Engleski Jezik Gramatika I

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Alfabet (abeceda) Alphabet

A, a (ei:) B, b (bi:) C, c (si:) D, d (di:) E, e (i:) F, f (ef) G, g (di:) H, h (ei) I, i (ai) J, j (dei) K, k (kei) L, l (el) M, m (em) N, n (en) O, o (o:) P, p (pi:) Q, q (kju:) R, r (a:) S, s (es:) T, t (ti:) U, u (ju:) V, v (vi:) W, w (dabl ju) X, x (eks) Y, y (uai) Z, z (zi, zed)
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Brojevi Numbers
Brojevi mogu biti: 1. glavni (cardinals) 2. redni (ordinals) 3. diobni (fractional numerals) 4. brojevi za ponavljanje (repeating numerals) 5. brojevi za umnoavanje (multiplicatives) 6. broj nula (zero) Glavni brojevi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen 19 20 21 22 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 101 200 1000 2000 1.000.000 2.000.000 nineteen twenty twenty one twenty two etc. thirty fourty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety a hundred a hundred and one two hundred a thousand two thousand a million two million
Kao to se vidi, brojevi izmeu 13 i 20 obrazuju se kada se broju prve desetine doda sufiks "teen", izuzev nekih manjih izuzetaka (thirteen umjesto threeteen i fifteen umjesto fiveteen). Brojevi desetica obrazuju se na slian nain, dodavanjem sufiksa "ty". Brojevi koji imaju desetice i jedinice prave se kao i u naem jeziku: 25 - twenty five, 71 - seventy one. Mogu se i jedinice, ali samo za brojeve ispod 40, staviti na prvo mesto i vezati pomou "and" sa deseticama: 24 - four and twenty. Rei hundred i thousand posle kojih dolazi manji broj od stotinu, vezuju se veznikom "and": 328 - three hundred and twenty eight 3.020 - three thousand and twenty. Hundred i thousand dobijaju "s" u mnoini kada se javljaju kao imenice: hundreds of men, thousands of insects. (stotine ljudi, hiljade insekata) "One" ima mnoinu koja glasi "ones" i upotrebljava se kao imenica, najee da bi se izbjeglo ponavljanje imenice u reenici: Black gloves are stronger than white ones. (crne rukavice su jae od belih). Redni brojevi Prva tri redna broja se grade nepravilno:
first (prvi), second (drugi) i third (trei). Svi ostali redni brojevi prave se dodavanjem nastavka "th" na glavne brojeve: seventh (sedmi), tenth (deseti), sixteenth (esnaesti), ninetieth (devedeseti), thousandth (hiljaditi) etc. Slova "ve" kod five postaju slovo "f" kod fifth (peti), fifteenth (petnaesti) i fiftieth (pedeseti). Isto tako kod twelve se mijenja u twelfth. Nine u rednom broju gubi krajnje "-e": nine - ninth. Kod desetica krajnje "y" mijenja se u "ie" pred nastavkom "th": thirtieth (trideseti). Kod sastavljenih rei nastavak dobijaju samo jedinice: twenty-fourth (dvadeset etvrti). Redni brojevi se upotrebljavaju umesto glavnih za oznaavanje: datuma meseca: the nineteenth of May (devetnaesti Maj); rodoslovlje vladara: Henry the Sixth (Henry VI) poglavlja u knjizi: chapter the tenth (glava deseta); posle rei every, kao to su izrazi: every third day (svakog desetog mjeseca). Razlomci u imeniocu imaju redni broj: 4/5 - four fifths 3/10 - three tenths Razlika je jedino kod 1/2 - one half i 1/4 - one quarter ili a quarter, 3/4 - three quarters. Redni brojevi dobijaju odreeni lan the. the first class (prvi razred). Deobni brojevi Izuzev broja half (pola) svi deobni brojevi jednaki su sa rednim brojevima. U mnoini dobijaju nastavak "s": four sevenths (etiri sedmice). Iza half dolazi "a" ispred imenice: half a loaf (polovina hleba). Posle broja, izraza i po (i polovina) prevodi se sa "and a half": two leagues and a half (dve i po milje). Brojevi za ponavljanje Brojevi za ponavljanje prave se pomou rei "times": four times (etiri puta), twenty times (dvadeset puta). Izuzetak: once (jedanput), twice (dva puta), thrice (tri puta) zadrali su se jo u poeziji, inae su zastareli. Brojevi za umnoavanje Brojevi za umnoavanje prave se dodavanjem nastavka "fold" na glavne brojeve: fourfold (etverostruk). Izuzetak je broj "twofold" koji se moe izraziti jo reju double (dvostruk). Broj nula Nula se u engleskom jeziku kae naught ili zero: seven degrees below zero (sedam stepeni ispod nule) 206 - two naught six U telefonskim brojevima nula se izgovara kao glas "o" (ou): 32-049 - three two o four nine.
Odreeni i neodreeni lan

U engleskom jeziku postoje odreeni i neodreeni lan. Odreeni lan je the. On je nepromjenljiv: the man, the woman, the house. Neodreeni lan je a ili an, a koristimo ispred suglasnika: a chair, a university, a year; an koristimo ispred samoglasnika: an hour, an apple, an elephant itd. Da bi ste odredili koji i da li upotrebiti lan postavite sebi nekoliko pitanja: 1. Da li va italac zna o kome ili o emu govorite? da ne koristite the preite na sledee pitanje 2. Da li je imenica u jednini ili mnoini? jednini mnoini preite na sledee pitanje izostavite lan 3. Moe li imenica biti u mnoini, tj. da li je brojiva? (ta su brojive imenice?) Da Ne preite na sledee pitanje izostavite lan 4. Da li govorite o pojedinanoj stvari ili optoj ideji? pojedinano opte preite na sledee pitanje izostavite lan 5. Da li imenica poinje vokalima (a, e, i, o, u)? Da Ne koristite an koristite a Odreeni lan Odreeni lan se upotrebljava: - kada se govori o odreenom licu, stvari ili pojmu: send me the book (poalji mi knjigu) - kada je re o imenici koja je blie odreena ili poznata licu koje slua ili ita: I saw the teacher (vidio sam uitelja), she gave the letter to her mother (dala je pismo svojoj majci); - ispred imenica koje po naem shvatanju postoje u samo jednom primjerku: the Earth moves round the sun (Zemlja se okree oko Sunca); - ako imenica u jednini odreuje celu vrstu, a ne samo pojedinu stvar koja pripada toj vrsti: the Earth-satellite is faster then the aeroplane (Zemljin satelit je bri od aviona); - pred superlativima: this is the best thing you can do (to je najbolja stvar koju moe uiniti); - ispred rednih brojeva: it is the second day of my arrival here (drugi je dan otkako sam stigao ovamo); - ispred "same": the same to you (isto i vama); - ispred imena zgrada, ustanova, brodova i sl: The Houses of Parliament (parlament), The Ministry of Defence (ministarstvo odbrane), The Majestic (hotel) itd; - ispred imena listova, asopisa, magazina: the Times; - ispred linih imena koja se sastoje od prideva i imenice:
The Black Sea (Crno more), The Pacific Ocean (Tihi okean); - ispred imena naroda u mnoini: the English (Englezi); - ispred imena posle kojih dolazi "of": we signed the treaty of Locarno (potpisali smo sporazum u Lokarnu); - ispred imena reka, plananskih lanaca, jezera i mora: we climbed the Alps (popeli smo se na Alpe); - ispred pridjeva koji su upotrebljeni kao imenice: the poor of London (sirotinja Londona); - u nekim stalnim izrazima i frazama: he made a joke at the expense of this old woman (naalio se na raun ove starice) I don't want to run the risk (ne elim da rizikujem). Odreeni lan se ne upotrebljava: - ispred osobnih imenica: Jack gave me an apple
(Jack mi je dao jabuku);
- bez lana su imenice koje oznaavaju porodine odnose, a lanovi su porodice: mother called me back (majka me je pozvala da se vratim); - imena dana, mjeseci i godinjih doba: I shall come by Monday (doi u do ponedjeljka); - imena vrhova planina: Magli is the highest mountain in Bosnia (Magli je najvea planina u Bosni);
- man i woman se upotrebljavaju bez lana kada oznaavaju cijelu vrstu, tj. ljudski rod: man is mortal (ovjek je smrtan); - gradivne imenice su bez lana: the table is made of wood - misaone imenice su bez lana: I prefer music to poetry - imena obroka su bez lana: children, come, dinner is ready (sto je napravljen od drveta); (vie volim muziku nego poeziju); (djeco, doite, ruak je spreman);
- imenice kao to su: school, college, market, court, prison itd, idu bez lana ako oznaavaju rad koji se tamo obavlja: after school children go home (posle kole djeca se vraaju kui), he was put in prison (stavljen je u zatvor); - uz superlativ priloga lan se ne upotrebljava: he runs best (on najbolje tri), she writes quickest (ona pie najbre); - lan se nikad ne upotrebljava u nekim izrazima: to be at work (biti u poslu) to catch fire (zapaliti se) to take breath (odahnuti) to set sail (isploviti) to shake hands (rukovati se) to lose courage (izgubiti hrabrost) by land (kopnom) hand in hand (ruku pod ruku)
by heart on board Neodreeni lan
(napamet) (na brodu).
Neodreeni lan "a" upotrebljava se ispred rei koje poinju suglasnikom, a oblik "an" se upotrebljava ispred rei koje poinju samoglasnikom ili muklim "h": a man (ovek), an open window (otvoren prozor), an hour (as). Neodreeni lan upotrebljava se samo sa imenicama koje imaju mnoinu. Misaone i gradivne imenice koje nemaju mnoine i koje se ne mogu brojati, nemaju neodreeni lan: I have a book (imam knjigu), ali I have time (imam vremena). Neodreeni lan nema mnoinu i ne moe se upotrijebiti ispred imenice u mnoini: a house (kua), houses (kue). Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava uz imenicu koja je izdvojena iz cijeline ili mnotva ali koja nije posebno odreena: the boy saw a bird in the tree (djeak je vidjeo pticu na drvetu). Neodreeni lan moe odrediti itavu vrstu: a cat is an animal (maka je ivotinja); Neodreeni lan se stavlja uz razlomke: a half (polovina), a third (treina). Neodreeni lan se stavlja ispred rei koje oznaavaju vrijeme, broj, teinu i mjeru: I see him two times a week (viam ga dvaput sedmino). Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava sa reima: many, such, quite, rather, what, no less, so, too, as - ako je imenica u jednini: we have seen him many a time (vidjeli smo ga mnogo puta), he is quite a good doctor (on je poprilino dobar doktor). Neodreeni lan se stavlja ispred rei: dozen (tuce), gross (dvanaest tuceta), score (dvadeset), hundred, thousand, million: a hundred balls (stotinu lopti). Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava s imenskim predikatom: he is a school-teacher (on je uitelj u koli). Neodreeni lan se moe upotrijebiti uz apoziciju koja se dodaje nazivima knjievnih dijela: "Rivals", a comedy by Sheridan ("Suparnici", eridanova komedija). Neodreeni lan upotrebljen iza "not" pojaava negaciju: I have not a single penny (nemam niti jedan jedini peni). Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava u mnogim idiomatskim izrazima, dok se u nekim isputa: to have a pain (imati bolove) to be in hurry (uriti se) to be at loss (biti u neprilici) as a rule (po pravilu) on an average (prosjeno).
Neodreeni lan se izostavlja: - kad se neto nabraja: my brother is a runner, swimmer and jumper (moj brat je trka, pliva i skaka); - uz misaone i gradivne imenice koje se ne mogu brojati: he put wood on fire (stavio je drva na vatru), we have confidence in you (imamo povjerenja u vas); - u sluaju kada neku titulu moe imati samo jedno lice u isto vrijeme: he is President of the Republic (on je predsjednik republike); - posle izraza kao to su: the title of, the post of, the office of, the rank of: he holds the post of secretary (on zauzima poloaj sekretara); - posle glagola to turn (kada znai stati): he was unable to obtain a civil post he turned soldier (poto nije mogao da dobije mjesto u civilu, postao je vojnik); - kada je predikat dio objekta u aktivnoj konstrukciji i dio subjekta u pasivnoj konstrukciji: the called him fool, madman (nazvali su ga ludim, ludakom), he was made prisoner (zarobili su ga); - kada je re "part" upotrebljena u smislu "partly": part of the ceiling came down on people (dio tavanice je pao na ljude); - kada posle rei "what" koja je upotrebljena kao uzvik, dolazi imenica koja se obino ne upotrebljava u mnoini: what wisdom in so young boy (kakva mudrost u tako mladog djeaka).
Glagoli Verbs
Pomoni glagoli - Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs) - glagol "to be" - biti - glagol "to have" - imati - glagol "to do" - raditi Bezlini glagoli - Impersonal Verbs Nepotpuni glagoli - Defective Verbs Pravilni i nepravilni glagoli - Regular and Irregular Verbs Prelazni i neprelazni glagoli - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Povratni glagoli - Reflexive Verbs Viereni glagoli - Multi-Word Verbs - Frazalni glagoli - Phrasal Verbs - Prijedloni glagoli - Prepositional Verbs - Frazalni prijedloni glagoli - Phrasal-prepositional Verbs "-ing" oblici (gerund,particip prezenta) - The "-ing" Forms Direktni i indirektni govor - Direct and Indirect Speech Klauze - Clauses Kondicionali - The Conditionals Pasiv - Passive Voice Slaganje vremena - Sequence of Tenses Glagolska vremena Present Simple, Continuous, Perfect Simple, Perfect Continuous Past Simple, Continuous, Perfect Simple, Perfect Continuous Future Simple, Continuous, Perfect Simple, Perfect Continuous
Pomoni glagoli
Pomoni glagol "to be" - Auxiliary Verb "to be"
Pomoni glagoli slue za graenje sloenih glagolskih vremena (perfekta, futura itd.) Pomoni glagoli su: be, have, do, shall, will
Glagol "to be" - biti

Glagoli be, have i do mogu biti pomoni glagoli i glagoli punog znaenja. Glavni dijelovi glagola be su: be was been
Be kao pomoni glagol se upotrebljava: - za graenje trajnih vremena: I am surfing. (ja surfujem); - za graenje pasivnih vremena: The bridge was built. (most je izgraen). Be kao glagol punog znaenja znai postojati, ivjeti, stii itd. To be, or not to be. (biti ili ne biti) I was in Spain last year. (bio sam u paniji prole godine) Be se vrlo esto upotrebljava kao dio imenskog predikata. He is ill. (on je bolestan) His brother was a sailor. (njegov brat je bio mornar). Be se upotrebljava za dob, udaljenost i cijenu. It is ten miles. (ima deset milja) She is twenty. (njoj je dvadeset) This building is twenty years old. (ova zgrada je stara dvadeset godina) Kada govorimo o osobi kaemo samo broj (She is twenty.) ali kada govorimo o stvari years i old se ne mogu izostaviti. Present Simple - Prezent I am - I'm (ja sam) you are - you're he is - he's, she's, it's we were - we're you were - you're they were - they're Past Simple - Preterit I was (ja sam bio) you was he was Present Perfect - Perfekt I have been (ja sam bio) you have been he have been I haven't been you haven't been he haven't been have I been? have you been? has he been?
I'm not (ja nisam) you're not he's, she's, it's not we're not you're not they're not I wasn't you weren't he wasn't
am I? (je sam li) are you? is he, she, it? are we? are you? are they? was I? were you? was he?
Past Perfect - Pluskvamperfekt (Pluperfekt) I had been (ja bejah bio) you had been he had been Futur Simple - Futur I shall be (ja u biti) you will be he will be I had not been you had not been he had not been had I been? had you been? had he been?
I shall not be you will not be he will not be
shall I be? will you be? will he be?

Futur Perfect - Svreni futur I shall have been (ja u biti) I shall not have been you will have been you will not have been he will have been he will not have been Present Conditional - Pogodbeni nain sadanji I should be (ja bih bio) I should not be you would be you would not be he would be he would not be
shall I have been? will you have been? will he have been?
should I be? would you be? would he be)
Past Conditional - Pogodbeni nain proli I should have been (bio bih bio) I should not have been should I have been? you would have been you would not have been would you have been? he would have been he would not have been would he have been? Imperativ Infinitiv prezenta Infinitiv perfekta Particip prezenta Particip perfekta Gerund prezenta Gerund perfekta be to be to have been being been - having been being having been
Pomoni glagol "to have" - Auxiliary Verb "to have" Pomoni glagoli slue za tvorbu sloenih glagolskih vremena (perfekta, futura itd.) Pomoni glagoli su: be, have, do, shall, will Glagol "to have" - imati Have kao pomoni glagol: S pomonim glagolom have tvore se sljedei glagolski oblici: perfekt (I have spoken) pluskvamperfekt (I had spoken) infinitiv perfekta (to have spoken) particip perfekta (to have spoken) particip perfekta i gerund proli (having spoken). Have kao glagol punog znaenja: - Have iza kojeg slijedi infinitiv izraava obavezu. Npr: They had to leave. (morali su otii) I have to buy some chocolate for her girl. (moram kupiti okolade za njezinu djevojicu) - U toj se konstrukciji moe upitni oblik tvoriti s pomou do ili inverzijom, a odrini pomou do ili dodavanjem not, npr: Did they have to leave? { Jesu li morali otii? Had they have to leave? They did not have to leave. { Nisu morali otii. They had not to leave.
- Osnovno znaenje glagola have kao glagola punog znaenja jest posjedovati, imati. Npr: Her brother has a motor-boat. (njezin brat ima motorni amac) The baby has a blue eyes. (djetece ima plave oi) - U govornom se jeziku uz have koje znai posjedovati esto stavlja got. I have got znai isto znaenje kao i have. He has got a TV set. (on ima televizor) Kada have znai posjedovati, ne upotrebljava se u nesvrenim vremenima. - Have se upotrebljava u nekim stalnim izrazima: to have breakfast (dorukovati) to have tea (popiti aj) to have a good time (dobro se zabavljati) Causative have Have iza kojeg slijedi objekt i particip perfekta oznauje da neko drugi vri radnju reenice po elji ili zapovijedi subjekta. Takvo have se u gramatikama obino zove causative have. Last week I had a new suit made. (prole sedmice dao sam napraviti novo odijelo) You must have your invitation cards printed. (morate dati tampati pozivnice). Iz tih prijevoda vidimo da se takvo have prevodi na na jezik glagolom 'dati'. U ovim reenicama osobito je vaan poredak rei: HAVE + OBJEKT + PARTICIP PERFEKTA Ako izmijenimo poredak rei, izmijenit emo i znaenje reenice: I have weeded my garden. (oplijevio sam svoj vrt) I have my garden weeded. (dajem plijeviti vrt) Simple Present Tense - Prezent I have - I've (ja imam) I haven't you have - you've you haven't he has - he's he hasn't Past Simple Tense - Preterit I had (ja sam imao) I hadn't you had you hadn't he had he hadn't Present Perfect Tense - Perfekt I have had (ja sam imao) I have not had you have had you have not had he has had he has not had The Past Perfect Tense - Pluskavamperfekt I had had (ja bejah imao) I had not had you had had you had not had he had had he had not had
have I? have you? has he?
had I? had you? had he?
have I had? have you had? has he had?
had I had? had you had? had he had?

