Middle and Late Iron Age Painted Ceramics from Kinet Hyk: Macro, Micro and Elemental Analyses

Author(s): Tamar Hodos, Carl Knappett and Vassilis Kilikoglou Reviewed work(s): Source: Anatolian Studies, Vol. 55 (2005), pp. 61-87 Published by: British Institute at Ankara Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20065535 . Accessed: 11/09/2012 06:36
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Anatolian

Studies 55 (2005): 61-87

Middle and Late Iron Age painted ceramics from Kinet H?y?k: macro, micro and elemental analyses
Tamar Hodos1, Carl Knappett2
3

1 University

of Bristol,
Centre

2 University

and Vassilis Kilikoglou3

of Exeter,
Research, Athens

'Demokritos'

National

for

Scientific

Abstract This article presents the results of scientific analyses on a selection of sherds associated with two kilns from the site of Kinet H?y?k (Hatay). The kilns are dated to the eighth century BC and the end of the seventh century BC. In between these two periods, archaeological evidence suggests a period of occupation by the Neo-Assyrians. The present study assesses the impact of this occupation on the pottery industry at the site using a combined approach of thin section and neutron activation system of local wares. ?zet Bu makale Kinet H?y?k (Hatay) yerle?im alanmdaki iki ocakla baglantili seramik par?alan ?zerine yapilan bilimsel analizlerin sonu?lanni sunmaktadir. Bu ocaklar M.?. sekizinci y?zyila ve yedinci y?zyilm sonuna tarihlenmi?tir. iki d?nem arasmda Ge? Assur yerle?imine i?aret etmektedir. Bu ?ah?ma s?z konusu yerle?imin Arkeolojik deliller bu buradaki ?anak c?mlek end?strisine o?an etkisini ince kesit ve n?tron etkile?im analizleriyle beraber degerlendirmekte bununla birlikte analizlerin sonu?lan, y?resel kaplann yeni bir smiflandirma sistemine de olanak saglamaktadir. analyses. The results of these analyses additionally allow for a new classification

Questions

of trade and manufacture

Age have been among the driving Iron Age, often arship in the Mediterranean the mobility and activities of the Greeks Phoenicians actions.

during the Iron forces of schol linked and to the

little attention has been paid conquests and occupation, to their long-term impact upon local populations. One aim of the present study is to consider this question narrow perspective the admittedly of pottery at two the kilns and their site, using these production associated material as a means of assessing any long term influence the Neo-Assyrian occupation may have from had on the technologies of pottery production at the as such in addition to site, clay paste preparation, stylistic developments. Material associated with the Neo-Assyrian phase, in the present study, as our from and associated with

(Horden, Purcell 2000). Pottery continues to be one of the major material indicators of such inter

there is growing evidence for local However, of production specific pottery types across a broad area, rather than widespread distribution from single locales. The site of Kinet Hoyuk exemplifies this during the only to a clear stratigraphie sequence with a large ceramic assemblage, but also to the presence of kilns, one dated to the eighth century thanks BC and the other to the end of the seventh century BC These two kilns help show exactly which shapes and styles were being produced at the site in these two sandwiched between them is evidence periods, while that the site was occupied by Neo-Assyrians. Although much is often made of the immediate material impact of Iron Age, not

itself, has not been included focus has been on material the two

kiln themselves; complexes questions the and regarding production prevalence of local wares compared with imported examples in the Neo-Assyrian in the final ceramic report. phase will be addressed For the present study, we have subjected samples from both kilns to scientific Material from the analysis.

61

Anatolian

Studies 2005

earlier kiln

and related examples have been analysed both chemical and microscopic through study, while a was of later kiln material from the sample analysed

Kinet H?y?k Kinet H?y?k

during the Iron Age is a large mound site located on the eastern shore of the Gulf of Iskenderun (fig. 1). It is 26m in

through material

in light of associated alone, microscopy and the conditions of deposition. The result of this study impacts upon a second aim: to inform the final analysis of the Iron Age ceramics by providing a of identification of the and classification
local wares.

height and covers an area of 3.3ha. Excavations have taken place at the site since 1992 under the direction of M.-H. Gates (Bilkent University). A near continuous of from the Chalcolithic sequence occupation period to the first century BC has been identified, with a brief re occupation across the 13th century AD (Gates 1999a: et al. 2001). 260, 261; Redford Geomorphological evidence indicates that the settlement was situated in an estuary at the mouth of the original course of the Deli?ay river, which now flows 2.5km to the south (Ozaner 1994). The site developed on a rise on the northern bank of the river, while a small natural harbour formed to the west and north edges of the mound itself. Over its until the harbour and estuary of occupation, to silt the Hellenistic period, this fluvial up during began harbour situation served as the site's primary raison d'?tre, and Kinet functioned as a thriving port of trade history through which goods and ideas passed (Gates 1999b). As the only elevated ground in the otherwise level alluvial floodplain that makes up the coast along the of the Amanus foothills the site also mountains, maintained a strategic purpose, with excellent around the entire bay. of the Middle itwas situated. cultural interactions sight-lines one of

means
various

The region
The northeastern corner of the Mediterranean was a

interaction during region of tremendous cross-cultural the Iron Age. north Syrians, Aramaeans Populated by and Luwian-speaking the area also repre Neo-Hittites, limit of the Neo-Assyrian III (744-727 the time of empire Tiglath-Pileser resources were of The natural the of great region BC). to these various interest The Amanus peoples. from mountain lines the coast of the Gulf of range, which had Iskenderun, gold, copper and arsenic resources et al. 2000: 167), and the north Syrian landscape (Yener in their visual arts, particularly inspired the Assyrians the representation of shrubs, fruit trees, cypress, and cedarwood sented the westernmost

1965; Thomason (Alkim 2001). The fertility of the region in antiquity is attested by the preservation of cereals and olives at a number of sites (Bonatz 1993: 131). Purple dye was also produced boxwood locally, as suggested by the remains of quantities of murex shell in various states of processing from Kinet 1999a: 263). H?y?k (Gates Perhaps more
served as a material

The period extreme mixed territory inwhich

Iron Age was for Kinet

and the

importantly,
crossroads,

however,
as well

the area also

as a cultural

Neo-Hittites Luwian-speaking Aramaeans had settled in this region alongside long established north Syrian populations (Hodos 2006: ch. 2). These communities were organised into small city states made up of diffuse kinship-oriented urban settle that replaced the regional powers of the Bronze Age palace towns. They formed and altered political alliances with one another and their regional neighbours in response to pressure from the Neo Assyrians (Bunnens 2000; see alsoThuesen 2002). Even once this region was annexed into the Neo-Assyrian administration system, some cities and alliances would rebel or refuse to pay tribute, forcing the Assyrian to return again and again (Bing 1971: 100 with army refer as required, usually ments

Since the Bronze Age, and originally nomadic

one. Passage through north Syria ranean is provided by the Orontes the Mediterranean of Iskenderun.

from

the Mediter

river, which meets on the southeastern side of the Gulf

the river valley from the sea, Following one quickly enters the Amuq plain, which integrates with the overland trade routes leading to the Anatolian southern highland, northern Syria, upper Mesopotamia, 2002: 295). (Pamir, Nishiyama Syria and Palestine the Phoeni Mediterranean populations, particularly cians and Greeks, were drawn to this frontier for its access to the region's hinterland. Thus, during the eighth century, when Greek pottery begins to arrive in the Near East with ismost

regularity, it is in this region that it concentrated, not elsewhere along the Levantine coast (Boardman 2002b). The region, therefore, served as a gateway between land and sea, through which for dispersal were manufactured and products goods Near East and the Mediter the distributed between ranean by a variety of mobile 2000; Purcell 2005). people (Horden, Purcell

ences; Thomason 2001: 67). From at least the tenth century, the Neo-Assyrians provide us with names of the north Syrian political territories. The area around Kinet belonged to the lands the of Que, which extended across the plain between
Taurus and Amanus mountains, and whose eponymous

interest capital lies under modern Adana. Neo-Assyrian in Que may have begun during the reign of Tiglath Pileser III (744-727 BC). He was the first to annex territories in north Syria and Phoenician holdings

62

Hodos, Knappen

and Kilikoglou

Zindiii

Amanus Adana Tarsus

Mts Kinet 'Hoy?k ?HJ2?S

\iskenderun=

Amuq

?atal Tell cTayinat Antakya

H?yiik

Tell Judaidah

! Mediterranean]
Sea
9Ras el iBassit

rRas lbn\ >Hani

Tell Sukas

Hama

Fig.

