PH Motors

ECE 3650 Electrical Machines Athula Rajapakse
1
Single-Phase Induction Motors
Construction
- Rotor: Same as in a three-phase induction motor
- Stator: Only a single distributed winding

Magnetic field created by the stator winding
- Unlike a three-phase distributed winding which produce a rotating magnetic field, a single-phase
winding can produce only a pulsating magnetic field.
- The field gets larger and then smaller but in the same direction

+ve half cycle -ve half cycle
Fig. 1

Animation: http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/mjg17/ teach/rotate/phase-a.html

Single-phase Induction Motor Under Starting Conditions
- No starting torque since there is no rotating magnetic field.

Fig. 2
- Induced voltage due to transformer action produces currents in short circuited rotor bars.
- The resulting rotor flux is inline (but opposite in direction) with the stator flux.
- Net induced torque: 0 ) 180 sin( B B
s R
= = =
S R ind
B kB k t
However, if the rotor begins to rotate, an induced torque will be produced on the rotor.
- This can be explained using Double-Rvolving-Field Theory or the Cross-Filed Theory.
2
Double-Rvolving-Field Theory
Stationary pulsating magnetic field can be resolved into two rotating magnetic fields that are equal in
magnitude but rotating in opposite directions.

Fig. 3
Air gap field
j t B B
S
) cos(
max
e =
Field revolving in the clockwise direction
j t B i t B B
CW
) sin(
) cos(
max 2
1
max 2
1
e e =

Field revolving in the counter clockwise direction
j t B i t B B
CCW
) sin(
) cos(
max 2
1
max 2
1
e e + =

Total field

) ( ) ( ) ( t B t B t B
CCW CW S
+ =

et=0
o

et=45
o

et=90
o

et=150
o

et=180
o

et=270
o

3
Torque-Speed Characteristics

Fig. 4
Net torque is the difference between two torque speed curves
- Zero torque at zero speed No starting torque

The above representation is not quite accurate
- The simultaneous presence of two magnetic fields is not considered.

Three-phase Induction Motor

Fig. 5

When the rotor speed is negative
- Slip s > 1, rotor resistance is small Motor current is very large
- Very high rotor frequency f
R
= sf Rotor reactance X
2
>> R
2
/s
- Rotor current lags the rotor voltage by almost 90
o

- Rotor magnetic field is nearly 180
o
out of phase with stator magnetic field Very small torque
- Reduction in torque is partially compensated by the increased current

I 1 R 1
X 1
E 1
E2
I 1 '
R m X
m

I 2 R2
X2
N 1 :N 2
mechanical
output power
component
R
2
(1/s-1)
rotor
stator
R
2
(1-s)/s
4

Fig. 6

Fig. 7
5
Single-Phase Induction Motor
When the rotor is in motion,
- Backward flux wave see a slip > 1
- Component of rotor current induced by the backward field are greater than that at standstill, and
the power factor is lower.
- The direction of rotor magnetic field is almost opposite to the field produced by the stator currents
o Reduced backward flux wave.
- Forward flux wave see a slip < 1
- Component of currents induced by the forward field is less than that at standstill, and their power
factor is higher.
- The direction of rotor magnetic field is such that it increases magnitude of forward flux wave.
- When the speed increases
o the forward flux wave increases
o the backward flux wave decreases
Performance of the single-phase induction motor is considerably better than that would be predicted on the
basis of forward and backward flux waves.


(a) without considering effect of rotor field (b) considering the effect of rotor field

Fig. 8

6
Starting of Single-Phase Induction Motors
Since single-phase induction motors produce no intrinsic starting torque, special arrangement is needed.
- Split phase windings
- Capacitor-type windings
- Shaded stator poles
Single-phase induction motors are classified according to the starting method.
All starting techniques are methods of making one of the two rotating fields in the machine stronger than
the other,

Split-Phase Winding

Fig. 9

Main winding and Auxiliary winding are 90
o
electrical apart along the stator.
Auxiliary Winding
- Switched out of the circuit at some set speed by a centrifugal switch
- Designed to have low X/R ratio
- Use smaller wire to achieve high R
- Current in the auxiliary winding leads the current in main winding

Fig. 10
7

Fig. 11
Features
- Moderate starting torque
- Used for low starting torque applications
- Fans, pumps, blowers, etc.
- Inexpensive
- Available in the fractional horse power range

