 + 1) 4 4t +1
2 √ 1 t −1 1 1
 3 = − ln |t + 1| + ln(t 2 + 1) + K .

sec2 v dv 4 t2 + 1 4 8
1 1 1 2
=− +
2 u 2 + 34 2 9
sec4 v

16
−1 4
= + √ cos2 v dv 28. We have
2(x 2 − x + 1) 3 3
−1 2

= + √ (v + sin v cos v) + C dt
2
2(x − x + 1) 3 3
√ (t − 1)(t 2 − 1)2
2(x − 12 ) 3

−1 2 −1 2x − 1 2 dt
= + √ tan √ + √ √ +C = Let u = t − 1
2(x 2 − x + 1) 3 3 3 3 3 (2 x 2 − x + 1)2 (t − 1)3 (t + 1)2
2 2x − 1 x −2
du = dt
= √ tan−1 √ + + C. du
3 3 3 2
3(x − x + 1) =
u 3 (u + 2)2
1 A B C D E
√ = + 2 + 3 + +
u 3 (u + 2)2 u u u u + 2 (u + 2)2
4u 2 +3
2u A(u 4 + 4u 3 + 4u 2 ) + B(u 3 + 4u 2 + 4u)
=
v
√ u 3 (u + 2)2
3 C(u 2 + 4u + 4) + D(u 4 + 2u 3 ) + Eu 3
Fig. 6.3.26 u 3 (u + 2)2

230
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 6.3 (PAGE 336)

⎧


⎪ A+ D =0 dx dx
⎪
⎪ 30. = Let u = e x
⎨ 4 A + B + 2D + E = 0 e2x − 4e x + 4 (e x − 2)2
⇒ 4 A + 4B + C = 0
du = e x d x
⎪
⎪ du
⎪
⎩ 4B + 4C = 0 =
4C = 1 u(u − 2)2
3 1 1 3 1 1 A B C
⇒ A= , B=− , C= , D=− , E =− . = + +

16 4 4 16 8 u(u − 2)2 u u − 2 (u − 2)2
du A(u 2 − 4u + 4) + B(u 2 − 2u) + +Cu
u 3 (u + 2)2 =



u(u − 2)2
3 du 1 du 1 du 
= − + A+B =0 1 1 1
16 u
4 u2
4 u3 ⇒ −4 A − 2B + C = 0 ⇒ A = , B = − , C = .
3 du 1 du 4 4 2

4A = 1



− − du 1 du 1 du 1 du
16 u +2 8 (u + 2)2 = − +
3 1 1 u(u − 2)2 4 u 4 u−2 2 (u − 2)2
= ln |t − 1| + − − 1 1 1 1
16 4(t − 1) 8(t − 1)2 = ln |u| − ln |u − 2| − +K
3 1 4 4 2 (u − 2)
ln |t + 1| + + K. x 1 1
16 8(t + 1) = − ln |e x − 2| − + K.
4 4 2(e x − 2)


dx
31. I = Let x = tan θ

x(1 + x 2 )3/2
dx d x = sec2 θ dθ
29. I √ Let 1 − x 2 = u 2


x(3 + x 2 ) 1 − x 2 sec2 θ dθ cos2 θ dθ
−2x d x = 2u du = =

3
tan θ sec θ sin θ
du

=− . cos2 θ sin θ dθ
(1 − u 2 )(4 − u 2 ) = Let u = cos θ
sin2 θ
1 du = − sin θ dθ



u 2 du du
(1 − u 2 )(4 − u 2 ) =− =u+ .
1−u 2 2
u −1
A B C D
= + + + We have
1−u 1+u 2−u 2+u
  
1  1 1 1 1 1
A=  = = − .
(1 + u)(4 − u ) u=1
2 6 u2 − 1 2 u−1 u+1

1  1 Thus
B=  =  
2 
(1 − u)(4 − u ) u=−1 6 1  u − 1 
 I = u + ln  +C
1 
 1 2 u + 1
C= =−  
(1 − u 2 )(2 + u) u=2 12 1  cos θ − 1 
 = cos θ + ln  +C
1 
 1 2 cos θ + 1 
D= =− .  
(1 − u )(2 − u) u=−2
2 12 
√
1
− 1

1 1  1 + x 2 
+C
Thus = √ + ln  
1 + x2 2  1 
 √ + 1 


1 + x 2
1 du 1 du √
I =− + 1 1 1 + x2 − 1
6 1−u 6 1+u = √ + ln √ + C.


 1 + x2 2 1 + x2 + 1
1 du 1 du
− −
12 2−u 12 2+u
   
1  1 − u  1  2 + u 
= ln  + ln +K
6 1 + u  12  2 − u  √
 √   √  1+x 2
1  1 − 1 − x 2  1  2 + 1 − x 2  x
= ln  √ + ln  √ +K
6  1 + 1 − x 2  12  2 − 1 − x 2 
√ √
1 (1 − 1 − x 2 )2 1 (2 + 1 − x 2 )2 θ
= ln 2
+ ln + K. 1
6 x 12 3 + x2
Fig. 6.3.31

231
 SECTION 6.3 (PAGE 336) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

32. We have dθ
34. Let u = sin θ
cos θ (1 + sin θ )


du =
cos θ dθ
dx du du
I = Let u 2 = 1 − x 2 = =
x(1 − x 2 )3/2 (1 − u 2 )(1 + u) (1 − u)(1 + u)2


= −2x d x
2u du
1 A B C
u du du = + +
=− =− (1 − u)(1 + u)2 1−u 1+u (1 + u)2
(1 − u 2 )u 3 (1 − u 2 )u 2
1 A B C D A(1 + 2u + u 2 ) + B(1 − u 2 ) + C(1 − u)
= + 2 + + =
u 2 (1 − u 2 ) u u 1−u 1+u (1 − u)(1 + u)2

A(u − u 3 ) + B(1 − u 2 ) + C(u 2 + u 3 ) + D(u 2 − u 3 ) A−B =0 1 1 1
= ⇒ 2A − C = 0 ⇒ A= , B= , C= .
u 2 (1 − u 2 ) 4 4 2
⎧ A+ B +C = 1
⎪ − A + C − D = 0

⎨ du
−B + C + D = 0
⇒ (1 − u)(1 + u)2
⎪
⎩A=0



B=1 1 du 1 du 1 du
= + +
1 1 4 1−u 4 1+u 2 (1 + u)2
⇒ A = 0, B = 1, C = , D = .  
2 2
1  1 + sin θ  1



= ln  − + C.
du du 1 du 1 du 4 1 − sin θ  2(1 + sin θ )
I =− = − − −
(1 − u 2 )u 2 u2 2 1−u 2 1+u
1 1 1 35. Since Q(x) = (x − a1 )(x − a2 ) · · · (x − an ), we have
= + ln |1 − u| − ln |1 + u| + K
u 2  2 
√
1 1  1 − 1 − x 2  ln Q(x) = ln(x − a1 ) + ln(x − a2 ) + · · · + ln(x − an ),
= √ + ln  √ +K
1 − x2 2  1 + 1 − x2 
1
  and, differentiating both sides,
= √ + ln 1 − 1 − x 2 − ln |x| + K .
1 − x2
Q  (x) d 1 1 1
= [ln Q(x)] = + +··· +
Q(x) dx x − a1 x − a2 x − an
 
1 1 1 1 1
=  + + ··· + .
Q(x) Q (x) x − a1 x − a2 x − an


dx
33. Let x = sec θ Since
x 2 (x 2 − 1)3/2
d x = sec θ tan θ dθ


P(x) A1 A2 An
sec θ tan θ dθ cos3 θ dθ = + + ··· + ,
= =
2
sec θ tan θ3 sin2 θ Q(x) x − a1 x − a2 x − an

2
1 − sin θ
= cos θ dθ Let u = sin θ we have
sin2 θ
du = cos θ dθ  

P(x) 1 1 1
1 − u2 1
= du = − − u + C + + · · · +
u2 u Q  (x) x − a1 x − a2 x − an
 
1 A1 A2 An
=− + sin θ + C = + + ··· + .
sin θ x − a1 x − a2 x − an
 √
x x2 − 1
=− √ + + C. Multiply both sides by x − a1 and get
x2 − 1 x
 
P(x) x − a1 x − a1
1 + + · · · +
Q  (x) x − a2 x − an
A2 (x − a1 ) An (x − a1 )
x √ = A1 + + ··· + .
x 2 −1 x − a2 x − an

P(a1 )
θ Now let x = a1 and obtain = A1 .
1 Q  (a1 )
P(a j )
Similarly, Aj = for 1 ≤ j ≤ n.
Fig. 6.3.33 Q  (a j )

232
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 6.4 (PAGE 340)

√
Section 6.4 Integration Using 7. Use the 8th integral in the list involving
√ x 2 ± a 2 after
Computer Algebra or Tables (page 340) making the change of variable x = 3t.


dt √
2. According to Maple √ Let x = 3t
t2 3t 2 +5 √


d x = 3 dt
1 + x + x2 3 dx
dx =√ √
(x − 1)(x 4 − 16)2
4
3 x 2 x2 + 5
ln(x − 1) ln(x + 1) 7 √ √
= − − √ x2 + 5 3t 2 + 5
300 900 15,360(x − 2) =− 3 +C =− +C
5x 5t
613 1 79
− ln(x − 2) − + ln(x + 2)
460,800 5,120(x + 2) 153,600
ln(x 2 + 1) 47 8. Use the 8th integral in the miscellaneous algebraic set.
− + ln(x 2 + 4)
900 115,200
23 6x + 8

− tan−1 (x/2) − dt 2 3t − 5
25,600 15,360(x 2 + 4) √ = √ tan−1 +C
t 3t − 5 5 5
One suspects it has forgotten to use absolute values in
some of the logarithms.
9. The 5th and 4th integrals in the exponential/logarithmic
3. Neither the author’s version of Maple nor his version of set give
Mathematics would do




x 5 (ln x)4 4
t5 x 4 (ln x)4 d x = − x 4 (ln x)3 d x
I = √ dt 5 5


3 − 2t 4 x 5 (ln x)4 4 x 5 (ln x)3 3 4 2
= − − x (ln x) d x
as presented. Both did an integration by parts and left 5 5 5 2
 
an unevaluated integral. Both managed to evaluate the (ln x)4 4(ln x)3
integral after the substitution u = t 2 was made. (See = x5 −
5 25
Exercise 4.) However, Derive had no trouble doing the 

integral in its original form, giving as the answer 12 x (ln x)2
5 2 5
+ − x ln x d x
25 5 5
√ √ √  
3 2 −1 6t 2 t 2 3 − 2t 4 5 (ln x)
4 4(ln x)3 12(ln x)2 24 ln x 24
sin − . =x − + − + + C.
16 3 8 5 25 125 625 3,125

4. Maple, Mathematica, and Derive readily gave

10. We make a change of variable and then use the first two

1 integrals in the exponential/logarithmic set.
1 3π 1
2 3
dx = + .

0 (x + 1) 32 4 2
x 7ex d x Let u = x 2

du = 2x d x
√ 1
5. Use the 6th integral in the list involving x 2 ± a2 . = u 3 eu du
2



1
x2 dx x 2  = u 3 eu − 3 u 2 eu du
√ = x − 2 + ln |x + x 2 − 2| + C 2
x2 − 2 2 

u 3 eu 3
= − u 2 eu − 2 ueu du
2 2
√  3 
6. Use the last integral in the list involving x 2 ± a2 . u 3u 2
= − + 3(u − 1) eu + C
2 2

    6 
x x 3x 4
(x 2 + 4)3 d x = (x 2 +10) x 2 + 4+6 ln |x+ x 2 + 4|+C
2
= − + 3x 2 − 3 e x + C
4 2 2

233
 SECTION 6.4 (PAGE 340) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

∞
11. Use integrals 14 and 12 in the miscellaneous algebraic 1
2. d x Let u = 2x − 1
set. 3 (2x − 1)2/3

 du = 2 d x


R
1 ∞ du 1
x 2x − x 2 d x = = lim u −2/3 du
2 5 u 2/3 2 R→∞ 5

R
(2x − x 2 )3/2 3  1 
=− + 2x − x 2 d x = lim 3u 1/3  = ∞ (diverges)
3 3 2 R→∞ 5
(2x − x 2 )3/2 x − 1 1
=− + 2x − x 2 + sin−1 (x − 1) + C
R
3 2 2 ∞ e−2x 
3. e−2x d x = lim
0 R→∞ −2 0
 
12. Use integrals 17 and 16 in the miscellaneous algebraic 1 1
set. = lim − R
R→∞ 2 2e

√ 1
2x − x 2 = . This integral converges.
dx 2
x2

√
−1
−1
(2x − x 2 )3/2 1 2x − x 2 dx dx
=− 2
− dx 4. = lim
x 1 x −∞ x 2+1 R→−∞ R x 2+1
(2x − x 2 )3/2   
=− − 2x − x 2 − sin−1 (x − 1) + C = lim tan (−1) − tan−1 (R)
−1
x2 R→−∞
π
π π
=− − − = .
13. Use the last integral in the miscellaneous algebraic set. 4 2 4

This integral converges.
dx x −2 1
√ = √ +C
1
2
( 4x − x )3 4 4x − x 2 1 dx 
1/3 
5. 2/3
= lim 3(x + 1) 
−1 (x + 1) c→−1+ c


14. Use the last integral in the miscellaneous algebraic set. = lim 3 21/3 − (1 + c)1/3
Then complete the square, change variables, and use the c→−1+
√3
second last integral in the elementary list. = 3 2. This integral converges.