1. Kinet H?y?k

in its regional

setting

directly

into the Assyrian encroachment increasing

an empire, demonstrating towards Cilicia (although

Neo-Assyrian campaigns against Que go back to the of middle the ninth century: Desideri, Jasink 1990: ch. 2). By 738 BC, the state of Unqi, the Amuq plain, on the eastern side of theAmanus mountains, had certainly been conquered and annexed that Tiglath-Pileser possible further conquest in Cilicia. (Hawkins III began 1995: 95). It is to prospect for records of

in the region are preserved from the reign of successor, Shalmaneser V (726-722 Tiglath-Pileser's it is assumed that Que and the north BC), although activity Syrian principality of Sam'al became fully incorporated in the Neo-Assyrian empire during his reign, as there
are references to Assyrian governors over these regions

in documents BC) 1979: 154).

dating to the reign of Sargon II (721-705 (Forrer 1921: 70-71; Goetze 1962: 51; Hawkins

No written

63

Anatolian

Studies 2005

do not know precisely what Kinet was called much of the Iron Age, during although the site was certainly known as Issos by the end of the fourth century We the Great met Darius III in 333 BC BC, when Alexander at the eponymous battle. Kinet is situated on the plain of Issos (Ozaner, ?ahk 1995), and Xenophon refers to the settlement of Issos as a town with a harbour (Anabasis 1.4.1-2). As noted above, Kinet functioned as a harbour site and remains the only elevated site on the plain. The extensive fortification system of the late fourth century suggests a city prepared 1999; 2003: 285-86). As for conflict around it (Gates

presence

throughout Que

is attested

from a number of

texts from the contemporary inscriptions, especially Karatepe, and there is no reason to assume that an inland seat of power would not have been equally geous, albeit perhaps for different reasons. has suggested also be the same person calls himself Azitawatas tions, on the grounds phonetic rendering 1979: 146, n. 138). probable this Winter that Sanduarri advanta

of Siss? may as the ruler of Karatepe who

in the famous Karatepe inscrip that Sanduarri may be read as a of the name Azitawatas (Winter It is impossible to determine how

is for its earlier Iron Age name, one possibility that it may have been known as Siss?, associated There are Issos (Bing 1993). with homophonically toponymie references to a Siss? in the early seventh it is reported in a text of Esarhaddon century, where (680-669 BC) that Sanduarri, king of Kundi and Siss?, formed king of an unsuccessful Sidon alliance with the the Phoenician ruler Neo-Assyrian against the 1927: 206, nos 513-514). Although (Luckenbill not in the described of Siss? is location specific text, it is usually identified with modern an inland site on the northern edge of the plain (for references to this argument, see Bing

The Karatepe identification may be. was state that Azitawatas inscriptions promoted by the Adana king Awarikus, and that he extended the terri and prospered torial control of Adana (for example, 1999; but 1978; Hawkins Hawkins, Morpurgo Davies n. 28 for chronological see Casabonne 1997: 40-41, is compatible with the The suggestion difficulties). the but without additional of geography region, supporting possibility. stances of individuals evidence
? ethnicity

evidence, this connection must remain only a We know so little of the social circum be called
construct

Esarhaddon Kozan, Cilician 1993: Kundi

that may
as a social

that there is little non-epigraphic upon. Even notions of

? are not illuminating

1997: 40 notes that 101, 113, n. 17; Casabonne as citadels in steep and Siss? are described cannot be and argues that Kinet therefore mountains Siss?; while Kinet is clearly located on the plain, the coast is extremely narrow at this point and the Amanus foothills begin less than 6km away, where they rise very quickly and are surprisingly steep). That Issos may be rests upon an interpretation of the linguistic Siss? from the Hurro derivation of the Neo-Assyrian was a name coastal port during the Akkadian Zisi, which in a statue inscription Late Bronze Age that ismentioned of a local Hurrian ruler of Alalakh, Idrimi, as one of the Siss? Idrimi destroyed during a campaign against the It is the description of the Hittites (Bing 1993: 102-03). that places Zisi on the coast somewhere, campaign cities perhaps in eastern Cilicia, for which Kinet would fit the location, and fieldwork has demonstrated geographic that itwas Age a sizeable settlement (although see Casabonne If Zisi arguments that Zisi may be located on Cyprus). name its to in and Cilicia be situated is developed into Siss?, which in turn entered Greek as onomastically text of Esarhadden would Issos, then the Neo-Assyrian refer to the settlement now known as Kinet. An alliance between Sidon and a strategic port town further along the coast would also make much sense for a Phoenician king in need of an ally, especially one that functioned as another port (Bing 1993: 104), although Phoenician during the Late Bronze 1997: 40 for linguistic

is a Luwian during this time, for although Azitawatas the case that he identified name, it is not necessarily himself as distinctly ethnically Luwian. The Iron Age rulers of Sam'al have Anatolian/Neo-Hittite/Luwian as well as Aramaean names (Panamuwa, Kilamuwa) ones (Bar-rakib, BRSR), while Aramaic inscriptions and Semitic names have been found at with Aramaean Hama mixed (Sam'al: Bunnens 2000; Hama: Otzen 1990). The cultural origins of this region, coupled with of populations by the Neo evidence for the movement

renders any Assyrians (and later the Neo-Babylonians), strict ethnic identifications Furthermore, impossible. as ethnic identity may not have been as significant to the behemoth in opposition cultural unity, especially
that was the Neo-Assyrian empire.

Iron Age period The archaeology of Kinet's Middle reflects this very cultural diversity. Although Kinet is situated within the territory of Que, itsmaterial culture of the Iron Age finds greatest compatability with that from settlements in the territory of Unqi, whose capital at Tell Tayinat on the Amuq plain of the lower Orontes valley was the primary destination of imported Greek ceramics Kinet also from the eighth century BC. However, ties with Tarsus as well. close material demonstrates

Thus

it can be argued that the material culture of north Syria extended into Cilicia and certainly cut across the political boundaries of the period. This position contrasts the that of Winter, who sharply distinguishes cultural differences, especially the degree of 'aramaici

with

64

Hodos, between

Knappen

and Kilikoglou 2004: 407), while a third was found in the eastern side of the settlement (Gates 2000: 197). The second building phase of this period ended in a violent fire, after which time there appears to have been a very brief break in occupation (Gates 2001: 208). In terms of the ceramic sequence

Que and Sam'al (Winter 1979: 138). than being divisions of culture and province are enforced by mountains, these cultural distinctions across to from the coastal the blended, Unqi strip Amanus mountains that Kinet inhabits, into cultural sation', Rather
transitions across the region as a whole.

eighth centuries, as a large port town towhich fine table wares and storage vessels were imported from Greece, Cyprus and Phoenicia. An eclectic taste in fashion is suggested During functioned

the ninth

and

the site

by imported fibulas, which include a rare 'swollen bow' example from Thessaly, a rare Near Eastern 'elbow' type and a unique molded bow in the form of a nude woman clutching her breasts. The cosmopolitan nature of Kinet may be further demonstrated by a Phoenician onomastic of a Luwian name, possibly dedicatory and provisionally on a large storage jar read as 'To Sarmakaddanis', associated with a monumental building on the western (Gates 2004: 408; preliminary A. This structure looked down reading by Lemaire). active the Its harbour. upon walls, encasing large rooms, were built on lm wide foundations of riverstones with a mud-brick superstructure coated in a thick layer of A series of outdoor pebbled and gravelled court plaster. surrounded the building. An equally monumental yards with building, similarly substantial walls of comparable construction side of the settlement