Direction of Rotation
- Direction is determined by the space angle of the auxiliary winding magnetic field
- 90
o
leading or 90
o
lagging
- Can be reversed by changing the connection of auxiliary winding while the main winding
connections are kept unchanged

Capacitor Start Motors

Fig 12
- Capacitor is connected in series with the auxiliary winding
- By proper selection of Capacitor value, the mmf of Auxiliary winding can be made equal to that of
Main winding
- Create a single uniform rotating magnetic field Behaves like a three-phase induction motor
8

Fig. 13
Features
- Very high starting torque ~ 300% of the rated torque
- More expensive than split-phase motors
- Used in applications those require high starting torque
- Compressors, pumps, air conditioners, equipment start under load

Permanent Split Capacitor

Fig. 14
- Starting capacitor does a very good job in improving the torque speed characteristics
- Capacitor is left in the circuit even during the normal running conditions
- Operate just like a three-phase induction motor smooth torque
Features
- Simpler than capacitor start motor no centrifugal switch
- At normal loads, they are more efficient
- Higher power factor
- Smooth operation
- Lower starting torque than capacitor start motors
o capacitor size is selected to balance the currents at the normal load conditions
o Under starting conditions, current is very high and unbalanced

9
Capacitor Start, Capacitor Run Motors

Fig. 15
Two Capacitors are used to obtain
- Largest possible starting torque
- Best running conditions
- C
start
is switched out after a certain speed


Fig. 16

- When starting C = C
run
+C
start
balances the winding currents yielding high starting torque
- The permanent capacitor C
start
is just enough to balance the currents at normal speeds
- C
run
= 10-20% of C
start

Direction of Rotation
- Direction of rotation of any capacitor-type motor can be reversed by changing the connections of
its auxiliary windings.

10
Shaded-Pole Induction Motors

Fig 17
- No auxiliary winding
- Has salient poles
- Each pole is split into two one portion is surrounded by a short circuited coil called shading ring
- Changing magnetic flux created by the main winding induces a voltage and therefore a current in
the shading ring
- The current in a shading ring creates a field that opposes the changes in the field that created it.
- This opposition retards the flux changes creating slight imbalance between the two oppositely
rotating flux waves
- Net rotation is from unshaded to the shaded portion of the pole face
- Direction of rotation cannot be easily changed.


Fig 18
Features
- Less starting torque
- Less efficient
- Used only in very small motors ( 0.05 hp and less) with very low starting torque requirements
- The cheapest design when it can be used.

11
Comparison of single-phase induction motors

Ranking from best to worse in terms of starting and running characteristics
- Capacitor start, capacitor run motor
- Capacitor start motor
- Permanent split capacitor motor
- Split-phase motor
- Shaded pole motor

Circuit Model of a Single-Phase Induction Motor

We can use double revolving field theory to develop an equivalent circuit
- Only the case of running with main winding is considered
- Analysis of operation with both winding requires use of symmetrical components

Case -1 : When the motor is stalled

Fig. 19
- Motor appears like a single phase transformer with short circuited secondary
- Core loss can be lumped with the rotational losses (or with stray load losses)
- The machine magnetic field can be resolved into two equal and oppositely rotating magnetic fields
- Equivalent circuit can be split into two sections, each corresponding to the effects of one of the
two magnetic fields

Fig. 20
12
Case-2: When running

Effective rotor resistance depends on the slip
Two magnetic fields the slip is different for the two magnetic fields
Forward field:
s
R S
N
N N
s

=

Backward field:
s
N
N N
N
N N
s
s
R S
s
R S
B
=
+
=

= 2
) (

Fig. 21
Analysis of Single-Phase Induction Motor Performance Using the Equivalent Circuit

The net power and torque in the machine is the difference between forward and reverse components.

Fig. 22
M s
R
M s
R
F F F
jX jX
jX jX
jX R Z
+ +
+
= + =
) (
) )( (
2
2
2
2

M s
R
M s
R
B B B
jX jX
jX jX
jX R Z
+ +
+
= + =
) (
) )( (
2 ) 2 (
2 ) 2 (
2
2

B F
Z Z jX R
V
I
5 . 0 5 . 0
1 1
1
+ + +
=

13
Calculation of Output Power and Torque

Calculation of the current in rotor impedance branches in forward and backward components is tedious.
We can workaround by considering the air gap power.
- Air Gap Power (P
AG
)

- Induced torque

- Converted Power:

- Rotor copper loss (P
RCL
):

- Since the two current components are operating at two different frequencies:

- The net mechanical output:

Power Flow in a Single-Phase Induction Motor

Fig. 23

) 5 . 0 (
2
1 , F F AG
R I P =
) 5 . 0 (
2
1 , B B AG
R I P =
B AG F AG AG
P P P
, ,
=
) 5 . 0 (
2
1 , , F F RCL F RCL
R sI sP P = =
) 5 . 0 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2
1 , , B B AG B RCL
R I s P s P = =
B RCL F RCL RCL
P P P
, ,
+ =
sync
AG
ind
P
e
t =
AG m ind conv
P s P ) 1 ( = = e t
rot conv out
P P P =
14
Example1:
A 2.4 kW, 120 V, 60 Hz, capacitor-start motor has the following impedances for the main and auxiliary
windings at starting:
Z
M
= 4.5 + j3.7 O
Z
A
= 9.5 + j3.5 O
Find the value of starting capacitance that will place the main and auxiliary winding currents in
quadrature at starting.

Example2:
A 1/3 hp, 110 V, 60 Hz, six-pole, split phase induction motor has the following impedances:
R
1
= 1.52 O X
1
= 2.10 O X
M
= 58.2 O
R
2
= 3.13 O X
2
= 1.56 O
The core losses of this motor are 35W, and the friction, windage and stray losses are 16W. The motor
is operating at the rated voltage and frequency with its starting winding open, and the motors slip is
5%. Find the following quantities:

(a) speed in rpm, (b) stator current in A
(c) stator power factor (d) input power
(e) air fap power, (f) converted power
(g) induced torque, (h) output power
(i) load torque, (j) Efficiency

15
Universal Motor

Torque of a DC motor
A ind
I K| t =
where | = flux per pole
I
A
= Armature current
If the direction of both filed winding and armature winding are reversed at the same time,
A A ind
I K I K | | t = = ) )( (
the direction of torque remains the same.

Fig. 24

If an alternating current is applied to both windings, the torque will still be unidirectional, but pulsating as
shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 25

DC shunt motor
If both windings are connected to the same AC voltage source
- Very high inductance in the field coil causes current through it to lag behind armature current
- Field direction reversal is delayed relative to armature current reversal
- Instantaneous torque become negative during some intervals
- The average torque will be unacceptably low

16
DC Series Motor
When connected to an AC voltage source:
- The same current flow through the both windings
- Instantaneous torque is always positive
- Could be successfully used as an AC motor

Universal Motor
- In order to work with AC, field poles and stator frame need to be completely laminated
o Otherwise the Core Loss will be enormous
- When the poles and stator are laminated, a DC series motor is called a Universal Motor
o Can be run using AC or DC
- When the motor is run with AC, commutation is poorer: transformer voltages induced on the coils
results in sparking during the commutation
o Much shorter brush life
o Source of radio-frequency interference
o Poor commutation can be rectified by using a compensation winding

Fig. 26 Equivalent circuit and phasor diagram

Torque Speed Characteristics of Universal Motor

Fig. 27 Torque speed characteristics
with DC supply
with AC supply
Torque
Speed
17
Torque with AC current is less than that with DC
- Voltage drop across the reactance at 60 Hz or 50 Hz
- Small back emf ( |e K E
A
= )
- Smaller flux at a given speed
- Peak voltage of an AC system is \2 times the rms voltage
- To avoid saturation voltage rating has to be lowered
- Therefore, rms flux is significantly low

Characteristics of Universal Motor
- Universal motor is light weight
- Has sharply drooping torques speed characteristics
- Not suitable for constant speed applications
- Gives more torque per ampere than other type of single phase motors
- Operating speeds 1500-15000 rpm

Applications of Universal Motor
- Vacuum cleaners
- Hand drills
- Portable tools
- Kitchen appliances

Speed Control

Fig. 28 Torque speed characteristics at different terminal voltages
18
Speed Control Circuits

Fig. 29 Speed control with SCR (Thyristor)

Fig. 30 Speed control with TRIAC

Example:
A 120 V, 60 Hz, 2-pole, universal motor operates at a speed of 8000 rpm and on full load and
draws a current of 17.58 A at a lagging power factor of 0.912. The impedance of the series field
winding is 0.65 +j1.2 O. The impedance of the armature winding is 1.36 +j1.6 O. Determine (a)
the induced back emf in the armature, (b) the power output, (c) the shaft torque, and (d) the
efficiency if the rotational loss is 80 W.

PH Motors

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PH Motors

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ECE 3650 Electrical Machines Athula Rajapakse

You might also like