C
dx dxa dx
√ 6. = lim
( 4x − x 2 )4 2 2 C→a− 0 a − x 2
2

0 a −x
x −2  1 dx  
= ( 4x − x 2 )−2 + 1  a + x  C
8 8 4x − x2 = lim ln  
x −2 1


dx C→a− 2a a − x 0
= + Let u = x − 2 1 a+C
8(4x − x 2 ) 8 4 − (x − 2)2 = lim ln = ∞.

du = dx C→a− 2a a−C
x −2 1 du
= + The integral diverges to infinity.
8(4x − x 2 ) 8 4 − u 2 
x −2 1  u + 2 
1
= + ln +C dx
8(4x − x ) 32  u − 2 
2 7. Let u = 1 − x
  0 (1 − x)1/3
x −2 1  x  du = −d x
= + ln +C
1
1
8(4x − x 2 ) 32  x − 4  du du
= 1/3
= lim 1/3
0 u c→0+ c u
1
3  3
= lim u 2/3  =
Section 6.5 Improper Integrals (page 347) c→0+ 2 2 c

∞
1
1 dx
1. dx Let u = x − 1 8. √ Let u 2 = 1 − x
2 (x − 1)3 0 x 1−x
du = d x 2u du = −d x

∞
R
1
c
du du 2u du du
= 3
= lim 3 = = 2 lim
1 u R→∞ 1 u 2
0 (1 − u )u c→1− 0 1 − u 2
R    c
−1  1 1 1 1  u + 1 
= lim = lim − = = 2 lim ln  = ∞ (diverges)
R→∞ 2u 2 1 R→∞ 2 2R 2 2 c→1− 2 u − 1 0

234
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 6.5 (PAGE 347)

c
π/2 cos x d x π/2 
9. Let u = 1 − sin x 15. tan x d x = lim ln | sec x|
0 (1 − sin x)2/3 0 c→(π/2)− 0
du = − cos x d x

1 1 = lim ln sec c = ∞.
 c→(π/2)−
= u −2/3 du = lim 3u 1/3  = 3.
0 c→0+ c This integral diverges to infinity.
The integral converges.
∞
dx

∞ 16. Let u = ln x
x(ln x) dx
10. xe−x d x e
du =
0

R x

ln R ln R
= lim xe−x d x du 
R→∞ 0 = lim = lim ln |u|
R→∞ 1 u R→∞ 1
U=x d V = e−x d x = lim ln(ln R) − ln 1 = ∞.
dU =
 dx V = −e −x
R→∞
R
R This integral diverges to infinity.

−x  −x
= lim −xe  + e dx
e
R→∞ 0 0 dx
  17. √ Let u = ln x
R 1 1 x ln x
= lim − R − R + 1 = 1. du = d x/x
R→∞ e e
1 
du √ 1
The integral converges. = √ = lim 2 u  = 2.
0 u c→0+ c

1
1/2
dx dx This integral converges.
11. √ =2   
0 x(1 − x) 0 1 1 2
∞
− x− dx
4 2 18. Let u = ln x
e x(ln x)2 dx

1/2 du =
dx x
= 2 lim   
ln R  
c→0+ c
1 1 2 du 1
− x− = lim = lim − + 1 = 1.
4 2 R→∞ 1 u2 R→∞ ln R
1/2 The integral converges.

= 2 lim sin−1 (2x − 1) = π.
∞
0
∞
c→0+ x dx
c 19. I = = + = I1 + I2
The integral converges. 1 + x2

−∞ ∞ x dx
−∞ 0

∞
R I2 = Let u = 1 + x 2
x x 1 + x2
12. 2
d x = lim dx 0
du = 2x d x
0 1 + 2x R→∞ 0 1 + 2x 2

R 1 R du
1  = lim = ∞ (diverges)
= lim ln(1 + 2x 2 ) R→∞ 2 1 u
R→∞ 4 0
 
∞
0
∞
1 1 x dx
= lim 2
ln(1 + 2R ) − ln 1 = ∞. 20. I = = + = I1 + I2
R→∞ 4 4 1 + x4

−∞ ∞ x dx
−∞ 0

This integral diverges to infinity. I2 = Let u = x 2

∞ 0 1 + x4
x dx du = 2x d x
13. Let u = 1 + 2x 2
∞ R
1 du 1 
−1 u  = π
0 (1 + 2x 2 )3/2 = = lim tan
du = 4x d x 2 0 1+u 2 2 R→∞  4

  R 0
1 ∞ du 1 2  π
= = lim − √ Similarly, I1 = − . Therefore, I = 0.
4 u 3/2
1 4 R→∞ u  1 4
1
∞
0
∞
= . The integral converges. 2
2 21. I = xe−x d x = + = I1 + I2

π/2 C
−∞ −∞ 0
 ∞
lim ln | sec x + tan x|
2
14. sec x d x = I2 = xe−x d x Let u = x 2
0 C→(π/2)− 0 0
du = 2x d x
= lim ln | sec C + tan C| = ∞.
R
C→(π/2)− 1 ∞ −u 1 
−u  1
= e du = lim −e  =
This integral diverges to infinity. 2 0 2 R→∞ 0 2

235
 SECTION 6.5 (PAGE 347) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

1 26. The required area is

Similarly, I1 = − . Therefore, I = 0.
2
∞
Area = x −2 e−1/x d x

∞
0
∞
0



1 ∞
22. I = e−|x| d x = ex d x + e−x d x = I1 + I2 = x −2 e−1/x d x + x −2 e−1/x d x

−∞
∞
−∞ 0
0 1
I2 = e−x d x = 1 = I1 + I2 .
0 1
Similarly, I1 = 1. Therefore, I = 2. Then let u = − and du = x −2 d x in both I1 and I2 :
x

1
−1

1 I1 = lim x −2 e−1/x d x = lim eu du
1  C→0+ C C→0+ −1/C
23. Area of R = − ln x d x = − lim (x ln x − x)
c→0+ 1
0 0 = lim (e−1 − e−1/C ) = .
= −(0 − 1) + lim (c ln c − c) C→0+ e
c→0+
R
−1/R
−2 −1/x
= 1 − 0 = 1 units2 I2 = lim x e d x = lim eu du
R→∞ 1 R→∞ −1
y
1
= lim (e−1/R − e−1 ) = 1 − .
R→∞ e
1 x
Hence, the total area is I1 + I2 = 1 square unit.
R
27. First assume that p = 1. Since a > 0 we have
y=ln x
∞ R
x − p+1 
x − p d x = lim
a R→∞ − p + 1 a
−a − p+1 1
= + lim
1− p R→∞ (1 − p)R p−1
Fig. 6.5.23  1
if p > 1
= ( p − 1)a p−1
∞ if p < 1

∞
a 
x − p+1 a
24. Area of shaded region = (e−x − e−2x ) d x x − p d x = lim 
0 0 c→0+ − p + 1  c
  R
1  a − p+1 c1− p
= lim −e + e−2x 
−x
= + lim
R→∞ 2 0 1− p c→0+ p − 1
  ⎧
−R 1 −2R 1 1 ⎨ a 1− p
= lim −e + e +1− = sq. units.
R→∞ 2 2 2 = 1 − p if p < 1
⎩
y ∞ if p > 1.
1 If p = 1 both integrals diverge as shown in Examples 2
y=e−x
and 6(a).

1
0
1
x sgn x −x x
28. dx = dx + dx
y=e−2x −1 x + 2 −1 x + 2 0 x +2

0 
1 
x 2 2
= −1 + dx + 1− dx
−1 x +2 0 x +2
0 1
Fig. 6.5.24   16
= (−x + 2 ln |x + 2|) + (x − 2 ln |x + 2|) = ln .
−1 0 9

∞ 
2
4 2
25. Area = − dx 29. x 2 sgn (x − 1) d x
1 2x + 1 x +2 0

1
2

 R
= lim 2 ln(2x + 1) − ln(x + 2)  = −x 2 d x + x2 dx
R→∞ 0 1
  1 1 2
2R + 1 x 3  x 3  1 8 1
= lim 2 ln − 0 = 2 ln 2 sq. units. = −  +  = − + − = 2.
R→∞ R+2 3 0 3 1 3 3 3

236
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 6.5 (PAGE 347)

x2 1 ex e−1
30. Since ≤ 3 for all x ≥ 0, therefore 35. ≥ on [−1, 1]. Thus
x5 +1 x x +1 x +1

1


∞ ex 1 1 dx
x2 dx ≥ = ∞.
I = dx −1 x + 1 e −1 x + 1
0 x5 + 1

1
∞ The given integral diverges to infinity.
x2 x2
= 5
d x + 5
dx sin x
0 x +1 1 x +1 36. Since sin x ≤ x for all x ≥ 0, thus ≤ 1. Then

1
∞ x
x2 dx
π
π
π
≤ d x + sin x sin x
5
0 x +1 1 x3 I = d x = lim dx ≤ (1) d x = π.
= I1 + I2 . 0 x →0+  x 0
Hence, I converges.
Since I1 is a proper integral (finite) and I2 is a conver-
2x
gent improper integral, (see Theorem 2), therefore I con- 37. Since sin x ≥ on [0, π/2], we have
verges. π

∞
π/2
| sin x| sin x
1 1 d x ≥ dx
31. √ ≥ √ on [1, ∞). 0 x 2
0 x2
1 +
x 2 x
∞
π/2
∞ dx dx 2 dx
Since √ diverges to infinity, so must √ . ≥ = ∞.
1+ x π 0 x
1
x 1
∞ dx
Therefore √ also diverges to infinity. The given integral diverges to infinity.
0 1+ x y
√
x x 1
32. Since 2 ≥ √ for all x > 1, therefore
x −1 x
y=sin x

∞ √
∞
x x dx
I = dx ≥ √ = I1 = ∞. 2x
y= π
2 x2 − 1 2 x

Since I1 is a divergent improper integral, I diverges.

π x

∞ 
1
∞  2
−x 3 3
33. e dx = + e−x d x.
0
1 0 1 Fig. 6.5.37
Now e −x 3
d x is a proper integral, and is therefore √   √ 2
√ x x x
0 38. Since 0 ≤ 1 − cos x = 2 sin2 ≤2 = ,
finite. Since x 3 ≥ x on [1, ∞), we have 2 2 2

π2
π2


dx dx
∞ ∞ 1 for x ≥ 0, therefore √ ≥2 , which
3
e−x d x ≤ e−x d x = . 0 1 − cos x 0 x
1 1 e diverges to infinity.

∞ 39. On (0, π/2], sin x < x, and so csc x ≥ 1/x. Thus
−x 3


Thus e d x converges. π/2 π/2 dx
0 csc x d x > = ∞.
0 0 x
1 1 1 1

34. On [0,1], √ ≤ √ . On [1, ∞), √ ≤ 2. π/2
x + x2 x x + x2 x Therefore csc x d x must diverge. (It is of the form
Thus, −π/2
∞ − ∞.)

1
1
dx dx 40. Since ln x grows more slowly than any positive power of
√ ≤ √
0 x + x2 x x, therefore we have ln x ≤ kx 1/4 for some constant k

∞
0 ∞
dx dx 1 1
√ ≤ . and every x ≥ 2. Thus, √ ≥ 3/4
for x ≥ 2
1 x + x2 1 x2
∞ x ln x kx
dx
and √ diverges to infinity by comparison with
Since both of
these integrals are convergent, therefore so
∞ 2 x ln x
∞ dx 1 dx
is their sum √ . .
0 x + x2 k 2 x 3/4

237
 SECTION 6.5 (PAGE 347) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

∞ 
1
∞
c
b
dx dx
41. = + . But Thus lim f (x) d x = f (x) d x.
0 xe x 0 1 xe x c→b− a a

1

dx 1 1 dx
≥ = ∞.
0 xe x e 0 x

∞
Thus the given integral must diverge to infinity. 44. (x) = t x−1 e−t dt.

∞
2 √ 0
42. We are given that e−x d x = 12 π .
0 a) Since limt→∞ t x−1 e−t/2 = 0, there exists T > 0
a) First we calculate such that t x−1 e−t/2 ≤ 1 if t ≥ T . Thus

∞
R
2 2
∞
∞
x 2 e−x d x = lim x 2 e−x d x
0 R→∞ 0 0≤ t x−1 e−t dt ≤ e−t dt = 2e−T /2
2 T T
U=x dx d V = xe −x
dU = d x V = − 12 e−x
2

∞
  R
 and t x−1 e−t dt converges by the comparison
1 2 1 R −x 2
= lim − xe−x  +
T
e dx theorem.
R→∞ 2 2
0

∞0
1 2 1 2
If x > 0, then
= − lim Re −R + e−x d x
2 R→∞ 2 0
1√ 1√
T
T
=0+ π= π.
4 4 0≤ t x−1 e−t dt < t x−1 dt
0 0
b) Similarly,

∞
converges by Theorem 2(b). Thus the integral defin-
R
4 −x 2 4 −x 2 ing (x) converges.
x e d x = lim x e dx
0 R→∞ 0
∞
t x e−t dt
2
U = x3 d V = xe −x d x b) (x + 1) =
2 0
dU = 3x 2 d x V = − 12 e−x
R
 R
 = lim t x e−t dt
1 2 3 R 2 −x 2
= lim − x 3 e−x  +
c→0+
x e dx R→∞ c
R→∞ 2 2
0

∞0 U = tx d V = e−t dt
1 2 3 2
= − lim R 3 e−R + x 2 e−x d x dU = xt x−1 d x V = −e −t
2 R→∞ 2 0 R
R
  
3 1√ 3√ x −t 
= lim −t e  + x t x−1 −t
e dt
=0+ π = π. c→0+
c
2 4 8 R→∞

∞
c

=0+x t x−1 e−t dt = x(x).