Neo-Assyrian are usually made of fine clay with evenly ground and dispersed fine grit temper and were thrown on fast wheels, creating symmetrical vessels that were ceramic vessels then well-fired. Production was highly regulated, which created a limited number of size and shape categories (Rice 1987: 180-91; Parker 2002: 338). At Kinet, Palace Ware has been identified, the most telling of Assyrian vessels also appear at this time, Chaff-tempered was a common temper in previous not chaff although with Bowls ribbed rims, fine white wares, and an phases. abundance of plain wares characterise the overwhelming types. ceramic assemblage of this phase. Decorated Cypro Cilician wares decrease dramatically during this phase of to only 5% of the assemblage, in stark occupation contrast to the 30% painted wares represented in the previous period (Hodos 2000a; 2000b). Study of the faunal assemblage indicates that fish did not form a significant part of the diet of the occupants of the settlement during this time, in contrast to the preva in the faunal assemblages from and preceding subsequent phases (Gates 2004: 411). It is therefore, that the site was re-populated with possible, lence of fish bones for (compare with Parker 2003: 547-48, was a means relocation example). Population powerful of control in outlying regions, and this method was Documents certainly utilised by the Neo-Assyrians. from the reign of Tiglath-Pileser for III, instance, refer to the forced resettlement of thousands in the Cizre plain and upper Tigris river valley (Tadmor 1994: 62-63). Given the sudden architectural changes and ceramic that are associated with Assyrian tradi developments as a regional Assyrian post, perhaps as early as the reign of Tiglath Pileser III. The cylinder seals found in association with tions, that Kinet served the buildings to the Neo-Assyrians ascribed would this. between Tarsus and Al Mina, support Equidistant and with good harbours and the protection of theAmanus the site was ideal as a major base in the mountains, western extent of theAssyrian empire towards the end of the eighth century, with Tarsus then serving as the Assyrians' after Sennacherib outpost no in 696 BC. quelled Although textual sources refer specifically to Kinet, it is possible that new settlers were brought to the site to oversee its the local rebellion
occupation.

this types of pottery appear within identified with Neo-Assyrian output.

from the site, new level that are

and a thickly plastered floor, was erected on the other side of the settlement, overlooking the river. of to the from attest both Quantities pottery buildings site's own substantial ceramic output of cooking vessels and table wares decorated in the Cypro-Cilician style (Hodos 2000a; 2000b). Sometime during the second half of the eighth century, a sudden change inmuch of the material culture of the settlement occurred which has been attributed to a These alterations period of Neo-Assyrian occupation. can be seen most clearly in three particular aspects of the material culture of the site: the architecture; the ceramic assemblage;
aspects which

inland people

and faunal remains (arguably, these are three

have received closer post-excavation

it is possible

scrutiny to date than the rest of the material excavated). The buildings of this stratum were reconstructed from the previous along a different orientation (and subsequent) period, still on a monumental Although site, associated walls had jogs and shallow niches, and themud-brick sometimes had no stone foundations at all, which the building technique both before and after this phase, which always utilised fieldstones and riverstones as foundations. Two cylinder seals of contrasts with in a somewhat haphazard manner. scale, unusually for the

westernmost

from the Neo-Assyrian style have been recovered on the western side of the settlement, one from complex the first building phase and another from the later (Gates

Neo-Assyrian

65

Anatolian

Studies 2005

or those These changes indicate that the Assyrians, under their control, came to stay for an extended period of time, preferring to use styles of pottery similar to those they were already acquainted with and eating a familiar land-led diet rather than one that integrated the offerings of the sea. How long they remained is not known, but after several building phases a number of their structures This was followed by a suffered intense conflagration. brief break in occupation, as suggested by eroded surfaces found across the site (Gates 2001: 208). Judging by the subsequent occupation stratum, this hiatus is most likely to have occurred at the end of the eighth century, or possibly the beginning of the seventh century. Itmay be 696 BC campaign related to Sennacherib's against Cilicia, which resulted in the destruction of Tarsus during 1995 argues against any such that year (Forsberg associated destruction; but see Dalley 1999; Hodos 2006). The new structures subsequently erected heralded the Late Iron Age phase of the site's occupational history. Areas were levelled, in some cases with a thick fill of crushed murex shell, in preparation for rebuilding, which was on a much more modest scale and seems to have been more domestic and industrial to hearths, in nature cobbled than areas monumental.
and ovens

During

the course occur

of the seventh in local ceramic

developments instance, Lehmann differences

striking For assemblages. of coastal

century,

has observed

that around 650 BC

Syria a with diminish, (and Lebanon) ware of vessel and types greater homogeneity shapes found across the region. This may be attributed to the in the territorial organisation impact of Neo-Assyrian eastern movement increased have Mediterranean, of craftsmen development which of unified had facilitated The the units and traders. observable

between

the assemblages and inland settlements

measurement

and presumed formed standardisation

in goods trafficking may improvements ceramic the background for greater 1998: 30). (Lehmann

At the same time, this Neo-Assyrian domination also had a profound impact on the stylistic output of local potters who were used to producing shapes and motifs closely of Cypro-Cilician style, which paralleled the output of Cyprus. had As always the Neo

expanded their control of Cyprus' nearest and Assyrians most prolific trading destinations along the Levantine coast during the eighth century, a sharp decrease in along this littoral can be black-on-red: Schreiber 2003). (for example, Trade with Greece of the same wares continued well Cypriot observed imports at sites into the seventh the cessation Cyprus. This century, however, which came from the mainland change may therefore implies that rather than to

Iron tools next

adjacent

to multi-roomed

structures

charac

terise both sides of the settlement over the course of the seventh century (Gates 1999; 2001), despite numerous that the and refurbishings, and suggest rebuildings were rather than residents engaged with daily life imperial conquests. The pottery The ceramic

be attributed

Neo-Assyrian

activity (this suggestion Cilicia: and Smooth between Rough comparison to This is not the forum in which Fourrier 2003). speculations socio-political this development (rather, this will be surrounding in the final publication of the Iron Age discussed it must be noted that ceramics from Kinet). However, by the time of the advent of the Persian period during the sixth century, the new pottery styles that developed in local output are often attributed to influence from the engage with the

is borne out in a

trading connection between Cyprus and the Levant during the IronAge began shortly before the last quarter of the 11th century, when early decorated Cypro Geometric wares appeared sporadically along the coast from southern Phoenicia to Philistia. While many of these are closed vessels, implying that their contents were the item of trade rather than the container, the fact that a
were decorated open vessels suggests that some

number

were

a popular commodity in their own right, although they may have been the private belongings of merchants and thus secondary objects of the exchange (Gilboa subsequent ceramic output of coastal sites such as Tarsus and Kinet blossoming during the ninth and eighth into mass with production of styles 1989: 217). impact on Nevertheless, this import had a profound the with local production,

east Greek world, particularly the so-called east Greek banded wares, although Lehmann notes that their distri bution is confined to the eastern Levant, and they are hardly ever found in Greece (Lehmann 1998: 15). Their
imitation, however, was much more widespread.

The this shift began

ceramic in style.

assemblage During

decorated centuries

that find

to produce painted This parallels in the output of contemporary Cyprus. Iron Age, with the into the Middle continued of decorated a large number with motifs

exemplifies the Early Iron Age, Kinet vessels that find decorative

from Kinet

contemporary shapes and Cypriot comparison motifs (Hodos 2000a; 2000b: figs 3, 5-7). This contrasts sharply with contemporary sites further inland, such as Tille H?y?k, which had little painted pottery during the Middle Iron Age (Blaylock 1999).

manufacture vessels

of Cypro-Cilician from the Cypro The III repertoire (including Bichrome). Geometric a period of occupation saw dramatic drop Neo-Assyrian in the absolute and relative number of painted vessels.

