CHAPTER 3

DESIGNING AND CALCULATIONS

3.1 HEAT SINK DESIGNING:

A heat sink (or heatsink) is an object that absorbs and dissipates heat from another object using thermal contact (either direct or radiant). Heat sinks are used in a wide range of applications where efficient heat dissipation is required; major examples include refrigeration, heat engines.

Fig.9 Heat sink functions by efficiently transferring thermal energy ("heat") from an object at high temperature to an another object at a lower temperature with greater heat capacity. This rapid transfer of thermal energy quickly brings the first object into thermal equilibrium with the second, lowers the temperature of the first object, making the heat sink a cooling device.
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Efficient function of a heat sink relies on rapid transfer of thermal energy from the first object to the heat sink, and the heat sink to the second object. The most common design of a heat sink is a metal device with many fins. The high thermal conductivity of the metal combined with its large surface area result in the rapid transfer of heat energy to the surrounding, cooler, air. This cools the heat sink and whatever it is in direct thermal contact with. Use of fluids (for example coolants in refrigeration) and thermal interface material (in cooling electronic devices) ensures good transfer of thermal energy to the heat sink. Similarly a fan may improve the transfer of thermal energy from the heat sink to the surrounding.

PERFORMANCE:
Heat sink performance (including free convection, forced convection, liquid cooled, and any combination thereof) is a function of material, geometry, and overall surface heat transfer coefficient. Generally, forced convection heat sink thermal performance is improved by increasing the thermal conductivity of the heat sink materials, increasing the surface area and by increasing the overall area heat transfer coefficient (usually by increase fluid velocity, such as adding fans, pumps, etc.). Heat sink height,H = 0.1m Fin width, L = 0.11m Fin thickness, = 1.5 Fin length, = 0.09m Heat sink width, W = 0.09m No. of fins, = 16

Volumetric flow rate of heat sink fan = 0.12

/sec =

Air velocity between , V=

V=

= 18.93m/s

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Spacing between fins

b =

= 4.4

3.2 DESIGN OF THE COOLING MODULE:

In the table below you can see some Peltier factors for different pairs of metals. Peltier factors for different metal pairs: Fe-constantan T, K 273 299 403 513 593 833 P, mV 13.0 15.0 19.0 26.0 34.0 52.0 T, K 292 328 478 563 613 718 Table-2 Cu-Ni P, mV 8.0 9.0 10.3 8.6 8.0 10.0 Pb-constantan T, K 293 383 508 578 633 713 P, mV 8.7 11.8 16.0 18.7 20.6 23.4

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For Fe - constantan pair T = 273K P = 13mv heat load 2 N[S I Tc - R K (Th Tc)]

V = 2 N [S (Th Tc) + I R ] N = 1, S = 13mv = 13

I = 3.6 A , Tc = 7

= 273+7 = 280K

= 60

= 273+60 = 333K , 22 W,

= 80.4 W-

80.4- 22 = 60.9 W-

R= 2.476

A = lbh = 20208 mm = 220.8 = 3.2 = 3.2

L = 2cm = 2

2 N[S I Tc -

R K (Th Tc)]

21[ 13

3.6280

2.476

60.9

(333-

280)]

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7.4 watt

V = 2 N [S (Th Tc) + I R ] = 2 1 [ 13 (333-280) + 3.6 2.476

= 12 V =

= 0.17

Fe- constanatan pair P= 15 mv 2 N[S I Tc - R K (Th Tc)]

V = 2 N [S (Th Tc) + I R ] N = 1, S = 15 mv = 15

I = 3.6 A , Tc = 7

= 273+7 = 280K

= 60

= 273+60 = 333K , 22 W,

= 80.4 W-

80.4- 22 = 60.9 W-

R= 2.476

A = lbh = 20208 mm = 220.8

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= 3.2 = 3.2 L = 2cm = 2

2 N[S I Tc -

R K (Th Tc)]

21[ 15

3.6280

2.476

60.9

(333-

280)]