43. Since f is continuous on [a, b], there exists a positive 0

constant K such that | f (x)| ≤ K for a ≤ x ≤ b. If
∞

a < c < b, then c) (1) = e−t dt = 1 = 0!.
0

b
b  By (b), (2) = 1(1) = 1 × 1 = 1 = 1!.
 
 f (x) d x − f (x) d x  In general, if (k + 1) = k! for some positive integer
 
c  a k, then


 a  (k + 2) = (k + 1)(k + 1) = (k + 1)k! = (k + 1)!.
=  f (x) d x  ≤ K (c − a) → 0 as c → a + .
c Hence (n + 1) = n! for all integers n ≥ 0, by

b
b
induction.
Thus lim f (x) d x = f (x) d x.  
∞
1
c→a+ c a d)  = t −1/2 e−t dt Let t = x 2
Similarly 2 0

∞ dt =
2x d x

c
b  1 −x 2 ∞ √
  2
 f (x) d x − f (x) d x  = e 2x d x = 2 e−x d x = π
 0 x  0
a

a  
 c  3 1 1 1√
=  f (x) d x  ≤ K (b − c) → 0 as c → b − .  =  = π.
2 2 2 2
b

238
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 6.6 (PAGE 354)

Section 6.6 The Trapezoid and Midpoint 2. The exact value of I is

Rules (page 354)

1
1
−x

−x 
1. The exact value of I is I = e d x = −e 
0 0

 2 1
2 x 3  = 1 − ≈ 0.6321206.
I = (1 + x 2 ) d x = x + e
0 3 0
8 The approximations are
= 2 + ≈ 4.6666667.
3
T4 = 14 ( 12 e0 + e−1/4 + e−1/2 + e−3/4 + 12 e−1 )
The approximations are
≈ 0.6354094
     
1 1 1 9 5 M4 = 14 (e−1/8 + e−3/8 + e−5/8 + e−7/8 )
T4 = + 1+ + (1 + 1) + 1 + + = 4.75
2 2 4 4 2 ≈ 0.6304774
       
1 1 9 25 49 T8 = 12 (T4 + M4 ) ≈ 0.6329434
M4 = 1+ + 1+ + 1+ + 1+
2 16 16 16 16 M8 = 18 (e−1/16 + e−3/16 + e−5/16 + e−7/16 +
= 4.625
e−9/16 + e−11/16 + e−13/16 + e−15/16 )
1
T8 = (T4 + M4 ) = 4.6875 ≈ 0.6317092
2      
1 1 9 25 T16 = 12 (T8 + M8 ) ≈ 0.6323263.
M8 = 1+ + 1+ + 1+
4 64 64 64
      The exact errors are
49 81 121
+ 1+ + 1+ + 1+
64 64 64
    I − T4 = −0.0032888; I − M4 = 0.0016432;
169 225
+ 1+ + 1+ = 4.65625 I − T8 = −0.0008228; I − M8 = 0.0004114;
64 64
I − T16 = −0.0002057.
1
T16 = (T8 + M8 ) = 4.671875.
2
If f (x) = e−x , then f (2) (x) = e−x . On [0,1],
The exact errors are | f (2) (x)| ≤ 1. Therefore, the error bounds are:
 
I − T4 = −0.0833333; I − M4 = 0.0416667; 1 1 2
Trapezoid : |I − Tn | ≤
I − T8 = −0.0208333; I − M8 = 0.0104167; 12 n
 
I − T16 = −0.0052083. 1 1
|I − T4 | ≤ ≈ 0.0052083;
12 16
 
If f (x) = 1 + x 2,
then f  (x)
= 2 = K , and 1 1
K (2 − 0) 1 |I − T8 | ≤ ≈ 0.001302;
= . Therefore, the error bounds are 12 64
12 3  
1 1
|I − T16 | ≤ ≈ 0.0003255.
 2 12 256
1 1  
Trapezoid : |I − T4 | ≤ ≈ 0.0833333; 1 1 2
3 2 Midpoint : |I − Mn | ≤
 2 24 n
1 1  
|I − T8 | ≤ ≈ 0.0208333; 1 1
3 4 |I − M4 | ≤ ≈ 0.0026041;
 2 24 16
1 1  
|I − T16 | ≤ ≈ 0.0052083. 1 1
3 8 |I − M8 | ≤ ≈ 0.000651.
  24 64
1 1 2
Midpoint : |I − M4 | ≤ ≈ 0.0416667;
6 2 Note that the actual errors satisfy these bounds.
 
1 1 2
|I − M8 | ≤ ≈ 0.0104167. 3. The exact value of I is
6 4

π/2
Note that the actual errors are equal to these estimates I = sin x d x = 1.
since f is a quadratic function. 0

239
 SECTION 6.6 (PAGE 354) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

The approximations are The approximations are

  
1 1 16 4 16 1 1
  T4 = (1) + + + +
π π π 3π 1 4 2 17 5 25 2 2
T4 = 0 + sin + sin + sin + ≈ 0.9871158
8 8 4 8 2 ≈ 0.7827941
   
π π 3π 5π 7π 1 64 64 64 64
M4 = sin + sin + sin + sin ≈ 1.0064545 M4 = + + +
8 16 16 16 16 4 65 73 89 113
1 ≈ 0.7867001
T8 = (T4 + M4 ) ≈ 0.9967852
2  1
π π 3π 5π T8 = (T4 + M4 ) ≈ 0.7847471
M8 = sin + sin + sin 2
16 32 32 32 1 256 256 256 256
7π 9π 11π M8 = + + + +
+ sin + sin + sin 8 257 265 281 305
32 32 32 
 256 256 256 256
13π 15π + + +
+ sin + sin ≈ 1.0016082 337 377 425 481
32 32
≈ 0.7857237
1
T16 = (T8 + M8 ) ≈ 0.9991967. 1
2 T16 = (T8 + M8 ) ≈ 0.7852354.
2
The exact errors are
The actual errors are
I − T4 = 0.0026041; I − M4 = −0.0013019;
I − T4 ≈ 0.0128842; I − M4 ≈ −0.0064545; I − T8 = 0.0006511; I − M8 = −0.0003255;
I − T8 ≈ 0.0032148; I − M8 ≈ −0.0016082; I − T16 = 0.0001628.
I − T16 ≈ 0.0008033. 1 −2x
Since f (x) = , then f  (x) = and
1 + x2 (1 + x 2 )2
2
6x − 2
If f (x) = sin x, then f  (x) = − sin x, and f  (x) = . On [0,1], | f  (x)| ≤ 4. Therefore,
| f  (x)| ≤ 1 = K . Therefore, the error bounds are: (1 + x 2 )3
the error bounds are

1
π 
π 2
 
Trapezoid : |I − T4 | ≤ −0 ≈ 0.020186; 4 1 2
12 2 8 Trapezoid : |I − Tn | ≤
1 π

π 2 12 n
|I − T8 | ≤ −0 ≈ 0.005047;  
12 2 16 4 1

1 π 
π  2 |I − T4 | ≤ ≈ 0.0208333;
|I − T16 | ≤ −0 ≈ 0.001262. 12 16
 
12 2 32 4 1
1 π


π 2 |I − T8 | ≤ ≈ 0.0052083;
Midpoint : |I − M4 | ≤ −0 ≈ 0.010093; 12 64
24 2 8  


 4 1
1 π π 2 |I − T16 | ≤ ≈ 0.001302.
|I − M8 | ≤ −0 ≈ 0.002523. 12 256
24 2 16  
4 1 2
Midpoint : |I − Mn | ≤
24 n
Note that the actual errors satisfy these bounds.  
4 1
|I − M4 | ≤ ≈ 0.0104167;
24 16
 
4 1
|I − M8 | ≤ ≈ 0.0026042.
24 64
The exact errors are much smaller than these bounds.
In part, this is due to very crude estimates made for
4. The exact value of I is | f  (x)|.
2
5. T4 = [3 + 2(5 + 8 + 7) + 3] = 46

1 2
1 dx  π 1
I = = tan−1 x  = ≈ 0.7853982. T8 = [3 + 2(3.8 + 5 + 6.7 + 8 + 8 + 7 + 5.2) + 3] = 46.7
0 1 + x2 0 4 2

240
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 6.6 (PAGE 354)

6. M4 = 2(3.8 + 6.7 + 8 + 5.2) = 47.4 According to the error bounds,

2
1
7. T4 = 100 × [0 + 2(5.5 + 5 + 4.5) + 0] = 3, 000 km2 2
e−x d x = 0.747,
2
1 0
T8 = 100 × [0 + 2(4 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 5 + 5.5 + 4.5 + 4) + 0]
2 accurate to two decimal places, with error no greater than
= 3, 400 km2 1 in the third decimal place.

π/2
8. M4 = 100 × 2(4 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 4) = 3, 800 km2 sin x sin x
11. I = d x. Note that lim = 1.
0 x x→0 x
9. We have 

π 1 16 π 8 π 16 3π 4 π
T8 = + sin + sin + sin + sin
T4 = 0.4 12 (1.4142) + 1.3860 + 1.3026 + 1.1772 16 2 π 16 π 8 3π 16 π 4
  
16 5π 8 3π 16 7π 1 2
+ 12 (0.9853) ≈ 2.02622 + sin + sin + sin +
5π 16 3π 8 7π 16 2 π
M4 = (0.4)(1.4071 + 1.3510 + 1.2411 + 1.0817) ≈ 2.03236 ≈ 1.3694596
T8 = (T4 + M4 )/2 ≈ 2.02929 
π 32 π 32 3π 32 5π 32 7π
M8 = (0.2)(1.4124 + 1.3983 + 1.3702 + 1.3285 M8 = sin + sin + sin + sin
16 π 32 3π 32 5π 32 7π 32
+ 1.2734 + 1.2057 + 1.1258 + 1.0348) ≈ 2.02982 32 9π 32 11π 32 13π
T16 = (T8 + M8 )/2 ≈ 2.029555. + sin + sin + sin
9π 32 11π 32 13π 32

32 15π
+ sin ≈ 1.3714136

1
15π 32
2
10. The approximations for I = e−x d x are T16 = (T8 + M8 )/2 ≈ 1.3704366, I ≈ 1.370.
0

1 −1/256 12. The exact value of I is
M8 = e + e−9/256 + e−25/256 + e−49/256 +
8
1
 1 x 3  1
e−81/256 + e−121/256 + e−169/256 + e−225/256 I = x2 dx = = .
0 3 0 3
≈ 0.7473 The approximation is

1 1
T16 = (1) + e−1/256 + e−1/64 + e−9/256 + e−1/16 +  
16 2 1 1 1
T1 = (1) (0)2 + (1)2 = .
e−25/256 + e−9/64 + e−49/256 + e−1/4 + e−81/256 + 2 2 2
e−25/64 + e−121/256 + e−9/16 + e−169/256 + e−49/64 +
 The actual error is I − T1 = − 16 . However, since
1 f (x) = x 2 , then f  (x) = 2 on [0,1], so the error estimate
e−225/256 + e−1
2 here gives
≈ 0.74658. 2 1
|I − T1 | ≤ (1)2 = .
12 6
2 2
Since f (x) = e−x , we have f  (x) = −2xe−x , Since this is the actual size of the error in this case, the
2 2
f  (x) = 2(2x 2 − 1)e−x , and f  (x) = 4x(3 − 2x 2 )e−x . constant “12” in the error estimate cannot be improved

Since f (x) = 0 on (0,1), therefore the maximum value (i.e., cannot be made larger).
of | f  (x)| on [0, 1] must occur at an endpoint of that
1  2
1 1 1
interval. We have f  (0) = −2 and f  (1) = 2/e, so 13. I = x 2 d x = . M1 = (1) = . The actual
0 3 2 4
| f  (x)| ≤ 2 on [0, 1]. The error bounds are 1 1 1
error is I − M1 = − = .
 2   3 4 12
2 1 2 1 Since the second derivative of x 2 is 2, the error estimate
|I − Mn | ≤ ⇒ |I − M8 | ≤
24n 24 64 is
2 1
≈ 0.00130. |I − M1 | ≤ (1 − 0)2 (12 ) = .
    24 12
2 1 2 2 1
|I − Tn | ≤ ⇒ |I − T16 | ≤ Thus the constant in the error estimate for the Midpoint
12 n 12 256 Rule cannot be improved; no smaller constant will work
≈ 0.000651. for f (x) = x 2 .

241
 SECTION 6.6 (PAGE 354) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

14. Let y = f (x). We are given that m 1 is the midpoint of because nh = b − a.

[x0 , x1 ] where x1 − x0 = h. By tangent line approximate
in the subinterval [x0 , x1 ],
f (x) ≈ f (m 1 ) + f  (m 1 )(x − m 1 ).
Section 6.7 Simpson’s Rule (page 359)
The error in this approximation is
E(x) = f (x) − f (m 1 ) − f  (m 1 )(x − m 1 ).
If f  (t) exists for all t in [x0 , x1 ] and | f  (t)| ≤ K for
2 14
some constant K , then by Theorem 4 of Section 3.5, 1. I = (1 + x 2 ) d x = ≈ 4.6666667
0 3
K
|E(x)| ≤ (x − m 1 )2 .     
2 1 1 9
Hence, S4 = 1+4 1+ + 2(1 + 1) + 4 1 +
6 4 4
K 
| f (x) − f (m 1 ) − f  (m 1 )(x − m 1 )| ≤ (x − m 1 )2 . 14
2 + (1 + 4) =
3
We integrate both sides of this inequlity. Noting that       
1 1 1 9
x1 − m 1 = m 1 − x0 = 12 h, we obtain for the left side S8 = 1+4 1+ +2 1+ +4 1+
12 16 4 16

x1
x1    
 25 9
 f (x) d x − f (m 1 ) d x + 2 (1 + 1) + 4 1 + +2 1+
 16 4
x0 x0   

x1  49 14

− f  (m 1 )(x − m 1 ) d x  +4 1+ + (1 + 4) =
x0
16 3

x 
 x1 (x − m 1 )2  1 
  The errors are zero because Simpson approximations are
= f (x) d x − f (m 1 )h − f (m 1 )  
 x0 2 x0 exact for polynomials of degree up to three.

x 
 1 
=  f (x) d x − f (m 1 )h  .
x0

Integrating the right-hand side, we get 2. The exact value of I is

x1 x
K K (x − m 1 )3  1
1
(x − m 1 )2 d x = 
1
−x

−x 
x0 2 2 3 x0 I = e d x = −e 
 3 3  0 0
K h h K 3 1
= + = h . = 1 − ≈ 0.6321206.
6 8 8 24 e
Hence,

 The approximations are
 x1 
 f (x) d x − f (m 1 )h 

x0

 1 0
 x1  S4 = (e + 4e−1/4 + 2e−1/2 + 4e−3/4 + e−1 )
=  [ f (x) − f (m 1 ) − f  (m 1 )(x − m 1 )] d x  12
x0 ≈ 0.6321342
K 3 1 0
≤ h . S8 = (e + 4e−1/8 + 2e−1/4 + 4e−3/8 +
24 24
A similar estimate holds on each subinterval [xj −1 , x j ] 2e−1/2 + 4e−5/8 + 2e−3/4 + 4e−7/8 + e−1 )
for 1 ≤ j ≤ n. Therefore, ≈ 0.6321214.

b   
xj 
   n 
 f (x) d x − M  =  f (x) d x − f (m )h 
 n  j  The actual errors are
a j =1 x j −1
n
 

 xj 
≤  f (x) d x − f (m j )h  I − S4 = −0.0000136; I − S8 = −0.0000008.

j =1 x j −1

 n
K 3 K 3 K (b − a) 2 These errors are evidently much smaller than the cor-
≤ h = nh = h responding errors for the corresponding Trapezoid Rule
24 24 24
j =1 approximations.