66

Hodos, Knappen over Subsequently, the Cypro-Cilician the course of the seventh

and Kilikoglou
To the several metres a smaller kiln

century, were styles replaced by vessels decorated initially just with bands and then wave lines, motifs attributed to east Greece that came to dominate assemblage during the sixth century 2000b: 2000a; 10, 11, 14). figs (Hodos is the identification of kilns from More significant the decorated the periods preceding and subsequent to the phase of at the site, from the firing presence Neo-Assyrian chambers of which material of the predominant styles of the respective periods was recovered. The kilns were situated in the most northeastern quarter of the site. As from the the prevailing winds rise over the mound would have smoke the and heat from kilns southwest, been carried away from the settlement. The earlier kiln underlies structures associated with the Neo-Assyrian occupation and probably dates to the first half of the the later can be dated by eighth century, while to material associated the very end of the seventh (ca. 600 BC). These kilns and their associated to provide us with an important opportunity of examine any long-standing impact Neo-Assyrian on the technologies of pottery production at
the site.

southwest,

away,

(2.5m by
separated

at least 2m) with

by a central mud-brick

two adjoining
support,

chambers
was

or wall,

in herringbone Only partly on sat masonry that top of the firing platform at the back Both kilns remained of the chambers' superstructure. excavated. were well suggesting over during a single episode in preparation for a new use of this sector of the settlement. Indeed, a monumental preserved by a lm layer of sterile soil, that the kilns had been filled in and covered

a stone wall

building, the exact function of which remains undeter mined at present, was constructed in this quarter, and the outdoor areas surrounding it do not reflect industrial a household or larger scale. on activity However, kilns were reconstructed at a later date in the same area, although only one can be clearly identified (figs 3a, 3b), as another presumed kiln, located at the

present edge of the mound, was badly eroded. Itmust be noted that the preserved kiln was not as easily articulated above, as its state of than better its contemporary, was preservation, although much worse in comparison with the eighth century kiln complex. The firing chamber of the preserved kiln was in excavation of a more double oval shape, but, like its predecessor, itwas of chamber updraft type constructed of mud-brick and pis?, although embedded less deeply within the as the kilns discussed

century material

occupation

The kilns The earlier kiln consisted chamber made east-west, of a single large circular firing of yellow clay (figs 2a, 2b). Oriented it sat within a mud-brick faced enclosure,

working surface of the time (sunken only by 20-30cm). it was supported by Orientated northeast-southwest, stone walls to the southwest and northwest, giving the kiln overall dimensions The entrance of approximately 2.5m by 3m. to the chamber, which was flanked by stones, was situated on the northeast side of the kiln. The in firing floor was supported by three large mud-bricks the middle of the chamber.

supported by a stone wall along the north side. The complex as a whole measured 4.5m by 5.5m. The kiln was chamber updraft type, in which the chamber and firing chamber were separated by a platform (Killebrew 1996: 137, figs 2d, 2e). The diameter of the firing platform measured 3m, although the central area of the firing chamber beneath remained combustion exposed stoking the kiln interior. Both floors were rather than covered entirely by the platform. A tunnel on the eastern side provided access into the stoking approximately 50-70cm tunnel and chamber of a double

Several fired clay bins filled shell in varying degrees of fineness were found adjacent to the kiln and at the same absolute level as the base of the chamber, implying that the kiln with crushed murex The may not have been of a true sunken construction. bins themselves imply that shell may have been used for
lime, perhaps as a re-use after the manufacture of purple

below the working area adjacent to the kiln. surface of the manufacturing The of the kiln was superstructure presumably constructed in the pis? technique. A lime pit embedded within the kiln, the firing platform suggests a diversity of use of for pottery firing and perhaps also for lime Field notes indicate that several sherds of

dye, and also that the kiln may have been used for firing more than just pottery (for example, Aliara 1992: 111). Material from contexts associated with this kiln suggest it should be dated to the end of the seventh century BC. The contents of the firing chamber floor were as a single lot, which included a number of vessels end of season near-complete (unpublished were Within two this lot found report). pieces of a very removed micaceous fabric. Mica does not occur and is rarely found at the site. Even within of the kiln or any other associated deposits blages, mica contaminated was the not found of surface (although a number in local clays the context and assem mica of dust sherds,

production. thick-walled

storage vessels found inside the chamber and on top of the firing platform showed traces of lime coating on the interior and exterior, presumably as a secondary taphonomic process. Material associated with this kiln is comparable with Cypro-Geometric III, and thus suggests its period of use as being the ninth and eighth centuries BC.

67

Anatolian

Studies 2005

"~^^!

Fig. 2a. Eighth

century kiln complex

suggesting at the time of excavation that mica might be more prevalent than previously thought; subsequent examination of the associated material does not support this). The logical conclusion part of an imported vessel. As the firing chamber itself, the implication is that the kiln may have been filled with debris from elsewhere, and hence with material that may have included imported wares. no is that these pieces are they were found within

The finally filled in and levelled off for rebuilding. not floor lot assemblage, therefore, may represent a of locally-manufactured discrete collection products. The implications discussed below. Kilns Anatolia. of this for the present study will be

in of the Iron Age are few and far between The best known are those from Tarsus

The degree of erosion of this kiln suggests that there may have been a period of time when the kiln was longer in use and allowed to decay before it was

(although overlooked by Delcroix and Huot in their 1972 study of kilns from the Near East from 5000 to 500 BC). Pottery finds from within these suggest that the complex was throughout the Iron Age, and that individual were chambers and altered continually repaired The pottery kiln complex (Hanfmann 1963: 14-17). consisted of a series of long and narrow firing chambers active

underneath clay platforms perforated by short flues. The individual chambers were deeply sunken constructions of At least clay-dressed stone or clay-dressed mud-brick. one had a double firing chamber. As no trace of any permanent superstructure was found, it is presumed that a temporary roof was built for each firing. The chambers themselves varied in size considerably. Most were recti linear and varied in dimension from 3.75m by 1.3m (narrowing to 0.8m) to 6m by 1.25m. One was more elliptical in shape, enclosing an area of 1.72m by 0.85m. The outlines of these kilns alone are dissimilar from the Kinet Fig. 2b. Eighth century kiln complex examples, although both sites are comparable. the pottery styles produced at

68

Hodos, Knappen

and Kilikoglou

1 /?m&

WB&&1

Fig. 3a. Late seventh century kiln complex

Recent uncovered

excavations

at Kilise

contemporary kilns. rectangular in plan (the larger one being 2m by lm) and stone lined, each with a sunken combustion chamber (Hansen, Postgate 1999: 112-13; Postgate 1998: 131 32). The interior surface of the larger of the two was burnt and contained white
concretions have not been

have also Tepe These examples were

IronAge. Circular double chamber types from the Early IronAge were found at Sarepta, and atMegiddo and Tell en-Nasbeh from the Middle Iron Age. This variation of shape and type over the IronAge implies thatmore social circumscribed (cultural or familial) or geographically traditions of manufacturing techniques and technologies influenced kiln style; the diversity does not convey a sense of evolutionary 1996: 156). No Cyprus kilns or linear development date have been (Killebrew recorded in

deeply
these

concretions.
white

While
concre

analysed,

tions that withstand high temperature firing are usually a lime-based substance, and thus these recall the processed shell used for lime associated with the Kinet kilns of the seventh century. The material retrieved from the Kilise Tepe kilns is similar in date, as it formed a discrete I in Cypro-Archaic of local manufacture assemblage Phrygian period (seventh tomid was sixth century BC) excavated in the 1950s at Gordion in but has never been published (it is discussed from 1970, PhD dissertation Johnston's unpublished which we have not been able to consult; see Henrickson 1994: 112). Iron Age kilns have been identified in the Levant at style (750-650 BC). A kiln of theMiddle

of Iron Age

(Fourrier 2003: 80).