Futur Simple - Futur I shall have (ja u imati) you will have he will have
I shall not have you will not have he will not have
shall I have? will you have? will he have? shall I have had? will you have had? will he have had?
Futur Perfect - Svreni futur I shall have had (ja u imati) I shall not have had you will have had you will not have had he will have had he will not have had Present Conditional - Pogodbeni nain sadanji I should have (ja bih imao) I should not have you would have you would not have he would have he would not have Past Conditional - Pogodbeni nain proli I should have had (bio bih I should not have had imao) you would have had you would not have had he would have had he wuold not have had Imperativ Infinitiv prezenta Infinitiv perfekta Particip prezenta Particip perfekta Gerund prezenta Gerund perfekta have to have to have had having had - having had having having had
should I have? would you have? would he have?
should I have had? would you have had? would he have had?
Pomoni glagol "to do" - Auxiliary Verb "to do" Pomoni glagoli slue za tvorbu sloenih glagolskih vremena (perfekta, futura itd.) Pomoni glagoli su: be, have, do, shall, will Glavni dijelovi glagola do jesu: do did done Do kao pomoni glagol - S pomonim glagolom do tvori se upitni i odrini oblik prezenta i preterita glagola punog znaenja. Do he drive a car? (vozi li on auto) You do not understand me. (vi me ne razumijete) They did not arrive in time. (nisu stigli na vrijeme) - U imperativu, prezentu i preteritu upotrebljava se pomoni glagol do i u potvrdnim reenicama ako elimo istaknuti glagol. Takvo do se zove emfatino do (Emphatic do). Do sit down! (ta sjedi!) I do like this cakes. (zaista volim ove kolae) Do se esto upotrebljava da bi se izbjeglo ponavljanje glavnog glagola i to: -u kratkim odgovorima: Do you read? -Yes i do. (itate li, itam) -uz so, iza kojeg slijedi pomoni glagol, a onda subjekt. He swims well, and so does his sister. (on dobro pliva, a isto tako i njegova sestra)
-u dodatnom pitanju: You know what I mean, don't you? (znate na ta mislim, zar ne) Do kao glagol punog znaenja -Do se upotrebljava u znaenju initi, raditi. Npr: They did their job very well. (oni su vrlo dobro obavili svoj posao) He did not do what he had promised. (nije uinio to je obeao) When does she do the room? (kada ona sprema sobu) Simple Present Tense - Prezent I do (ja inim) you do he, she, it does we do you do they do I do not - I don't you do not - you don't he do not - he don't we do not - we don't you do not - you don't they do not - they don't do I? do you? does he? do we? do you? do they?
Past Simple Tense - Preterit I did (ja uinih) you did he did we did you did they did Imperativ do I did not - I didn't you did not - you didn't he did not - he didn't we did not - we didn't you didnot - you didn't they did not - they didn't did I? did you? did he? did we? did you? did they?
Bezlini glagoli - Impersonal Verbs Bezlini glagoli imaju u svim vremenima samo tree lice jednine sa zamjenicom srednjeg roda. U ovu grupu spadaju: Infinitiv to rain (pada kia) to hail (pada grad) to freeze (mrznuti se) to snow (pada snijeg) to thunder (grmjeti) Present Simple it rains it hails it freezes it snows it thunders
Neki glagoli u treem licu jednine u engleskom jeziku mogu imati bezlino znaenje. To su sljedei glagoli: to seem (izgledati): it seems to be true (izgleda da je istina) to appear (izgledati): it appears as if it would be a change in weather (izgleda kao da e se vrijeme promijeniti) to look (izgledati): it looks like rain (izgleda kao da e kia) to feel (osjeati): it feels cold (osjea se hladnoa) to make (initi): it makes me afraid (to me plai).
Nepotpuni glagoli - Defective Verbs Nepotpuni glagoli su: can (moi), may (moi, smjeti), ought (trebati) i must (morati). Zajedniko za nepotpune glagole je da: - da nemaju sve oblike i vremena, - u sadanjem vremenu u treem licu nemaju nastavak "s"; - upitni im se oblik pravi inverzijom, odrini oblik obrazuju sa rjeicom "not"; - trae infinitiv bez "to" (izuzev glagola "ought"). Nepotpuni glagol "can" (moi, umjeti, znati) oznaava fiziku ili umnu sposobnost. Ima oblik "could" za prolo vrijeme (Past Tense) i za pogodbeni nain sadanji (Present Conditional): I can swim (umijem, znam da plivam), I could swim (umio sam da plivam), Could you show me the way, please? (da li biste mogli da mi pokaete put, molim?) Glagol "can" se ne moe upotrijebiti s etvrtim padeom bez nekog drugog glagola, tako ne moemo rei: I can that - ve I can do that (ja to umijem). Odrini oblik glasi "can not" ili skraeno (saeto, contracted) "can't" i "could not" ili "couldn't". Umjesto glagola "can" u vremenima koje on nema upotrebljava se izraz "to be able" (moi, biti u stanju): I shall be able to this for you. (moi u to da uinim za vas). Nepotpuni glagol "may" (moi, smjeti) oznaava odobravanje, doputanje, vjerovatnost, mogunost i elju: he may come tomorrow (moda e on sutra doi) may I go in? (smijem li ui?) may he join us? (smije li da nam se pridrui?) may he rest in peace! (neka poiva u miru!). U prolom vremenu "may" ima svoj drugi oblik "might": He might have arrived earlier. (mogao je ranije da stigne) He might be present. (mogao bi biti prisutan). Might izraava takoer i pogodbu. Odrini oblik glasi "may not" ili "mayn't" i "might not" ili "mightn't". Nepotpuni glagol must (morati) ima samo taj jedan oblik. Izraava moranje, dunost, nunost. I must take leave now. (sada se moram pozdraviti, moram otii), The soldiers knew that they must die. (vojnici su znali da moraju umrijeti) U vremenima koje glagol must nema upotrebljava se glagol to have sa infinitivom bilo kog glagola sa obaveznim "to": I had to go at once. (morao sam smjesta otii) We shall have to work hard. (moraemo mnogo raditi)
U odreenom obliku "must not" ne prevodimo sa "ne morati" ve "ne smjeti": You must not to do this. (ne smijete to uiniti) "Ne morati" kaemo pomou glagola "need not". Skraeni oblik od "must not" je "mustn't". Nepotpuni glagol "ought" (trebati) je jedini koji se upotrebljava u infinitivu sa "to": You ought to learn more seriously. (treba da ui ozbiljnije), You ought to know this. (treba to da zna) Glagol "ought" izraava obavezu, dunost (prevodi se sa "treba", "mora" i sl.). Odrini oblik glasi "ought not", skraeno "oughtn't". Kako ovaj glagol nema prolog vremena, misao o onome to je trebalo da se dogodi izraavamo sa "ought" i infinitivom prolim (infinitiv proli glasi: "to have said", "to have left" itd.): You ought to have gone. (trebalo je da ode) Pravilni i nepravilni glagoli - Regular and Irregular Verbs Pravilni glagoli tvore preterit i particip perfekta tako da se infinitivu doda nastavak "-ed". Npr: play - played, open - opened itd. Ako se glagol u infinitivu zavrava na "-e" dodaje se samo "-d". Npr: smile - smiled, hope - hoped itd. Nepravilni glagoli tvore preterit i particip perfekta na razne naine. Preterit i particip perfekta imaju isti oblik: stand - stood - stood think - thought - thought Sva tri oblika su razliita: sing - sang - sung drive - drove - driven. Sva tri oblika jednaka put - put - put hit - hit - hit.
Lista najeih nepravilnih glagola