242
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 6.7 (PAGE 359)

π/2
3. I = sin x d x = 1. If f (x) = sin x, then f (4) (x) = sin x, and | f (4) (x)| ≤ 1
0 on [0, π/2]. Thus
  1((π/2) − 0)
π 4
π π π 3π π |I − S4 | ≤ ≈ 0.00021
S4 = 0 + 4 sin + 2 sin + 4 sin + sin 180 8
24 8 4 8 2

1((π/2) − 0) π 4
≈ 1.0001346 |I − S8 | ≤ ≈ 0.000013.
 180 16
π π π 3π π
S8 = 0 + 4 sin + 2 sin + 4 sin + 2 sin
48 16 8 16 4
b

5π 3π 7π π 8. Let I = f (x) d x, and the interval [a, b] be subdi-
+ 4 sin + 2 sin + 4 sin + sin a
16 8 16 2 vided into 2n subintervals of equal length h = (b − a)/2n.
≈ 1.0000083. Let y j = f (x j ) and x j = a + j h for 0 ≤ j ≤ 2n, then
 
Errors: I − S4 ≈ −0.0001346; I − S8 ≈ −0.0000083. 1 b−a
S2n = y0 + 4y1 + 2y2 + · · ·
3 2n
4. The exact value of I is 
+ 2y2n−2 + 4y2n−1 + y2n

1
1 dx 
−1  π
I = = tan x  = ≈ 0.7853982.   2n−1
 n−1
 
0 1 + x2 4 1 b−a
0 = y0 + 4 yj − 2 y2 j + y2n
3 2n
j =1 j =1
The approximations are
        and
1 16 4 16 1
S4 = 1+4 +2 +4 +   2n−1
 
12 17 5 25 2 1 b−a
T2n = y0 + 2 y j + y2n
≈ 0.7853922 2 2n
j =1
      
1 64 16 64   n−1
 
S8 = 1+4 +2 +4 + 1 b−a
24 65 17 73 Tn = y0 + 2 y2 j + y2n .
         2 n
4 64 16 64 1 j =1
2 +4 +2 +4 +
5 89 25 113 2
Since T2n = 12 (Tn + Mn ) ⇒ Mn = 2T2n − Tn , then
≈ 0.7853981.
Tn + 2Mn Tn + 2(2T2n − Tn ) 4T2n − Tn
The actual errors are = =
3 3 3
2T2n + Mn 2T2n + 2T2n − Tn 4T2n − Tn
I − S4 = 0.0000060; I − S8 = 0.0000001, = = .
3 3 3
accurate to 7 decimal places. These errors are evidently Hence,
much smaller than the corresponding errors for the corre-
sponding Trapezoid Rule approximation. Tn + 2Mn 2T2n + Mn 4T2n − Tn
= = .
3 3 3
1
5. S8 = [3 + 4(3.8 + 6.7 + 8 + 5.2) + 2(5 + 8 + 7) + 3]
Using the formulas of T2n and Tn obtained above,
3
≈ 46.93
4T2n − Tn
1 3
6. S8 = 100 × [0 + 4(4 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 4) + 2(5.5 + 5 + 4.5) + 0]    
3 1 4 b−a
2n−1

≈ 3, 533 km2 = y0 + 2 y j + y2n
3 2 2n
j =1
7. If f (x) = e−x , then f (4) (x) = e−x , and | f (4) (x)| ≤ 1 on   n−1 
1 b−a 
[0, 1]. Thus − y0 + 2 y2 j + y2n
2 n
  j =1
1(1 − 0) 1 4   2n−1 n−1 
|I − S4 | ≤ ≈ 0.000022 1 b−a  
180 4 = y0 + 4 yj − 2 y2 j + y2n
  3 2n
1(1 − 0) 1 4 j =1 j =1
|I − S8 | ≤ ≈ 0.0000014.
180 8 = S2n .

243
 SECTION 6.7 (PAGE 359) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

  4 
1 1 1 4 1 5
Hence, 4 4
11. I = x d x = . S2 = 0 +4 +1 = .
0 5 6 2 24
4T2n − Tn Tn + 2Mn 2T2n + Mn
S2n = = = . If f (x) = x 4 , then f (4) (x) = 24.
3 3 3  
24(1 − 0) 1 4 1
Error estimate: |I − S2 | ≤ = .
 180 2 120
1 5 1
9. We use the results of Exercise 9 of Section 7.6 and Exer- Actual error: |I − S2 | =  −  = .
5 24 120
cise 8 of this section. Thus the error estimate cannot be improved.

1.6 12. The exact value of I is
I = f (x) d x
0
1
0.4
1 x 4  1
S4 = (1.4142 + 4(1.3860) + 2(1.3026) + 4(1.1772) I = x3 dx =  = .
3 0 4 0 4
+ 0.9853) ≈ 2.0343333
The approximation is
S8 = (T4 + 2M4 )/3 ≈ 2.0303133
S16 = (T8 + 2M8 )/3 ≈ 2.0296433.    3 
1 1 1 1
S2 = 03 + 4 + 13 = .
3 2 2 4

1
10. The approximations for I =
2
e−x d x are The actual error is zero. Hence, Simpson’s Rule is exact
0 for the cubic function f (x) = x 3 . Since it is evidently
   exact for quadratic functions f (x) = Bx 2 + C x + D, it
1 1 must also be exact for arbitrary cubics
S8 = 1 + 4 e−1/64 + e−9/64 + e−25/64 +
3 8 f (x) = Ax 3 + Bx 2 + C x + D.
   
−49/64
e + 2 e−1/16 + e−1/4 + e−9/16 + e−1
Section 6.8 Other Aspects of Approximate
≈ 0.7468261 Integration (page 364)
  
1 1

S16 = 1 + 4 e−1/256 + e−9/256 + e−25/256 + 1 dx
3 16 1. 1/3 (1 + x)
Let x = u 3
0 x
e−49/256 + e−81/256 + e−121/256 + e−169/256 +
1
1
  u 2 du u du
=3 = 3 .
e−225/256 + 2 e−1/64 + e−1/16 + e−9/64 + e−1/4 + 0 u(1 + u )
3
0 1+u
3

 
1
ex
e−25/64 + e−9/16 + e−49/64 + e−1 2. √ d x Let t 2 = 1 − x
0 1−x
2t dt = −d x
≈ 0.7468243.
0 1−t 2
1
e 2
=− 2t dt = 2 e1−t dt.
2 2 1 t 0
If f (x) = e−x , then f (4) (x) = 4e−x (4x 4 − 12x 2 + 3).
3. One possibility: let x = sin θ and get
On [0,1], | f (4) (x)| ≤ 12, and the error bounds are

1
π/2
  ex d x
12(1) 1 4 I = √ = esin θ dθ.
|I − Sn | ≤ −1 1 − x2 −π/2
180 n
 
12 1 4 Another possibility:
|I − S8 | ≤ ≈ 0.0000163
180 8
0
1
 4 ex d x ex d x
12 1 I = √ + √ = I1 + I2 .
|I − S16 | ≤ ≈ 0.0000010. −1 1 − x2 0 1 − x2
180 16
In I1 put 1 + x = u 2 ; in I2 put 1 − x = u 2 :
Comparing the two approximations,

2
1 2

1
1 2eu −1 u du eu −1 du
−x 2 I1 = √ =2 √
I = e d x = 0.7468, 0 u 2 − u2 0 2 − u2
0
1 2
1 2
2e1−u u du e 1−u du
I2 = √ =2 √
accurate to 4 decimal places. 0 u 2 − u2 0 2 − u2

244
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 6.8 (PAGE 364)

2 −1 2
1√
1 eu + e1−u 2
so I = 2 √ du. 7. I = x dx = ≈ 0.666667.
0 2 − u2 0 3


1 1 1

T2 = 0+ + ≈ 0.603553
∞ dx 1 2 2 2
4. √ Let x = 
1 x2 + t2
x +1 1 1 3
2 dt T4 = 2T2 + + ≈ 0.643283
dx = − 3 4 4 4
t 

0  
1 2 dt 1 1 3 5 7
=  2 − 3 T8 = 4T4 + + + + ≈ 0.658130
1 1 1 t 8 8 8 8 8
2
+ 2
+1 
t t 1 1 3 5 7

1 T16 = 8T8 + + + +
t dt 16 16 16 16 16
=2 4 3
. 
0 t +t +1 9 11 13 15
+ + + + ≈ 0.663581.
16 16 16 16

π/2 The errors are

dx
5. √ Let sin x = u 2
0 sin x √ I − T2 ≈ 0.0631
2u du = cos x d x = 1 − u 4 d x

1 I − T4 ≈ 0.0234
u du
=2 √ I − T8 ≈ 0.0085
0 u 1 − u4

1 I − T16 ≈ 0.0031.
du
=2  Let 1 − u = v 2
0 (1 − u)(1 + u)(1 + y 2 Observe that, although these errors are decreasing, they
−du = 2v dv

1 are not decreasing like 1/n2 ; that is,
v dv
=4 
0 v (1 + 1 − v 2 )(1 + (1 − v 2 )2 )

1
1 dv |I − T2n | >> |I − Tn |.
=4  . 4
0 (2 − v )(2 − 2v 2 + v 4 )
2
√
This is because the second derivative of f (x) = x is
f  (x) = −1/(4x 3/2 ), which is not bounded on [0, 1].
6. Let

∞
1
∞
dx dx dx
= + = I1 + I2 . 8. Let
0 x4 + 1 0 x4 + 1 1 x4 + 1

∞
1 dt 2 1
Let x = and d x = − 2 in I2 , then I = e−x d x Let x =
t t 1 t
dt
dx = − 2

0  
1 t
1 dt t2
0  
1 −1/t 2
I2 =  4 − 2 = 4
dt. −(1/t)2 1 e
1 1 t 0 1+t = e − 2 dt = dt.
+1 1 t 0 t2
t
Observe that
Hence,

t −2  ∞ 
2

∞
1  e−1/t
dx 1 x2 lim = lim
4
= + dx t→0+ t 2 t→0+ e 1/t 2 ∞
0 x +1 0 x4 + 1 1 + x4

1 2 −2t −3
x +1 = lim
= d x. t→0+ e 1/t 2 (−2t −3 )
0 x4 + 1
1
= lim = 0.
t→0+ e 2
1/t

245
 SECTION 6.8 (PAGE 364) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

Hence,

∞
   2 1√
1 1 10. We are given that e−x d x = 2 π and from the
S2 = 0 + 4(4e−4 ) + e−1
3 2
01
2
≈ 0.1101549 previous exercise e−x d x = 0.74684. Therefore,
  0
1 1
S4 = 0 + 4(16e−16 ) + 2(4e−4 )
∞
∞
1
3 4 2 2 2
   e−x d x = e−x d x − e−x d x
16 −16/9 1 0 0
+4 e + e−1 1√
9 = π − 0.74684
≈ 0.1430237 2
   = 0.139 (to 3 decimal places).
1 1 64 64
S8 = 0 + 4 64e−64 + e−64/9 + e−64/25 +
3 8 9 25
    11. If f (x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d, then, by symmetry,
64 −64/49 16
e + 2 16e−16 + 4e−4 + e−16/9 + e−1
49 9
1
1  
b
≈ 0.1393877. f (x) d x = 2 (bx 2 + d) d x = 2 +d
−1 0 3
Hence, I ≈ 0.14, accurate to 2 decimal places. These A f (−u) + A f (u) = 2 A(bu 2 + d).
approximations do not converge very quickly, because the
√ are identical provided A = 1 and
These two expressions
2
fourth derivative of e−1/t has very large values for some
values of t near 0. In fact, higher and higher derivatives u 2 = 1/3, so u = 1/ 3.
behave more and more badly near 0, so higher order 12. For any function f we use the approximation
methods cannot be expected to work well either.