Jemmeh, Ashdod, Megiddo, Sarepta, Tell Miqne-Ekron, and Tell en-Nasbeh (Killebrew 1996: table 1, with refer ences; for Tell en-Nasbeh, see also Zorn 1998). During and Jemmeh, square the Early IronAge at Miqne-Ekron double chamber types were in use, while square single chamber types were used at Ashdod during the Middle

Fig. 3b. Late seventh century kiln complex

69

Anatolian

Studies 2005

The similarity of plan and construction technique of the two excavated Kinet kilns suggests a continuity of firing tradition, despite the intervening Neo-Assyrian occupation and the stylistic changes the two phases of attested ceramic in output between The production.

generally has black and red colours on a slipped surface, which is often buff, Hanfmann 1963: 49, 51). This is a problem because ware ware with the black-on-red group, particularly it is, in fact, a decorated version of the red slip produced at the site: 'The Cilician black-on-red

design of the kilns and their similarities to other contem area porary examples from across a broad geographical suggest certain shared practices in production technology It should during the Iron Age alongside local variation. therefore not be surprising that the Kinet kilns do not those from Tarsus. examples, the of scale Furthermore, operation at each site may account for the different forms of firing complexes. With resemble the potters' quarter at Kinet excavated (the earlier kiln complex is known to extend south into an adjacent trench, where excavation halted such just at this level), it is impossible to quantify output, or to the social mechanics of discuss beyond generalisations at Kinet Iron the Middle pottery production during Age. The wares On site, initial classification of material is undertaken as part of the annual field season. The ceramics are visually recorded; quantitatively diagnostic examples are saved. The descriptive ware categories were loosely derived from the classification at Tarsus, as the only regional site whose studied comprehensively Mina's local wares might Plat Taylor's initial assessment remained local pottery has been While Al and published. form a better basis, since du in 1959 these wares have identified and a small area of their nearest

[produced at Tarsus] is technically identical with [the Tarsus] red slip ware except that decoration in black paint was added. A modest number of fragments [of red slip] were also made' confusions found in the kilns, where (Hanfmann 1963: 61). have black-on-red contributed was to the

Such mis-classifications

surrounding red slip and black-on-red wares as scholars have endeavoured to link these with particular is often and in

viewed

culture groups. Red slip pottery, for instance, as the hallmark ware of the Phoenicians,

the past, the presence of red slip at a site has been taken as firm evidence of Phoenician activity (see, for instance, Mazzoni been 2000: 42). Yet only by thickness and colour of the slip; relative matt-ness of the paint; the execution of the motifs themselves) and vessel of the paste of the little consideration shapes, with vessels themselves. Scientific from various sites in the Levant are beginning that red slip ware was, in fact, quite widely studies of red slip wares to indicate described red slipped pottery has often its surface treatment (quality,

produced, be indicative of and, therefore, may not necessarily themselves Phoenicians (Winter 1995: 265, n. 9). Results of an unpublished NAA (neutron activation analysis) report on red slip dishes from Hama, Tell Rifa'at and the Amuq (Catalh?y?k, Tell al-Duayda, Tell Tayinat), demonstrates that the fabric varies considerably from site to site, and concludes that they were locally produced and hardly travelled (Hughes, cited in Lehmann of red slip wares from Tell 88, n. 98). Analysis in Fara Palestine and Tell Ajjul similarly demonstrates are they locally produced (Liddy 1996), while red slip examples from Al Mina are also not identical to those 2005: from Samaria (du Plat Taylor 1959: 79; Liddy 1996). The situation with black-on-red is even more compli cated, since the term is used by different scholars to refer to different wares. Some use the term to refer to the general style of red slipped fine and medium walled open and closed shapes decorated with bands, concentric executed in black circles and other geometric motifs paint (as Bikai observed, 1983: 400, n. 32, 'The class is far too cluttered already with Cypriote, Black-on-Red Others Phoenician and Syro-Palestinian Black-on-Red'). prefer to keep it reserved for a specific Cypriot product (for a detailed discussion see Schreiber 2003: xxii-xxix; true black-on-red is described by Gjerstad 1948: 68-73; see also Brodie, Steel always been mystified Coldstream, Bikai 1996; Bikai notes that she has attribution, by its Phoenician 1988: 37). This has given rise to some

a fabric from understudied woefully The very recent study of the Syrian and perspective. for instance, takes Phoenician pottery by Lehmann, as the for classification, with ware shape starting point differences as the secondary distinguishing feature (Lehmann 2005). The Tarsian model its Middle Iron Age local burnished; of the decorated categories

identified four primary groups for assemblage: (1) local painted; (2) local (3) plain; (4) imported. For study output from Kinet, the first two Tarsian

into: buff painted (which is, in fact, slipped); white painted (which is also slipped); black-on in turn was subdivided; and red red; bichrome, which banded. The burnished group includes: red slip; a two tone technique; and other minor categories based upon surface colour variation including orange, yellow, brown,
and bucchero.

painted surface decoration

are of greatest interest. The Tarsian local group has been further divided on the basis of

One of the difficulties

with

this classification

is that

slip and motif styles are used inconsistently as means of at this level (white painted or buff painted, classification both of which are slipped, versus bichrome, which

70

Hodos,

Knappen

and Kilikoglou It has long been suspected that the vast majority of the pottery found at Kinet was locally produced, in clear imitation of Cypriot and east Greek styles over the course of the IronAge. This was first concluded in a 1997 study of the Late IronAge wave line table wares from the site, for which of the 100 or so examples looked at, most were of the same fabric as the majority of pottery from all periods at the site, while only two that Kinet potters appeared to be different, suggesting were the ware (in contrast, Al Mina manufacturing seems to have imported a greater proportion of its wave The subsequent line wares, Ashton, Hughes 2005). of wave line wasters in the later kiln this conclusion.

generalisations black-on-red described itself

and misinterpretations. from Al

examples as Cypriot imports, possibly even from Kition 1999b: 149, who also based his (Boardman

Mina

For instance, the have been

upon Matthers et al. 1983; unfortunately, this particular study has been discredited for using unprove nanced samples and analysing only certain elements, conclusion which resulted and possibly 1996: 271). in two fabric groups going unrecognised obscuring other variations, see Brodie, Steel Schreiber's 2003

study of black-on-red concludes that the black-on-red style was widely imitated in local production in north Syria and Cilicia, and even possibly as far south as Israel, but supports that the name black-on-red be reserved for a very specific product manufactured on Cyprus. At Kinet, sherds were initially grouped into painted there are the painted categories, and plain. Within many examples that conform to the decorated descrip groups. Yet, unlike Tarsus, which ? has a homogeneous pink clay, two colours of paste occur with regularity at Kinet. Therefore, and cream ? tions of the Tarsian the painted wares have been sub-divided according to at first and this stage of paste slip second, irrespective as any additional decorative schemes, such burnishing or black-on-red been with style. Seven distinctive some in direct identified, visually the earlier kiln, and analysed in the present study. None of these are particularly fine fabrics, as small and sized naked eye, coarseness in different for medium walled are clearly and there are variations inclusions examples. The vessels. visible with the in the degree of The wares were used two most common types have association

discovery confirmed when

During the 1997 season, excavated, a number of sherds from the firing chamber lot were removed from their context collection bag for neutron activation analysis as part of the kiln was a separate study (Gates 1999: 263). The results ofthat study are not yet available. That the chamber contents

may have included material swept in and, therefore, that the contents found within may not be purely local was not recognised during the field season. Never theless, implies are Kinet products. Itwas therefore decided to proceed in the present study with an analysis of the remaining from the kiln chamber, but to limit this material of the study, in anticipation analysis to microscopic NAA results of the previous for eventual study
comparison.

the presence of wave line wasters strongly wave the that line wares at the site majority of

medium

The Middle decorated biscuit with

Iron Age

has a much

categories are (1) cream paste with a cream slip, and (2) pink paste with a cream slip. Less common are (3) pink paste with a decidedly buff slip, (4) buff paste with a buff slip, and, occasionally, (5) green paste with a green slip, which has long been suspected of being an over-fired version of one of the more prominent fabrics.

