CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION CORPORATION CONTRACT SECTION, FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES

CMCC-2082

4.10.

INTEGRATING INTERPRETATION BY FRONTLINE STAFF

In terms of defining and developing the interpretive activities offered by frontline staff in school programs, tours and animation experiences, it will be necessary for the team to work closely with Visitor Services, Public Programs, target audiences and specialists.

5. Detailed Storyline and Communication Intentions

A high-level storyline is presented below, composed of broad topics and more focused communication intentions. At this stage in our planning process, the storyline is meant only to list the main topics that the Hall will explore, and how these might be organized. This is still a preliminary, draft storyline, and is currently in the process of being organized, expanded, and re-formulated for many months to come. Zone I: The Land and its First People (15,000 BP to AD 1500) Communication Intention: Canada has a history stretching back many thousands of years. Long before the arrival of the first Europeans, Canada was well and truly occupied by First Peoples.

Topic Message Intention 1. Aboriginal peoples settle Canada at a. Ancestral First Nations enter the the end of the last Ice Age, as the great Western Hemisphere from northeastern ice sheets melt and the land becomes Asia as nomadic hunter-gatherers. habitable. b. Spreading out across the continent, they adapt to a variety of environments. 2. As they adapt to their new environments Aboriginal Peoples differentiate into a large number of local and regional cultures, and develop rich and sustainable ways of life. a. Most Aboriginal Peoples in Canada continue to live as hunter-gathers. b. Only in the comparative warmth of southern Ontario do settled agricultural villages develop. c. Coastal British Columbia also sees the development of settled, relatively complex societies, based on exceptionally abundant marine resources. a. The Inuit are among the last Aboriginal groups to expand into Canada, arriving from Arctic Alaska around A.D. 1200. b. When they arrive in the eastern Arctic, they meet early Norse (Viking) hunters from Greenland.

3. By the time Aboriginal Peoples, ultimately from eastern Asia, first meet Europeans on the Atlantic coast of Canada around A.D. 1000, humanity has finally encircled the globe.

CMCC-2082 Design of Canadian History Hall

Page 55 of 88

CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION CORPORATION CONTRACT SECTION, FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES Zone 2: The River of Canada (14971763)

CMCC-2082

Communication Intention: After a century of coastal exploration and seasonal fishing, European newcomersspecifically the Frenchestablish permanent agricultural colonies in the Atlantic region and in the St. Lawrence River Valley. The St. Lawrence provides an ideal avenue into the continents interior, as trade and military alliances with First Nations become increasingly important to the new colony.

Topic 1. Canada has its origins in the early seventeenth century, with permanent French settlements in Acadia and the St. Lawrence River Valley.

Message Intentions a. French, Basque and English fishermen are fishing the waters off eastern Canada as early as A.D. 1500 (and perhaps earlier). b. Early explorers chart coastlines and river valleys during the period 14971600. c. Quebec is established by the French in 1608, essentially as essentially a furtrading post. d. The subsequent agricultural settlement of the St. Lawrence River Valley leads to the establishment of a French colonial regime and a modest influx of habitants. a. With cold winters and tight government regulations, New France is never as populous or prosperous as English colonies to the south. b. New France fur traders establish close political and economic ties with First Nations, and build a thriving fur trade in the western hinterland, exploring from the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. c. Particularly after the Great Peace of 1701, New France establishes important military and strategic alliances with First Nations.

2. Less prosperous than the Thirteen Colonies to the south, New France comes to depend more on the fur trade with Aboriginal peoples as its economic raison dtre, rather than on subsistence farming.

CMCC-2082 Design of Canadian History Hall

Page 56 of 88

CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION CORPORATION CONTRACT SECTION, FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES Zone 3: Into the Anglosphere (17551838)

CMCC-2082

Communication Intention: The Conquest is the major turning point in Canadian history, bringing an almost exclusively francophone Canada under British colonial control, and into the orbit of English-speaking North America.