1 √ √
9. Referring to Example 5, we have f (x) d x ≈ f (−1/ 3) + f (1/ 3).
−1
x x2 xn
e =1+x + + ··· + + Rn ( f ; 0, x), We have
2! n!

   
e X x n+1
1 1 4 1 4 2
where Rn ( f ; 0, x) = , for some X between 0 x4 dx ≈ − √ + √ =
(n + 1)! −1 3 3 9

1
and x. Now 2 2 2
Error = x 4 d x − = − ≈ 0.17778
−1 9 5 9
x 2n+2
1    
|Rn ( f ; 0, −x 2 )| ≤ 1 1
(n + 1)! cos x d x ≈ cos − √ + cos √ ≈ 1.67582
−1 3 3

1
if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 for any x, since −x 2 ≤ X ≤ 0. Therefore
Error = cos x d x − 1.67582 ≈ 0.00712


1 −1
 1  1

 Rn ( f ; 0, −x 2 ) d x  ≤ x 2n+2 d x 1 √ √
 (n + 1)! 0 x
e dx ≈ e −1/ 3
+ e1/ 3
≈ 2.34270
0
1 −1
= .
1
(2n + 3)(n + 1)! Error = e x d x − 2.34270 ≈ 0.00771.
−1
This error
will be less than 10−4 if (2n + 3)(n + 1)! > 10, 000.
Since 15 × 7! > 10, 000, n = 6 will do. Thus we use 13. If F(x) = ax 5 + bx 4 + cx 3 + d x 2 + ex + f , then, by
seven terms of the series (0 ≤ n ≤ 6): symmetry,


1
1  
1
−x 2 4 2 b d
e dx F(x) d x = 2 (bx + d x + f ) d x = 2 + + f
0 −1 0 5 3

1 
2 x4 x6 x8 x 10 x 12 AF(−u) + B F(0) + AF(u) = 2 A(bu 4 + du 2 + f ) + B f.
≈ 1−x + − + − + dx
0 2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
These two expressions are identical provided
1 1 1 1 1 1
=1− + − + − +
3 5 × 2! 7 × 3! 9 × 4! 11 × 5! 13 × 6! 1 1 B
≈ 0.74684 with error less than 10−4 . Au 4 = , Au 2 = , A+ = 1.
5 3 2

246
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 6.8 (PAGE 364)

2

1.6
 the first two equations gives u = 3/5, so
Dividing 16. From Exercise 9 in Section 7.6, for I = f (x) d x,
u = 3/5. Then 3 A/5 = 1/3, so A = 5/9, and finally, 0
B = 8/9.
14. For any function f we use the approximation T00 = T1 = 1.9196
T10 = T2 = 2.00188

1 5    8
T20 = T4 = 2.02622
f (x) d x ≈ f (− 3/5) + f ( 3/5) + f (0).
9 9
−1 T30 = T8 = 2.02929.
We have
Hence,
⎡  6 ⎤


1 6
5 3 3 ⎦
x6 dx ≈ ⎣ − + + 0 = 0.24000 4T10 − T00
−1 9 5 5 R1 = T11 = = 2.0346684
3

1 0 0
4T2 − T1
Error = x 6 d x − 0.24000 ≈ 0.04571 T21 = = 2.0343333 = S4
−1 3

1    
5 3 3 8 16T21 − T11
cos x d x ≈ cos − + cos + R2 = T22 = = 2.0346684
9 5 5 9 15
−1
4T30 − T20
≈ 1.68300 T31 = = 2.0303133 = S8

3
1
Error = cos x d x − 1.68300 ≈ 0.00006 16T31 − T21
T32 = = 2.0300453


−1 15
1 √ √ 64T32 − T22
e x d x ≈ e− 3/5 + e 3/5 ≈ 2.35034 R3 = T33 = = 2.0299719.
−1 63

1
Error = e x d x − 2.35034 ≈ 0.00006.
−1

2h

1 17. T11 = S2 = y0 + 4y2 + y4
−x 2 3
15. I = e dx
0 h

  T21 = S4 = y0 + 4y1 + 2y2 + 4y3 + y4
1 0 1 −1 3
T00 = T1 = R0 = (1) e + e ≈ 0.6839397
2 2 16T21 − T11
  R2 = T22 =
1 1 0 1 15
T10 = T2 = e + e−1/4 + e−1 ≈ 0.7313703 16h 2h
2 2 2 3 (y0 + 4y1 + 2y2 + 4y3 + y4 ) − 3 (y0 + 4y2 + y4 )
=
1
−1/16

15
T20 = T4 = 2T2 + e + e−9/16 ≈ 0.7429841
4 h

1
 = 14y0 + 64y1 + 24y2 + 64y3 + 14y4
T30 = T8 = 4T4 + e−1/64 + e−9/64 + e−25/64 + e−49/64 45
8 2h

= 7y0 + 32y1 + 12y2 + 32y3 + 7y4
≈ 0.7458656 45
4T10 − T00
T11 = S2 = R1 = ≈ 0.7471805
3 18. Let
4T 0 − T10
∞
T21 = S4 = 2 ≈ 0.7468554 sin x 1
3 I = dx Let x =
π 1 + x2 t
4T 0 − T20 dt
T31 = S8 = 3 ≈ 0.7468261 dx = − 2
3   t
16T21 − T11 1
T22 = R2 = ≈ 0.7468337
0 
sin 
15 t 1
1 1 =   − 2 dt
16T3 − T2 1/π 1 t
T32 = ≈ 0.7468242 1+ 2
15 t
 
64T3 − T22
2
1
T33 = R3 = ≈ 0.7468241
1/π sin
63 t
= dt.
I ≈ 0.746824 to 6 decimal places. 0 1 + t2

247
 SECTION 6.8 (PAGE 364) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

The transformation
  is not
 suitable
 because the derivative Review Exercises on Techniques of
1 1 1 Integration (page 365)
of sin is − 2 cos , which has very large values
t t t
at some points close to 0.
In order to approximate the integral I to an desired de-
gree of accuracy, say with error less than  in absolute x A B
1. = +
value, we have to divide the integral into two parts: 2x 2 + 5x + 2 2x + 1 x +2
Ax + 2 A + 2Bx + B

=
∞
sin x 2x 2 + 5x + 2
I = dx 
A + 2B = 1
1 + x2 ⇒

πt
∞ 2A + B = 0
sin x sin x
= 2
d x + dx Thus A = −1/3 and B = 2/3. We have
π 1 + x t 1 + x2
= I1 + I2 .



x dx 1 dx 2 dx
= − +
2x 2 + 5x + 2 3 2x + 1 3 x +2
π −
If t ≥ tan , then 2 1
2 = ln |x + 2| − ln |2x + 1| + C.
3 6

∞
∞
sin x dx
2
d x <
t 1+x t 1 + x2
∞

 π  x
= tan−1 (x) = − tan−1 (t) ≤ . 2. d x Let u = x − 1
t 2 2 (x − 1)3


=
du  dx 
u+1 1 1
Now let
A be a numerical approximation to the proper = du = + du
t sin x u3 u2 u3
integral 2
d x, having error less than /2 in ab- 1 1 1 1
π 1+x =− − 2 +C =− − + C.
solute value. Then u 2u x − 1 2(x − 1)2

|I − A| = |I1 + I2 − A|

≤ |I1 − A| + |I2 | 3. sin3 x cos3 x d x
 

≤ + = . = sin3 x(1 − sin2 x) cos x d x Let u = sin x
2 2
du = cos x d x


Hence, A is an approximation to the integral I with the u4 u6
= (u 3 − u 5 ) du = − +C
desired accuracy. 4 6
1 4 1
= sin x − sin6 x + C.
4 6
sin x x cos c − sin x
19. f (x) = , f  (x) = ,
√
x x2 (1 + x)1/3 √
2
x (cos x − x sin x − cos x) − (x cos x − sin x)2x 4. √ dx Let u = 1 + x
f  (x) = x dx
x4 du = √
−x 2 sin x − 2x cos x + 2 sin x

2 x
= .
x3 =2 u 1/3 du = 2( 34 )u 4/3 + C
Now use l’Hôpital’s Rule to get √
= 32 (1 + x)4/3 + C.

lim f  (x)
x→0
−2x sin x − x 2 cos x − 2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x 3 A B
= lim 5. = +
x→0 3x 2 4x 2 −1 2x − 1 2x + 1
cos x 1 2 Ax + A + 2Bx − B
= lim − =− . =
3 3 4x 2 − 1
x→0  3
2 A + 2B = 0
⇒ ⇒ A = −B =
A− B =3 2

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8. x 3 cos(x 2 ) d x Let w = x 2




dw = 2x d x
3 dx 3 dx dx 1
= − = w cos w dw
4x 2 − 1 2 2x − 1 2x + 1 2
 
3  2x − 1  U =w d V = cos w dw
= ln  + C.
4 2x + 1  dU = dw
V = sin w
= 2 w sin w − 12 sin w dw
1

= 12 x 2 sin(x 2 ) + 1
2 cos(x 2 ) + C.

x2 dx
6. (x 2 + x − 2) sin 3x d x 9. Let u = 5x 3 − 2
(5x 3 − 2)2/3
U = x2 + x − 2 d V = sin 3x
du = 15x 2 d x
1 1
dU = (2x + 1) d x V = − 31 cos 3x = u −2/3 du = u 1/3 + C

15 5
= − 31 (x 2 + x − 2) cos 3x + 13 (2x + 1) cos 3x d x 1 3 1/3
= (5x − 2) + C.
5

U = 2x + 1 d V = cos 3x d x
1 A B (A + B)x + (5 A − 3B)
dU = 2 d x V = 13 sin 3x 10. = + =
x 2 + 2x − 15 x −3 x +5 x 2 + 2x − 15
= − 31 (x 2 + x − 2) cos 3x + 19 (2x + 1) sin 3x 
A+B =0 1 1

⇒ ⇒ A= , B=− .
− 29 sin 3x d x
5 A − 3B = 1
8
8
dx 1 dx 1 dx
= −
= − 31 (x 2 + x − 2) cos 3x + 19 (2x + 1) sin 3x 2
x + 2x − 15 8 x −3 8 x +5
2 1  x − 3 
+ cos 3x + C. = ln  + C.
27 8 x + 5

dx
11. Let x = 2 tan θ

√ (4 + x 2 )2
1 − x2 d x = 2 sec2 θ dθ
7. dx Let x = sin θ


x4 2 sec2 θ dθ 1
d x = cos θ dθ = = cos2 θ dθ

16 sec4 θ 8
cos2 θ 1
= 4
dθ = (θ + sin θ cos θ ) + C

sin θ 16  
1 x 1 x
= csc2 θ cot2 θ dθ Let v = cot θ = tan−1 + + C.
16 2 8 4 + x2
dv = − csc2 θ dθ


v3
=− v 2 dv = −
+C
3
√ 3 √
4+x 2
cot3 θ 1 1 − x2
=− +C = − + C. x
3 3 x
θ
2

1 Fig. RT.11
x

θ


√ 12. (sin x + cos x)2 d x = (1 + sin 2x) d x
1−x 2
1
Fig. RT.7 =x− 2 cos 2x + C.

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√
13. 2x 1 + 4x d x Let 2x = tan θ √
5x 2 +3 √

2x ln 2 d x = sec2 θ dθ 5x
1
= sec3 θ dθ u √
ln 2 3
1

= sec θ tan θ + ln | sec θ + tan θ | + C Fig. RT.16
2 ln 2
1
x√ √ 


= 2 1 + 4x + ln(2x + 1 + 4x ) + C.
2 ln 2 17. I = e−x sin 2x d x

U = e−x d V = sin 2x d x
dU = −e−x d x 1
√ V = − cos 2x
1+4x 2
2x

1 1
= − e−x cos 2x − e−x cos 2x d x
2 2
θ
1
U = e−x d V = cos 2x d x
dU = −e−x d x 1
Fig. RT.13 V = sin 2x
 2 

1 1 1 −x 1
cos x
14. d x Let u = sin x = − e−x cos 2x − e sin 2x + I
1 + sin2 x 2 2 2 2

du = cos x d x 1 −x 1 −x 1
du = − e cos 2x − e sin 2x − I
= = tan−1 u + C 2  4  4
1 + u2
−x 2 1
= tan−1 (sin x) + C. I = −e cos 2x + sin 2x + C.
5 5



sin3 x


15. dx = tan3 x sec4 x d x 2x 2 + 4x − 3 2x 2 + 10x − 6x − 3
7

cos x
18. I = 2
d x = dx
x + 5x x 2 + 5x
= tan3 x(1 + tan2 x) sec2 x d x Let u = tan x
 
6x + 3
= 2− dx
du = sec2 x d x x(x + 5)


u4 u6 6x + 3 A B (A + B)x + 5 A
= (u 3 + u 5 ) du = + +C = + =
4 6 x(x + 5) x x +5 x(x + 5)
1 1  3 27
= tan4 x + tan6 x + C. A+ B =6
4 6 ⇒ ⇒ A= , B= .
5
A = 3
5
5
3 dx 27 dx
16. We have I = 2 dx − −
5 x 5 x +5

$ 3 27
x2 dx = 2x − ln |x| − ln |x + 5| + C.
Let x = 35 tan u 5 5
(3 + 5x 2 )3/2 $
d x = 35 sec2 u du

$ 19. I = cos(3 ln x) d x

( 3 tan2 u)( 3 sec2 u) du
5 5
= U = cos(3 ln x) dV = dx
(3)3/2 sec3 u 3 sin(3 ln x) d x

V =x
1 dU = −
= √ (sec u − cos u) du
x
5 5
1 = x cos(3 ln x) + 3 sin(3 ln x) d x
= √ (ln | sec u + tan u| − sin u) + C
5 5
  √ 2 √  √ 
1  5x + 3 5x  5x U = sin(3 ln x) dV = dx
= √ ln  √ + √ − √ +C
5 5  3 3  5x 2 + 3 3 cos(3 ln x) d x V =x
dU =
1
 √  x x

= √ ln 5x 2 + 3 + 5x − √ + C0 ,
5 5 5 5x 2 + 3 = x cos(3 ln x) + 3 x sin(3 ln x) − 3I
1 √ 1 3
where C0 = C − √ ln 3. I = x cos(3 ln x) + x sin(3 ln x) + C.
5 5 10 10

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1 A Bx + C 24. We have
20. = + 2
4x 3 + x x 4x + 1

A(4x 2 + 1) + Bx 2 + C x I = tan4 x sec x d x
=
 4x 3 + x
4A + B = 0 U = tan3 x d V = tan x sec x d x
⇒ ⇒ B = −4. dU = 3 tan2 x
sec2 x d x V = sec x
C = 0, A = 1




1 dx x dx = tan3 x sec x − 3 tan2 x sec3 x d x
d x = − 4
4x 3 + x x 4x 2 + 1

1 = tan3 x sec x − 3 tan2 x(tan2 x + 1) sec x d x
= ln |x| − ln(4x 2 + 1) + C.
2
tan3 x sec x − 3I − 3J where
=



x ln(1 + x 2 ) J= tan2 x sec x d x
21. dx Let u = ln(1 + x 2 )
1 + x2 2x d x
du = U = tan x d V = tan x sec x d x
1 + x2 dU = sec2 x
d x V = sec x


1 u2 3
= u du = +C = tan x sec x − sec x d x
2 4

1
 2
= ln(1 + x 2 ) + C. = tan x sec x − (tan2 x + 1) sec x d x
4
= tan x sec x − J − ln | sec x + tan x| + C