Base Form awake be beat become begin bend bet bid bite blow break bring broadcast build burn buy catch choose come cost cut dig do draw dream drive drink eat fall feel fight find fly forget forgive freeze get give go grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep know Past Simple awoke was, were beat became began bent bet bid bit blew broke brought broadcast built burned/burnt bought caught chose came cost cut dug did drew dreamed/dreamt drove drunk ate fell felt fought found flew forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew Past Participle awoken been beaten become begun bent bet bid bitten blown broken brought broadcast built burned/burnt bought caught chosen come cost cut dug done drawn dreamed/dreamt driven drunk eaten fallen felt fought found flown forgotten forgiven frozen gotten given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known
lay lead learn leave lend let lie lose make mean meet pay put read ride ring rise run say see sell send show shut sing sit sleep speak spend stand swim take teach tear tell think throw understand wake wear win write
laid led learned/learnt left lent let lay lost made meant met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sold sent showed shut sang sat slept spoke spent stood swam took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote
laid led learned/learnt left lent let lain lost made meant met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent showed/shown shut sung sat slept spoken spent stood swum taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn won written
Prelazni i neprelazni glagoli - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Prelazni glagoli su oni uz koje moe stajati objekt u akuzativu tj. direktni objekt (subject + verb + object): He speaks English. (on govori engleski) We are watching TV. (mi gledamo TV) I saw an elephant. (vidio sam slona) Neprelazni glagoli su oni uz koje ne moe stajati direktni objekt (subject + verb [+indirect object]).
He has arrived. (on je stigao) She speaks fast. (ona govori brzo) John goes to school. (John ide u kolu) Povratni glagoli - Reflexive Verbs Povratnih glagola u engleskom jeziku nema mnogo. Najei su: to dress oneself to help oneself to hurt oneself to improve oneself to tire oneself to excuse oneself to flatter oneself to amuse oneself to warm oneself to take care of oneself (obui se) (pomoi se) (povrijediti se) (popraviti se) (umoriti se) (izviniti se) (hvaliti se) (zabaviti se) (utopliti se) (obui se)
Povratni glagoli se mijenjaju ovako: infinitiv glasi: "to dress oneself" Present Simple Tense glasi: I dress myself you dress yourself he, she, it dresses himself, herself, itself we dress ourselves you dress yourselves thes dress themselves Upitni oblik: Do I dress myself? Odrini oblik: I do not dress myself Upitno-odrini oblik: Do I not dress myself? Viereni glagoli - Multi-Word Verbs Viereni glagoli - Multi-word verbs Frazalni glagoli Frazalni glagoli spadaju u grupu vierenih glagola, tj. glagola koji se prave od glagola i jo neke rei ili vie njih. Frazalni glagoli se tvore od: glagol + prilog Oni mogu biti: neprelazni (bez direktnog objekta) prelazni (sa direktnim objektom) Primjeri nekih frazalnih glagola: Frazalni glagol Primjeri Znaenje Direktni objekat
neprelazni get up ustati iz kreveta I don't like to get up. frazalni He was late because his car break down prestati sa radom glagol broke down.
prelazni frazalni glagol
put off turn down
odgoditi odbiti
We will have to put off They turned down
the meeting. my offer.
Kada su frazalni glagoli prelazni (tj. kada imaju direktni objekat), obino ih moemo rastaviti na dva dijela. Npr: They turned down my offer. They turned my offer down. (obje reenice su tane) Meutim, ako je direktni objekat zamjenica, nemamo izbora, moramo razdvojiti frazalni glagol i ubaciti zamjenicu. U tabeli je dat primjer sa frazalnim glagolom "switch on": Tano: John switched on the radio. Tano: John switched the radio on Tano: John switched it on Netano: John switched on it. Prijedloni glagoli se tvore na sljedei nain: glagol + prijedlog Iz razloga to prijedlozi uvijek imaju direktni objekat, svi prijedloni glagoli imaju direktne objekte. Primjeri: Prijedloni Primjeri Znaenje glagoli Direktni objekat believe in vjerovati u postojanje I believe in God. look after brinuti se o He is looking after the dog talk about razgovarati o Did you talk about me? wait for ekati John is waiting for Mary. Prijedloni glagoli se ne mogu razdvajati, to znai da ne moemo umetnuti direktni objekat izmeu. Na primjer, moramo rei: "look after the baby" a ne smijemo rei: "look the baby after". Frazalni prijedloni glagoli se tvore na sljedei nain: glagol + prilog + prijedlog Primjeri frazalnih prijedlonih glagola: Frazalni prijedloni glagoli get on with put up with look forward to run out of Primjeri Znaenje imati prijateljski odnos sa He doesn't get on with tolerisati oekivati sa zadovoljstvom iscrpiti I won't put up with I look forward to We have run out of Direktni objekat his wife. your attitude. seeing you. eggs.
Poto se frazalni prijedloni glagoli tvore sa prijedlozima, uvijek imamo direktni objekat i poput prijedlonih glagola ne smiju se razdvajati. We run out of fuel. We run out of it. Lista 200 najeih frazalnih glagola sa primjerima >> "-ing" oblici - The "-ing" forms "-ing" oblici se tvore od infinitiva i nastavka -ing i mogu biti: gerund: Hunting lions is dangerous. (lov na lavove je opasan) particip prezenta: I am surfing. (ja surfam) imenica: This building is our school. (ova zgrada je naa kola) Gerund - The Gerund Gerund je glagolski oblik koji ima osobine glagola i imenice. Glagolske osobine gerunda su:
iza njega moe stajati prilog: He is fond of walking quickly. (on voli brzo hodati); iza njega moe stajati objekt: I don't like reading books. (ne volim itati knjige); moe stajati u raznim vremenima, imamo: gerund sadanji (surfing), gerund proli (having read), a kod prijelaznih glagola postoje i pasivni oblici gerunda: sadanji (being taught) i proli (having been taught).
Imenike osobine gerunda su:
pred njim moe stajati prijedlog: She's good at painting. (ona dobro slika); pred njim moe stajati atribut: His being nervous is due to his illness. (njegova nervoza je posljedica njegove bolesti); pred njim moe stajati genitiv: John's being lazy makes me nervous. (Johnova ljenost me ini nervoznim).
Iako izgleda kao glagol, gerund ima istu funkciju kao imenica i koristi se:
kao subjekat reenice: Eating people is wrong. (jedenje ljudi je pogreno); Flying is dangerous. (letenje je opasno); kao atribut glagola "to be": One of his duties is attending meetings. (jedna od njegovih dunosti je prisustvovanje sastancima); One of life's pleasures is having breakfast in bed. (jedna od ivotnih ugodnosti je dorukovanje u krevetu);
posle prijedloga. Ako posle prijedloga treba doi glagol moramo koristiti gerund: She is good at painting. (ona dobro slika); Can you sneeze without opening your mouth? (moe li kihnuti a da ne otvori usta); iza frazalnih glagola koji su stvoreni po principu "glagol + prijedlog/prilog": (to look forward, to give up, to be for/against, to take to, to put off, to keep on): She always puts off going to dentist. (ona uvijek odlae odlazak zubaru); When you are going to give up smoking? (kada e prestati puiti); u sloenim imenicama: a driving lesson, a swimming pool, bird-watching, trainspotting; posle izraza: can't help, can't stand, it's no use/good, do you mind, would you mind i pridjeva "worth" i "busy". It's no use trying to escape. (nema koristi pokuavati pobjei) I can't stand being stuck in traffic jams. (ne mogu podnijeti kad se zaglavim u saobraaju) This site is worth visiting. (ovu stranicu vrijedi posjetiti)
Particip prezenta - The Present Participle Prezent particip veine glagola ima oblik osnova+ing i koristi se u sljedeim sluajevima: kao dio trajnog oblika glagola: I am working (ja radim) he was singing (on je pjevao) they have been walking (oni su etali); nakon glagola pokreta/pozicije po principu: glagol+particip prezenta: She was shopping. (ona je bila u kupovini) He came running towards me. (doao je trei prema meni) She lay looking up at the clouds. (leala je gledajui u oblake) Ova tvorba je naroito korisna sa glagolom "to go", kao u sljedeim primjerima: to go shopping to go walking to go ski-ing to go swimming to go fishing to go running to go surfing to go dancing
nakon glagola percepcije (ula) po principu glagol + objekat + particip prezenta: I heard someone singing. (uo sam nekoga kako pjeva) I can smell something burning! (osjetim da neto gori); kao pridjev: It was an amazing film. (bio je to nevjerovatan film) He was trapped inside the burning house. (bio je zatoen unutar kue u plamenu); sa glagolima catch (uhvatiti) i find (nai) po principu: glagol+izraz za vrijeme+prezent particip. Glagol "catch" sa participom prezenta izraava neku ljutnju ili prijetnju: Don't let him catch you reading his letters. (ne dozvoli da te uhvati kako ita njegova pisma) If I catch you stealing my apples again, there'll be trouble! (uhvatim li te jo jednom kako krade moje jabuke, bie problema)
Ovo nije sluaj sa glagolom find koji ne izraava emocije: We found some money lying on the ground. (nali smo novca na zemlji) They found their mother sitting in the garden. (nali su majku kako sjedi u bati); da zamijeni reenicu ili dio reenice. Kada se dvije radnje deavaju u isto vrijeme, od strane iste osobe ili stvari, koristimo particip prezenta da ih opiemo: They went out into the snow. They laughed as they went. They went laughing into the snow. He whistled to himself. He walked down on the road. Whistling to himself, he walked down on the road. Kada jedna radnja slijedi odmah iza druge, od strane iste osobe, moemo prvu radnju izraziti participom prezenta: He put on his coat and left the house. Putting on his coat, he left the house. She dropped the gun and put her hands in the air. Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air. Particip prezenta se moe koristiti umjesto poetnih as, since, because i izraava razlog radnje: Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge. (= because he felt hungry...) Being poor, he didn't spend much on clothes. Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat. Main source (glavni izvor): English4Today.com, The Online English Grammar by Anthony Hughes. Direktni i indirektni govor - Direct and Indirect Speech Ako ponavljamo neije rei tano onako kako ih je neko rekao to je direktni govor (upravni govor, Direct speech), npr: On mi je rekao: "Poalji mi knjigu". A ako izvjetavamo ono to je neko rekao onda koristimo indirektni govor (neupravni govor, Indirect Speech or Reported Speech), npr: On mi je rekao da mu donesem knjigu. Indirektan govor se uvodi reima kao to su: he said (on ree) he asked (un upita) we enquired (zapitali smo) she ordered (ona zapovijedi) we believed (vjerovasmo) I replied (odgovorih) I answered (odgovorih) i sl.
Pri pretvaranju direktnog u indirektan govor treba potivati pravila o slaganju vremena: sva vremena u indirektnom obliku se moraju zamijeniti odgovarajuim prolim oblicima - prema pravilima o slaganju vremena: Direktni govor Present Simple Past Simple Present Perfect Futur Simple Imperativ
Indirektni govor Past Simple Past Perfect Future Perfect Infinitiv
sve rei koje oznaavaju blizinu moraju se zamijeniti reima koja oznaavaju udaljenost;
Prema ovim pravilima: am do shall will have, has can may must this these here now today tomorrow yesterday last night postaje " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " was did should would had could might had to that those there then that day the next day the day before the night before
D: He said: "I do not understand this letter." (On ree: "Ja ne razumijem ovo pismo") I: He said that he didn't understand this letter. (on ree da ne razumije to pismo) D: She said: "I am going to come soon again." (Ona ree: "Doi u uskoro ponovo".) I: She said that she was going to come soon again. (ona ree da e uskoro ponovo doi) ako se u indirektnom govoru saopava tue pitanje, onda je potrebno pored pomenutih pravila obratiti panju jo i na sljedee: -umjesto glagola "say" upotrijebiemo glagol "ask"; -ako pitanje ne sadri nikakvu upitnu re (kao to su what, how, when itd.), onda pitanje u indirektnom govoru mora poeti sa "if" ili "whether".
Primjeri: D: She said to her brother: "What are you doing?" (ona ree svom bratu: "ta radi?") I: She asked her brother what he was doing. (ona upita svog brata ta radi) D: They asked me: "Do you speak Spanish." (zapitali su me: "Da li govorite panski?") I: They asked me whether I speak Spanish. (zapitali su me da li govorim panski)
da bi se u indirektnom govoru izrazila zapovijed, upotrebljava se infinitiv i uvodi glagol "tell": D: Father said to his son: "Be careful of yourself." (otac ree sinu: "Pazi se"). I: Father told his son to be careful of himself. (otac ree svom sinu da se pazi).
Klauze Clauses Klauza je grupa rei koja sadri vezu subjekat-glagol (za razliku od fraza koje ne sadre vezu subjekat-glagol). Klauze se dijele na: nezavisne (independent clauses) zavisne (dependent or subordinate clauses). Takoer, dijele se i na: neophodne (restrictive or essential clauses) nebitne (nonrestrictive or nonessential clauses). Neophodne klauze su kljune za znaenje reenice i ne mogu se izbaciti, jer bi u tom sluaju znaenje reenice bilo promijenjeno. All students who do their work should pass easily. Nebitne klauze nisu neophodne za znaenje reenice i mogu se izbaciti iz nje. Obino se odvajaju zarezima (ako se nalaze u sredini): Professor Villa, who used to be a secretary for the President, can type 132 words a minute. Giuseppe said that the plantar wart, which had been bothering him for years, had to be removed. (neophodna i nebitna klauza) Nezavisne i zavisne klauze Nezavisne klauze mogu stajati samostalno, kao reenica, dok zavisne moraju biti udruene sa nezavisnom klauzom. Dvije nezavisne klauze mogu biti povezane sa: dopunskim veznikom (coordinating conjunction): Today is Tuesday and our papers are due Wednesday. veznim prilogom (conjunctive adverb): I need to study for my test; in fact I am going to the library now. (u ovom sluaju, koritena je i oznaka taka-zarez (;) da se razdvoje dvije klauze) odnosnim veznikom (correlative conjunction): George not only finished his paper on time, but he also got an A+. oznakom taka-zarez (;): This is one of English classes; Shakespeare is my other. dvotakom (ponekad): She received the assignment: it is to be turned in next Friday. Zavisne klauze mogu biti: pridjevske (adjective clauses) priloke (adverb clauses) imenike (noun clauses) -Pridjevske klauze opisuju imenice ili zamjenice i skoro uvijek dolaze posle imenica ili zamjenica. Veina pridjevskih klauza poinje sa: who, whom, which ili that. Ponekad se ove rei ne moraju nalaziti u reenici ali se podrazumijevaju. The book that is on the floor should be returned to the library. (knjiga koja je na podu bi se trebala vratiti u biblioteku) The bridge that collapsed in the winter storm will cost millions to replace. (most koji se sruio u zimskoj oluji e kotati milione za popravak)
My brother, who is an engineer, figured it out for me. (moj brat, koji je ininjer, je shvatio to za mene) -Priloke klauze obino dopunjuju glagole i mogu se pojaviti bilo gdje u reenici. Oni kau zato, gdje ili pod kojim uslovima se radnja odvijala. Za razliku od pridjevskih klauza, priloke klauze se esto mogu pomjerati u reenici. Npr: When the timer rings, we know the cake is done. We know the cake is done when the timer rings. Priloke klauze uvijek poinju sa zavisnim veznikom, koji uvodi klauzu i izraava njenu vezu sa ostatkom reenice. When the movie is over, we'll go downtown. John wanted to write a book because he had so much to say about the subject. -Imenike klauze nisu rei koje dopunjuju druge rei za razliku od pridjeva i priloga. U reenici funkcioniraju kao subjekat, direktni objekat ili prijedloki objekat. Imenika klauza obino poinje sa: that, which, who, whoever, whomever, whose, what i whatsoever. Takoer, mogu poinjati i sa zavisnim veznicima: how, when, where, whether, why. What he knows [subjekat] is no concern of mine. Do you know what he knows [objekat]? In fact, he wrote a book about what he had done over the years [objekat prijedloga]. Whoever wins the game will play in the tournament. Relativne klauze Relativne klauze (relative clauses) se zavisne klauze koje dopunjuju (mijenjaju) imenice ili zamjenice. Uvode se relativnim zamjenicama: who, whom, which, that, whose. Mogu biti neophodne (restrictive or essential) ili nebitne (nonrestrictive or nonessential) klauze. U relativnoj klauzi, relativna zamjenica je subjekat glagola i odnosi se na neto s im je klauza u vezi. Giuseppe said that the plantar wart, which had been bothering him for years, had to be removed. (U ovoj reenici podvuene rei ine neophodnu klauzu, s toga nee biti odvojene zarezima. Nakoena (italic) slova ine relativnu nebitnu klauzu, zbog ega su odvojene zarezima od ostatka reenice, a u ovom sluaju dopunjuje re "wart") Ponekad relativne klauze mogu da se donose na vie od jedne rei u tekstu, tj. mogu da dopunjuju, opisuju cijelu klauzu ili ak vie njih. Charlie didn't get the job in administration, which really surprised his friends. Charlie didn't get the job in administration, and he didn't even apply for the Dean's position, which really surprised his friends. Relativna klauza koja dopunjuje cijelu klauzu ili vie njih se naziva reenina klauza (sentential clause). Eliptine klauze Eliptine klauze (elliptical clauses) su gramatiki nepotpune, u smislu da im nedostaje relativna zamjenica (zavisna re) koja inae uvodi takvu klauzu. Rei eliptine klauze koje nedostaju se mogu naslutiti iz konteksta i veina italaca ne osjea da neto nedostaje. U stvari, eliptine klauze su tane ali i korisne, jer su esto elegantne i efikasne u izrazu. Coach Espinoza knew [that] this team would be the best [that] she had coached in recent years.
Though [they were] sometimes nervous on the court, her recruits proved to be hard workers. Sometimes the veterans knew the recruits could play better than they [could play].
Main sources (glavni izvori): Webster.commnet.edu i English.uiuc.edu Kondicionali - The conditionals Kondicional se tvori od pomonog glagola "should" i "would" i infinitiva bez "to" glagola kojeg mijenjamo. Sadanji kondicional se tvori sa should i would i infinitivom prezenta, a proli kondicional se tvori sa should i would i infinitivom perfekta glagola kojeg mijenjamo. Sadanji kondicional Proli kondicional { { I should take - uzeo bih you should take - ti bi uzeo itd. I should have taken - bio bih uzeo you should have taken - ti bio uzeo itd.
Odrini oblik se tvori tako to se iza should i would stavi "not": I should not take. (ne bih uzeo) I should not have taken. (ne bih bio uzeo). Upitni oblik se tvori inverzijom: should I take? (da li bih uzeo?) should I have taken? (da li bih bio uzeo?) Sadanji i proli kondicional se koriste pri tvorbi pogodbenih reenica. Struktura veine pogodbenih reenica je veoma jednostavna i izgleda ovako: if If ili posljedica 2y=20 if if uvjet y=10 uvjet y=10 posljedica 2y=20
To znai ako (if) je odreeni uslov zadovoljen, onda (then) e doi do neke posljedice. Pogodbene reenice se takoer zovu i kondicionalima, a ponekad ih nazivamo "if reenicama", jer esto (ali ne i uvijek) u njima se upotrebljava re "if". Ovdje e biti obraene tri osnovna tipa kondicionala i tzv. nulti-kondicional. Prvi kondicional (First Conditional) Drugi kondicional (Second Conditional) Trei kondicional (Third Conditional) Nulti-kondicional (Zero Conditional)
Prvi kondicional - realna mogunost (First conditional: real possibility) Govorimo o budunosti. Razmiljamo o nekom uvjetu ili situaciji u budunosti i njenoj posljedici. Postoji stvarna mogunost da e se uvjet ispuniti. Na primjer, jutro je, kod kue ste i planirate igrati tenis popodne. Meutim na nebu se javljaju oblaci, zamislite da pone padati kia. ta ete uraditi? If it rains i will stay at home. If If uvjet it rains present simple posljedica I will stay at home. futur
Treba primjetiti da kia jo nije pala, meutim nebo je oblano i postoji realna mogunost (real possibility) da e kia pasti. Kao to vidite da bi izrazili mogui uvjet koristili smo sadanje prosto vrijeme (Present Simple Tense). Za izraavanje mogue posljedice koristili smo futur. Najvanije je zapamtiti da kod prvog kondicionala postoji realna mogunost da e se uvjet ispuniti. posljedica futur I will tell Mary What will you do Their teacher will be sad if if if if if uvjet present simple I see her. it rains tomorrow. they do not pass the exam.
Ponekad moemo koristiti: shall, can ili may umjesto will, na primjer: If you are good today, you can watch TV tonight. Drugi kondicional - nevjerovatna mogunost (Second conditional - unreal possibility or dream) Kod drugog kondicionala, kao i kod prvog, razmiljamo o nekom uvjetu u budunosti i rezultatu tog uvjeta, meutim, za raziliku od prvog kondicionala, ovdje ne postoji realna mogunost da e se uvjet ispuniti. Na primjer: veeras je izvlaenje brojeva lota, niste kupili loto listi i ne postoji nikakva ansa da ete dobiti novac. Ali moda ete kupiti listi do veeras i onda postoji ansa, ali je to nevjerovatna mogunost, jer su izgledi opet jako mali da izvuku va listi. If If If If If If uvjet present participle I married Mary it snowed next July Ram became rich I won the lottery posljedica kondicional sadanji I would be happy. would you be suprised? she would marry him. I would by a car.
Primjetite, da kod drugog kondicionala koristimo past simple za izraavanje uvjeta, a sadanji kondicional za izraavanje eventualne posljedice. Bitna stvar kod drugog kondicionala je da ne postoji realna mogunost da e se uvjet ispuniti, tj. anse su jako male da e se uvjet ispuniti.
Ponekad, umjesto glagola would koristimo should, could or might: If I won a million dollars i could stop working. Trei kondicional - bez mogunosti (Third conditional - no possibility) Kod prvog i drugog kondicionala govorimo o budunosti, meutim kod treeg govorimo o prolosti, govorimo o uvjetu u prolosti koji se nije dogodio. Zbog toga ne postoji mogunost da se uvjet ispuni. Prole sedmice ste kupili loto listi ali niste dobili :-(. If If If If If If uvjet past perfect (pluperfekt) I had won the lottery I had seen Mary it had rained yesterday Tara had been free yesterday posljedica kondicional proli I would have bought a car. I would have told her. what would you have done? I would have invited her.
If they had not passed their exam, their teacher would have been sad. Da bi smo izrazili uvjet u prolosti koji se nije ostvario koristili smo past perfect, dok za izraavanje posljedice koja se nee dogoditi smo koristili kondicional proli. Bitna stvar kod treeg kondicionala je da ne postoji sada nikakva ansa da e se uvjet i posljedica dogoditi. Ponekad umjesto would have koristimo should have, could have, might have: If you had bought a lottery ticket, you might have won. Nulti kondicional - tanost (Zero conditional - certainty) Tzv. nulti kondicional koristimo kada je uvjet uvijek taan, poput neke opepoznate injenice. Na primjer, ako zagrijavamo led iznad 0 stepeni on e se poeti otapati. If If If uvjet present simple you heat ice posljedica present simple it melts.
Vano je napomenuti da kod nultog kondicionala ne govorimo ni o prolosti, ni o sadanjosti ni o budunosti, ve jednostavno priamo o nekoj opepoznatoj injenici. Da bi izrazili uvjet i posljedicu koristimo obini prezent. Najvanije kod nultog kondicionala je zapamtiti da uvjet ima uvijek istu posljedicu. uvjet present simple If I miss the 8 o'clock bus If If I am late for work people don't eat If posljedica present simple I am late for work. my boss gets angry. they get hungry.
Takoer, umjesto if moemo koristiti when: When I get up late I miss by bus.
Kondicionali ukratko Tip kondicionala Prvi kondicional Drugi kondicional Trei kondicional Nulti kondicional glavna reenica futur kondicional sadanji kondicional proli prezent "if" reenica prezent preterit pluperfekt prezent
Sljedea tabela daje prikaz kondicionala po vjerovatnosti ispunjenja uslova, procente ne shvatajte bukvalno, oni su tu samo da vam pomognu. vjerovatnost kondicional primjer vrijeme 100% nulti If you heat ice, it melts. If it rains i will stay at 50% prvi budunost home. If I won the lottery i would 5% drugi budunost buy a car. If I had won a lottery i 0% trei prolost would have bought a car. Trpno stanje - Passive Voice subjekat + pomoni glagol "to be" + past particip glavnog glagola Trpno stanje mogu imati samo prelazni glagoli, tj. takvi koji uza se mogu imati objekat. Trpno stanje pokazuje da subjekat ne vri radnju, ve da se radnja vri na subjektu: The road has been repaired. (put je popravljen) Pasivni oblici se tvore tako to se uzme ono vrijeme glagola "to be" koje nam je potrebno i doda se particip perfekta glagola kojeg mijenjamo. To znai, da se pasivni prezent tvori od prezenta glagola "to be" i participa perfekta glagola koji mijenjamo. Aktivnu reenicu moemo pretvoriti u pasivnu ako se glagol stavi u trpno stanje, subjekat aktivne reenice postaje objekat pasivne i ispred njega se stavlja prijedlog "by": A: Everybody drinks water. (svi piju vodu) P: Water is drunk by everybody. (voda se pije od sviju) aktiv pasiv subjekat Everybody Water glagol drinks is drunk objekat water by everybody.
A: I wrote this letter. (ja sam napisao ovo pismo) P: This letter was written by me. (pismo je napisano od mene) Neprijelazni glagoli mogu postati prijelazni ako im se doda prijedlog. Trpno stanje se upotrebljava: kada subjekat koji vri radnju nije poznat: My car has been stollen. (ukradeno mi je auto) She was given a nice birthday present. (dobila je lijep poklon za roendan) ako se ne eli pomenuti vrilac radnje: I have been told that you are engaged. (reeno mi je da ste se vjerili) She was said to have left her husband. (pria se da je ostavila svog mua)
ako nije potrebno pomenuti vrioca radnje jer to proizilazi iz konteksta (smisla) reenice ili nije bitno za smisao da mora biti pomenut: Mistakes are always made. (greke se uvijek prave) ako je subjekat koji trpi radnju vaniji od vrioca radnje: President Kennedy was killed by Lee Harvey Osvald. (Predsjednik Kennedy je ubijen odstrane Lee-a Osvalda) The boy was punished by his father. (deko je kanjen od svog oca) Peter was attended by his sister during his illness. (Petera je njegova sestra njegovala za vrijeme bolesti)
Bezlini oblici u naem jeziku kao to su "kae se", "razumije se", "podrazumijeva se" u engleskom jeziku se iskazuju u treem licu jednine srednjeg roda: it is understood (razumije se, podrazumijeva se) that is known (to se zna) it is said (pria se) Konjugacija pasiva u veini moguih vremena: infinitiv simple present past future conditional present past future conditional present past future conditional present past future conditional to be called it is called it was called it will be called it would be called it is being called it was being called it will be being called it would be being called it has been called it has been called it will have been called it would have been called it has been being called it had been being called it will have been being called it would have been being called
continous
perfect simple
perfect continous
Slaganje vremena - Sequence of Tenses Slaganje glagolskih vremena Tabele ispod pokazuju ispravno slaganje vremena u reenicama kod kojih je vrijeme od vitalnog znaaja. Vrijeme u glavnoj reenici Sadanje prosto (Simple Present) Vrijeme u zavisnoj reenici Da se izrazi istovremena radnja, koristite sadanje prosto vrijeme. Primjer
I am eager to go to the concert because I love the Wallflowers.
Da se izrazi prola radnja, koristite prosto prolo vrijeme.
I know that I made the right choice.
Da se izrazi radnja koja je poela u trenu u prolosti i traje do danas, koristite present perfect. Da izrazite radnju koja e se desiti, koristite prosto budue vrijeme.
They believe that they have elected the right candidate.
The President says that he will veto the bill.
Da izrazite drugu zavrenu radnju, koristite prosto prolo vrijeme. Prosto prolo vrijeme (Simple Past) Da izrazite radnju koja se desila prije druge radnje koristite past perfect. Da izrazite ope poznatu injenicu koristite sadanje vrijeme.
I wanted to go home because I missed my parents. She knew she had made the right choice. The Deists believed that the universe is like a giant clock.
Prezent perfekt ili past perfekt U svakom sluaju koristite (Present Perfect or prolo vrijeme. Past Perfect)
She has grown a foot since she turned nine. The crowd had turned nasty before the sheriff returned.
Da izrazite istovremenu radnju koristite sadanje vrijeme. Da izrazite radnju koja se desila ranije, koristite prolo vrijeme. Da se izrazi radnja u budunosti koja e se desiti prije radnje u nezavisnoj reenici, koristite prezent perfekt.
I will be so happy if they fix my car today. You will surely pass this exam if you studied hard. The college will probably close its doors next summer if enrollments have not increased.
Budue vrijeme (Futur)
Predbudue vrijeme, svreni futur
U svakom sluaju koristite sadanje vrijeme ili prezent perfekt.
Most students will have taken sixty credits by the