and variations vessels, it difficult colours have made regarding ease as for the wave

range of in the surface and to arrive or at

wider

conclusions similar

local manufacture

line wares

import and

In addition, (6) pink paste is sometimes slipped in white, as opposed to cream. Finally, (7) red paste with red slip has also been found, for which the majority of
our black-on-red has been considered so far a sub

In anticipation of the classifi contemporary output. cation work that will be necessary for the final publi cation, questions were also raised as towhether the two primary groups, pink paste with a cream slip and cream
paste with a cream slip, were two distinct wares,

perhaps

is painted decoration in black, brown, red or purple (although predominantly a decayed to its be black may purple reacting as context, deposition suggested by co-joining pieces category. recovered
appearing

Within

these groups,

their specific shapes, in reflects differences diversity clay preparation and/or to the less Their firing conditions. relationship
common wares was also queried. Were the pronounced

reserved

for

or

if

differences paste-cream separate variation,

from different
as monochrome

areas of excavation),
decoration on various

with
wares,

all

between, slip and red paste-red it simply clays, or was or otherwise? deliberate

in colour

cream for example, use to due the of slip down Were to firing all the

or with motifs.

red complementing black or brown in bichrome Variations within these wares, including such as schemes, examples with different decorative burnish and black-on-red imitations, were

samples in fact local, or could some wares be identified as imports? Given the stylistic similarities in Cypro
Phoenician wares across a wide area (for example,

bichrome,
also analysed.

contemporary straightforward

Kilise

Tepe),

this

is by no means

objective.

71

Anatolian

Studies 2005

to supplement macro with of the both pottery scopic study p?trographie exami nation and neutron activation analysis (NAA). The key to this approach is that itmust be 'bottom up', beginning Thus
with 'low-tech' methods (i.e. macroscopic examination)

the decision was made

Crucially, a combination of the two techniques allows for a process of cross-checking. Often the petrography and the NAA can tell exactly the same story, but in some cases they might point to some interesting patterns. For a fabric group that seems coherent and tight in p?trographie terms might actually be revealed to have example, it; this could arise from the consistent use of a certain kind of temper, but in combi nation with an inconsistent process of clay selection. chemical a tight chemical group might Conversely, actually include quite a range of aplastics as identified petro Such patterns can tell us more about the graphically. decisions status of particular ceramic categories and the production them than if a single analytical underlying technique had been used. and chemistry petrography were in two selected for analysis samples the first in 2001 and the second in 2003. The variation within

and only building up with caution to more 'hi-tech' methods (i.e. NAA), as and when the research questions demand (Knappett 2005). Without this kind of approach to achieve an effective it is difficult integration of technological typological, Indeed, the recent elemental Ashton 2005). and Hughes This work data. compositional study of Al Mina material by is a case in point (Ashton, Hughes and

local from seeks to distinguish at Al Mina, focussing particularly on imported pottery material from the later occupation levels (539-301 BC). it is difficult to have full confidence in the However, the of results, given methodology going straight from analysis (using macroscopic NAA and ICP-AES), without an intermediary stage of p?trographie examination. This means that the chemical variation features Al Mina no local The cannot be properly related either to textural in the pottery or the background geology of the area. This clays are is further exacerbated by the fact that in this analysis for included assessment to elemental

Ceramic Ceramic

batches, first group of 38 samples was selected by Carl Knappett (CK) on site together with Tamar Hodos (TH), with a the kinds of fabric variation that view to understanding might in visual differences underlying perceived was The and pastes slips. analysis p?trographie a programme of chemical conducted by CK, while carried out by Vassilis analysis using NAA was be (VK) at the 'Demokritos' National Centre for a procedure in Athens, Research following in detail elsewhere Grimanis (Kilikoglou,

comparison.

in the present different techniques employed own their have study particular strengths. The p?tro of ceramic thin sections is well examination graphie suited to the study not only of the aplastic inclusions in pottery fabrics, but also of the textural features in the paste. It has the advantage of maintaining with the sherd, such that the macroscopic
scopic observations can be readily connected.

Kilikoglou Scientific described

a visual

link

and micro
However,

1993; Hein et al. 2002). The second group of samples (34) was selected by TH on site in 2003. This batch included two local clay samples, and sherds from kiln contexts from both the of successfully Only p?tro graphie analysis, and not NAA, was used in examining this second batch of samples. The analyses have allowed for the separation of ten
fabric groups; some of these, however, are very minor,

the technique fine, without technique

can assess the

is of limited utility when the fabric is very any aplastics. This is where a chemical comes
composition

earlier and later kilns, thereby strengthening characterising local fabrics.

the chances

such as NAA
elemental

into its own, because

of the clay matrix,

it

It can regardless of the presence or not of inclusions. measurements of around 20 million provide parts per
elements. However, this information does not mean a

? great deal in and of itself

on comparison between

it is a technique
of samples,

that relies
and the

making

represented only it difficult

a number

majority

by samples, to know how significant they are. The of samples actually fall into one of two main

one

or

two

therefore

formation

It groups among those samples. on on the statis and the sample size, thus relies heavily tical methods used to determine groupings (for example, of chemical

fabrics, group A and group B, with 15 (including the two These two clay samples) and 31 samples respectively. groups up nearly two thirds of the total A is clearly local, given the close Group sample. of the samples to the two clay similarity archaeological samples, not to mention the frequent association of this thus make the links between its common are no clay samples to group B and the local area, occurrence is in kiln contexts There with

principal components analysis), much more so than does Another difference between p?trographie examination. NAA for NAA and petrography is that the preparation of samples requires the sample to be ground into a powder, thus losing any textural information. This methodology developed to particular pottery effect in work on (for example, Jones 1986;

fabric with kiln contexts. establish although

has been

Bronze Age Aegean Day et al. 1999).

telling. Furthermore, both fabrics are consistent what we know of the local geology (see fig. 4).

72

Hodos, Knappett

and Kilikoglou

Ceyhan

Quaternary Miocene

alluvial deposits marls and clays with serpent?n?te

/>,-:] Basalt
Limestone

Oph?olit?c

complex

Limestone

ZU

25 km

Fig. 4. Simplified geological

map of the area (after 1:500,000 geological

map of Turkey, 1962, Adana

and Hatay

sheets)

73

Anatolian

Studies 2005

We providing evidence.

shall now

present

the typological, A discussion will

fabric group in turn, and chemical p?trographie each follow the concerning to patterns of regard and in the east

conclusions

that can be drawn with

also tell a clear story for this fabric: as can be seen in the dendrogram (fig. 5), the seven examples of this fabric thatwere analysed all group together, distinct from other fabrics (samples 13, 14, 16, The results from NAA 18, 31, 37, 38). They all have extremely chromium, averaging close to 1150ppm, linked to the serpentinite. Group B, on averages around 275ppm of chromium. high values for which can be the other hand, Group A is not

production and exchange at Kinet H?y?k IronAge more generally. Mediterranean

Group A : serpentinite fabric Some of the samples in this group come from amphorae found in kiln contexts (notably 37 and 38). Other shapes represented are craters, all of which are described as 'red paste, red slip' (samples 13,14,16), although a black-on (31) has a gritty red fabric, and a bichrome plate is semi-fine orange (18). In thin section (figs 6, 7), the fabric is very red closed vessel distinctive, as nearly all the inclusions are serpentinite, from silt size up to 2mm. Other inclusions are quartz, rare volcanic rock and plutonic calcite, phyllite, clinozoisite, feldspar, chert and textural fragments, concentration features. Note that there do not appear to be many microfossils (foraminifera), and there is little optical activity. In sample 13, for example, it is difficult to distinguish a fine from a coarse fraction. Serpentinite is frequent to dominant, mostly in the 0.1-0.25mm range, but silt size to 0.5mm overall. Micritic carbonate inclusions are
frequent, mostly <0.75mm, sa-r. In a similar size range

very calcareous, with an average of just over 6%, and a range between approximately 4% and 8%. Group B, however, is almost always >10% calcium. One further feature that sets group A apart is cobalt, with an average value of 88ppm, much more than the average of 29ppm for group B. Samples Kl, K2 (both clay samples), 13,14,16,18 (fig. 6), 31, 37 10957f, 10841a, (fig. 7), 38, 7403g, 7403h, 7403k, 10957g, 11069a, 11069b,11069d.