2 4 J = 12 tan x sec x − 12 ln | sec x + tan x| + C.
22. sin x cos x d x

I = 1
4 tan3 x sec x − 3
8 tan x sec x
1 1 2
= 2 (1 − cos 2x)[ 2 (1 + cos 2x)] d x + 3
ln | sec x + tan x| + C.
8


1
= (1 + cos 2x − cos2 2x − cos3 2x) d x
8


1 1 1 x2 dx
= x+ sin 2x − (1 + cos 4x) d x 25. Let u = 4x + 1
8
16 16 (4x + 1)10
du = 4 d x
1
 
− (1 − sin2 2x) cos 2x d x 1 u−1 2 1
8 = du
4 4 u 10
x 1 x 1 1

= + sin 2x − − sin 4x − sin 2x 1
8 16 16 64 16 = (u −8 − 2u −9 + u −10 ) du
64
1
+ sin3 2x + C 1 −7 1 −8 1 −9
48 =− u + u − u +C
448
 256 576 
x sin 4x sin3 2x 1 1 1 1
= − + + C.
16 64 48 = − + − + C.
64 7(4x + 1)7 4(4x + 1)8 9(4x + 1)9

26. We have
x2 dx √
23. √ Let x = 2 sin θ

x 
2 − x2 √

d x = 2 cos θ dθ x sin−1 dx
2
= 2 sin2 θ dθ = θ − sin θ cos θ + C
x 
U = sin−1 dV = x dx
√ 2
x 2 − x2 x2
−1 x dx V =
= sin √ − + C. dU = √ 2
2 2 4 − x2
x2
x  1
x2 dx
= sin−1 − √ Let x = 2 sin u
2 2 2 4 − x2
d x = 2 cos u du
√

x 

2 x2
x = sin−1 − 2 sin2 u du
2 2
x2
x 

θ = sin−1 − (1 − cos 2u) du
√ 2 2
2−x 2
x 
x2
Fig. RT.23 = sin−1 − u + sin u cos u + C
2 2

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 REVIEW EXERCISES ON TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION (PAGE 365) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

 
x  1 
x2 Hence,
= − 1 sin−1 + x 4 − x 2 + C.
2 2 4


I3 = x 3 3x d x
27. 5
sin (4x) d x   
x 3 3x 3 x 2 3x 2 x3x 1

= − − − I0 + C 1
ln 3 ln 3 ln 3 ln 3 ln 3 ln 3
= (1 − cos2 4x)2 sin 4x d x Let u = cos 4x  3 2 
x 3x 6x 6

du = −4 sin 4x d x =3 x
− + − + C1 .
1 ln 3 (ln 3)2 (ln 3)3 (ln 3)4
=− (1 − 2u 2 + u 4 ) du
4
 
1 2 1

=− u − u3 + u5 + C sin2 x cos x
4 3 5 31. d x Let u = sin x
1 1 1 2 − sin x
= − cos 4x + cos3 4x − cos5 4x + C. du = cos x d x

2
4 6 20 u du
= Let 2 − u = v
28. We have 2−u


du = −dv
dx x dx

 
I = = Let u = x 2 4 − 4v + v 2 4
x 5 − 2x 3 + x x 6 − 2x 4 + x 2 =− dv = − + 4 − v dv
du = 2x d x v v



1 du 1 du v 2
= = = −4 ln |v| + 4v − +C
2 u 3 − 2u 2 + u 2 u(u − 1)2 2
1 A B C 1
= + + = −4 ln |2 − u| + 4(2 − u) − (2 − u)2 + C
u(u − 1)2 u u − 1 (u − 1)2 2
A(u 2 − 2u + 1) + B(u 2 − u) + Cu 1
= = −4 ln(2 − sin x) − 2 sin x − sin2 x + C1 .
u 3 − 2u 2 + u 2

A+ B =0 32. We have
⇒ −2 A − B + C = 0 ⇒ A = 1, B = −1, C = 1.


 

A=1

x2 + 1 2x + 1
1 du 1 du 1 du dx = 1− 2 dx
= − x 2 + 2x + 2 x + 2x + 2
2 u 3 − 2u 2 + u 2 u 2 u −1


2x + 1
1 du =x− d x Let u = x + 1
+ (x + 1)2 + 1
2 (u − 1)2
du = d x
1 1 1 1 2u − 1
= ln |u| − ln |u − 1| − +K =x− du
2 2 2u−1 u2 + 1
1 x2 1 = x − ln |u 2 + 1| + tan−1 u + C
= ln 2 − + K.
2 |x − 1| 2(x 2 − 1) = x − ln(x 2 + 2x + 2) + tan−1 (x + 1) + C.


dx
29.

2 + ex dx

33. √ Let x = sin θ
e−x d x x2 1 − x2
= Let u = 2e−x + 1 dx =
2e−x + 1

cos θ dθ
du = −2e−x d x cos θ dθ

= = csc2 θ dθ
1 du 1 sin2 θ cos θ
=− = − ln(2e−x + 1) + C. √
2 u 2 1 − x2
= − cot θ + C = − + C.
30. Let x


In = x n 3x d x
U = xn d V = 3x d x
1
dU = nx n−1 d x 3x x
V =
ln 3
x n 3x n θ
= − In−1 . √

ln 3 ln 3
1−x 2
3x
I0 = 3x d x = + C.
ln 3 Fig. RT.33

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34. We have

√
x 3 (ln x)2 d x 1+x 2
x
U = (ln x)2 dV = x3 dx
2 1
dU = ln x d x V = x4 θ
x 4 1


1 1
= x 4 (ln x)2 − x 3 ln x d x
4 2 Fig. RT.37
U = ln x dV = x3 dx

1/3 )
1 1 38. e(x Let x = u 3
dU = d x V = x4
x 4

d x = 3u 2 du
1 1 1
= x 4 (ln x)2 − x 4 ln x + x3 dx =3 u 2 eu du = 3I2
4 8 8
 
x4 2 1 1 See solution

to #16 of Section 6.6 for
= (ln x) − ln x + + C.
4 2 8 In = u e d x = u n eu − n In−1 .
n u

= 3[u 2 eu − 2(ueu − eu )] + C


x3 dx 1/3
= e(x ) (3x 2/3 − 6x 1/3 + 6) + C.
35. √ Let 2x = sin θ
1 − 4x 2

 


2 d x = cos θ dθ

x3 − 3 9x − 3
1 sin3 θ cos θ dθ 1 39. I = d x = 1 + d x.
= = (1 − cos2 θ ) sin θ dθ x 3 − 9x x 3 − 9x
16 cos θ 16
 
1 1 9x − 3 A B C
= − cos θ + cos3 θ + C = + +
16 3 x 3 − 9x x x −3 x +3
1 1 Ax 2 − 9 A + Bx 2 + 3Bx + C x 2 − 3C x
= (1 − 4x 2 )3/2 − 1 − 4x 2 + C. =
48 16 x 3 − 9x
  A = 1/3
A+ B+C = 0
⇒ 3B − 3C = 9 ⇒ B = 4/3
−9 A = −3 C = −5/3.
1
2x Thus we have




1 dx 4 dx 5 dx
I =x+ + −
θ 3 x 3 x −3 3 x +3
√
1−4x 2 1 4 5
= x + ln |x| + ln |x − 3| − ln |x + 3| + K .
3 3 3
Fig. RT.35

√

10 x+2 d x √
e1/x 1 40. √ x +2
Let u =
36. dx Let u = x +2 dx
x2 x du = √
1 2 x +2
du = − 2 d x
√
x 2 2

u
= 2 10 du = 10u + C = 10 x+2 + C.
=− eu du = −eu + C = −e1/x + C. ln 10 ln 10



41. sin5 x cos9 x d x
x +1

37. √ dx
x2 + 1
= (1 − cos2 x)2 cos9 x sin x d x Let u = cos x
 dx
= x2 + 1 + √ Let x = tan θ
du = − sin x d x
x2 + 1 (1 − 2u 2 + u 4 )u 9 du

d x = sec2 θ dθ =−

= x 2 + 1 + sec θ dθ u 10 u 12 u 14
 =− + − +C
10 6 14
= x 2 + 1 + ln | sec θ + tan θ | + C
  cos12 x cos10 x cos14 x
= x 2 + 1 + ln(x + x 2 + 1) + C. = − − + C.
6 10 14

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42. Assume that x ≥ 1 and let x = sec u and 45. x 2 sin−1 2x d x
d x = sec u tan u du. Then
U = sin−1 2x dV = x2 dx

2 dx x3
x2 dx dU = √ V =
√ 1 − 4x 2 3
x2 − 1



x3 2 x 3 dx
sec3 u tan u du = sin−1 2x − √ Let v = 1 − 4x 2
= = sec3 u du 3 3 1 − 4x 2
tan u dv = −8x d x

 
1 1 x3 −1 2 1 − v 1
= sec u tan u + ln | sec u + tan u| + C = sin 2x − − dv
2 2 3 3 4v 1/2 8
1  2 1  3


= x x − 1 + ln |x + x 2 − 1| + C. x 1
2 2 = sin−1 2x + v −1/2 − v 1/2 dv
3 48
x3 1√ 1
Differentiation shows that this solution is valid for = sin−1 2x + v − v 3/2 + C
3 24 72
x ≤ −1 also.
x3 1 1
= sin−1 2x + 1 − 4x 2 − (1 − 4x 2 )3/2 + C.
3 24 72
√ √
46. Let 3x = sec u and 3 d x = sec u tan u du. Then



√ 2
x dx (x + 1 − 1) d x 3x − 1
43. I = = Let u = x + 1 dx
x 2 + 2x − 1 (x + 1)2 − 2 x


du = d x 1
u−1 1 2 du
tan u √ sec u tan u du
= du = ln |u − 2| − . 3
u2 − 2 2 u2 − 2 =
1
√ sec u

3

1 A B
= √ + √ = tan u du = (sec2 u − 1) du
2
u2 − 2 u− 2 u+ 2
√ √  √
Au + 2 A + Bu − 2B
= = tan u − u + C = 3x 2 − 1 − sec−1 ( 3x) + C
u2 − 2   
 1
A + B =0 = 3x 2 − 1 + sin−1 √ + C1 .
⇒ √ 3x
2(A − B) = 1
1
⇒ A = −B = √ .
2 2


4 4 1
47. cos x sin x d x = sin4 2x d x
Thus we have
16
1
= (1 − cos 4x)2 d x
 
1 1  u − √2  64

 
2   1 1 + cos 8x
I = ln |u − 2| − √ ln  √ +K = 1 − 2 cos 4x + dx
2 2 2  u + 2 64 2
   
1 1  x + 1 − √2  1 3x sin 4x sin 8x
2   = − + +C
= ln |x + 2x − 1| − √ ln  √  + K. 64 2 2 16
2 2 2 x + 1 + 2  
1 sin 8x
= 3x − sin 4x + + C.
128 8


48. x − x2 dx

$
1 1 2 1 1
= 4 − (x − 2 ) d x Let x − 2 = 2 sin u


2x − 3 dx = 1
cos u du
44. √ Let u = 4 − 3x +
dx x2
2
4 − 3x + x 2

du = (−3 + 2x) d x = 1
cos2 u du = 18 u + 1
sin u cos u + C
 4 8
du √ 
= √ = 2 u + C = 2 4 − 3x + x 2 + C.
u = 18 sin−1 (2x − 1) + 14 (2x − 1) x − x 2 + C.

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52. Let u = x 2 and du = 2x d x; then we have

dx x dx 1 du
1 I = = = .
2 1 x(x 2 + 4)2 x 2 (x 2 + 4)2 2 u(u + 4)2
x− 2
Since
u √ 1 A B C
x−x 2 = + +
u(u + 4)2 u u + 4 (u + 4)2
A(u 2 + 8u + 16) + B(u 2 + 4u) + Cu
Fig. RT.48 =
u(u + 4)2

A+B =0 1 1 1

⇒ 8 A + 4B + C = 0 ⇒ A = , B=− , C =− ,
dx 16 16 4
49. √ Let x = u 2 16 A = 1
(4 + x) x

d x =
2u du therefore
2u du du



= 2
=2 1 du 1 du 1 du
(4 + u )u 4 + u2 I = − −
√ 32 u 32 u+4 8 (u + 4)2
2 u x  
= tan−1 + C = tan−1 + C. 1  u  1 1
2 2 2 = ln + +C
32  u + 4  8 u + 4


x   
1  x 2  1
50. x tan−1 dx = ln + + C.
3 32  x 2 + 4  8(x 2 + 4)

x 
U = tan−1 dV = x dx

3 sin(2 ln x)
3 dx x2 53. dx Let u = 2 ln x
V = x
dU = 2 2
9 + x2 du = d x

x 

x
x2 3 x2 1 1
= tan−1 − dx = sin u du = − cos u + C
2 3 2 9 + x2 2 2
2

 
x x 3 9 1
= tan−1 − 1− dx = − cos(2 ln x) + C.
2 3 2 9 + x2 2
x2
x  3x 9
x 
54. Since
= tan−1 − + tan−1 + C.