Topic 1. During the Seven Years War, New France is conquered by Great Britain, and a new British colonial government is established.

Message Intentions a. Expulsion of the Acadians, 1755. b. The Battle of the Plains of Abraham (1759; confirmed in the Treaty of Paris, 1763). c. The Quebec Act of 1774 sees Catholic legal disabilities lifted, and some French-language rights guaranteed. d. The Conquest and subsequent Quebec Act are both important factors leading to the American Revolution in the 13 British colonies to the south. a. Political refugees loyal to the British Crown establish Upper Canada and also settle in Lower Canada and Nova Scotia. b. They represent the first significant English-speaking settlement of Canada, inaugurating a political and linguistic duality that persists to this day. a. Fighting alongside British regulars, English Canadians in Upper Canada, and French Canadians in Lower Canada successfully defend our borders. b. Aboriginal participation on the Canadian/British side is instrumental in this success. a. The North West Company, based in Montral, is established in 1779. b. The North West Company threatens the interior-supply lines of the Londonbased Hudsons Bay Company. c. North West Company explorers map and explore western Canada to the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. d. A trade war between the two

2. United Empire Loyalists arrive in the aftermath of the American Revolution.

3. America attempts an invasion of British North America during the War of 1812.

4. Montral-based fur traders explore western Canada to the Pacific, establishing a fur trade empire across the whole northern half of the continent.

CMCC-2082 Design of Canadian History Hall

Page 57 of 88

CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION CORPORATION CONTRACT SECTION, FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES

CMCC-2082

companies ends with amalgamation in 1821. e. The fur trade has a growing impact on First Nations, who are now becoming part of the world economic system. 5. Sidebar: The extinction of the Beothuk a. The Aboriginal inhabitants of Newfoundland are pushed into extinction by settler fishing populations and Mikmaq moving onto the island from the Maritimes. b. There is a pattern of pilfering, sabotage and murder, on both sides, accentuated by the social isolation of the Beothuk and their severed access to maritime resources. c. The last-known Beothuka woman and her nieceare captured, settling in St. Johns. The two women are the authors of almost everything we know of their people. a. The 1837 Rebellion in Upper Canada occurs in reaction to an absence of meaningful self-government, a corrupt colonial administration, and the aspirations of a rising colonial elite. A small-scale affair, it is easily suppressed. b. A related rebellion in Lower Canada takes on aspects of a cultural struggle against an alien (British) governing class, and is much more serious, repressed only with considerable difficulty and bloodshed.

6. Unrepresentative colonial governments inspire unsuccessful popular rebellions in both Upper and Lower Canada.

CMCC-2082 Design of Canadian History Hall

Page 58 of 88

CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION CORPORATION CONTRACT SECTION, FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES Zone 4: Confederation and Consolidation (18381885)

CMCC-2082

Communication Intention: The fledgling colonies of British North America negotiate self-government and Confederation in a peaceful transfer of power from the British Crown. By 1885, the new country has grown to occupy the whole northern half of North America, as Aboriginal Peoples are displaced by a growing tide of European settlement.

Topic 1. Responsible self-government is achieved.

Message Intentions a. The Union of the Canadas punishes Lower Canada for its role in the Rebellions. b. The Durham Report calls for the assimilation of French Canada, but also the establishment of responsible self-government. c. Responsible government is achieved in the Canadas with the passing of the Rebellion Losses Bill in 1849. d. Responsible self-government is also achieved in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick during this period. e. The Canadian colonies become the first self-governing colonies within the British Empire, providing a new model for Imperial political development (the white dominions). a. The Abolitionist Movement sees the end of chattel slavery in Canada by about 1800 (although slavery was legal until the 1830s). b. In the nineteenth century, hundreds of escaped slaves flee the U.S. for Canada, shepherded to safety by the Underground Railroad. Most settle in southern Ontario. c. After the Civil War, some stay on in Canada. a. Since the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Royal Navy had explored the Canadian Arctic in search of the Northwest Passage. The third Franklin Expedition (1845) sets sail with much fanfare to forge the last link. b. The Expedition is declared missing in