KHY03/26 KHY03/27 KHY03/13 KHY03/14 KHY03/16 KHY03/18 KHY03/37 ?

and

angularity,
Textural

quartz,

quartzite

and
features

chert
are

are all
very few,

common.

concentration

and there are very

fragments, a-sa,

rare amphiboles
C:f:v =

and plutonic

rock

0.25mm.

25:70:5.

KHY03/31 KHY03/38

Sample 14 has dominant shape, size and angularity, carbonate

serpentinite, in a range of Micritic up to 1.5mm.

some affected by inclusions are common, are also there micritic sandstones, 2.5mm. firing; large
quartzite, are all few, chert and and very textural rare concentration C:f:v = amphibole.

KHY03/35 KHY03/36 KHY03/08 KHY03/11 KHY03/01 KHY03/04 KHY03/02 KHY03/07 KHY03/24 ih KHY03/03 KHY03/20 KHY03/12 KHY03/17 KHY03/21 KHY03/22 KHY03/19 KHY03/28 KHY03/29 ' KHY03/23 ' KHY03/25 P KHY03/05 KHY03/10 KHY03/34 KHY03/15 ? KHY03/06 ? KHY03/09

Quartz, features

20:75:5. Some of the samples differ in containing less serpen tinite than the above, and more micritic carbonate inclu are 10957f, sions in the coarse fraction. Examples are 11069b and 7403g. Nevertheless, sufficiently they close to fall within the same overall fabric group. There is good reason to believe that this fabric group is local to the site. First, it corresponds closely to two

clay samples taken in the vicinity (samples Kl and K2). Secondly, the geological maps for the area indicate the presence of significant ophiolitic outcrops in the area around Kinet (see fig. 4). Thirdly, many of the samples come from amphorae found inmore than one kiln at the the site (and from more than one period). Moreover, numerous features that connect that fabrics A-C this fabric to both fabrics are all local. B and C suggest

Fig. 5. Dendrogram

of NAA

results

74

Hodos, Knappett

and Kilikoglou

Fig. 6. Thin section photomicrograph of fabric group A, sample 18 (width of field ca. 4mm; same for all subse quent photomicrographs)

Fig. 7. Thin section photomicrograph of fabric group A, sample 37

Fig. 8. Thin section photomicrograph of fabric group B, sample 2

Group B: foraminifera fabric This is the most common fabric group, consisting of 31 The fabric ranges from fine through semi samples. coarse to coarse (in thin section, finer versions have c:f:v of 5:90:5; the coarser examples 30:65:5). There is in firing colour, which variation also considerable makes visual groupings This is perfectly difficult. illustrated by sample 7, a fragment from a barrel jug, the inner half of which has fired orange and the outer half pale buff. This variation is seen throughout the

carbonates,

foraminifera,

quartz,

epidote

group

minerals,

on the dendrogram (flg. 5) group B is quite evidently separate from group A, the former does not There are display a great deal of internal consistency. etc. While quite high standard deviations in the average elemental ppm: calcium, for example, although consistently higher than in group A, nevertheless ranges from 9-16%, creating a high percentage standard deviation (18%). A similar scenario occurs for other elements, such as chromium and scandium. While the NAA effectively separates groups A and B, the results are more ambiguous when it comes to certain members included in group D. This will be discussed below Fine Sample fossils 15 (fig. 9), for example, has common micro in the fine fraction, especially planktonic such as globigerina, but also some foraminifera, Also common serpentinite, (tcfs) and plagioclase,
fraction: few few micritic ca.

fabric group, albeit not quite as starkly. Hence the some of the ware groups that have group cross-cuts been formed through visual examination, such as pink It is also and red paste-cream slip, paste-red slip. common pink-buff culty in pinning on-red, in pastes described as fine orange, semi-fine and semi-fine pink-orange. Another diffi this fabric group is the variation it is used tomanufacture black

in the section on group D.

down in surface treatments ? bichrome attribution

One painted wares. one is that make that positive might 'pink paste-cream slip' would appear to be largely associated with fabric B. and white In thin section calcareous presence However, character, it is clear that this is a (figs 8-10) fabric, and its most striking feature is the of often foraminifera, quite frequent. the fabric is partly inclusions which biogenic link it to the in

bivalves. common

is micrite, quartz, few to few textural concentration features rare epidote group minerals. In the
a-sa,

coarse <0.5mm,

to common carbonates, 0.25mm.

chert

and

quartz, also

rare microfossils,

C:f:v

sa-sr, =

<0.5mm, Some

5:90:5.

although it also contains

optical activity. Samples 15, 19, 21, 30, 33, 34, 35, 10493a.
Semi-coarse

in the surrounding area, namely serpentinite, ophiolites amphibole, both of which are common, and smaller of epidote group minerals quantities (i.e. epidote, zoisite and clinozoisite), and rare igneous rock fragments. These features, particularly the serpentinite, suggest a general connection with fabric group A. Whereas fabric group A would appear to be formed from a reddish clay containing much serpentinite, group B ismore calcareous, perhaps from a Neogene clay bed. The NAA results reflect the variability in this fabric, can have varying quantities which of serpentinite,

= 15:80:5. There Sample 2 (fig. 8), for example, has c:f:v are foraminifera and micritic carbonates, but they are In the 0.1-0.2mm size poorly preserved due to firing. range there are frequent carbonate inclusions, common quartz, very few to few serpentinite, and rare amphibole, plagioclase and epidote. Samples 2, 3, 17, 20, 22, 10957c, 10493d.

75

Anatolian

Studies 2005

Coarse

10957e has Sample dominant microfossils

common quartz, few

a fine

fraction with

(planktonic
textural

frequent to foraminifera), few to

features and

cream slip. Thus it is difficult to isolate this microscop ically as a coherent group. We would note, however, that in some samples a pale grey or dark grey core does seem to be a feature. Another aspect that might be worth noting is that the samples in this fabric group are mostly
from black-on-red open vessels.

concentration

In the coarse fraction one finds very few serpentinite. dominant micritic carbonates and microfossils; the 1 foraminifera is with mm, largest planktonic sparite very
well few preserved. quartz, a-sr, rare Also few serpentinite, few and sr-r, up to 0.5mm, mostly rock fragments sa, 0.1-0.5mm, amphibole, clinozoisite, plutonic

As with

the fabrics

0.1-0.5mm,

(composed partly of epidote rare volcanic rock fragments = 25:65:10. sa, 1mm. C:f:v Samples

and very group minerals) (amphibole and feldspar),

serpentinite, carbonates tends to differ slightly in having mica laths and feldspar laths, as well as a higher proportion of igneous rock also appears to fragments (figs 12-14). The micromass One feature that may turn out to be in these from local fabrics is the key differentiating of presence epidotisation in some of the rock fragments, a be less calcareous. kind of over-print effect linked to greenschist faci?s. This has not been noted in any of the samples in groups A to C. The p?trographie analysis is not entirely conclusive in terms of establishing whether this group is local or not. While there are some identifiable differences, these need source. Many of the not be indicative of a non-local

this group can contain (including foraminifera) etc, but above,

7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 24, 7403J, 74031, 7403n, 7403o, 10957a, 10957d (fig. 10), 10957e, 10493b, 10493f. Group C: overfired green buff Samples 1, 4 (fig. 11), 5, 6, 7403e. There are relatively few samples
are described macroscopically as

in this group, but all

'cream paste-cream

with

slip'. The fabric is a pale greenish buff that appears to ? there are signs in thin section have been high-fired that the clay did contain foraminifera and other calcitic material, which was lost during firing (fig. 11). This effect is also seen in fabric group B, particularly sample 7? the orange part of the sherd still contains many foraminifera, whereas in the more highly fired (external) buff part these same inclusions are missing, leaving only voids. Thus group C may be associated with group B but This is further for its higher firing temperature. suggested by the other inclusion quartz, serpentinite, amphibole, rock fragments, chert, feldspar, phyllite,
minerals and textural concentration

represented are indeed broadly compatible the local petrology, notably the ophiolite complexes in the region. However, the possibility of a non-local inclusions

source, for at least some of the group, is raised by the results from NAA. As can be seen on the dendrogram (fig. 5), samples 26 and 27 form a distinct sub-group very far removed from any of the local fabrics. There are across a range of elements, differences significant chromium lanthanum including (ca. 150ppm), (ca. 35ppm, higher than any local samples) and calcium (with the lowest percentages, ca. 3%, of all the samples). If samples 26 (fig. 12) and 27 (fig. 13) are non-local, then where candidate should we look for the source? The obvious is Cyprus, which was producing these kinds of it has and wares at this period; furthermore,

types present, such as volcanic and plutonic epidote group

features.