(Future Perfect Tense)
time they graduate. Most students will have taken sixty credits by the time they have graduated.
Slaganje vremena sa infinitivima i participima Infinitiv Vrijeme infinitiva Uloga infinitiva Primjer
Infinitiv sadanji (Present Infinitive, to see)
Da se izrazi istovremena radnja ili radnja posle glagola.
Coach Espinoza is eager to try out her new drills. ["eagerness" je sada; "to try out" e se desiti posle.] She would have liked to see more veterans returning. [Infinitiv prezenta "to see" je u istom trenutku kao i prolo vrijeme "would have liked".] The fans would like to have seen some improvement this year. ["Would like" opisuje stanje u sadanjosti; "to have seen" opisuje neto prije tog vremena.] They consider the team to have been coached very well. [Infinitiv perfekta to have been coached ukazuje na radnju prije glagola consider.]
Infnitiv perfekta (Perfect Infinitive, to have seen)
Da se izrazi radnja koja se desila prije glagola.
Participi Vrijeme participa Prezent participa (Present of Participle, seeing) Uloga participa Primjeri
Da se izrazi radnja koja se deava u isto vrijeme kada i glagol.
Working on the fundamentals, the team slowly began to improve. [Unaprijeujui osnove, tim je poeo polahko napredovati, radnja se deava u paralelno, u isto vrijeme]
Particip proli ili particip prezent perfekta
Da se izrazi radnja koja se deava prije glagola.
Having experimented with several game plans, the coaching staff devised a master strategy.
(Past Participle or Present Perfect Participle
[Particip prezent perfekta "having experimented", ukazuje na vrijeme prije glagola u prolom vremenu "devised".] Prepared by last year's experience, the coach knows not to expect too much. [Radnja izraena pomou glagola u prezentu "knows", je posljedica glagola u prolom vremenu "prepared".]
Main source (glavni izvor): Webster.Commnet.edu
Glagolska vremena
Sadanje vrijeme
Sadanje prosto vrijeme - Simple Present Tense Sadanje vrijeme svih glagola obrazuje se tako da se uz glagolska vremena uvijek stavljaju line zamjenice. Jedino se tree lice jednine prezenta razlikuje od ostalih lica, jer dobija nastavak "-s" ili "-es", osim glagola: to be - biti, to have - imati, can, may - moi, must - morati, ought - trebati. Nastavak "-s" za sadanje vrijeme izgovara se kao "s" ako dolazi iza bezvunog suglasnika, ili "z" ako dolazi iza zvunog suglasnika ili samoglasnika: he speaks (hi spi:ks), he reads (hi ri:dz). Glagoli koji se zavravaju na s, x, z, sh i ch obrazuju tree lice nastavkom jednine nastavkom "-es": he dresses, he teaches. Glagoli koji se u infinitivu zavravaju na "-y", kad pred tim "y" stoji suglasnik, mijenjaju "y" u "i", u treem licu jednine: to cry (he cries), to try (to tries). Odrini oblik sadanjeg vremena pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vrijeme pomonog glagola "to do", pa se zatim doda negacija "not" i infinitiv glagola koji se mijenja, bez prijedloga "to": I write (ja piem) - I do not write i don't write Upitni oblik sadanjeg vremena pravi se tako pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vrijeme pomonog glagola "to do" u inverziji i infinitiv glagola koji se mijenja, bez prijedloga "to". You write (ti pie) - Do you write? (pie li?) Simple Present se upotrebljava: da oznai radnju ije trajanje nije odreeno: I write (ja piem) i work (ja radim); da potvrdi jednu poznatu istinu: fish live in water (ribe ive u vodi); da oznai radnju koja se vri po navici: I always rise early (uvijek ustajem rano); da oznai radnju koja se ponavlja: I have an English lesson three times a week (imam as engleskog tri puta sedmino).
past
The sun rises. present
future
Sunce izlazi svaki dan, prije, sada i posle. Jenny is not here. present Jenny trenutno nije prisutna. to call - zvati I call ja zovem you call ti zove he, she, it calls on, ona , ono zove we call mi zovemo you call vi zovete they call oni, one, ona zovu I do not call you do not call he, she, it does not call we do not call you do not call they do not call do I call? do you call? does, he ,she, it call? do we call? do you call? do they call?
past
future
Sadanje trajno vrijeme - Present Continuous Tense prezent glagola "to be" + prezent particip glavnog glagola I am speaking (ja govorim) you are speaking he, she, it is speaking we are speaking you are speaking they are speaking Present participle se pravi dodavanjem glagolu nastavka "-ing". Meutim, ponekad moramo malo promijeniti re, vjerovatno udvostruiti ili izostaviti jedno slovo. Ako se glagol zavrava na: suglasnik - naglaeni vokalsuglasnik zadnje slovo se udvostruava: s run stop begin t suglasnik > > > o naglaeni vokal p suglasnik
Izuzetak 1
running stopping beginning
Ovo pravilo ne vai kada naglasak nije na zadnjem slogu glagola: open Izuzetak 2 > opening
Ako glagol zavrava na ie, mijenjamo ie u y: lie > lying

die Izuzetak 3
>
dying
Ako glagol zavrava na vokal + suglasnik + e, izostavljamo e: come mistake > > coming mistaking
Present Continuous Tense (sadanje trajno vrijeme) se upotrebljava:
da oznai radnju koja se vri u vremenu kada o njoj govorimo: I am learning English now. (sada uim engleski) You are reading this now. (sada ovo itate) past present Radnja se dogaa sada. future
...the pages are turning.
...the candle is burning.
...the girl is dancing.
Meutim, radnja se ne mora odvijati tano sada, ali se deavala neto ranije i moda e se deavati posle trenutka kada o njoj govorimo: Present Perfect Simple Tense pomoni glagol "to have" + past particip glavnog glagola Present perfectom se izraava povezanost izmeu prolosti i sadanjosti, tano vrijeme deavanja radnje nije naznaeno, to znai da smo vie zainteresirani za rezultat radnje nego za samu radnju. Kada bi smo rekli kada se radnja odvija morali bismo upotrijebiti preterit (past simple tense). Present perfect se koristi: da se opie radnja ili stanje koje je poelo u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti: This website has been in existence for 1 year and 9 months, and 13 days. (ova stranica postoji ve...); I have lived in Sarajevo since 1970. (ivim u Sarajevu od 1970-te i jo uvijek ivim); da se izrazi radnja koja je zavrena u vremenskom periodu koji jo traje: I have been to Zagreb this week. (ove nedjelje sam putovao u Zagreb, sedmica jo nije zavrena);
da se oznai radnja koja je zavrena nekad u prolosti, ali je rezultat radnje vaan: I have buoght a car. (kupio sam auto, vano je da je auto kupljen, nije bitno kada); uz priloge koji oznaavaju neprekidan razmak vremena: ever, never, yet, already, since, for: Have you ever been to Bosnia? (jeste li ikada bili u Bosni?); da se izrazi radnja koja se upravo dogodila (uz priloge "just'' ili ''just now''): The guests have just entered the hall. (gosti su upravo uli u dvoranu).
Amerikanci ne koriste present perfect toliko kao Britanci. Amerikanci ee upotrebljavaju past tense umjesto present perfect-a. Amerikanac bi rekao: "Did you have lunch?", dok bi Britanac rekao: "Have you had lunch?". to call zvati I have called (ja sam zvao) you have called he, she, it has called we have called you have called they have called I haven't called you haven't called he, she, it hasn't called we haven't called you haven't called they haven't called have I called? have you called? have he, she, it called? have we called? have you called? have they called?
Nesvreni perfekt - Present Perfect Continuous Tense prezent perfekt glagola "to be" (have/has been) + prezent particip glavnog glagola I have been playing You have been working Upitni oblik se pravi konverzijom: Have I been playing? Odrini oblik se pravi dodavanjem rei "not": I have not been playing. Kada piemo present continous, esto se upotrebljavaju skraenice: I have been - I've been itd. Present Perfect Continous Tense koristimo: da izrazimo radnju koja je nedavno ili upravo zavrila. I obino imamo sada imamo neku posljedicu: I'm tired because I've been running. past present !!!!! radnja koja se desila nedavno sada imamo posljedicu future
I'm tired because I've running. (umoran sam (sada) jer sam trao) Why is the grass wet? Has it been raining? (zato je trava vlana (sada)? je li padala kia?) You don't understand because you haven't been listening. (ne razumijete (sada), jer niste sluali).
da izrazimo radnju radnju koja je poela u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti, u ovom sluaju esto se koriste for i since: I've been reading for two hours. past present future
radnja poela u prolosti
nastavlja se u sadanjosti
I've been reading for two hours. (itam ve dva sata i jo uvijek itam) How long have you been learning English? (koliko dugo ui engleski? a jo ga ui) We have not been smoking. (nismo puili, a ni sada ne puimo). Kako je ranije napomenuto uz present perfect continuous esto koristimo "for" i "since". For koristimo kada priamo o razdoblju vremena: 5 minuta, 7 sedmica, 20 godina. Ako to razdoblje see do sadanjeg trenutka upotrebljavamo uz for perfekt, a ako je to razdoblje zavreno moramo upotrijebiti past simple (preterit). Tara hasn't been feeling well for two weeks. (Tara se ne osjea dobro ve dvije sedmice) Ali Tara didn't feel well for two weeks, and now she feels well. (Tara se nije dobro osjeala ve dvije sedmice, a sada se osjea dobro). Since koristimo kada znamo od koje vremenske take se odvija radnja: u 9 sati, 7. januara, u petak. for period vremena since od vremenske take
20 minutes three days six months a long time ever itd.
6.15 am Monday January I left school the beginning of time itd.
I've been studying for three hours. (uim ve tri sata) I've been watching TV since 7pm. (gledam TV od 7 sati posle podne) Tara hasn't been visiting us since March. (Tara nas nije posjetila od Marta) For se moe koristiti u svim vremenima, since se obino koristi samo sa perfect vremenima. to call - zvati I have been calling you have been calling I have not been calling you have not been calling have I been calling? have you been calling?
he, she, it has been calling we have been calling you have been calling they have been calling
he, she, it has not been calling we have not been calling you have not been calling they have not been calling
has he, she, it been calling? have we been calling? have you been calling? have they been calling?
Prolo vrijeme
Prolo svreno vrijeme - Past Simple Tense Da bi napravili prolo svreno vrijeme koristimo infinitiv i proli oblik (preterit) glagola. pravilni glagoli infinitiv work explode like preterit worked exploded liked past particip worked exploded liked Proli oblik svih glagola zavrava na -ed. Proli oblik nepravilnih glagola se ne tvori po nekom pravilu i ui se napamet.
nepravilni glagoli
go see sing
went saw sang
gone seen sung
Past particip nam nije potreban pri tvorbi prolog vremena. Graenje prolog svrenog vremena: a) potvrdna reenica: subjekat + glavni glagol u prolom obliku (preteritu) I lived in that house when I was young. (ivio sam u toj kui kada sam bio mlad) She played basketball last week. (ona je igrala koarku prole sedmice) b) odrina reenica: subjekat + preterit od "do" + not + infinitiv glavnog glagola He didn't like the movie. (nije mu se dopao film) Mary did not go to work last Monday. (Mary nije otila na posao prolog ponedjeljka) c) upitna reenica: preterit od "do"+ subjekat + infinitiv glavnog glagola Did you play tennis last week. (je si li igrao tenis prole sedmice) Did he watch TV last night. (je li gledao TV prole sedmice) Glagol did (preterit od "do") u svim licima ima isti oblik. I did not go to London. (nisam bio u Londonu) You did not go to London. He did not go to London. itd.
Glagol be nema u svim licima isti oblik, upitnu reenicu pravimo zamjenom subjekta i glagola. I, he, she, it was here. - Was I, he, she, it here? You were here. - were you here? Ako glagol zavrava na suglasnik ispred kojeg stoji kratak naglaen vokal, krajnji samoglasnik se udvostruava: plan - planned skip skipped Krajnje "l" se uvijek udvostruava: level - levelled call called Ako glagol zavrava na "-y" ispred kojeg se nalazi suglasnik, taj se "y" mijenja u "i": worry - worried cry - cried Past Simple Tense (Preterite Tense) koristimo: a) da se izrazi radnja koja se desila u prolosti i potpuno zavrila pa nema nikakve veze sa sadanjou: I was in Liverpool last year. (bio sam u Liverpulu prole godine); b) da se izrazi radnja koja je trajala neko vrijeme u prolosti bez ikakve veze sa sadanjou: We went to school when we were children. (ili smo u kolu kada smo bili djeca); c) kada govorimo o stvarima koje elimo da se dogode ili bi trebalo da se dogode: It's time they were back. (vrijeme je da se vrate) I wish I had a new computer. (volio bi da imam novo auto) d) u zavisnoj reenici ako je u glavnoj preterit (slaganje vremena): The policeman told me I drived to much. (policajac mi je rekao da sam previe vozio) Kada kaemo kada ili gdje se radnja dogodila, moramo koristiti past simple, a ne present perfect. to call zvati I called (ja sam zvao) you called he, she, it called we called you called they called I didn't call you didn't call he, she, it didn't call we didn't call you didn't call they didn't call did I call? did you call? did he, she, it call? did we call? did you call? did they call?
Prolo trajno vrijeme - The Past Continuous Tense prolo vrijeme glagola "to be" + particip prezenta glavnog glagola
She was reading. (ona je itala) We were playing. (mi smo igrali) Odrini oblik se pravi dodavanjem rjeice not: She was not reading - She wasn't reading. Upitni oblik se pravi inverzijom: Was she playing? Were we playing? Nesvreni preterit se upotrebljava: da se opie pozadina, odnosno da se pred itaoce postavi scena prie pisana u prolom vremenu. Obino pria poinje nesvrenim preteritom, a zatim se nastavlja prolim vremenom, npr: "James Bond was driving through town. It was raining. The wind was blowing hard. Nobody was walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a telephone box..."; da se opie radnja koja je trajala do trenutka kada ju je prekinula neka druga prola radnja: I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang. (divno sam sanjao kada se alarm oglasio); I was watching TV when you telephoned. (gledao sam TV kada si nazvao) da se izrazi promjena miljenja: I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to go on an excursion instead. (mislio sam provesti dan na plai ali sam odluio otii na ekskurziju) za dvije radnje koje se deavaju istovremeno: The children were playing whil their mothers were chatting. (djeca su se igrala dok njihove majke avrljale) u zavisnoj reenici umjesto nescrenog prezenta ako je u glavnoj reenici preterit:
I knew that he was talking to her about her daughter. (znao sam da se sa njom razgovara o njenoj keri). Kod glagola koji se ne koriste u trajnom obliku upotrebljava se obini preterit >>. to call - zvati I was calling. you was calling. he, she, it was calling we were calling you were calling they were calling I was not calling you were not calling he, she, it wasn't calling we weren't calling you weren't calling they weren't calling was I calling? were you calling? was he, she, it calling? were we calling? were you callingg? were they calling?
Pluskvamperfekat (davno prolo vrijeme) - The Past Perfect Tense subjekat + simple past od "to have" + past particip glavnog glagola U odrinim reenicama ubacujemo rjeicu not izmeu pomonog i glavnog glagola, a upitnu reenicu pravimo zamjenom subjekta i pomonog glagola.
Past Perfect Tense (pluperfekt) se upotrebljava: a) da bi se izrazila radnja u prolosti koja se desila prije neke druge radnje u prolosti, takoer izraava radnju za koje se pretpostavljalo da je trebalo da se dogodi u prolosti - prije neke druge radnje: We had left home before he came. (bili smo otili prije nego to je on doao) The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. The train had left when we arrived. (voz je krenuo u 9 sati. Mi smo stigli u 9 i 15. Voz je bio otiao kada smo mi stigli.) The train had left when we arrived. past Voz odlazi u 9 sati. 9 9.15 present future
Mi stiemo u 9 i 15. I was not hungry. I had just eaten. (nisam bio gladan, upravo sam bio jeo) I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before. (nisam znao ko je on, nisam ga nikad bio vidio) He said that he had seen him at the theatre. (rekao je da ga je bio vidio kod pozorita). U ovom primjeru past perfect je upotrebljen u indirektnom govoru umjesto past simple u direktnom. b) u zavisnim reenicama uz after: He got a headache after he had washed his hair. (dobio je glavobolju nakon to je oprao kosu);

c) iza izraza: as if (kao da), if only (kad bi barem) i wish (kamo sree da), past perfectom se izraava neto to nije ostvareno u prolosti: I wish I had met you before. (kamo sree da sam te ranije sreo) If only you had sent me the SMS. (da si mi barem poslala SMS) He played the basketball as if he had played in NBA. (igrao je koarku kao da je igrao u NBA) to call - zvati I had called you had called he, she, it had called we had called you had called they had called I had not called you had not called he, she, it had called we had called you had called they had called had I called? had you called? had he, she, it called? had we called? had you called? had they called?
Nesvreni pluskvamperfekt - The Past Perfect Continuous Tense subjekat + simple past od "to have" + past particip od "to be" + present particip gl. glagola Odrini oblik se pravi ubacivanjem rjeice not, a upitni oblik inverzijom subjekta i glagola "to have".
Past Perfect Continuous upotrebljava se da bi se oznaila radnja koja je trajala u prolosti prije neke druge prole radnje: Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am. When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours. Ram had been waiting for two hours when I arrived. past Ram je poeo sa ekanjem u 9 sati. 9 11 Ja sam stigao u 11 sati. John was very tired. he had been running. (John je bio veoma umoran, trao je cijele veeri) I could smell cigarettes. somebody had been smoking. (osjetio sam cigarete, neko je puio). Past Perfect Continous se takoer upotrebljava u indirektnom govoru umjesto trajnog oblika prolog vremena (past continous tense) u direktnom govoru. D: Peter said: "Some of my friends have playing at cards all night." (Peter ree: "Neki moji prijatelji su igrali karte cijele veeri".) I: Peter said that some of his friends had been playing at cards all night. to call zvati I had been calling you had been calling had I been calling? had you been calling? had he, she, it had been he, she, it had been calling he, she, it had not been calling calling? we had been calling we had not been calling had we been calling? you had been calling you had not been calling had you been calling? they had been calling they had not been calling had they been calling? I had not been calling you had not been calling present future
Budue vrijeme
Prosto budue vrijeme - Futur Simple Tense subjekat + pomoni glagol will + infinitiv glavnog glagola Odrine reenice se prave umetanjem rjeice not izmeu pomonog i glavnog glagola, a upitne reenice inverzijom subjekta i pomonog glagola. U prvom licu jednine i mnoine umjesto glagola will, moe se koristiti glagol shall, meutim u modernom engleskom will se vie koristi od shall: I shall call - we shall call (ja u zvati - mi emo zvati).
Prosto budue vrijeme se upotrebljava da bi oznaila radnja koja e se desiti u budunosti. Prostobudue vrijeme se naroito esto upotrebljava posle glagola koji oznaavaju oekivanje, nadu itd.Takoer se koristi da bi se izrazila namjera, odluka, prijetnja ili obeanje. I hope we will have better luck next day. (nadam se da emo imati vie sree drugi put) I expect that he will come tomorrow. (oekujem da e on doi sutra) I will help her because she is beautiful. (pomoi u joj jer je lijepa) to call - zvati I will call (ja u zvati) you will call he, she, it will call we will call you will call they will call I will not call you will not call he, she, it will not call we will not call you will not call they will not call will I call? will you call? will he, she, it call? will we call? will you call? will they call?
Budue trajno vrijeme - Futur Continuous Tense subjekat + pomoni g. will + pomoni g. be + present participle glavnog glagola Odrini oblik se pravi ubacivanjem rjeice not izmeu glagola will i be, a upitni oblik inverzijom subjekta i glagola will. Trajno budue vrijeme oznaava radnju koja e trajati izvjesno vrijeme u budunosti. At 4pm tomorrow i will be working. past present future 4pm U 4 sata biu usred posla. Kada koristimo budue trajno vrijeme, na slualac obino zna ili razumije u koje vrijeme se radnja odvija. I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow. (igrat u tenis sutra u 10 sati) We'll be having dinner when film starts. (veerat emo kada film pone) Take your umbrella, it will be raining when you return. (uzmi kiobran, padat e kia kada se bude vraao) to call - zvati I will be calling (ja u zvati) you will be calling he, she, it will be calling we will be calling you will be calling they will be calling I won't be calling you won't be calling he, she, it won't be calling we won't be calling you won't be calling they won't be calling will I be calling? will you be calling? will he, she, it be calling? will we be calling? will you be calling? will they be calling?
Sloeno budue vrijeme - Futur Perfect Tense

