Static Pushover Analysis: Performance Based Design Modeling For Pushover Analysis Use of The Pushover Curve

Static Pushover Analysis
Performance Based Design

Modeling for Pushover Analysis
Use of the Pushover Curve

M. Iqbal Suharwardy
Computers and Structures, Inc.

Static Pushover Analysis for Seismic Design
March 22, 1999

Performance Check of Structures
Purpose

How will a structure perform when subjected to
a given level of earthquake?

Definition of structural performance
Definition of earthquake level
Determination of performance level

Performance Check of Structures

Process
Recently released guidelines for Seismic
Rehabilitation of Buildings:
ATC-40
FEMA 273 (ATC-33)

Types of Performance Checks
Linear Static Analysis
Linear Dynamic Analysis
Nonlinear Static Analysis
(Pushover Analysis)
Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis
Performance Check Using Pushover
Deformation Measure
F
o
r
c
e

M
e
a
s
u
r
e

Performance Limits
(IO, LS, CP)
Expected Performance Point
for given Earthquake
Goal is to predict peak response of building
and components for a given earthquake
Why Do Pushover Analysis?
Design Earthquakes cause nonlinear
behavior
Better understand building behavior
- Identify weak elements
- Realistic prediction of element demands
Less conservative acceptance criteria can be
used with consequences understood

Steps in Performance Check
Construct Pushover curve
Select earthquake level(s) to check
Select performance level(s) to check
Select acceptance criteria for each
performance level
Verify acceptance
Capacity Spectrum Method (ATC-40)
Displacement Coefficient Method (FEMA 273)

Constructing Pushover Curve
Define Structural Model
Elements (components)
Strength - deformation properties
Define Loads
Gravity
Lateral load pattern
Select Control Displacements or Drifts
Perform Pushover Analysis

Pushover Modeling
Definition of Structural Model
3D or 2D
Primary and Secondary Elements (components)
Non structural Elements
Foundation flexibility
P-Delta effects

Pushover Modeling (Elements)
Types
Truss - yielding and buckling
3D Beam - major direction flexural and shear hinging
3D Column - P-M-M interaction and shear hinging
Panel zone - Shear yielding
In-fill panel - Shear failure
Shear wall - P-M-Shear interaction!
Spring - for foundation modeling

Pushover Modeling (Properties)
Force-Deformation Relationship
B
A
C
D E
F
o
r
c
e

Deformation
Pushover Modeling (Properties)
Force-Deformation (Back bone Curve)
F
o
r
c
e

Deformation
Pushover Modeling (Beam Element)
Three dimensional Beam Element
Plastic Hinge Rigid Zone
Span Loads Flexible
Connection
Shear Hinge
Pushover Modeling (Column Element)
Three dimensional Column Element
Shear Hinge
Axial Load - Moment Interaction (Concrete)
P
M
Axial Load - Moment Interaction (Steel)

( )
ye ye CE
P P F Z M / 1 18 . 1 =
Pushover Modeling (Loads)
Start with Gravity Loads
Dead Load
Some portion of Live Load

Select Lateral Load Pattern
Lateral Load Patterns (Vertical Distribution)
Lateral Load Horizontal Distribution
Torsional Effects
Orthogonal Effects
Pushover Modeling (Loads)
Lateral Load Patterns (Vertical Distribution)
Uniform
Code Lateral Mode 1
Pushover Analysis (Control)
Force controlled analysis

Deformation controlled analysis
Roof Displacement
Generalized Displacement Definitions

Limit of analysis
Instability - loss of gravity load carrying capacity
Excessive distortions
Pushover Analysis (Solution Schemes)
Event by Event Strategies
Manual
Newton-Raphson Type Strategies
Constant stiffness iterations
Tangent stiffness iterations
Problem of degradation of strength
Ritz Modes (Reduced Space) Strategies
Event by Event Strategy

Roof Displacement
B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

Problem of Degradation of Strength

Roof Displacement
B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

Pushover Analysis (Results)
Deformation Measure
F
o
r
c
e

M
e
a
s
u
r
e

Pushover Analysis (Results)
Use of Pushover Curve
Capacity Spectrum Method
- detailed in ATC-40
- and as alternate method in FEMA-273
Displacement Coefficient Method
- detailed in FEMA-273
Use of Pushover Curve (ATC-40)
Construct Capacity Spectrum
Estimate Equivalent Damping
Determine Demand Spectrum
Determine Performance Point
Verify Acceptance
Constructing Capacity Spectrum
Roof Displacement
B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

Spectral Displacement
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

MDOF
Equivalent SDOF
The displaced shape at any point
on the pushover curve is used to
obtain an equivalent SDOF
system.
o is the mass participation and
relates the base shears
PF is the participation factor and
relates the roof displacement to
the SDOF displacement

S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

( )
( )
roof roof d
a
PF S
W V S
, 1
1
1
* /
/ /
o
A =
=
Estimation of Equivalent Viscous Damping

S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

factor
E E
so D
eq
k
t |
k| |
) / ( * ) 4 / 1 (
05 . 0
0
0
=
+ =
Estimation of Equivalent Damping
E
d

E
so


S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

Response Spectrum (5% damping)