2. Sidebar: The Underground Railroad brings escaped slaves to Canada.

3. Sidebar: The third Franklin Expedition to the Arctic goes missing.

CMCC-2082 Design of Canadian History Hall

Page 59 of 88

CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION CORPORATION CONTRACT SECTION, FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES

CMCC-2082

1848, and a massive manhunt ensues. All hands were lost, and the fate of the expedition is still a source of some mystery. c. British sovereignty in the Arctic is transferred to Canada in 1880. 4. Confederation of the Canadas, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick is achieved in 1867. a. Conferences in Charlottetown, Qubec City and London play important roles. b. Confederation is not only a federal union between heretofore separate colonies, but also a kind of peace treaty between struggling ethnic groups, including Irish Catholics, British Protestants and French Canadians. c. The role of John A. Macdonald is of supreme importance in the negotiations. d. An immediate consequence of Confederation is the re-separation of Upper and Lower Canada (Canada West/Canada East, now Ontario and Quebec). a. Mtis reaction to the arrival of Dominion land surveyors leads to the first Riel Rebellion in Red River in 1870, suppressed by Canadian militia and the British army. b. The Canadian government negotiates a series of so-called numbered landsuccession treaties with western First Nations, clearing the way for eventual white settlement. a. The CPR is completed in 1885, after considerable scandal. b. In the same year, the North West Rebellion breaks out, also involving disgruntled First Nations. It is suppressed after the Battle of Batoche (troops arrive by train); Riel is hanged; Quebec is outraged; Canada is divided.

5. The British government forces the Hudsons Bay Company to sell its rights to Ruperts Land and the West to the new Dominion of Canada.

6. Fulfilling a promise to British Columbia, the Canadian government undertakes the financing and building of a transcontinental railroad to the Pacific.

CMCC-2082 Design of Canadian History Hall

Page 60 of 88

CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION CORPORATION CONTRACT SECTION, FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES

CMCC-2082

Zone 5: The Roots of Modern Canada (18851945) Communication Intention: The new Dominion struggles heroically through two World Wars and a Great Depression, slowly maturing from a self-governing colony within the British Empire, to a (more or less) independent nation. Internal tensions are revealed, and some dark deeds done, aimed at racial minorities and Aboriginal Peoples.

Topic 1. With the railroad built and the treaties signed, a large number of immigrants settle in western Canada.

Message Intentions a. Immigrants, particularly from central and eastern Europe, settle on the Prairies. b. Despite some hostility, allophone immigrants are slowly assimilated, mainly into English-speaking Canada. They represent the first major wave of cultural diversity in our history. c. The settling of western Canada spawns language wars between English and French, especially in Manitoba, culminating in regressive legislation. d. Guarded acceptance of eastern Europeans does not extend to nonwhites, who are for the most part rigorously excluded. e. In 1905, the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan are created. a. The Indian Act is implemented, including provisions against legal representation for Aboriginal rights. b. Other laws restrict or prohibit aspects of traditional culture, including the socalled anti-potlatch laws. c. There is systematic establishment of residential schools. d. The reserve system results in poverty and oppression. a. As a British colony, Canada is automatically at war, and Canadian troops served within the British military. b. Canadian troopsand the country as a wholemake huge sacrifices, fuelling a growing sense of Canadian identity.

1. Aboriginal Canadians begin to feel the full weight of colonization, becoming for the most part disenfranchised, powerless wards of the state.