2 3 2 2 3 sin(ln x)
I = dx

x2
x4 − 1 dx
51. I = dx U = sin(ln x) dV = 2
x 3 + 2x 2 x

4 cos(ln x)
x + 2x 3 − 2x 3 − 4x 2 + 4x 2 − 1 dU = dx 1
= dx x V = −
x 3 + 2x 2
x

  sin(ln x) cos(ln x)
4x 2 − 1 =− + dx
= x −2+ 3 d x. x x2
x + 2x 2
dx
U = cos(ln x) dV = 2
4x 2 − 1 A B C x
= + 2 + sin(ln x)
3
x + 2x 2 x x x +2 dU = − dx −1
x V =
Ax 2 + 2 Ax + Bx + 2B + C x 2 x
= sin(ln x) cos(ln x)
x 3 + 2x 2 =− − − I,
  A = 1/4 x x
A+C =4
⇒ 2 A + B = 0 ⇒ B = −1/2 therefore
2B = −1 C = 15/4. 1  
I =− sin(ln x) + cos(ln x) + C.
Thus 2x




−1
x2 1 dx 1 dx 15 dx e2 tan x
I = − 2x + − 2
+ 55. Let u = 2 tan−1 x
dx
2 4 x 2 x 4 x +2 1 + x2 2 dx
x2 1 1 15 du =
= − 2x + ln |x| + + ln |x + 2| + K .
1 + x2
2 4 2x 4 1 1 1 −1
= eu du = eu + C = e2 tan x + C.
2 2 2

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56. We have (x + 1) d x
61. √
2



x + 6x + 10
x3 + x − 2 x 3 − 7x + 8x − 2 (x + 3 − 2) d x
I = dx = dx =  Let u = x + 3
x2 − 7 x2 − 7 (x + 3)2 + 1 du = d x

 

8x − 2 (u − 2) du
= x+ 2 d x. = √
x −7
u2 + 1

 du
Since = u2 + 1 − 2 √ Let u = tan θ
√ u2 + 1

du = sec2 θ dθ
8x − 2 A B (A + B)x + (B − A) 7 
= √ + √ = = x 2 + 6x + 10 − 2 sec θ dθ
x2 − 7 x+ 7 x− 7 x2 − 7
 
A+B =8 1 1 = x 2 + 6x + 10 − 2 ln | sec θ + tan θ | + C
⇒ B − A = − √2 ⇒ A = 4 + √ , B = 4 − √ , 
 
7 7 7 = x 2 + 6x + 10 − 2 ln x + 3 + x 2 + 6x + 10 + C.

therefore

 
8x − 2 √
I = x+ 2 dx x 2 +6x+10
x −7 x+3
 
 

x2 1 dx 1 dx
= + 4+ √ √ + 4− √ √
2 7 x+ 7 7 x− 7 θ
   
x2 1 √ 1 √ 1
= + 4 + √ ln |x + 7| + 4 − √ ln |x − 7| + C.
2 7 7
Fig. RT.61


ln(3 + x 2 )
57. Let u = ln(3 + x 2 )
x dx
3 + x2 2x d x
du =
3 + x2


1 u 2 1
2


= u du = +C = ln(3 + x 2 ) + C.
2 4 4 62. e x (1 − e2x )5/2 d x Let e x = sin u



e x d x = cos u du
58. cos7 x d x = (1 − sin2 x)3 cos x d x Let u = sin x
 3

1


du = cos x d x = cos6 u du = (1 + cos 2u)3 du
2
= (1 − u 2 )3 du = (1 − 3u 2 + 3u 4 − u 6 ) du

1
= (1 + 3 cos 2u + 3 cos2 2u + cos3 2u) du
= u − u 3 + 35 u 5 − 17 u 7 + C 8

u 3 3
= sin x − sin3 x + 35 sin5 x − 17 sin7 x + C. = + sin 2u + (1 + cos 4u) du+
8
16 16

1
sin−1 (x/2) (1 − sin2 2u) cos 2u du
59. d x Let u = sin−1 (x/2) 8
(4 − x 2 )1/2 dx dx
du =  = √ 5u 3 3 sin 2u
2
2 1 − (x /4) 4 − x2 = + sin 2u + sin 4u +
16 16 64 16

2
 1
u 1 2
− sin3 2u + C
= u du = +C = sin−1 (x/2) + C.
2 2 48
5 1
60. We have = sin−1 (e x ) + sin[2 sin−1 (e x )]+
16 4


3 1
−1 x
tan4 (π x) d x = tan2 (π x)[sec2 (π x) − 1] d x sin[4 sin (e )] − sin3 [2 sin−1 (e x )] + C
64 48


5 1 
= tan2 (π x) sec2 (π x) d x − [sec2 (π x) − 1] d x = sin−1 (e x ) + e x 1 − e2x
16 2
3 x

1 1 + e 1 − e2x 1 − 2e2x
= tan3 (π x) − tan(π x) + x + C. 16
3π π 1
3/2
− e3x 1 − e2x + C.
6

256
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL REVIEW EXERCISES ON TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION (PAGE 365)

√
x3 dx √ dx 1 3
63. Let x = 2 tan θ = Let x + = tan θ
2
(x + 2) 7/2 √ x[(x + 12 )2 + 34 ]1/2 2 2
d x = 2 sec2 θ dθ √

√ √ 3
2 2 tan3 θ 2 sec2 θ dθ dx = sec2 θ dθ
= √ √ 2
7

8 2 sec θ
3
1 sec2 θ dθ
= √ sin3 θ cos2 θ dθ = √
2
 √ 
2 2
3 1 3
1 tan θ − sec θ
= √ (1 − cos2 θ ) cos2 θ sin θ dθ Let u = cos θ 2 2 2
2 2


du = − sin θ dθ 2 sec θ dθ dθ

 = √ =2 √
1 1 u 5 u 3 3 tan θ − 1 3 sin θ − cos θ
= √ (u 4 − u 2 ) du = √ − +C
√
2 2 2 2 5 3 3 sin θ + cos θ
⎛  √ =2 dθ
5  √ 3 ⎞ 3
sin2 θ − cos2 θ
1 ⎝1 2 1 2 √

⎠+C sin θ dθ cos θ dθ
= √ √ − √ =2 3 + 2
2 2 5 2 + x2 3 2 + x2 3 sin2 θ − cos2 θ 3 sin2 θ − cos2 θ
√
sin θ dθ


cos θ dθ
2 1 =2 3 + 2
= − + C. 3 − 4 cos θ 2 4 sin2 θ − 1
5(2 + x 2 )5/2 3(2 + x 2 )3/2
Let u = cos θ , du = − sin θ dθ in the first integral;
let v = sin θ , dv = cos θ dθ in the second integral.
√
du


dv
√ = −2 3 + 2
2+x 2 3 − 4u 2 2
4v − 1
x √


3 du 1 du
=− 3
− 1
2 4 − u 2 2 − v2
θ  4 √ 
√  
2 √     cos θ + 3 
3 1 2  
=− √ ln  √2 
Fig. RT.63 2 2 3  3
 cos θ − 


    2
x2 1 3  1
64. dx = 1+ 2 dx    sin θ + 
2x 2 − 3 2 2x − 3 1 1  2  + C
√
  − (2) ln 
x 3 1 1 2 2  1
= + √ √ −√ √ dx  sin θ − 
2 4  2
 √2x − √3  2x + 3

√  
√    cos θ − 3 1 
x 3  2x − 3  sin θ −
= + √ ln  √ √  + C. 1  2 2 
2 4 2  2x + 3  = ln   √    + C.
2  
 cos θ + 3 sin θ + 1 

 2 2 
x 1/2
65. d x Let x = u 6
1 + x 1/3
d x = 6u 5 du


u8
=6 du
u2 + 1 √

8
u + u6 − u6 − u4 + u4 + u2 − u2 − 1 + 1 2x + 1 3
=6 du Since sin θ = √ and cos θ = √ ,
u2 + 1 2 x2 + x + 1 2 x2 + x + 1

  therefore
1
=6 u6 − u4 + u2 − 1 + 2 du
u +1

u7 u5 u3
=6 − + − u + tan−1 u + C
7 5 3  √ 


6 6 √ dx 1  (x + 2) − 2 x 2 + x + 1 
= x 7/6 − x 5/6 + 2 x − 6x 1/6 + 6 tan−1 x 1/6 + C. = ln  √ +C.
7 5 x(x 2 + x + 1)1/2 2  (x + 2) + 2 x 2 + x + 1 

66. We have


dx
x(x 2 + x + 1)1/2

257
 REVIEW EXERCISES ON TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION (PAGE 365) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

1+x
67. √ d x Let x = u 2 71. x 2 tan−1 x d x
1+ x
d x = 2u du

U = tan−1 x d V = x 2 d x
u(1 + u 2 ) dx
=2 du dU = x3
1+u 2 V =

3 1+x 3
u + u 2 − u 2 − u + 2u + 2 − 2

=2 du x3 1 x 3 dx
1+u = tan−1 x −

  3 3 1 + x2
2
3
=2 u2 − u + 2 − du x3 1 x +x−x
1+u = tan−1 x − dx
 3  3 3 x2 + 1
u u2
=2 − + 2u − 2 ln |1 + u| + C x3 1 1
3 2 = tan−1 x − x 2 + ln(1 + x 2 ) + C.
3 6 6
2 3/2 √ √

= x − x + 4 x − 4 ln(1 + x) + C.
3 72. e x sec(e x ) d x Let u = e x


x dx
du = e x d x
68. Let u = x 2
4x 4 + 4x 2 + 5 = sec u du = ln | sec u + tan u| + C

du = 2x d x
1 du
= = ln | sec(e x ) + tan(e x )| + C.
2
4u 2 + 4u + 5

1 du dx x 2 dz
= Let w = 2u + 1 73. I = Let z = tan , d x =
2 (2u + 1)2 + 4 4 sin x − 3 cos x 2 1 + z2

dw = 2du 1−z 2 2z


1 dw 1 −1 w cos x = , sin x =
= = tan +C 1 + z2 1 + z2
4 w2 + 4 8 2 2 dz
 

1 1
= tan−1 x 2 + + C. = 1 + z2
8 2 8z 3 − 3z 2

−
x dx 2 1 + z2

69. Let u = x 2 − 4
1+z
(x 2 − 4)2 dz dz

du = 2x d x =2 =2 .
1 du 1 3z 2 + 8z − 3 (3z − 1)(z + 3)
= =− +C
2 u2 2u
1 1 1 A B
=− +C =− 2 + C. = +
2(x 2 − 4) 2x − 8 (3z − 1)(z + 3) 3z − 1 z+3
70. Use the partial fraction decomposition Az + 3 A + 3Bz − B
=
(3z − 1)(z + 3)
 
1 A Bx + C A + 3B = 0 A = 3/10
= + 2 ⇒ ⇒
x3 + x2 + x x x +x +1 3A − B = 1 B = −1/10.
A(x 2 + x + 1) + Bx 2 + C x
= Thus
x3 + x2 + x


 3 dz 1 dz
A+ B =0 I = −
⇒ A + C = 0 ⇒ A = 1, B = −1, C = −1. 5 3z − 1 5 z+3
A=1 1 1
= ln |3z − 1| − ln |z + 3| + C
5  5 
Therefore, 1  3 tan−1 (x/2) − 1 
= ln  + C.

5 tan−1 (x/2) + 3 
dx
x 3 + x2 + x



dx
dx x +1 1 74. Let x = (u + 1)3
= − dx Let u = x + 2 x 1/3 − 1
x x2 + x + 1 d x = 3(u + 1)2 du
du = d x

 

(u + 1)2 1
u + 12 =3 du = 3 u +2+ du
= ln |x| − du u u
u 2 + 34  2 
  u
1
 1 2x + 1 =3 + 2u + ln |u| + C
= ln |x| − ln x 2 + x + 1 − √ tan−1 √ + C. 2
2 3 3 3
= (x 1/3 − 1)2 + 6(x 1/3 − 1) + 3 ln |x 1/3 − 1| + C.
2

258
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL REVIEW EXERCISES ON TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION (PAGE 365)

 
dx x4 dx 8x
75. 79. I = = x+ d x.
tan

x + sin x x3 − 8 x3 − 8
cos x d x 2 dz
= Let z = tan(x/2), dx =
sin x(1 + cos x) 1 + z2
1 − z2 2z
cos x = , sin x = 8x A Bx + C
1 + z2 1 + z2 = + 2
1 − z2 2 dz x3 − 8 x −2 x + 2x + 4

Ax 2 + 2 Ax + 4 A + Bx 2 − 2Bx + C x − 2C
= 1 + z 1 + z2
2 =
  x3 − 8
2z 1 − z2  
1 + A+ B =0 B = −A
1 + z2 1 + z2 ⇒ 2 A − 2B + C = 8 ⇒ C = 2 A

2

(1 − z ) dz 1 1 − z2 4 A − 2C = 0 6A = 8
= = dz
z(1 + z 2 + 1 − z 2 ) 2 z
1 z2 Thus A = 4/3, B = −4/3, C = 8/3. We have
= ln |z| − +C
2 4
1   
x 1
x 2
= ln tan  − tan + C.


2 2 4 2 x2 4 dx 4 x −2
I = + − dx
Remark: Since 2 3 x −2 3 x 2 + 2x + 4
2

x x 4 4 x +1−3
sin2 = + ln |x − 2| − dx
tan 2 x
= 2 = 1 − cos x , 2 3 3 (x + 1)2 + 3
2 x 1 + cos x x2 4 2
cos2 = + ln |x − 2| − ln(x 2 + 2x + 4)
2 2 3 3
the answer can also be written as 4 −1 x + 1
  + √ tan √ + K.
1  1 − cos x  1 1 − cos x 3 3
ln − · + C.
4  1 + cos x  4 1 + cos x



x dx x dx
76. √ =  Let u = 2x + 1
3 − 4x − 4x 2 4 − (2x + 1)2 du = 2 d x


1 u−1
= √ du
4 4 − u2
1 1
u 
=− 4 − u 2 − sin−1 +C 80. By the procedure used in Example 4 of Section 7.1,
4 4 2  
1 1 1

=− 3 − 4x − 4x 2 − sin−1 x + + C.
4 4 2 e x cos x d x = 12 e x (sin x + cos x) + C,

√
x

77. d x Let x = u 2
1+x e x sin x d x = 12 e x (sin x − cos x) + C.
d x = 2u du


 
u 2 du 1
=2 = 2 1 − du
1 + u2 1 + u2 Now

 √ √
= 2 u − tan−1 u + C = 2 x − 2 tan−1 x + C.