subjekat + pomoni g. will + pomoni g. have + past particip glavnog glagola Predbudue vrijeme izraava radnju koja e se desiti prije neke druge radnje u budunosti: The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you arrive the rain will have left. (Voz dolazi u stanicu u 9 sati. Vi stiete u stanicu u 9 i 15. Voz e otii kada vi stignete.) The train will have left when you arrive. past present future Voz odlazi u 9 sati. 9 9.1 5
Vi stiete u 9 i 15. Ovo vrijeme takoer izraava i radnju koja e se desiti i zavriti do odreenog vremena u budunosti: They will have left the Parlament by 12 o'clock. (Oni e napustiti parlament do 12 sati.) to call - zvati I will have called (budem bio I will not have called zvao) you will have called you will not have called he, she, it will have called we will have called you will have called they will have called Futur Perfect Continuous subjekat + pomoni g. will + pomoni g. "have" + past particip od "be" + present particip glavnog glagola Odrine reenice se prave umetanjem rjeice not izmeu will i have, a upitne reenice inverzijom subjekta i pomonog glagola will. Kada koristimo predbudue trajno vrijeme obino saimamo (contract) subjekat i pomoni glagol will: I will - I'll you will - you'll itd. Kod odrinih reenica saimamo glagol will i rjeicu not:
will I have called?
will you have called? will he, she, it have he, she, it will not have called called? we will not have called will we have called? you will not have called will you have called? they will not have called will they have called?
I will not - I won't you will not - you won't itd. Predbudue trajno vrijeme izraava radnju koja traje odreeni period vremena do jedne druge budue radnje ili oznake budueg vremena kada ova prva radnja jo traje. Drugim reima izraava radnju koja e trajati do odreenog budueg vremena ili trenutka u budunosti, a ne u nekom odreenom trenutku u budunosti: At 20 o'clock in the evening i will have been working ten hours. (do 20 sati uveer ja u imati za sobom ve 10 sati rada). Znai radnja poinje u 10 sati prije podne, traje deset sati, sve do 20 sati uveer kada jo traje. He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been travelling for 24 hours. (Bit e umoran kada stigne. Putovat e ve 24 sata.) to call - zvati I will not have been calling you will not have been you will have been calling calling he, she, it will have been he, she, it will not have calling been calling we will not have been we will have been calling calling you will not have been you will have been calling calling they will not have been they will have been calling calling I will have been calling will I have been calling? will you have been calling? will he, she, it have been calling? will we have been calling? will you have been calling? will they have been calling?
Imenice Nouns
Imenice su rei kojima neto imenujemo. Npr: man (ovjek), town (grad), happiness (srea), love (ljubav) itd. Imenice dijelmo na nekoliko vrsta. One mogu biti:
ope imenice (common nouns), slue za imenovanje svih bia ili stvari iste vrste. boy (djeak), computer (raunar), eye (oko) itd; vlastite imenice (proper nouns), slue za imenovanje pojedinanih bia, mjesta itd. Mary, London, Edinburgh, Bosnia, Dreamweaver itd; zbirne imenice (collective nouns), slue za oznaavanje skupa ili mnotva u jednini. team (momad), sugar (eer), flock (jato), army (vojska) itd; gradivne imenice (material nouns), slue oznaavanje tvari ili materija. lead (olovo), milk (mlijeko), air (zrak), ice (led) itd. apstraktne imenice (abstract nouns), oznauju neto nestvarno, neko svojstvo ili stanje. fear (strah), health (zdravlje), thirst (e) itd.
Takoer, imenice dijelimo i na: brojive i nebrojive (Countable and Uncountable nouns). Mnoinu tvore samo ope imenice. One obino oznaavaju neto to se moe brojati, te ih zovemo brojivim imenicama: two girls (dvije djevojke), three months (tri mjeseca) itd. Gradivne i apstraktne imenice, uzete u opem smislu, se ne mogu brojati. One su nebrojive i ne mogu se upotrebljavati u mnoini: silver (srebro), thirst (e), air (zrak) itd. Rod imenica - Gender of Nouns Mnoina imenica - Plural of Nouns Padei imenica - Cases of Nouns Rod imenica - Gender of Nouns Ope pravilo: U engleskom jeziku rod imenica nije gramatiki ve se odreuje prema polu, tj. prirodan je. Imena mukih bia mukog su roda (masculine), imena enskih lica enskog su roda (feminine) i imena ivih bia gdje rod nije izriito podvuen srednjeg su roda (neuter). Kod ivih bia rod razlikujemo na vie naina: - postoje razliiti izrazi za muki i enski rod: boy father brother son uncle - girl - mother - sister - daughter - aunt djeak otac brat sin ujak - djevojica - majka - sestra - ki - tetka
nephew king monk horse cock drake gander - dodajemo nastavke: abbot actor count duke emperor poet prince negro heir sorcerer lion hero - obrazuju se sloenice: man-servant cock-sparrow bull-calf male-elephant landlord
- niece - queen - nun - mare - hen - duck - goose
neak kralj kaluer konj pijetao patak gusak
- neaka - kraljica - kaluerica - kobila - kokoka - patka - guska
- abbess - actress - countess - duchess - empress - poetess - princess - negress - heiress - sorceress - lioness - heroine
opat glumac grof vojvoda car pjesnik princ crnac nasljednik arobnjak lav heroj
- opatica - glumica - grofica - vojvotkinja - carica - pjesnikinja - princeza - crnkinja - nasljednica - arobnica - lavica - heroina
- maid-servant - hen-sparrow - cow-calf - female-elephant - landlady
sluga vrabac junac slon gazda
- slukinja - vrabica - junica - slonica - gazdarica
Mnoge imenice imaju isti oblik i u enskom i u mukom rodu: pupil friend teacher cousin (uenik, uenica) (prijatelj, prijateljica) (uitelj, uiteljica) (roak, rodica)
Ponekad da bismo oznaili rod ovih imenica dodajemo ove rei: gentleman, lady, male, female, man, woman: lady-teacher (uiteljica).
Od opeg pravila postoje sljedei izuzeci:

"horse" i "dog" nisu sredneg ve mukog roda; "cat" je enskog roda; "child" moe biti sva tri roda; imenice: boat, ship, streamer, man-of-war, vessel nisu srednjeg ve enskog roda i oznaavaju se sa she; enskog roda su: imena drava i zemalja;
neki apstraktni pojmovi (misaone imenice) kao: victory, liberty, mercy grace, virtue; enskog roda su i nature, earth i moon; imenice koje izraavaju jaka osjeanja mukog su roda: love, anger, despair, fear; mukog roda su takoer i: sun, death, time; ptice, ribe, insekti su obino srednjeg roda;
U basnama ivotinje su personificirane pa su uvijek enskog ili mukog roda. Mnoina imenica - Plural of Nouns Opa pravila: mnoina imenica obrazuje se dodavanjem nastavka "-s". Ovo se "s" izgovarakao nae "z" izuzev kada dolazi posle tvrdih suglasnika. Primjeri: book - books face - faces (knjiga - knjige) (lice - lica)
Imenice koje se zavavaju na: -s, -ss, -x, -sh, -tch dobijaju nastavak "-es", koji se izgovara iz: class bush bench - classes - bushes - benches razred grm klupa - razredi - grmlje - klupe
Imenice na "-o" dobijaju nastavak "-es" ako se "o" nalazi posle suglasnika: hero potato negro - heroes - potatoes - negroes heroj krompiri crnac - heroji - krompiri - crnci
Izuzeci od ovog pravila su: piano canto octavo - pianos - cantos - octavos klavir spjev oktava - klaviri - spjevovi - oktave
Imenice na "o" posle samoglasnika dobijaju u mnoini samo nastavak "-e": cuckoo - cuckoos kukavica - kukavice
Imenice na "y" posle suglasnika mijenjaju "y" u "i" i dobijaju nastavak "-es": country lady story ali: day boy toy - days - boys - toys dan djeak igraka - dani - djeaci - igrake
- countries - ladies - stories
zemlja dama pria
- zemlje - dame - prie
Imenice na "f" i "fe" mijenjaju "f" u "v" i dobijaju u mnoini nastavak "-es": half calf knife wife - halves - calves - knives - wives polovina tele no supruga - polovine - telad - noevi - supruge
Izuzeci od ovog pravila su: strife fife staff gulf - strifes - fifes - staffs - gulfs borba svirala tab struja - borbe - svirale - tabovi - struje
Imenice koje zavavaju na "-oof", "-ief", "-ff" ne mijenjaju u "f" i dobijaju nastavak "-s": roof dwarf chief cliff - roofs - dwarfs - chiefs - cliffs krov patuljak poglavica greben - krovovi - patuljci - poglavice - grebeni
Neke imenice imaju u mnoini nastavak "-en": ox child - oxen - children vo dijete - volovi - dijeca
Neke imenice obrazuju mnoinu promjenom osnovnog samoglasnika: man woman tooth Englishman sportsman ali: Roman Norman German - Romans - Normans - Germans Rimljanin Norman Njemac - Rimljani - Normani - Njemci - men - women - teeth - Englishmen - sportsmen ovjek ena zub Englez sportista - ljudi - ene - zubi - Englezi - sportisti
Neke imenice imaju dva oblika u mnoini sa razliitim znaenjem: brother cloth - brothers - brethren - cloths - clothes (braa po krvi) (braa u crkvenoj organizaciji, drutvu) (tof) (odijelo)
Latinske imenice na "-us" i "-um" te grke na "-on" i "-is" imaju u mnoini obino svoj latinski odnosno grki nastavak:
radius oasis
- radii - oases
(poluprenik, poluprenici) (oaza, oaze)
Sloenice obrazuju mnoinu tako da se nastavak za mnoinu doda glavnoj rei od koje je sloenica sastavljena, tj. od rei koja nosi smisao. Ako je sloenica sastavljena bez imenica, onda nastavak za mnoiniu dobija posljednja re: looker-on pick-pocket forget-me-not - lookers-on - pick-pockets - forget-me-nots (gledalac, gledaoci) (deparo, deparoi) (nezaboravak (cvijee), nezaboravci)
Neke sloenice dobijaju obiljeje mnoine uz oba dijela rei: manservant - menservants (sluga, sluge)
Neke se imenice upotrebljavaju samo u jednini: advice furniture information progress (savjet) (namjetaj) (obavjetenje) (napredak)
Ako je potrebno izraziti mnoiniu, onda se upotrijebi neka re u mnoini: two pieces of furniture (dva komada namjetaja)
Neke su imenice po svom obliku u jednini, a imaju znaenje mnoine: people mankind cattle (ljudi) (ovjeanstvo) (stoka)
Imenica "news" (vijest) i "means" (sredstvo) imaju oblik mnoini ali su u jednini: what is the news by the means (kakve su vijesti) (na ovaj nain)
Mnoge imenice se upotrebljavaju samo u mnoini: cards contents poltics mathematics (karte) (sadrina) (politika) (matematika)
Neke imenice imaju u mnoini drugaije znaenje nego u jednini: arm letter compass drawer (ruka) (slovo) (kompas) (fijoka) arms letters compasses drawers (ruke, oruje) (knjievnost) (estar) (donje gae)
Padei imenica - Cases of Nouns U engleskom jeziku mogu se izraziti svih sedam padea kao i u naem jeziku: Primjer: Jednina: 1. pad. A teacher had a book. (neki uitelj je imao knjigu) 2. pad. The book of the teacher was big. (knjiga tog uitelja bila je velika) 3. pad. We went to the teacher. (otili smo uitelju) 4. pad. And we asked the teacher. (i zapitali smo uitelja) 5. pad. Teacher, is your book big? (uitelju, je li vaa knjiga velika?) 6. pad. After our conversation with the teacher. (posle naeg razgovora sa uiteljem) 7. pad. We know more about the teacher. (znamo vie o uitelju) Mnoina: 1. pad. Some teachers had books. (neki uitelji imali su knjige) 2. pad. The books of the techers were big. (knjige tih uitelja su bile velike) The teacher's books are always big. (knjige uitelja su uvijek velike) 3. pad. We went to the teachers. (otili smo uiteljima) 4. pad. And we asked the teachers. (i zapitali smo uitelje) 5. pad. Teachers, are your books big. (uitelji, jesu li vae knjige velike) 6. pad. After the conversation with the teachers. (posle razgovora sa uiteljima) 7. pad. We know more about the teachers. (znamo vie o uiteljima) Prema tome, padei se odreuju prema mjestu u reenici (prvi i etvrti), pomou prijedloga (drugi pade pomou prijedloga "of" ili nastavkom kad imamo prisvojni genitiv, trei pade pomou prijedloga "to", esti pomou prijedloga "with", sedmi pade pomoi prijedloga "about"). Peti pade izraava se imenicom bez lana. Drugi pade - Genitive U engleskom jeziku drugi pade se moe izraziti na vie naina: Normanskim genitivom (Norman genitive) koji se obrazuje pomou prijedloga "of": the book of the teacher (uiteljeva knjiga). Saksonskim genitivom (Saxon genitive), koji se jo zove "prisvojni genitiv" (Possessive case). Ovaj pade se obrazuje tako da se imenici doda nastavak -'s. teacher's book (uiteljeva knjiga). Saksonski genitiv se obrazuje nastavkom -'s na imenicu koji se izgovara "z" iza zvunih suglasnika i samoglasnika, a "s" iza bezvunih suglasnika. U jednini se dodaje -'s teacher's book (uiteljeva knjiga) Peter's toy (Peterova igraka) boy's eyes (djeakove oi) Ako se osobna imenica zavrava na -s, onda dodajemo samo apostrof, a nastavak se izgovara kao "z": Burn's works (Burnsova djela) Ako se imenica zavrava na -s ili -ce kao i ispred rei "sake", dodaje se samo apostrof:
for goodness' sake (za Boju volju) for conscience' sake (radi smirenja savjesti). Osobne imenice mogu se zavravati na -s, pa da ipak dobijaju nastavak -'s: St. James's Square (trg Sv. Dejmsa) for Doris's sake (radi Doris) my boss's sister (sestra mog gazde). Sloenice dobijaju nastavak -'s na kraju: after my mother-in-law's leaving (posle odlaska moje punice). U mnoini koja se zavrava na -s dodaje se samo apostrof: my brothers' wives (ene moje brae). Ako se imenica ne zavrava na -s u mnoini, onda ona ima nastavak -'s: the children's toys (djeije igrake) the mice's legs (miije noge) woman's right (enska prava).
Pridjevi Adjectives
Pridjev je u engleskom jeziku nepromjenljiva re, pa se prema tome pridjevom ne moe izraziti ni rod, ni broj ni pade. Pridjev obino stoji ispred imenice. Pridjevi se dijele na:
line (proper), koji se piu velikim slovom: Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, English, German, Italian; opisne (descriptive): young, beautiful, green; koliinske (quantitative): some, few, much, all, enough; pokazne (demonstrative): the this, that, these, those, such, younder, the same, the order; neodreene (indefinite): a, an, any, one, certain, another; diobne (distributive): each, every, either, neither; prisvojne (possessive): my, your, his, her, its, our, their; upitne (interrogative): what, which.
Poreenje pridjeva - Comparasion Pridjevi imaju tri stupnja poreenja: prvi stupanj - jednakost - positive drugi stupanj - nejednakost - comparative trei stupanj - nadmonost - superlative. Jednakost se izraava pomou rei "as...as" i pozitiva pridjeva. He is as rich as his friend. (on je isto toliko bogat kao njegov prijatelj). He is as strong as a horse. (jak je kao konj) Komparativ, kojim se izraava umanjenost, obrazuje se pomou rei "less...then": He is less rich than his brother. (on je manje bogat od svog brata) Komparativom se izraava uveanost i obrazuje se: - kod jednoslonih i nekih dvoslonih pridjeva dodavanjem nastavka "er": He is richer than his friend. (on je bogatiji od svog brata); - kod vieslonih pridjeva dodavanjem nastavka "more" ispred pridjeva: He is more independent than his brother. (on je samostalniji od svog brata); - "sve vie i vie" se prevodi svezom "and" koja prethodi i dolazi posle komparativa za uveanje: stronger and stronger (sve jai i jai). Ako je pridjev viesloan, ponavlja se samo prilog "more": more and more contemptible (sve vie omrznutiji). Trei stupanj superlativ moe biti:
relativni, kada je poreenje izraeno pridjevom na najviem ili najniem stepenu. On se pravi kod: -jednoslonih i nekih dvoslonih pridjeva kojima prethodi lan the i dodaje im se nastavak "-est": he is the richest (on je najbogatiji); -vieslonih pridjeva kojima prethode rei "the most": he is the most intelligent (on je najpametniji);
apsolutni superlativ se pravi kada se ispred pridjeva stavi prilog most ili very: It is most true. (to je veoma tano, to je ponajvie tano). Ako umjesto pridjeva stoji prilog vremena sadanjeg koji ima ulogu pridjeva, umjesto very upotrebljava se much ili very much: I am much obliged to you. (veoma sam vam zahvalan).
Pravopisna pravila pri poreenju Ako se pridjev zavrava kratkim samoglasnikom iza kojeg dolazi suglasnik, taj se suglasnik udvostruuje: fat- fatter- the fattest (debeo), big- bigger- the biggest (velik). Ako se pridjev zavrava muklim "e", na komparativ i superlativ dodaju se nastavci "-r", odnosno "-st": fine- finer- the finest (lijep). Ako se pridjev zavrava sa slovom "y" ispred kojeg se nalazi suglasnik ono se mijenja u "i": pretty- prettier- the prettiest (drag), ali gray- grayer- the grayest (jer "y" dolazi posle samoglasnika, a ne suglasnika). Poreenje pridjeva pomou nastavka "-er" za komparativ i "-est" za superlativ naziva se germansko poreenje. Na ovaj nain porede se svi jednosloni predjevi - sa izuzetkom sljedeih: just, more just, the more just right, more right, the most right. Germanskim nainom poreenja porede se jo i dvosloni pridjevi koji se zavravaju na "-y", "-ow", "-er" ili na silabino "l", kao i pridjev koji imaju naglasak na drugom slogu: pretty, prettier, the prettiest; narrow, narrower, the narrowest; clever, cleverer, the cleverest simple, simplier, the simpliest; polite, politer, the politest. Poreenje koje se dobiva dodavanjem rei "more" za komparativ i "the most" za superlativ ispred pridjeva naziva se romansko poreenje. Ovim nainom porede se svi viesloni pridjevi koji imaju naglasak na prvom slogu, kao i pridjevi koji se zavavaju na "-ed" i "-ing": famous, more famous, the most famous; learned, more learned, the most learned; beautiful, more beautiful, the most beautiful. mnogi dvosloni pridjevi mogu se porediti na oba naina. Takvi su pridjevi: common, cruel, pleasant, quiet, cheerful, handsome itd.
Nepravilna komparacija pridjeva - Irregular comparasion Nepravilno se porede sljedei pridjevi: Positive Comparative Superlative
good (dobar) bad (lo) evil (zao) ill (bolestan) much (mnogo) many (mnogo) little (malen) late (kasan) pnear (blizak) pold (star) far (daleko)
better worse
the best the worst
more less later (kasniji) latter (dalji po redu) nearer older elder farther (prostorno dalji) further (dalji po redu)
the most the least the latest (najnoviji) the last (posljednji) the nearest (najblii) the next (sljedei, do) the oldest the eldest the farthest the furthest
Komparativ i superlativ sloenih pridjeva: kada sloeni pridjevi poinju jednosloni pridjevom onda nastavke za komparativ i superlativ dobija jednosloni pridjev: I never saw a faster sailing ship. (nikad nisam vidio breg jedrenjaka) I never saw a worse looking man. (nikad nisam vidio ovjeka koji loije izgleda)
Prijedlozi Prepositions
Prijedlozi u engleskom jeziku imaju posebnu vanost jer padei nemaju svoje nastavke. Prijedlozi se dijele na: a) prijedloge za mjesto: at (u, na, kod, pri), to (u, ka, prema), in (u), into (u), on (na), between (izmeu), in front of (ispred), before (ispred), above (iznad), behind (iza), under (ispod) i dr; b) prijedlozi za vrijeme: before (prije), after (posle), since (od), on (u) i dr; c) prijedlozi za ouvanje porijekla, uzroka, cilja: from (od), by (od), through (pomou), towards (prema); d) prijedlozi za sredstva: by (od, pomou), in (u), with (s, sa), without (bez). Prijedlozi mogu biti sloeni, tj. sastavljeni su od vie rei: into (u), upon (na), within (u), outside (napulju), throughout (skroz). Posle prijedloga uvijek slijedi "imenica", a nikad glagol. Pod "imenica" mislimo na: imenice (dog, money, house, love); line imenice (Sarajevo, Zagreb, Beograd, Edin, Mary); zamjenice (you, him, us); grupne imenice (my first job, your blue book); gerund (swimming). Poto posle prijedloga ne moe ii glagol, a ako to elimo onda moramo koristiti "-ing" oblik koji je ustvari gerund ili glagolska imenica. subjekat + glagol The food is She lives Mary is looking The letter is Pascal is used She isn't used I ate Upotreba nekih glavnih prijedloga: of - he is a friend of mine (on je moj prijatelj) what are you thinking of? (o emu mislite?) from - where did you came from? (odakle ste?) whom did you get this book from? (od koga ste dobili ovu knjigu) I translated this from English into Bosnian (preveo sam to sa engleskog na bosanski) to - I get into my office every morning (svako jutro idem u kancelariju) we went to see him (poli smo da ga posjetimo) I want to tell you the truth (elim da vam kaem istinu)
prijedlog on in for under to to before
"imenica" the table. Japan. you. your blue book. English people. working. coming.
at - the family is at dinner (porodica rua) she is at the dressmaker's (ona je kod krojaice) he is standing at the door (on stoji kod vrata) in - I live in Visoko (ivim u Visokom) my money is in my pocket (moj novac je u depu) I'll be back in a minute (vraam se za minut) into - he came into the room (uao je u sobu) I put the money into my pocket (stavio sam novac u dep) about - what are you talking about? (o emu priate) she walked about the house (hodala je po kui) it's about seven o'clock (oko sedam je sati) I was about to go home when she came (upravo sam htio da odem kad je ona dola) since - I haven't seen you since last Friday (nisam vas vidjeo od prolog petka) for - I haven't seen you for ages (nisam vas vidjeo od odavno) I waited for an hour (ekao sam jedan sat) I did it for you (to sam za vas uinio) except - there was no one at the conference except the president (niko sem predsjednika nije bio na konferenciji) between - what is between you and her (ta je izmeu tebe i nje) there is great difference between words and deeds (velika je razlika izmeu rei i djela) among - you will find some interesting girls among this students (nai ete interesantne djevojke meu ovim studenticama) before - she stood before the door waiting (stajala je pred vratima i ekala) came before eight o'clock (doi prije osam) beyond - this is beyond my understanding (to ne mogu da shvatim) his house stands beyond that road (njegova kua se nalazi iznad ovog puta) without - I shall be lonely without you (bit u usamljen bez vas) she left without saying good-bye (otila je bez zbogom) towards - they came to the house (prili su kui) until - I shall wait until day come (ekat u dok oni dou) till - I have been waiting for you till now (sve do sada sam vas ekao) with - will you take me with you (hoete li me povesti sa sobom) the proposal was approved with great majority (prijedlog je prihvaen velikom veinom) I cannot remain with him any longer (ne mogu vie ostati s njim) he cut himself with a knife (posjekao se noem) regarding - what have you done regarding this report? (ta ste uinili u vezi sa ovim
izvjetajem) Pored ovih prijedloga u engleskom jeziku imamo i tzv. prijedlone fraze (prepositional frases): in spite of (uprkos) in front of (ispred) according to (prema) because of (zbog) on account of (radi) by means of (pomou) There was a pool in front of his house. (pred njegovom kuom se nalazio bazen) This is not truth in spite of what he has said. (to nije istina uprkos tome to je on rekao)
Prilozi Adverbs
Prilozi su rei koje poblie oznauju glagole, pridjeve ili druge priloge:
uz glagol: John speaks loudly. (John pria glasno) She never smokes. (ona nikad ne pui) uz pridjev: He is really handsome. (on je stvarno zgodan) She is less beautifull than her sister. (ona je manje lijepa nego njena sestra) uz prilog: She drives incredibly slowly. (ona vozi nevjerovatno sporo) There is truly quietly. (tamo je zaista tiho)
Meutim, pred ovih funkcija prilozi imaju i druge funkcije, oni mogu:
izmjeniti smisao reenice: Obviously i can't know everything. (oito, ne mogu sve znati) izmjeniti prijedlonu frazu: It's immediately inside the door. (to je odmah iza vrata)
Po svom sastavu prilozi se u engleskom jeziku dijele na: proste, izvedene i sloene.