2. Canada fights the First World War as part of the British Empire.

CMCC-2082 Design of Canadian History Hall

Page 61 of 88

CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION CORPORATION CONTRACT SECTION, FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES

CMCC-2082

c. The Conscription Crisis reveals terrible internal tensions over Canadas commitment to the Empire. d. The contributions of Aboriginal troops leads to the establishment of the first Aboriginal brotherhoods and the beginnings of an Aboriginal rights movement after the War. e. Canada rejects the notion of a federated Empire; the Statute of Westminster (1931) grants nominal independence. 3. Growing industrialization changes the way Canadians work, where they live and how they interact. a. Industrial growth and urbanization spread. b. By 1925, half of all Canadians live in urban areas; farming, fishing and trapping are no longer the main economic drivers. c. Labour unions grow; discord erupts in the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919. a. With tens of thousands out of work and catastrophic economic collapse, Canadians struggle to adapt and cope. a. As a result of the Conscription Crisis, women win the right to vote federally. b. The Persons Case demonstrates womens full legal equalityin particular, the right to be elected to public office. a. Canada declares war independently, but Canadian troops still serve within the command structure of the British military. b. Japanese-Canadians are interned. c. The War involves major economic and social adjustments on the home front, particularly regarding the role of women. d. A second Conscription Crisis is averted, but serious English-French tensions remain. e. Canada emerges from the War with enhanced international stature.

4. Canada is hit hard by the Great Depression.

5. Women win some key legal battles.

6. Canada fights in the Second World War.

CMCC-2082 Design of Canadian History Hall

Page 62 of 88

CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION CORPORATION CONTRACT SECTION, FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES

CMCC-2082

Zone 6: Deciding Who We Are (1945 ) Communication Intention: As Canada moves into a post-Empire world, we need to decide who we really are. This processstill underwaydoes not happen easily. Struggle and creativity are the watchwords.

Topic Message Intention 1. After the War, Canada (like the United a. An affluent consumer culture rapidly States) experiences a major economic develops. boom. b. There is a large-scale movement towards single-family homes in the suburbs. c. A post-war baby boom leads to the biggest demographic bubble in Canadian history. 2. The post-war period in Canada sees the birth and development of the Welfare State: the concept of government in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. a. Social Security/Social Assistance, 1966 Medical Care Act/ 1984 Canada Health Act, etc. b. The absolute poverty rate in Canada drops from 22.5% in 1960, to 6.5% in 1991. c. Medicare in particular comes to be seen as a kind of sacred trust by many Canadians. d. Many facets of the welfare state are under attack (due largely to rising costs) in the twenty-first century. a. Canada participates actively in the defence of the West through NATO and other strategic alliances. b. General fear of nuclear annihilation is aroused, particularly by the Cuban Missile Crisis. a. The Beatles play Montral and Toronto. b. Pierre Trudeau is elected on a wave of Trudeaumania. c. Repeal of anti-homosexual legislation and the widespread use of oral contraceptives change sexual mores everywhere. d. Sex, drugs and rock-and-roll, peace marches, sit-ins, love-ins: the baby boom comes of age. e. Expo 67 celebrates Canadas 100th birthday.

3. The post-war contest between the United States and the Soviet Union the Cold Wardefines the nature of international politics. For a time.

4. Everywhere in Canada, the 1960s sees an awakening of popular culture, new freedoms and a growing optimism

CMCC-2082 Design of Canadian History Hall

Page 63 of 88

CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION CORPORATION CONTRACT SECTION, FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES

CMCC-2082

5. Quebec nationalism develops into a separatist or independence movement, which has a profound and continuing effect on the Canadian polity. In English Canada, cultural ties with Britain are (slowly) severed.