√
xe x cos x d x
78. 1 + e x d x Let u 2 = 1 + e x
2u du = e x d x U=x d V = e x cos x d x

2
 
dU = d x V = 12 e x (sin x + cos x)
2u du 2
= = 2 + du

u2 − 1 u2 − 1 = 12 xe x (sin + cos x) − 12 e x (sin x + cos x) d x

 
1 1
= 2+ − du = 12 xe x (sin + cos x)
u−1 u+1
 
u − 1 − 14 e x (sin x − cos x + sin x + cos x) + C
= 2u + ln  +C
u + 1 = 1 x 1 x
√  2 xe (sin x + cos x) − 2 e sin x + C.
√  1 + ex − 1 
x  
= 2 1 + e + ln  √  + C.
 1 + ex + 1 

259
 REVIEW EXERCISES ON TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION (PAGE 365) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

1√
Other Review Exercises 6 (page 366) 5. x ln x d x Let x = u 2
0
d x = 2u du

1
d x 
= u(2 ln u)2u du
1. e (ax + b) cos x + (cx + d) sin x
dx  0

1
= e x (ax + b) cos x + (cx + d) sin x + a cos x + c sin x =4 u 2 ln u du
 0
− (ax + b) sin x + (cx + d) cos x U = ln u d V = u 2 du

 du u3
= e x (a + c)x + b + a + d cos x dU = V =

  u 3
 1
1
+ (c − a)x + d + c − b sin x u3  1
= 4 lim 
ln u  − 2
u du
c→0+ 3 c 3 c
If a + c = 1, b + a + d = 0, c − a = 0, and d + c − b = 0,
then a = c = −d = 1/2 and b = 0. Thus 4 4 4
=− lim c3 ln c − (1 − c3 ) = −
3 c→0+ 9 9


ex  
1
dx

1
dx
I = xe x cos x d x = x cos x + (x − 1) sin x + C. 6. √ > = ∞ (diverges)
2
0 x 1−x 2 0 x

1
dx
If a + c = 0, b + a + d = 0, c − a = 1, and d + c − b = 0, Therefore √ diverges.
then b = c = −a = 1/2 and d = 0. Thus −1 x 1 − x 2

∞
1
∞

dx
ex   7. I = √ x =
xe
+ = I1 + I2
J = xe x sin x d x = x sin x − (x − 1) cos x + C. 0 0 1
2
1
1
dx dx
I1 = √ x < √ =2
0 xe 0 x

∞
∞
dx 1

∞ I2 = √ x < e−x d x =
xe e
2. x r e−x d x 1 1
Thus I converges, and I < 2 + (1/e).
0

R  60
= lim x r e−x d x 8. Volume = 0 A(x) d x. The approximation is
c→0+
10 
R→∞
c

U= xr dV = dx e−x T6 = 10, 200 + 2(9, 200 + 8, 000 + 7, 100

2 
dU = r x r−1 dr V = −e −x + 4, 500 + 2, 400) + 100
R
∞

= lim −x r e−x  + r x r−1 e−x d x ≈ 364, 000 m3 .
c→0+
R→∞ c 0

∞
= lim cr e−c + r x r−1 e−x d x 10 
c→0+ 9. S6 = 10, 200 + 4(9, 200 + 7, 100 + 2, 400)
0 3 
because lim R→∞ R r e−R = 0 for any r . In order to en-
sure that limc→0+ cr e−c = 0 we must have + 2(8, 000 + 4, 500) + 100
limc→0+ cr = 0, so we need r > 0. ≈ 367, 000 m3

1

π/2 10. I = 2 + sin(π x) d x
π/2 
3. csc x d x = lim − ln | csc x + cot x| 0
0 c→0+ c 1 √  
T4 = 2 + 2( 2 + sin(π/4) + 2 + sin(π/2)
= lim ln | csc c + cot c| = ∞ (diverges) 8
c→0+  √ 
+ 2 + sin(3π/4) + 2


 
∞ dx R 1 x ≈ 1.609230
4. = lim − dx 1  
1 x + x3 R→∞ 1 x 1 + x2 M4 = 2 + sin(π/8) + 2 + sin(3π/8)
  R 4
1    
= lim ln |x| − ln(1 + x 2 )  2 + sin(5π/8) + 2 + sin(7π/8)
R→∞ 2
  1
1 R2 ln 2 ≈ 1.626765
= lim ln + ln 2 =
R→∞ 2 1 + R2 2 I ≈ 1.6

260
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL CHALLENGING PROBLEMS 6 (PAGE 367)

1 Thus I > (22/7) − π > I /2, or

11. T8 = (T4 + M4 ) ≈ 1.617996
2
1 22 22 I
S8 = (T4 + 2M4 ) ≈ 1.62092 −I <π < − .
3 7 7 2
I ≈ 1.62

∞ 1 1
x2 c) I = (x 8 − 4x 7 + 6x 6 − 4x 5 + x 4 ) d x = . Thus
12. I = dx Let x = 1/t 0 630
1/2 x5 + x3 + 1
d x = −(1/t 2 ) dt

2
2 22 1 22 1
(1/t 4 ) dt t dt − <π < − .
= 5 ) + (1/t 3 ) + 1
= 5 + t2 + 1 7 630 7 1260
0 (1/t 0 t
T4 ≈ 0.4444 M4 ≈ 0.4799
T8 ≈ 0.4622 M8 ≈ 0.4708

S8 ≈ 0.4681 S16 ≈ 0.4680 2. a) In = (1 − x 2 )n d x
I ≈ 0.468 to 3 decimal places
U = (1 − x 2 )n dV = dx
 
0.730 2.198 dU = −2nx(1 − x 2 )n−1 d x V =x
13. a) T4 = 1 + 1.001 + 1.332 + 1.729 +

2 2 2 n 2 2 n−1
= x(1 − x ) + 2n x (1 − x ) dx
= 5.526

 
1 = x(1 − x 2 )n − 2n (1 − x 2 − 1)(1 − x 2 )n−1 d x
S4 = 0.730 + 2.198 + 4(1.001 + 1.729) + 2(1.332)
3
= 5.504. = x(1 − x 2 )n − 2n In + 2n In−1 , so
1 2n
4T8 − T4 In = x(1 − x 2 )n + In−1 .
b) If T8 = 5.5095, then S8 = = 5.504. 2n + 1 2n + 1
3
1
c) Yes, S4 = S8 suggests that Sn may be independent of b) Let Jn = (1 − x 2 )n d x. Observe that J0 = 1. By
n, which is consistent with a polynomial of degree 0
not exceeding 3. (a), if n > 0, then we have

1
x(1 − x 2 )n  2n 2n
Challenging Problems 6 (page 367) Jn = + Jn−1 = Jn−1 .
2n + 1 0 2n + 1 2n + 1

1. a) Long division of x 2 + 1 into Therefore,

x 4 (1 − x)4 = x 8 − 4x 7 + 6x 6 − 4x 5 + x 4 yields
2n 2n − 2 4 2
Jn = · · · · · J0
x 4 (1 − x)4 4 2n + 1 2n − 1 5 3
= x 6 − 4x 5 + 5x 4 − 4x 2 + 4 − . [(2n)(2n − 2) · · · (4)(2)]2 22n (n!)2
x2 + 1 x2 + 1 = = .
(2n + 1)! (2n + 1)!
Integrating both sides over [0, 1] leads at once to

1 c) From (a):
x 4 (1 − x)4 22 22
dx = − 4tan−1 1 = − π.
0 x2 + 1 7 7 2n + 1 1
In−1 = In − x(1 − x 2 )n .
2n 2n
x 4 (1 − x)4 22
Since > 0 on (0, 1), − π > 0, and so
x2 + 1 7 Thus
22
π< .

7

1 (1 − x 2 )−3/2 d x = I−3/2
b) If I = x 4 (1 − x)4 d x, then since 1 < x 2 + 1 < 2 2(−1/2) + 1 1
0 = I−1/2 − x(1 − x 2 )−1/2
on (0, 1), we have −1 −1
x

= √ .
1 x 4 (1 − x)4 I 1 − x2
I > 2
dx > .
0 x +1 2

261
 CHALLENGING PROBLEMS 6 (PAGE 367) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

1
3. a) x 4 + x 2 +1 = (x 2 +1)2 − x 2 = (x 2 − x +1)(x 2 + x +1). 1
−x

−x  1
Thus b) I0 = e d x = −e  =1− e
0 0

1


In = x n e−x d x
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
4 2
= dx 0
x +x +1 (x − x + 1)(x 2 + x + 1)
2
U = xn d V = e−x d x

 
1 1 1
= + 2 dx dU = nx n−1 d x V = −e −x
2 x2 − x + 1 x +x +1 1
1

 
1 1 1 = −x n e−x  + n x n−1 e−x d x
= % &2 + % &2 dx 0 0
2 x − 12 + 34 x + 12 + 34 1
  = n In−1 − if n ≥ 1
1 2x − 1 2x + 1 e
= √ tan−1 √ + tan−1 √ + C.
3 3 3 c) The formula
⎛ ⎞
n

√ √ 1 1
b) x 4 +1 = (x 2 +1)2 −2x 2 = (x 2 − 2x+1)(x 2 + 2x+1). In = n! ⎝1 − ⎠
e j!
Thus j =0

holds for n = 0 by part (b). Assume that it holds for

x2 + 1 x2 + 1
= √ √ dx some integer n = k ≥ 0. Then by (b),
x4 + 1 (x 2 − 2x + 1)(x 2 + 2x + 1)

 
1 1 1 ⎛ ⎞
= √ + √ dx  k
2 x 2 − 2x + 1 x 2 + 2x + 1 1 1 1 ⎠− 1
⎛ ⎞ Ik+1 = (k + 1)Ik − = (k + 1)k! ⎝1 −

e e j! e
j =0
1 ⎜ 1 1 ⎟ ⎛ ⎞
= ⎝
2 +
2 ⎠ dx k
2 1  1 1
x − √1 + 34 x + √1 + 34 = (k + 1)! ⎝1 − − ⎠
2 2
 √ √ e j ! e(k + 1)!
j =0
1 −1 2x − 2 −1 2x + 2 ⎛ ⎞
= √ tan √ + tan √ + C. k+1
3 3 3 1  1
= (k + 1)! ⎝1 − ⎠.
e j!
j =0

Thus the formula holds for all n ≥ 0, by induction.

1
d) Since limn→∞ In = 0, we must have
4. I m,n = x m (ln x)n d x Let x = e−t ⎛ ⎞
0 n


d x = −e−t dt 1 1
∞ lim ⎝1 − ⎠ = 0.
= e−mt (−t)n e−t dt n→∞ e j!
j =0
0

∞
= (−1)n t n e−(m+1)t dt Let u = (m + 1)t n
 1
0
du = (m + 1) dt Thus e = lim .

∞ n→∞ j!
(−1)n j =0
= u n e−u du
(m + 1)n 0

1  
(−1)n 1 e−K x  1 1
= (n + 1) (see #50 in Section 7.5) 6. I = e−K x d x = = 1 − .
(m + 1)n 0 −K 0 K eK
n
(−1) n!
= . For very large K , the value of I is very small
(m + 1)n (I < 1/K ). However,

1 1
T100 = (1 + · · ·) >


100 100
1 1 1
1 1
5. a) 0 < In = x n e−x d x < , xn dx = S100 = (1 + · · ·) >
0 0 n + 1 300 300
−x
because 0 < e < 1 on (0, 1). Thus limn→∞ In = 0 1 −K /200 1
M100 = (e + · · ·) < .
by the Squeeze Theorem. 100 100

262
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL CHALLENGING PROBLEMS 6 (PAGE 367)

In each case the · · · represent terms much less than the 8. a) f  (x) < 0 on [1, ∞), and limx→∞ f (x) = 0. There-
first term (shown) in the sum. Evidently M100 is smallest fore
if k is much greater than 100, and is therefore the best

∞
∞
approximation. T100 appears to be the worst.
| f  (x)| d x = − f  (x) d x
7. a) Let f (x) = Ax 5 + Bx 4 + C x 3 + Dx 2 + E x + F. Then 1 1

R

h  = − lim f  (x) d x
Bh 5 Dh 3 R→∞ 1
f (x) d x = 2 + + Fh .
−h 5 3 = lim ( f (1) − f (R)) = f (1).
R→∞

Also
  Thus
2h a f (−h) + b f (−h/2) + c f (0) + b f (h/2) + a f (h) 



  ∞  ∞
= 2 a 2Bh 5 + 2Dh 3 + 2F  f (x) cos x d x  ≤

| f  (x)| d x → 0 as R → ∞.

  R R
2Bh 5 2Dh 3
+b + + 2F + cFh .
R
16 4
Thus lim f  (x) cos x d x exists.
R→∞ 1
These expressions will be identical if the coefficients
∞
of like powers of h on the two sides are identical. b) f (x) sin x d x
Thus 1
U = f (x) d V = sin x d x
2b 1 2b 1
2a + = , 2a + = , 2a + 2b + c = 1. dU = f  (x) d x V = − cos x
16 5 4 3 R
∞

Solving these equations, we get a = 7/90, = lim f (x) cos x  + f  (x) cos x d x
R→∞ 1 1
b = 16/45, and c = 2/15. The approximation
∞
for the integral of any function f on [m − h, m + h] = − f (1) cos(1) + f  (x) cos x d x;
is 1
the integral converges.

m+h 
7 16
f (x) d x ≈ 2h f (m − h) + f (m − 12 h) c) f (x) = 1/x satisfies the conditions of part (a), so
m−h 90 45

2 16 7
∞
+ f (m) + f (m + 12 h) + f (m + h) . sin x
15 45 90 dx converges
1 x

b) If m = h = 1/2, we obtain
by part (b). Similarly, it can be shown that

1 
−x 7 0 16 −1/4 2

e dx ≈ 1 e + e + e−1/2 ∞ cos(2x)
0 90 45 15 dx converges.
 1 x
16 7
+ e−3/4 + e−1
45 90
≈ 0.63212087501. But since | sin x| ≥ sin2 x = 12 (1 − cos(2x)), we have

With two intervals having h = 1/4 and m = 1/4 and
∞
∞

| sin x| 1 − cos(2x)
m = 3/4, we get dx ≥ .
1 x 1 2x

1 
1 7 0 16 −1/8 2 ∞
e−x d x ≈ e + e + e−1/4 The latter integral diverges because 1 (1/x) d x
0 2 90 45 15 ∞
16 7 diverges to infinity while 1 (cos(2x))/(2x) d x con-
+ e−3/8 + e−1/2 verges. Therefore
45 45

16 2 16 7

+ e−5/8 + e−3/4 + e−7/8 + e−1 ∞ | sin x|
45 15 45 90 dx diverges to infinity.
1 x
≈ 0.63212055883.

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