11.72 Watt

V = 2 N [S (Th Tc) + I R ] = 2 1 [ 15 (333-280) + 3.6 2.476

= 12 V

= 0.27

Now, for P = 19 mv

2 N[S I Tc -

R K (Th Tc)]

21[ 19

3.6280

2.476

60.9

(333-

280)]
20.36

V = 2 N [S (Th Tc) + I R ]
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= 2 1 [ 19

(333-280) + 3.6 2.476

= 12V

=0.48

For copper nickel pair: For P = 8mv = 401 , = 91

= 310 W-

2 N[S I Tc -

R K (Th Tc)]

21[ 8

3.6280

2.476

310

(333-280)]

negative For P = 9 mv 21[ 9 negative For P = 10.3 mv 21[ 10.3 3.6280 2.476 310 3.6280 2.476 310

(333-280)]

(333-

280)]
negative
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Since

is coming out to be negative for all three values of P, therefore this pair is neglected.

For Lead - constantan pair: For P =8.7 mv 35 W-

,
W-

22 W-

21[ 8.7 negative

3.6280

2.476

13

(333-280)]

Therefore, neglected. For P = 11.8 mv 21[ 11.8 3.6280 2.476 13

(333-

280)]
= 5.32 Watt

V = 2 N [S (Th Tc) + I R ] = 2 1 [ 11.8 (333-280) + 3.6 2.476

= 12 V

=0.12

For P = 16 mv

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21[ 16

3.6280

2.476

13

(333-280)]

V = 2 N [S (Th Tc) + I R ] = 2 1 [ 16 (333-280) + 3.6 2.476

= 12 V =

= 0.34

Fe-constantan
P(mV) COP P(mV)

Cu-Ni
COP

Pb-constantan
P(mV) COP

13

0.17

8.0

8.7

15

0.27

9.0

11.8

0.12

19

0.48

10.3

16

0.34

Table-3

Thus, after the calculation , we got Fe- constanatan pair as the most efficient.
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CALCULATING FOR DT(MAX): 403K - 19(p) 299k - 15(p) 403k-299k = 104k 104 4mV 1 - 4/104=0.039mV 338 15+1.5=16.5mV So, we calculated for P = 16.5 mV = 16.5 V

2 N[S I Tc -

R K (Th Tc)]

21[ 16.5

3.6280

2.476

13

(333-

280)]
14.96 Watt

V = 2 N [S (Th Tc) + I R ] = 2 1 [ 16.5 (333-280) + 3.6 2.476

= 12 V =

= 0.35

So, we took P = 16.5 mv

constanatan pair for design.

65

and

and Fe-

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3.2.1 CALCULATING PELTIER HEAT:

Peltier heat(Q)=Q P= peltier factor Q= I T P

Q=3.6 60 60=12960C Fe-constantan pair: P(mV) 13 15 19 QP 12960 13=168.48J 12960 15=194.4J 12960 19=246.24J

CU-Ni pair: P(mV) 8 9 10.3 QP 12960 8=103.68J 12960 9=116.64J 12960 10.3=133.48J

Pb-constantan pair: P(mV) 8.7 11.8 16 QP 112.75 152.92 207.36

CALCULATING FOR DT(MAX): 403K - 19(p) 299k - 15(p)

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403k-299k=104k 104 4mV 1 - 4/104=0.039mV 338 15+1.5=16.5mV Therefore, QP= 12960 16.5=213.84J So,we assumed Fe-constantan for our design.

3.3 SPECIFICATIONS OF COOLING MODULE:

DT(max) of module= 65 degree Celsius Max.power(watt)= 6 watt Max. current(A)= 3.6A Max.voltage(V)=12 Max power consumption=I(max) V(max)=43.2watt

Temperature difference= T(hot)-T(cold)=36-7 = 29degree Celsius. : Ratio of the modules operating temperature difference to the DT max of the module= =0.46 for lowest power consumption: I= 1.5 A I max = 3.6 A = 0.42 Length breadth height(in cm)= = 220.8

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