a. A political and social rvolution tranquille sees the end of the old conservative order in Quebec and the rise of Quebec nationalism. b. The Flag Debate leads to a new Canadian flag. c. The October Crisis of 1970. d. The separatist PQ is elected in 1976; flight of the Anglos; matres chez nous. e. Canada becomes officially bilingual. f. Bill 101 g. The Quebec Referendum of 1980 fails. h. Canadas Constitution is patriated in 1982. i. The Quebec Referendum of 1995 very nearly succeeds. j. a. The creation of the Assembly of First Nations helps to focus the political process. b. Aboriginal Canadians/First Nations reject the 1970 White Paper, asserting a new status as citizens plus. c. The residential school controversy ends with their closure, an apology and ongoing social problems. d. The Oka crisis reveals ongoing tensions and militancy. e. Elijah Harper shuts down the Meech Lake Accord. f. Idle no more and similar protests assert the constitutionally privileged position of Aboriginal peoples and their need to be consulted by government. a. 1947 sees the repeal of some of the worst aspects of the anti-Chinese immigration laws. Other repeals follow, especially in 1976. b. Canada is now one of the most multiethnic countries on Earth. As of 2001, we have 34 ethnic groups with at least 100,000 members each, and 16.2% of the population is represented by visible minorities.

6. Aboriginal protest movements seek to improve the lot of Canadas First Peoples.

7. Racist immigration laws are repealed, ushering in a flood of immigration, especially from the Caribbean, and South and East Asia.

CMCC-2082 Design of Canadian History Hall

Page 64 of 88

CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION CORPORATION CONTRACT SECTION, FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES

CMCC-2082

8. The role of women in society has improved radically in the past two generations

a. Most hard legal disabilities were overcome before the Second World War, but strong social disabilities remain. b. Equal pay for equal work legislation brings womens salaries more in line with mens. c. Social attitudes towards women in the work place (especially married women) move from unaccepting to entirely accepting. d. Women now make up more than 50% in most university programs. e. The liberalization of divorce laws has also worked in womens favour. f. Kim Campbell was Canadas first, and still only, female prime minister. Women are still under-represented in Parliament and in many other corridors of power. g. Violence towards women remains a problem. a. Construction of DEW-line stations across the Arctic constitutes the first wage labour in many Inuit communities. b. The bottom falls out of the fur market; the collapse of caribou herds causes real starvation in parts of Keewatin. (1950s) c. Government increasingly takes on responsibility for northern welfare: there is a strong move to resettle the Inuit in Arctic micro-towns, with many social and economic challenges. d. Economic development gathers pace with the opening of mines and the building of the Dempster Highway. e. Beaufort oil bubble and the Berger Commission. f. Creation of Nunavut. g. Global warming threatens Arctic ecosystems.

9.

Canada turns its eyes North.

CMCC-2082 Design of Canadian History Hall

Page 65 of 88

CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION CORPORATION CONTRACT SECTION, FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES

CMCC-2082

10. Canadas economic development in the post-War period has depended on international trade and the growth of infrastructure at home.

a. The completion of the Trans-Canada Highway and the St. Lawrence Seaway makes the movement of goods and people much easier through the difficult Canadian landscape. b. A network of oil and gas pipelines link western oil fields with eastern and American markets. c. In the years since the Second World War, the U.S. has assumed an ever-larger share of Canadian trade. The Free Trade Agreement of 1988 establishes a level playing field with clear bilateral rules. a. Canadian Content rules help protect Canadian artists. b. The Junos and other awards celebrate Canadian achievement. c. To a large degree, English- and Frenchspeaking Canada continues to function as two solitudes with respect to literature, music, films, etc. d. Canada has produced many artists with international reputations. Many are probably perceived by the outside world as Americans. a. Canada and the Suez Crisis. Canada and the Iraq hostage incident. Soft power diplomacy b. Under UN auspices, Canada has served in important peacekeeping missions to Cyprus, Haiti and many other countries. c. Canada participates on a cultural and sporting level with the rest of the world; eg we have hosted 3 Olympic games in recent years, and won the 1972 RussianCanadian hockey series. d. Canada is a member of the G7, and Canadian businesses are active abroad. e. While not a superpower like our American neighbours, we do count in the world.

11. Popular culture and the arts in Canada continue to thrive.

12. We live in a dangerous world, and Canada effectively plays the role of good global citizen, in partnership with its Western allies.

CMCC-2082 Design of Canadian History Hall

Page 66 of 88