S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

Time Period
2.5C
A

C
V
/T

Response Spectrum (5% damping)

C
A
and C
V
depend on:
- Seismic zone (0.075 to 0.4)
- Nearness to fault and source type (1 to 2)
- Soil Type (1 to 2.5)
- Level of Earthquake (0.5 to 1.5)

Reduced Spectrum (Effective damping)

S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

Time Period
2.5C
A
/B
s

C
V
/(T B
L
)
Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectrum

S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

Time Period
T
0

S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

T
0

S
d
= S
a
T
2
/4t
2

Performance Point

S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n


Demand Spectrum for effective
damping at performance point
Capacity Spectrum
Performance Point

S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n


Verification of Acceptance
Deformation Measure
F
o
r
c
e

M
e
a
s
u
r
e

Performance Limits
(IO, LS, CP)
Expected Performance Point
Use of Pushover Curve (FEMA-273)
(Displacement Coefficient Method)

Estimate Target Displacement
Verify Acceptance

Estimation of Target Displacement

Estimate effective elastic stiffness, Ke
Estimate post yield stiffness, Ks
Estimate effective fundamental period, Te
Calculate target roof displacement as

) 4 /(
2 2
3 2 1 0
t o
e a
T S C C C C =

Estimation of Target Displacement

C
0
Relates spectral to roof displacement
C
1
Modifier for inelastic displacement
C
2
Modifier for hysteresis loop shape
C
3
Modifier for second order effects

Estimation of Effective Elastic Period, Te

B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

Roof Displacement
Vy
.6Vy
Ke
oKe = Ks
Estimate Te using Ke
Estimate Elastic Spectral Displacement
) 4 /(
2 2
t o
e a
T S =

Calculation of C
0

Relates spectral to roof displacement
- use modal participation factor for control
node from first mode
- or use modal participation factor for
control node from deflected shape at the
target displacement
- or use tables based on number of stories
and varies from 1 to 1.5


Calculation of C
1

Modifier for inelastic displacement

S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

Time Period
C
1
= 1
T
0

C
1
= [1 +(R-1)T
0
/Te]/R
R is elastic strength
demand to yield
strength

Calculation of C
2

Modifier for hysteresis loop shape
- from Tables
- depends on Framing Type
(degrading strength)
- depends on Performance Level
- depends on Effective Period
- varies from 1.0 to 1.5


Calculation of C
3

Modifier for dynamic second order effects

C
3
= 1 if post yield slope, o is positive
else
C
3
= 1 +[ |o|(R-1)
3/2
]/T
e

Verification of Acceptance
Deformation Measure
F
o
r
c
e

M
e
a
s
u
r
e

Performance Limits
(IO, LS, CP)
Target Displacement (or
corresponding deformation)
Use of Pushover Curve

Do these methods work?
Comparisons with:
- Nonlinear time history analysis
- Single degree of freedom systems
- Multi-degree of freedom systems
- Observed damage
How do they compare with each other?

SAP2000/ETABS Pushover Options
SAP2000 released September, 1998
Full 3D implementation
Single model for
- linear static analysis
- linear response spectrum analysis
- linear time history analysis
- nonlinear time history analysis
- nonlinear static pushover analysis
- steel and concrete design

Generally follows ATC-40 & FEMA 273
Available Pushover Element Types
- 3D truss (axial hinge)
- 3D beam (moment and shear hinges)
- 3D column (P-M-M and shear hinges)
- Shells, Solids, etc. considered linear
- Panel zone (later)
- 3D column (Fiber hinge) (later)
- Shear wall (plasticity model) (later)
- Nonlinear springs (later)

Force-Deformation Relationship
B
C
D
E F
Deformation
F
o
r
c
e

A
Three dimensional Beam Element
Span Loads Flexible
Connection
Shear Hinge
Strength - deformation and P-M-M curves
can be calculated by program for:

- steel beams (FEMA 273)
- steel columns (FEMA 273)
- shear hinges in EBF Links (FEMA 273)

- concrete beams (ATC-40)
- concrete columns (ATC-40)
- shear hinges in coupling beams (ATC-40)

Gravity Load Analysis
- Nodal Loads
- Element Loads
- Load controlled Analysis

Pushover analysis
- Starts from gravity loads
- Nodal Load Patterns (user, modal, mass)
- Multi-step Displacement or Drift controlled
Available Results for each step of loading
- Base Shear
- Element Forces
- Section Forces
- Joint Displacements
- Drifts
- Element Hinge Deformations
- Limit Points (acceptance criteria) reached

Pushover Curve Postprocessing (ATC-40)
- Conversion to Capacity Spectrum
- Calculation of Effective Period (per step)
- Calculation of Effective Damping (per step)
- Calculation of Demand Spectrum (per step)
- Location of Performance Point
- Limit Points (acceptance criteria) reached

Visual Display for each step
- Deformed Shape
- Member Force Diagrams
- Hinge Locations and Stages

Graphs
- Base Shear vs Roof Displacement
- Capacity Curve
- Demand Curve
- Demand Spectra at different dampings
- Effective period lines

Static Pushover Analysis: Performance Based Design Modeling For Pushover Analysis Use of The Pushover Curve

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Performance Based Design

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