Prosti prilozi su: now (sada), then (tada), fast (brzo), loud (glasno), right (pravo) i dr. Izvedeni prilozi su oni koji se obrazuju od pridjeva nastavkom "ly": beautiful - beautifully (lijep - lijepo) bad - badly (lo - loe) itd. Sloeni prilozi su: a great deal (mnogo), at least (bar), at present (sada), at last (najzad) itd.
Po svom znaenju prilozi se dijele na:
priloge za vrijeme: always (uvijek), ever (ikad), never (nikad), seldom (rijetko), often (esto), soon (uskoro), sometimes (ponekad), early (rano), late (kasno) i dr. priloge za mjesto: here (ovdje), there (tamo), in (u), out (iz), near (blizu), far (daleko), down (dole), up (gore) i dr. priloge za koliinu: more (vie), no more (ne vie), most (najvie), little (malo), many (mnogi), less (manje) i dr. priloge za nain: how (kako), as (kao), so (tako), quickly (brzo), why (zato), truly (zaista), quietly (mirno), hardly (jedva), usefully (korisno), happily (sretno) i dr. Prilozi za nain se obino tvore dodavanjem nastavka "-ly" na pridjev. prilozi stupnja: very (vrlo), too (previe), enough (dovoljno), quite (sasvim) i dr.
Poreenje priloga Prilozi obrazuju prvi i drugi stupanj poreenja na sledee naine:
dvosloni i viesloni prilozi, kao i prilozi sa nastavkom "ly" porede se na taj nain to se za komparativ ispred priloga dodaje re "more", a za superlativ re "most". beautifully - more beautifully - most beautifully (lijepo - ljepe...); jednosloni prilozi (kao i prilozi often i early) obrazuju komparativ nastavkom "er", a superlativ nastavkom "est": long - longer - longest (dugo - due...);
Nepravilno se porede sljedei prilozi: well (dobro) badly (loe) much (mnogo) little (malo) near (blizu) far (daleko) late (kasno) - better - worse - more - less - nearer - farther, further - later - best - worst - most - least - nearest, next - farthest, furthest - latest, last
Inae, u poreenju priloga vae sva ostala pravila koja se primjenjuju i na pridjeve. U engleskom jeziku ima vie pridjeva koji se upotrebljavaju i kao prilozi: cheap (jeftin) dear (drag, skup) fair (lijep, pravilan) false (laan) hard (teak) high (visok) loud (glasan) low (nizak) near (blizak) right (prav) short (kratak) wide (irok) - to sell cheap - to buy dear - to copy fair - to play false - to work hard - to charge high - to speak loud - to speak loud - to draw near - to sing right - to stop short - wide open (prodavati jeftino) (kupiti skupo) (prepisati isto) (varati u igri) (naporno raditi) (propisati visoke cijene) (govoriti glasno) (govoriti tiho) (pribliiti se) (raditi kako treba) (iznenada stati) (iroko otvoren)
Napomena: kada ovi prilozi dobiju priloki nastavak "ly", oni esto mijenjaju smisao: hard (teak, naporan) - hardly (jedva), near (blizak) - nearly (skoro). Prilog moe imati tri poloaja u reenici:
na poetku (prije subjekta): Now we will study adverbs. (sada emo uiti priloge) u sredini (izmeu subjekta i glavnog glagola): We often study adverbs. (mi esto uimo priloge) na kraju (iza glavnog glagola ili objekta): We study adverbs carefully. (mi paljivo uimo priloge)
Prefiksi Prefixes
Prefiksi koji se najee upotrebljavaju: un dis ill im in ir non - unwise, unwell - disagree, disbelive - illiterate - impossible - indirect - irrational - non-stop
Ostali prefiksi: a be de dis en ex fore out inter mis post pre pro re over sub - ashore - beloved - defend - disarm - enlarge - explain - foreground - outline - international - misundrerstood - post-ware - prepare - protect - reform - overload - submarine
Sufiksi Sufixes
Sufiksi za obrazovanje imenica: sufiksi koji oznaavaju nacionalnost, pripadnost odreenoj grupi ljudi ili predmeta, koji vre radnju ili koji su predmet radnje: -ian -ician, -arian, -orian -er, -or, -ist -ant, -ent (Bosnian) (optician, librarian, historian) (reader, conductor, dentist) (assistant, student)
sufiksi koji oznaavaju apstraktnost, kvalitet, uslov, stanje, procese, nauke, predmete, deminutive, mjesto: -ance, -ence -hood -ia -ic, -ics -age -ion -ing -tion -ssion -sion -ism -ment -ness -ship -sure -ture -ity -y Sufiksi za obrazovanje pridjeva: -able, -ible -al -cial -ic, -ical -ant, -ent -ate -ian -ive -ful -less -ly -ous, -ious -y -some -like -th, -d (considerable, flexible) (equal, final) (social) (economic, physical) (distant, independent) (immediate) (Bosnian) (effective) (hopeful) (helpless) (friendly) (famous, various) (ready, gloomy) (tiresome) (childlike) (sixth, third)
(distance, sentence) (neighborhood) (Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia) (statistics) (village) (union) (fighting) (construction) (session) (division) (racism) (document) (happiness) (friendship) (measure) (furniture) (rapidity) (country)
-ish -en -ern -ward Sufiksi za obrazovanje glagola: -ate -ed -en -fy, -ify -y -ply -ize -ing -er -ish -el -le Sufiksi za obrazovanje priloga: -ly -side -wards -wise -ward
(girlish) (golden) (southern) (northward)
(dictate) (trained) (darken) (magnify) (occupy) (supply) (mechanize) (living) (glitter) (furnish) (snivel) (crackle)
(slowly) (inside) (inwards) (likewise) (forward)
Uzvici Interjections
Uzvici mogu izraavati:

uenje: ah! eh! what! strange! impossible! heavens! indeed! (zaista) bol: ah! oh! o! alas! alack! ah me! woe to me! (jao meni) mercy to me! (nek mi se nebo smiluje) radost: ah! o joy! ha,ha! hurra! huzza! odobravanje: right! bravo! cheer up! (hrabro) well done! obraanje panje: behold! lo! see! holla! help! hark! (uj) hold! I say! attention! wait! come on! hear, hear! what's the matter! prijetnju: go away! get away! (gubite se) beware! (pazite) off! off! (gubite se) pozdrav: good-morning! (dobro jutro), good-afternoon! (dobar dan) good-evening! good-night! welcome! farewell! (zbogom) hail! (zdravo)
Veznici Conjunctions
Prema funkciji u reenici veznici se dijele na:

dopunske (coordinative): and (i), but (ali), or (ili), yet (ipak) i dr. zavisne (subordinative): that (da), if (ako), when (kada), though (iako) i dr.
Glavni veznici i njihova upotreba: before - We saw him before he left his office. (vidjeli smo ga prije nego to je napustio ured) since - It was a long time since we met. (odavno se nismo vidjeli) until, till - We all waited until the rain stopped. (svi smo ekali dok kia nije prestala) as soon as - As soon as he came we called his father. (im je doao pozvali smo njegovog oca) as well as - He did it as well as he could. (on je to uinio onako kako je on mogao) as long as - You may keep this book as long as you want. (moete zadrati ovu knjigu koliko god elite) either...or - Either you or your brother must go. (ili vi ili va brat morate ii) neither...nor - Neither he or his sister knew this lesson. (ni on ni njegova sestra nisu znali ovu lekciju) both...and - Both you and I think so. (oboje mislimo tako) unless - I am not going to do this unless it is necessary. (neu to da uradim ako nije potrebno) in order to - He came in order to hear news. (doao je da bi uo vijest) as much as - I have read as much I had time. (itao sam onoliko koliko sam imao vremena) though (although) - He knows that I was right, although he wouldn't admit it. (on zna da sam bio u pravu iako on to ne bi priznao) whether - I don't know whether to go or not. (ne znam da li da idem ili ne) because - I don't like it because it's too tiresome. (ne volim to jer je isuvie zamorno)
Zamjenice Pronouns
U engleskom jeziku zamjenice se dijele na: Line zamjenice - Personal pronouns Prisvojne zamjenice - Possessive pronouns Povratne zamjenice - Reflexive pronouns Pokazne zamjenice - Demonstrative pronouns Upitne zamjenice - Interrogative pronouns Relativne zamjenice - Relative pronouns Diobne zamjenice - Distributive pronouns Neodreene zamjenice - Indefinite pronouns Line zamjenice - Personal Pronouns Line zamjenice imaju dva oblika: a) u prvom padeu: I (ja), you (ti), he- she- it (on-ona-ono) u jednini, we (mi), you (vi) i they (oni-one-ona) u mnoini; b) u etvrtom padeu: me (mene), you (tebe), him- her- it (njega-nju-njega) u jednini i us (nas), you (vas), them (njih) u mnoini. Drugi pade kod linih imenica pravi se pomou prijedloga "of", trei pomou "to" i esti pomou with s oblikom etvrtog padea: of me, to me, with me, of you, to you, with you. Posle glagola: to tell (kazati), to give (dati), to bring (donijeti), to throw (baciti), to send (poslati), to sell (prodati), to write (pisati), to read (itati) i jo nekih, prijedlog "to" se izostavlja ako dolazi prije objekta, ali ako dolazi posle objekta prijedlog "to" se ne izostavlja: I gave him the book (dao sam mu knjigu) I gave the book to him ( dao sam mu knjigu). Kod glagola "to say" (rei) prijedlog "to" se mora pisati, bilo da stoji ispred ili iza objekta: I said nothing to him. (nisam mu nita rekao) I said to him nothing. (nisam mu nita rekao) etvrti pade line zamjenice za prvo lice upotrebljava se umjesto prvog padea u obinom svakodnevnom engleskom: Who is there? -Me. (ko je tamo? -Ja) Who is speaking? - Me (ko govori?) etvrti pade line zamjenice se takoer upotrebljava umjesto prvog padea u poreenju iza rei "than": He is taller than me. (vii je od mene) Zamjenica "it" moe se upotrijebiti i kao bezlina zamjenica, koja se ne odnosi ni na lice ni na stvar:
It is a cold day, isn't it? (hladan je dan, zar ne) It seems to me that we shall have rain. (izgleda mi da emo imati kiu) Zamjenica "it" se takoer moe upotrijebiti da se uvede subjekat reenice: It was not difficult to understand him. (nije bilo teko razumjeti ga) It is only my brother who is here in time. (samo je moj brat doao na vrijeme) Zamjenice "we" i "they" se esto upotrebljavaju kao neodreene zamjenice i imaju znaenje neodreene zamjenice "one". U tom sluaju prevode se sa ljudi (uope). Kad upotrijebimo zamjenicu "we", ukljuujemo lice koje govori, a kad upotrijebimo zamjenicu "they", onda ne ukljuujemo: We are not going to ask you to go. (neemo traiti od vas da idete) They say that the accident was inevitable. (kau da je nesretan sluaj bio neizbjean) U obinom govoru se u ovakvim sluajevima moe upotrijebiti i zamjenica "you": You are not supposed to know everything. (ne moe se pretpostaviti da sve znate) Prisvojne zamjenice - Possessive Pronouns Prisvojne zamjenice su: mine (moj,a,e), yours (tvoj,a,e), his (njegov), hers (njen), its (njegov) u jednini; ours (na,a,e), yours (va,a,e), theirs (njihov,a,e) u mnoini. Prisvojne zamjenice slue za odgovor na pitanje iji, ija, ije: Whose hat is this? It is mine. (iji je ovo eir? moj je) Prisvojne zamjenice upotrebljavaju se takoer u naroitim izrazima koji prave dvostruki pade: a friend of mine (moj prijatelj) Kad se zamjenica eli naglasiti, moe se umjesto prisvojne zamjenice "mine", upotrijebiti "my own": This book is my own. (ovo je moja vlastita knjiga) Dok se prisvojni pridjevi upotrebljavaju samo uz imenice, prisvojne zamjenice upotrebljavaju se samostalno: this book is my own (ovo je moja knjiga) - pris. pridjev; and where is yours (a gdje je vaa) - prisv. zamjenica. Povratne zamjenice - Reflexive Pronouns Povratne zamjenice su: myself (ja sam, lino ja), yourself (ti sam, ti lino), himself (on sam), herself (ona sama), itself (ono samo) za jedninu, ourselves (mi sami), yourselves (vi sami), themselves (oni sami) za mnoinu.
"One's self" ili "oneself" je neodreeni oblik i upotrebljava se kad je objekat u reenici "one" ili kad je glagol u reenici bezlian: to wash one's face (oprati neije lice), to dress one's self (obui se) Povratna zamjenica moe se upotrijebiti i u izrazima kao: "by myself" (sam): I did it by myself (sam sam to uinio, bez iije pomoi), ili u izrazu: as for myself (to se mene tie). Zamjenice za isticanje (emphasizing pronouns) imaju isti oblik kao i povratne zamjenice i upotrebljavaju se da se u reenici istakne predmet ili objekt: He himself did this heroic deed. (lino on je uinio to herojsko djelo). Pokazne zamjenice - Demonstrative pronouns Pokazne zamjenice su: this (ovaj, ova, ovo) za blie predmete ili lica u jednini; these (ovi, ove, ova) za blie predmete ili lica u mnoini; that (onaj, ona, ono) za dalje predmete u mnoini; zatim such (takav, a, o) i the same (isti); the former (preanji, raniji), the latter (zadnji, dalji po redu); one i ones. Pokazne zamjenice this i that mogu biti samostalne samo u apstraktnom znaenju: This is not true. (to nije istina). Such i the same imaju isti oblik u mnoini: Such is my opinion, such are his words. (takvo je moje miljenje, takve su njegove rei) the same to you (takoer i vama). Zamjenica "the same" moe se pojaati sa "the very same" (ba taj isti). Upitne zamjenice - Interrogative Pronouns Upitne zamjenice su: who, what i which. Promjena zamjenice "who": 1. pad. who (ko) 2. pad. whose (iji, kojega) 3. pad. to whom (kome) 4. pad. whom (koga) 5. pad. with whom (s kim) Promjena zamjenice "what": 1. pad. what (ta) 2. pad. of what (ega) 3. pad. to what (emu)
4. pad. what (ta) 5. pad. with what (ime) Promjena zamjenice "which": 1. pad. which (koji) 2. pad. of which (kojega) 3. pad. to which (kojemu) 4. pad. which (kojega) 5. pad. with which (s kojim) "What" se upotrebljava samo za stvari : what do you want (ta hoete), what is this made of (od ega je ovo napravljeno). "Who" se upotrebljava samo za lica: who lives in your house (ko ivi u vaoj kui), whom do you see (koga vidite). "Which" se upotrebljava i za lica i stvari kada je u pitanju izbor: which of these two books is yours (koja od ove dvije knjige je vaa), which of these girls is your sister (koja od ovih djevojaka je vaa sestra). Ako se iza "which" i "what" nalazi imenica, onda su to pridjevi (which - koji; what - kakav): which man is your brother (koji od ovih ljudi je va brat), what colour is your bag (koje je boje vaa torba). Upitne se zamjenice mogu kombinovati sa "ever" ili "soever" radi isticanja: whoever, whatever, whichever; whosoever, whatsoever, whichsoever. Ako su "who" i "what" predmeti u reenici, onda glagol nije u upitnom obliku: who speaks here (ko ovdje govori) what comes after spring (ta dolazi posle proljea). Relativne zamjenice - Relative pronouns Relativne zamjenice su: who, what, which, that, as, but. "Who" se upotrebljava za lica: she lives with her daughter who is a teacher (ona ivi sa svojom kerkom koja je uiteljica), I saw the man to whom you were talking (vidjeo sam ovjeka sa kojim ste razgovarali); "Whom" se moe izostaviti: the journalist I met at the conference left for Italy (novinar koga sam sreo na konferenciji otputovao je za Italiju).
"Whose" se odnosi na lica, ivotinje i stvari: this is the woman in whose house we live (to je ena u ijoj kui mi ivimo), I saw the dog whose leg was broken (vidjeo sam psa ija noga je bila slomljena). "Of whom" i "of which" dolaze posle rei na koje se odnose: a writer the fame of whom is great has died (jedan pisac, ija je slava velika, umro je). "Which" se odnosi na stvari i na ivotinje: the house in which I live is in small street (kua u kojoj ivim nalazi se u maloj ulici). "Which" se moe odnositi i na cijelu reenicu: we came home by car which was great fun (vratili smo se kolima to je bilo vrlo zabavno). "Which" se moe izostaviti kad je objekt u etvrtom padeu: Peter lost the watch his wife had given him (Peter je izgubio sat koji mu je poklonila supruga). "That" se odnosi na lica, ivotinje i stvari: the boy that showed you the way is my brother (djeak koji vam je pokazao put je moj brat), the book that you are reading is interesting (knjiga koju itate je zanimljiva). Kad je "that" predmet odnosne reenice moe se izostaviti: the man you met is my father (ovjek koga ste sreli je moj otac). "That" se upotrebljava umjesto "who" ili "which" i to:
posle superlativa pridjeva: this is most beautiful picture that I have ever seen (to je najljepa slika koju sam ikad vidjeo); posle rednih brojeva: this is the first book that I have read with real interest (to je prva knjiga koju sam proitao sa stvarnim zanimanjem); - posle rei: all, everything, anything, nothing, something, some, any, none, much, little, only, very: there is much that must be done (ima mnogo toga to se mora uraditi).
"What" kao odnosna zamjenica znai "ono to": tell me what you want to know (kaite mi ta elite znati), I know what you mean (znam ta mislite). Relativna zamjenica "as" upotrebljava se za lica, ivotinje i stvari i dolazi posle "same" i "such": bread was given to such as were most hungry (hljeb je dat onima koji su bili najgladniji).
"But" kao relativna zamjenica odnosi se na imena lica, ivotinja i stvari, a upotrebljava se samo iza negacije: there is no man here but loves his country (nema ovdje ovjeka koji ne voli svoju zemlju). Relativne zamjenice se mogu pojaati reima "ever" ili "soever": whatever they do, they are not right (ta bilo da ine, nisu u pravu). Diobne zamjenice - Distributive Pronouns Diobne zamjenice su: each, each other, either, neither. Each se odnosi na lica, ivotinje i stvari. Znai svaki od dvojice ili vie njih uzeti posebno. Glagol je uvijek u jednini: each shows his own card (svaki pokazuje svoju kartu). Each other ima uzajamno znaenje (jedan drugoga, jedan drugome itd.): good friends always help each other (dobri prijatelji uvijek pomau jedan drugoga). Umjesto "each other" moe se upotrijebiti "one another": they help one another (oni pomau jedan drugoga). "Either" i "neither" upotrebljavaju se za lica, ivotinje i stvari, a znae jedan ili drugi (ni jedan ni drugi) od dvojice: either of these two pupils will read the story properly (i jedan i drugi uenik proitat e priu kako treba). "Either" i "neither" su takoer i veznici i u tom sluaju upotrebljavaju se sa "or" ili "nor": either you or your father should pay this money (ili vi ili va otac morat e platiti taj novac). Neodreene zamjenice - Indefinite Pronouns Samostalno i pridjevski upotrebljavaju se sledee neodreene zamjenice: all few a few little a little many, much some, any other another one several both cio, svi malo neto, nekoliko malo neto malo mnogo neki, neto, nekoliko drugi (jedan) drugi oba i ovaj i onaj neki nekoliko
Samo pridjevski upotrebljavaju se: every no many a svaki (ako znai cjelinu) niko mnogi
Samo samostalno se upotrebljavaju: others something, anything somebody someone anybody anyone everybody everyone everything nobody no one none nothing drugi neto neko neko neko, bilo ko neko, bilo ko svako svako sve niko niko niko nita
Neodreena zamjenica "all" upotrebljava se: a) samostalno: all will come (sve e doi), all is lost (sve je izgubljeno); b) pridjevski: all hope was lost (sva je nada bila izgubljena). "All" znai cjelinu. Glagol stoji u jednini ili mnoini: all is correct (sve je tano), the house is empty, all have gone (kua je prazna, svi su otili). "Some" i "any" upotrebljavaju se za lica, ivotinje i stvari. Mogu se upotrijebiti u jednini ili mnoini. "Some" oznaava dio koji je uzet iz cjeline, izvjestan broj, koliinu ili stepen. "Any" ima neodreeno znaenje, dok je "some" ipak ogranien: I am short of money but I think I can spare some (nemam novaca ali mislim da mogu neto odvojiti); there are many interesting books here i am going to take some (ovdje ima mnogo zanimljivih knjiga, uzet u neke); many people are said to have arrived but I still cannot see any (kau da je mnogo svijeta stiglo, ali ja jo uvijek nikog ne vidim). "Both" se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari. Glagol je uvijek u mnoini: both came to see me (oboje su doli da me vide); two artists have exhibited their paintings; works of both are of great value (dva slikara su izlagali svoje slike, radovi obojice su od velike vrijednosti). "Much" se upotrebljava kada je u pitanju velika koliina. Upotrebljava se samo u jednini (kolektivno):
much has been said, but in vain (mnogo je bilo reeno, ali uzalud). "Many" se upotrebljava za neodreeni broj lica, ivotinja i stvari. Glagol je samo u mnoini: many will come, and still more will leave (mnogi e doi, ali jo vie njih e otii). Sve to je reeno za "much" i "many" vai za njihove komparative i superlative (more i most). "Nobody" i "no one" znae isto i upotrebljavaju se samo u jednini u smislu: niko, nijedna osoba, nijedno lice: nobody has come at all (niko nije dolazio uope), in this work I had nobody's assistance (u ovom poslu niko mi nije pomogao). "Nothing" se upotrebljava samo u jednini u smislu "no thing" (nita): nothing has been said about this (nita nije reeno o tome). "One" se upotrebljava za lica u jednini. Znai neko neodreeno lice: one never knows what will happen to one (nikad se ne zna, ta e se ovjeku dogoditi). "Others" je zamjenica koja se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari i javlja se samo u mnoini: I suggested to go, others said I should stay (predloio sam da odem, drugi su rekli da ostanem). "Another" se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari i javlja se samo u jednini: one came at once, another after some minutes (jedan je stigao odmah, drugi posle nekoliko minuta).
Direktni i indirektni govor - Direct and Indirect Speech

Ako ponavljamo neije rei tano onako kako ih je neko rekao to je direktni govor (upravni govor, Direct speech), npr: On mi je rekao: "Poalji mi knjigu". A ako izvjetavamo ono to je neko rekao onda koristimo indirektni govor (neupravni govor, Indirect Speech or Reported Speech), npr: On mi je rekao da mu donesem knjigu. Indirektan govor se uvodi reima kao to su: he said (on ree) he asked (un upita) we enquired (zapitali smo) she ordered (ona zapovijedi) we believed (vjerovasmo) I replied (odgovorih) I answered (odgovorih) i sl. Pri pretvaranju direktnog u indirektan govor treba potivati pravila o slaganju vremena:
sva vremena u indirektnom obliku se moraju zamijeniti odgovarajuim prolim oblicima - prema pravilima o slaganju vremena: Direktni govor Present Simple Past Simple Present Perfect Futur Simple Imperativ Indirektni govor Past Simple Past Perfect Future Perfect Infinitiv
sve rei koje oznaavaju blizinu moraju se zamijeniti reima koja oznaavaju udaljenost; Prema ovim pravilima: am do shall will have, has can may must this these here now today tomorrow yesterday last night postaje " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " was did should would had could might had to that those there then that day the next day the day before the night before
D: He said: "I do not understand this letter." (On ree: "Ja ne razumijem ovo pismo") I: He said that he didn't understand this letter. (on ree da ne razumije to pismo) D: She said: "I am going to come soon again." (Ona ree: "Doi u uskoro ponovo".) I: She said that she was going to come soon again. (ona ree da e uskoro ponovo doi)
ako se u indirektnom govoru saopava tue pitanje, onda je potrebno pored pomenutih pravila obratiti panju jo i na sljedee:
-umjesto glagola "say" upotrijebiemo glagol "ask"; -ako pitanje ne sadri nikakvu upitnu re (kao to su what, how, when itd.), onda pitanje u indirektnom govoru mora poeti sa "if" ili "whether". Primjeri: D: She said to her brother: "What are you doing?" (ona ree svom bratu: "ta radi?") I: She asked her brother what he was doing. (ona upita svog brata ta radi) D: They asked me: "Do you speak Spanish." (zapitali su me: "Da li govorite panski?") I: They asked me whether I speak Spanish. (zapitali su me da li govorim panski)
da bi se u indirektnom govoru izrazila zapovijed, upotrebljava se infinitiv i uvodi glagol "tell":
D: Father said to his son: "Be careful of yourself." (otac ree sinu: "Pazi se"). I: Father told his son to be careful of himself. (otac ree svom sinu da se pazi).
Pisanje velikih slova - Writing of capital letters

U engleskom jeziku koristimo velika slova da bi istaknuli vane rei. Velika slova su dio gramatike koji uvijek slijedi svoja pravila, ne postoji lista izuzetaka koju treba zapamtiti, to olakava uenje ovog jezika. Sve to trebate je: - nauiti pravila - slijediti pravila Meutim, kod internet korisnika, na raznim reklama, grafitima itd. vidjet ete odstupanja od ovih pravila, to svakako ne znai mijenjanje istih. Veoma je bitno ispravno pisati ako elite da italac ima visoko miljenje o vama. Prvo slovo reenica se pie velikim slovom.

We saw the accident from the distance. The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.
Lina zamjenica I (ja) se uvijek pie velikom slovom, na bilo kojem mjestu u reenici.

I like horror films. Mary and I went to the beach together.
Pored ovih sluajeva, velikim slovom piemo: - imena ljudi i mjesta:

Peter Susan Bosnia Jupiter
- titule:

Mr Finnegan Mrs Edgeware Ms Johnson Dr Jacobs Major Fingleton the Director General
- dani, mjeseci, praznici:

Monday Friday July December Ramadan Christmas
- nacije i regioni, jezici, religije i etnike skupine:

a German car the Scandinavian countries She speaks Russian and Chinese a Muslim cleric the Aboriginal people
- nazivi knjiga, magazina, filmova, pjesama itd.

War and Peace Rolling Stone the New Statesman Citizen Kane Stairway to Heaven the Mouse Trap
- prvo slovo indirektnog (neupravnog) govora mora poeti velikim slovom:

The president said: "Ask not what your country can do for you." "Who's been sleeping in my bed?" Pappa Bear cried.
Na internetu, u mailovima, pisanje cijelog teksta velikim slovima se smatra kao vikanje. Meutim, izbjegavajte pisanje velikim slovima, jer je takav tekst jako teko itati. Zato? Nae oi su prilagoene da itaju i raspoznavaju rei prema njihovom obliku. Taj oblik odreuje broj slova (duina rei) i visina slova u reima. Kada itamo, ne pogledamo ustvari svako slovo, ve prepoznamo oblik rei. Ali, ako je itav tekst pisan velikim slovima teko je i naporno ga itati jer sve rei imaju isti oblik, oblik pravougaonika.
OVAJ TEKST SE ITA MNOGO SPORIJE ZATO TO JE PISAN VELIKIM SLOVIMA. ITAOCU OVOG TEKSTA JE NAPORNO I DOSADNO ITATI ZATO IZBJEGAVAJTE KORITENJE VELIKIH SLOVA. AKO MORATE OVAKO NAPIITE U TEKSTU JEDNU, DO DVIJE REI AKO ELITE DA NETO NAGLASITE.
Znaci interpunkcije Punctuation

Taka - The full stop or period Zarez - The comma Dvotaka - The colon Taka-zarez - The semicolon Upitnik - The question mark Taka - The full stop or period - Taku stavljamo na kraj reenice:
She is sleeping. (ona spava) I was in England. (bio sam u Engleskoj)
- Taku koristimo u skraenicama, ako zadnje slovo skraenice nije isto kao i kod skraene rei:

Co. (company - kompanija) etc. (et cetera - i tako dalje)
- Taku ne koristimo kod skraenica kod kojih je zadnje slovo isto kao kod skraene rei:

Ltd (Limited) Manchester Utd (United) St (Saint)
Ova pravila o skraenicama ne slijede svi i ponekad predstavlja pitanje stila. Meutim, preporuuje se da budete doslijedni, ako odluite pisati taku posle Ltd. i slinih primjera, piite je u cijelom tekstu. Zarez - The comma Zarez se koristi da pri izdvajanju pojedinih rei, fraza i klauza u reenici. - Koristimo ga da razdvojimo tri ili vie rei pri nabrajanju. Zarez prije zadnje rei se ne mora pisati.
John played handball, hockey, and football in high school. (John je igrao u rukomet, hokej i nogomet u koli)
- Zarez razdvaja dva ili vie pridjeva, koji dolaze jedan za drugim, ako oni mogu zamijeniti mjesta a da se ne promijeni znaenje reenice:
The sunny, cool day was perfect for lying in the dark green grass. (sunano, toplo vrijeme je bilo odlino za izleavanje na tamno-zelenoj travi)
Primjetite, da izmeu "dark" i "green" nema zareza, jer ovi pridjevi ne mogu zamijeniti mjesta. Trava nije "zelena" i "tamna", ona je "tamno zelena". - Zarez razdvaja uvodni pozdrav (greeting or salutation) od poruke, te se koristi u potpisu posle rei: Yours truly, Yours sincerly, Best wishes itd.
Dear Jane, message message message Best wishes, Jack Brown
- Zarez razdvaja pitanje (question tag) od ostatka reenice:
You locked the car, didn't you? (zakljuao si auto, zar ne?)
- Zarez iza kojeg dolazi dopunski veznik (coordinative conjunction: and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so) razdvaja dvije nezavisne klauze:
Ron wore cowboy boots, and Jeff wore tennis shoes. (Ron je nosio kaubojske izme, a Jeff je nosio tenisice)
- Kada zavisna dolazi ispred nezavisne klauze odvajamo je zarezom:
When the meeting was over, the refreshment committee served coffee and cake before everyone went home. (kada je sastanak bio zavren, osoblje je posluilo kafu i kola prije nego su svi otili doma)
Primjetite da nema zareza izmeu "coffee" i "cake", zato to zavisna klauza dolazi posle nezavisne klauze. - Zarezom se odvaja uvodna fraza, te izraz ubaen u reenicu koji ne donosi neku presudnu informaciju:

On my way to school i met three of my classmates coming out of the subway. (na putu prema koli, izlazei iz podzemne sreo sam troje kolskih kolega) Texans, as you know, are often the subject of jokes. (teksaani, kao to znate, su esto predmetom ale) Eddie will, in spite of my wishes, travel to Russia. (Eddie e, uprkos mojim eljama, putovati u Rusiju)
Dvotaka - The colon Dvotaka se koristi: - prije uvoenja liste pri nabrajanju:
They must have: books, papers and pens. (Oni moraju imati: knjige, papire i olovke)
- prije formalnog pitanja u reenici:

The question is: what are we doing? (pitanje je: ta radimo?) He opened the meeting with the words: "War is upon us!" (poeo je sastanak reima: "rat je pred nama!")
- prije klauze koja dolazi posle reenice i daje njeno objanjenje:
His motives are clear: he intends to become a dictator. (njegovi motivi su jasni, on nastoji postati diktator)
- da se posebno naznai vana re u reenici:
King Midas cared for only one thing: gold. (kralj Midas je brinuo samo za jednu stvar: zlato)
- posle uvodnog pozdrava u poslovnom pismu:
Dear Ms. Weiner:

- pri pisanju podataka:
Title: Principles of Mathematics: An Introduction Reference: Luke 3:4-13 Numerals: 8:15 P.M.
Taka-zarez - The semicolon Taku-zarez koristimo: - izmeu dvije nezavisne klauze (reenice) koje nisu povezane dopunskim veznikom (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet):
People are usually willing to give advice; they are much less inclined to take it. (ljudi obino rado daju savjete; mnogo su manje zainteresirani da ih prime)
- izmeu dvije nezavisne klauze (reenice) koje su povezane sa veznim prilogom (however, nevertheless, furthermore, then, therefore, moreover, thus, etc.):
Today people can buy what they want from supermarkets, department stores, and discount stores; but in Colonial days, when such conveniences did not exist, people depended on general stores and peddlers.
- izmeu rei koje nabrajamo, ako one sadre zarez:
The newly elected officers of the group are Thomas Mann, president; Emily Dickinson, vice-president; James Joyce, secretary; and Leo Tolstoy, treasurer.
Upitnik - The question mark Upitnik stavljamo na kraju direktnog pitanja.

Where are you? (gdje si?) Who wrote that book? (ko je napisao tu knjigu?) He shouldn't have quit his diet, should he? (nije trebao prekinuti svoju dijetu, zar ne?)
Pazite da ne stavite upitnik na kraju indirektnog pitanja.

The instructor asked the students what they were doing. (uitelj je pitao uenike ta e raditi) I asked my sister if she had a date. (upitao sam sestru ima li sastanak)
Porijeklo i znaaj engleskog jezika - The history and importance of English language
Engleski je germanski jezik indo-evropske porodice. Po broju ljudi koji govore ovaj jezik on je drugi u svijetu. Smatra se da postoji 300 miliona ljudi kojima je engleski izvorni (native speakers), 300 miliona onih kojima je on drugi i jo 100 miliona onih koji ga koriste kao strani jezik. To je jezik nauke avijacije, raunarstva, diplomatije i turizma. Polovina svih poslovnih ugovora je sklopljena na engleskom, takoer, dvije treine naunih dokumenata je pisana ovim jezikom. Engleski je zvanini jezik u 45 zemalja ali je govorni i mnogim drugim zemljama. Mandarin (kineski) govori najvie ljudi, meutim engleski jezik je najraireniji i najvaniji jezik u svijetu. Engleski igra znaajnu ulogu u kulturnoj, politikoj i ekonomskoj sferi drutva u sljedeim zemljama. U zemljama koje su podebljane engleski jezik vodi glavnu ulogu.

Antigva Australia Bahami Barbados Belize Bermudska ostrva Bocvana Bruneji (sa malajskim otocima) Dominika Fidi Gajana Gambija Gana Grenada Indija (sa nekoliko indijskih jezika) Irska (sa irskim) Jamajka JAR Kamerun (sa francuskim) Kanada (sa francuskim) Kenija Kiribati Lesoto Liberija Malawi Malta Mauricijus Namibija Nauru Novi Zeland Nigerija Pakistan Papua Nova Gvineja
Filipini Porto Riko SAD Sv. Kristofer i Nevi Sv. Lucija Sv. Vinsent Senegal Sejeli Siera Leone Singapur Surinam Svaziland Tanzanija Tonga Trinidad i Tobago Tuvalu Uganda V. Britanija Vanatu Zapadna Samoa Zambija Zimbabve
Kada ovaj broj od 45 zemalja uporedimo sa 27, u koliko drava je govorni jezik francuski, te 20 gdje je panski i 17 gdje je arapski govorni jezik, moemo uvidjeti koliko je engleski jezik dominantan. Moda se oni koji govore francuski, panski i arapski nee sloiti, ali engleski je na putu da postana nezvanini meunarodni jezik cijelog svijeta. Porijeklo engleskog jezika Historija engleskog jezika poinje dolaskom germanskih plemena na britanska otoja su stigli preko Sjevernog mora sa prostora dananje Danske i sjeverne Njemake. Doseljenici su prvobitno govorili keltski jezik, meutim to je brzo promijenjeno. Veina ljudi koji su govorili keltski su potisnuti u Vels, Kornvol i kotsku. Jedna skupina je emigrirala na britansku obalu Francuske gdje i danas govore keltski jezik. Angli su dobili naziv od rei Engle, imena njihove pradomovine. Jezik im se nazivao Englisc od ega i potie re English. Tokom sljedeih par stoljea razvilo se nekoliko dijelekata: -Northumbrian u Northumbriji -Mercian u kraljevini Merciji -West Saxon u kraljevini Wessex -Kentish u Kentu Tokom 7. i 8. stoljea kultura i jezik Northumbrije su bili dominirajui. Invazija Vikinga je dovela ovu dominaciju do kraja (zajedno sa unitenjem Mercije). Samo je Wessex ostao nezavisna kraljevina. Tokom 10. stoljea West Saxon dijalekat je postao zvanini jezik Britanije. Iz ovog perioda je poznat tzv. Old English (staro-engleski). Pisan je alfabetom zvanim Runic, koji potie od skandinavskih jezika. Latinski alfabet su donijeli kranski misionari iz Irske. U to vrijeme, rjenik Old English-a se sastojao od anglo-saksonske osnove te prihvaenih rei latinskog i skandinavskih jezika (Norse and Danish). Latinski je dao engleskom rei poput: street, kitchen, kettle, cup, cheese, wine, angel,bishop, martyr, candle. Vikinzi su dodali rei: sky, egg, cake, skin, leg, window, husband, fellow, skill, anger, flat, odd, ugly, get, give, take, raise, call, die, they, their, them. Keltske rei su preivjele u imenima mjesta i rijeka: Devon, Dover, Kent, Trent, Severn, Avon, Thames. Normani su 1066. god. osvojili Britaniju. Francuski je postao jezik normanske aristokracije i oni su dodali mnoge rei u engleski jezik. francuski close reply odour annual demand chamber desire power ire engleski shut answer smell yearly ask room wish might wrath
Zbog toga to su nii slojevi (englezi) kuhali za normansku aristokraciju, nazivi za veinu domaih ivotinja su engleski (ox, cow, calf, sheep, swine, deer), dok su nazivi za vrste mesa koje su im donosili iz francuskog jezika (beef, veal, mutton, pork, bacon, venison). Germanski nain tvorbe mnoine (house, housen; shoe, shoen) je zamijenjen francuskim nainom tvorbe: dodavanjem "s" (house, houses; shoe, shoes). Samo par rei su zadrali germanski nain tvorbe: men, oxen, feet, teeth, children. U 14. stoljeu Englezi postaju ponovo dominantni u Britaniji. Prvi kralj posle normanske vladavine je bio Henry IV. Do kraja 14. stoljea londonski dijalekat je standardizovan, i postao zvanini jezik, taj se jezik naziva Middle English (srednje-engleski). Chaucer je pisao na ovom jeziku. Modern English poinje u 16-om stoljeu i poput ostalih jezika jo uvijek se mijenja. Jedna promjena se desila kada je "th" kod nekih oblika glagola postalo "s": loveth, loves: hath, has. U narednom periodu Engleska postaje kolonijalna sila, stupajui u kontakt sa razliitim narodima irom svijeta. Zbog toga mnogo rei iz drugih jezika je nalo mjesto u engleskom jeziku, to je svakako doprinijelo poveavanju rjenika engleskog jezika. Rjenik engleskog jezika je najvei u svijetu. Jezici koji su imali uticaja na engleski jezik su: latinski, grki, francuski, njemaki, arapski, Hindu, italijanski, malajski, holandski, Farsi (iz Irana i Afganistana), Nahuatl (jezik Asteka), Sanskrit (iz drevne Indije), portugalski, panski, Tupi (iz June Amerike) i Ewe iz Afrike.
Low German
Church Latin
Anglo-Saxon
Old Norse
Old English
Danish
Norman French
Middle English
Latin
Modern English
Greek
ZABAVA
Anagrami Anagrams
Anagrami su rei ili fraze koje su dobivene premetanjem slova druge rei ili fraze, s tim da obje fraze ili rei bi trebala povezivati neka misao. a decimal point I'm a dot in place Alec Guinness genuine class animosity is no amity astronomer moon starer contradiction accord not in it debit card bad credit desperation a rope ends it dormitory dirty room eleven plus two twelve plus one evangelist evil's agent mother-in-law woman Hitler Punishment nine thumps President Clinton of the USA to copulate he finds interns. school master the classroom semolina is no meal slot machines cash lost in 'em... snooze alarms Alas! no more Z's the earthquakes That queer shake... the eyes they see the Morse code Here come dots! the public art galleries Large picture halls i bet. Halley's Comet shall yet come schoolmaster the classroom year two thousand a year to shut down To be or not to be: that is the question; In one of the Bard's best-thought-of whether 'tis nobler in the mind to tragedies our insistent hero, suffer the slings and arrows of Hamlet, queries on two fronts about outrageous fortune... how life turns rotten.
Kvizovi Quizzes
Koje vrijeme je upotrebljeno u sljedeim reenicama: Do you like ice-cream? You are visiting www.eng-gramatika.tk The guests have just entered the hall. I would like a new car. Were you working at 9 o'clock? Did Tara phone you yesterday?
We'll have finished by 9pm. Will he still be travelling this evening? The train had already left. Will you be in Bangkok tomorrow? Koritenje neodreenog lana: a ili an...? chair girl school egg hour apple exam hospital year university Choose "for" i "since" for each phrase... 1. ________ I left school for since 4. ________ three days 2. ________ 50 years for since 5. ________ a long time 3. ________ yesterday for since for since for since
Match the part of speech on the left with a word on the right. noun preposition verb adjective conjunction indefinite article
adverb pronoun definite article relative pronoun 1. U renici: "I would like to spend the summer writing", podcrtana re je: glavni glagol - main verb modalni glagol - modal verb prilog - adverb 2. U renici: "Please place all dogs on leash", podcrtana re je: veznik - conjunction pridjev - adjective prijedlog - prepostion 3. U renici: "You may pick up your exams after I have finished grading them", podcrtana re je: prijedlog - prepostion dopunski veznik - coordinating conjunction zavisni veznik - subordinating conjunction 4. U renici: "His parents are poor but honest", podcrtana re je: prijedlog - prepostion dopunski veznik - coordinating conjunction zavisni veznik - subordinating conjunction 5. U renici: "Although she is from Texas, she doesn't sound or act like it", podcrtana re je: prijedlog - prepostion dopunski veznik - coordinating conjunction zavisni veznik - subordinating conjunction Click on the correct quantifier to fill the blank. 1. He's got _______wine. some much several few many a lot of
3. We don't have _______ butter. much many several
2. I need _______ money.
4. Tara has _______ toys for today. much a little enough
5. We still have _______ eggs. a little many a lots of
Choose the term on the right that matches the definition on the left. A word opposite in meaning to another: A group of words that usually go together (e.g. fish and chips): A group of words that includes a subject and a finite verb: A word that connects two parts of a compound sentence: A combination of two vowels: A phrase that is not intended to be understood word for word: A verb that has a subject but no object: Expressing an action done to the subject: The subject does the action and receives the action: A phrase added to a statement to make a question:
1. Benjamin _________ Dave's glasses. broke broken
done
did
4. Dave has ________ many strange things. ate eaten
2. Have you ever _______ a promise? broke broken 5. Dave's students _______ all of his terrible cooking. ate eaten
3. Dave ______ the painting by himself.
Choose the right option for each phrase...
1. __________ students are in the class? How many of How many 2. I don't have __________ about the Internet. much knowledge many knowledge 3. Can you give me __________ information?
a little a few 4. Wow, what a large __________ of money! number amount 5. __________ time do you have? How many How much
Sleng je neformalni, esto zabavni, jezik. Na lijevoj strani imate reenicu u kojoj je upotrebljen sleng, iz menija desno odaberite njegovo znaenje. Have you found a pad yet? You're too old to be a party animal. paws off of my body. I am not going to work for peanuts. pickled after only one beer. at parties. Let's go to the restaurant and pig out. make a pit stop at the next rest area. Shut up or I will pop you. My office is filled with paper-pushers. 1. The winner of the competition was ___ the drawing-room. on in at 2. Everybody sat ___ the floor, but Mr. Spencer sat ___ a chair ___ the corner. over - in - on about - on - at on - on - in 3. The judge poured champagne ___ the glass. into on inside 4. The elderly lady was always ___ home ___ night. at - at in - at into-inside
5. Adriana used to swin ___ the sea and sunbathe ___ the sand.
on -at on - in in - on
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. Peter lives ___ Boa Viagem Avenue, now, but he lived ___ 109, Amizade Street ___ 1980. on - at - at in - at - on in - in - at 2. He was born ___ 8:15 ___ the morning ___ June, 18th, 1928 in - on - at at - in - on on - on - in 3. The hanging light is ___ the table. in - on on - in at - on ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Proitajte renicu i od ponuenih zamjenica odaberite onu koja treba popuniti prazninu. Takoer, klikom na "Objanjenje" u okviru ete dobiti obrazloenje tanog odgovora. 1. Either the classrooms or the auditorium must have _________ floor refinished. their its
Ovdje bi se zamjenica trebala slagati sa subjektom (koji je, u ovom sluaju, blii glagolu "auditorium", a on je u jednini).
in over at 4. "I'm staying ___ the Jangadeiro Hotel. It's ___ Boa Viagem Ave. ___ Recife." at - in - on in - on - at at - on - in 5. Thomas was born ___ January 9th ___ Buenos Aires.
2. Every coat on this rack has outlived _________ usefulness. its their
"Every coat" je jednina (iako ovdje zvui kao da govorimo o vie kaputa).
3. Tate George scored in the final two seconds, and the crowd roared ________ approval. their its
The crow d - masa ljudi, djeluju zajedno, kao jedan, zbog toga emo ovdje koristiti jedninu.
4. When the committee submitted _________ four versions of the document, it was clear to us that the committee members had acted as individuals, not as a group. its their
"Committee" je zbirna imenica, ali ovdje su lanovi udruenja djelovali kao individue, zbog toga emo koristiti mnoinu.
5. Paul's brother left the matter entirely up to _______ and _______ . he --- I him --- I he --- me him --- me
Obje zamjenice moraju biti objekti, zbog toga emo koristiti etvrti pade.
6. _____ voters must learn to vote in our own self interest. We Us
Zamjenica se u ovom sluaju mora slagati sa subjektom ("voters"), zato emo koristiti: "w e".
7. The voters have chosen _______ and _______ to be their representatives. she --- he her --- him
Obje zamjenice ovdje moraju biti objekti: "her" and "him".
8. He didn't seem to care much about ______ voters. we us

Za razliku od #6, ovdje se zamjenica mora slagati sa objektom: ("voters", ovdje kao objekat), zato trebamo objektni oblik: "us".
9. I'm very tall, but guess what! My sister is taller than _____ . me I
'I' bi sluio kao subjekat nepotpunog izraza: 'she is taller than I _am_'. Neki tvrde da "than" djeluje kao prijedlog i da bi "me" tu trebao stajati kao objekat; ipak, u formalnom izrazu uzeemo "I".
10. At first i wanted to split the money between Jo-Jo and ________ . I ended up giving the money to ___________ . myself --- me me --- myself I --- myself
U prvoj reenici, nema razloga da se objektni oblik "me" zamijeni sa "myself". U drugoj reenici povratna zamjenica je odgovarajui izbor.
1. It belongs to me, it's ___ mine your his 2. It belongs to my father, it's ___ hers ours his 3. It belongs to Mr. and Mrs. Smith, it's ___
theirs ours yours 4. It belongs to me and my wife, it's ___ mine hers ours 5. It belongs to my mother, it's ___ theirs ours hers
1. They are pulling down the old factory. pasivna aktivna
pasivna
aktivna
4. Students are doing a lot of the work. pasivna aktivna
2. People must not leave bicycles in the hall. pasivna aktivna
5. This door must be kept shut. 3. This notice has been altered. pasivna aktivna
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Engleski Jezik Gramatika I

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Engleski Jezik Gramatika I

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http://engleski-jezik.com/index.

Alfabet (abeceda) Alphabet

Odreeni i neodreeni lan

(Jack mi je dao jabuku);

by heart on board Neodreeni lan

(napamet) (na brodu).

Glagol "to be" - biti

I shall not be you will not be he will not be

shall I be? will you be? will he be?

should I be? would you be? would he be)

have I? have you? has he?

had I? had you? had he?

have I had? have you had? has he had?

had I had? had you had? had he had?

should I have? would you have? would he have?

Lista najeih nepravilnih glagola

prelazni frazalni glagol

put off turn down

We will have to put off They turned down

the meeting. my offer.

Imenike osobine gerunda su:

Indirektni govor Past Simple Past Perfect Future Perfect Infinitiv

I am eager to go to the concert because I love the Wallflowers.

Da se izrazi prola radnja, koristite prosto prolo vrijeme.

I know that I made the right choice.

They believe that they have elected the right candidate.

The President says that he will veto the bill.

Budue vrijeme (Futur)

Predbudue vrijeme, svreni futur

U svakom sluaju koristite sadanje vrijeme ili prezent perfekt.

Most students will have taken sixty credits by the

(Future Perfect Tense)

Infinitiv sadanji (Present Infinitive, to see)

Da se izrazi istovremena radnja ili radnja posle glagola.

Infnitiv perfekta (Perfect Infinitive, to have seen)

Da se izrazi radnja koja se desila prije glagola.

Da se izrazi radnja koja se deava u isto vrijeme kada i glagol.

Particip proli ili particip prezent perfekta

Da se izrazi radnja koja se deava prije glagola.

(Past Participle or Present Perfect Participle

Main source (glavni izvor): Webster.Commnet.edu

The sun rises. present

running stopping beginning

Ako glagol zavrava na ie, mijenjamo ie u y: lie > lying

Present Continuous Tense (sadanje trajno vrijeme) se upotrebljava:

...the pages are turning.

...the candle is burning.

...the girl is dancing.

radnja poela u prolosti

20 minutes three days six months a long time ever itd.

6.15 am Monday January I left school the beginning of time itd.

went saw sang

gone seen sung

Sloeno budue vrijeme - Futur Perfect Tense

will I have called?

- niece - queen - nun - mare - hen - duck - goose

neak kralj kaluer konj pijetao patak gusak

- neaka - kraljica - kaluerica - kobila - kokoka - patka - guska

- maid-servant - hen-sparrow - cow-calf - female-elephant - landlady

sluga vrabac junac slon gazda

- slukinja - vrabica - junica - slonica - gazdarica

Od opeg pravila postoje sljedei izuzeci:

- countries - ladies - stories

zemlja dama pria