In terms of the chemistry, samples 1 and 4 do indeed group well within the range of group B, a further clue to the degree of overlap between groups B and C. However, samples 5 and 6 fall further away, towards the bottom of the dendrogram (fig 5). There do not appear to be any consistent differences between samples one hand and 5 and 6 on the other, further indication group B is a very large and fluid chemical grouping. Group D: igneous fabric 29 (fig. 14), 32, 1 and 4 on the that

shapes in the Troodos mountain range not ophiolite complexes dissimilar to those from the Kinet area. The difficulties of distinguishing between the two areas petrologically have already been noted in another context, in the analysis of late Roman amphorae imports in Jordan (Peacock, Williams would 1986: fabric class 44; Joyner, Politis 2000). The possibility of a Cypriot origin for 26 and 27

seem quite strong. However, the situation is far less clear for 25, 29 (fig. 14), 32 and 33, which though looking quite similar to 26 and 27 in thin section, do not group with them at all chemically, and actually fall more further work the local range (see dendrogram, fig. 5). .Even in the future itmay remain difficult in to differentiate

Samples 26 (fig. 12), 27 (fig. 13), and possibly 23, 25. In terms of ware groups,
show any clear-cut co-variation:

within with

this fabric does not seem to

it occurs as semi-fine

red with semi-fine

grey core, semi-fine orange with yellow core, buff orange, gritty orange and pink paste

securely between local and wares on the basis of petrography and imported Cypriot more work chemistry alone; integrating these data with details of shape, ware, decoration and technology might be the key.

some cases

76

Hodos, Knappett

and Kilikoglou

Fig. 9. Thin section photomicrograph of fabric group B, sample 15

Fig. graph

10. Thin of fabric

section group

photomicro B, sample

Fig.

section photomicro C, sample 4 group graph of fabric

11. Thin

10957d

Fig.

photomicro graph of fabric group D, sample 26

12. Thin

section

Fig.

section photomicro graph of fabric group D, sample 27

13. Thin

Fig.

14. Thin section photomicro graph of fabric group D, sample 29

Fig.

Thin section photomicro graph of fabric group E, sample 36

15.

Fig. graph 7403c

16. Thin of fabric

section

photomicro group F, sample

Fig.

17. Thin

section group

graph of fabric 10493c

photomicro G, sample

Fig. graph

18. Thin of fabric

section

photomicro group Hy sample

Fig. graph 7403a

20.

Thin section photomicro of fabric group J, sample

7403?

11

Anatolian

Studies 2005

Group E: very fine calcareous Samples 36 (fig. 15), 7403d, 10957b. This is a fine calcareous fabric thatmight be related to group B. In thin section, sample 36, for example, is very inclusions, silt and sub-silt size, with occasional larger ones, but no small microfossils (fig. 15). Very serpentinite is also present, as are some mica laths, but relatively little quartz. Coarse fraction has very few inclusions at all, just micrite,
quartz, rare quartzite, textural plagioclase and features. chert, 0.1-0.3mm. Very concentration

0.25-0.5mm; eralic, sa-sr,

also largest sr, <2mm,

frequent 0.5mm. and rare

quartz, Few chert,

mostly large

monomin siltstones and

sandstones,

r, 0.75mm.

Group H: micaceous

fabric so similar they must

fine with numerous

small indistinct micrite

Samples 7403i (fig. 18) and m (two samples be from one vessel).

A one-off fabric that is very micaceous, quite unlike as such, there seems any of the samples in groups A-D; every chance that it is an import. There are frequent to
dominant muscovite laths, some as long as 0.3mm, also

NAA places sample 36 (the only one of group E to be the range of fabric chemically analysed) well within not but group B, suggesting, certainly proving, that this may indeed be a local fabric.

frequent to dominant quartz, a-r, up to 0.5mm but mostly 0.1-0.2mm (and almost all single grain). Few dark brown
textural mica, concentration sr-r, very rare features, plagioclase, ca. 1mm, some containing No rock sr, 0.25mm.

= 30:60:10. fragments present, no optical activity, c:f:v Group F: overfired fine calcareous Samples 7403c (fig. 16), 7403f, 10841b. This is a fine fabric (c:f:v = 5:90:5 to 10:85:5), with ? in thin section, signs of having been a little overfired no some of the inclusions in there is optical activity, and formed inmicritic
some quartz,

Group I: Tcfs fabric (fig. 19). As with group H, this is a one-off fabric. It is orange brown in XP, is optically active, and c:f:v = 25:70:5.
Fine fraction has some micas, quartz and rare serpen

Sample 11069c

the coarse fraction have been affected (for example, voids carbonates). In the fine fraction there is
micrite zones and voids, and few micas.

tinite, but is quite fine. Coarse

entirely of red-orange textural

fraction composed
concentration

almost
sr

features,

Coarse
carbonates,

fraction
up

composed
Some

almost
quartz

solely
and quartz

of micritic
sandstone

r, <2mm
few quartz,

(some seem a little micritic).

0.1-0.2mm, and rare

Also

rare to very
sr, 0.5mm.

to 1mm.

quartzite,

too, but rarely >0.25mm. Dark brown to dark grey inXP. This group could be related to the other fine fabric ? ? but there is little sign of any of the group E group small serpentinite inclusions seen in some samples of that group. None of these was selected for chemical that can be analysis so, given the limited conclusions drawn from the petrography, it is hard to say whether or not this group is local. Group G: silty phyllite fabric Samples 10493c (fig. 17) and 10493e. This is a minor fabric that could well be an import to the site, judging by its lack of correspondence with either the main
constituents

As

this

is so different

to all

the other

fabrics

to be local, itmay be an imported fabric. No chemical analysis was conducted on this sample. The lack of diagnostic p?trographie features will make identi considered fying the source of this fabric nigh on impossible, without further evidence from typology or decoration. Group J: chert fabric Samples 28, 7403a This selected. (fig. 20). is another minor It differs

fabric

from the main

among the samples fabrics A and B in

fabric groups or the local petrology.

are

Its main
rocks ?

containing little discernable serpentinite and few if any The coarse fraction is characterised by microfossils. common to frequent chert, with few to common carbonate
inclusions, few textural concentration features, and rare

phyllites micromass moderate

low-grade

metamorphic

notably is optically

absent in most active,

other samples. The a low to suggesting

firing temperature, and there are common It is a coarse fabric (c:f:v = 35:55:10), and voids. planar seems non-calcareous, with quartz and mica dominant in the fine fraction. A continuous distribution of inclusions it hard to distinguish between fine and coarse fractions. Coarse fraction has frequent phyllites, elongate and up to 2.5mm, but taking up full size range, with many

In and epidote group minerals. muscovite, plagioclase some both samples themicromass exhibits optical activity. It is difficult to say whether this is a local or non-local fabric, as chert is not particularly diagnostic. Sample 28 has been analysed chemically and falls within the range of group B, although this is, of course, a very diffuse group. It is worth noting that this sample comes from a black-on-red bowl, and the only other samples identified as imports, 26 and 27, also belong to such vessels.

makes

78

Hodos, Knappett Discussion Cilician painted wares (ninth-eighth centuries) It is unsurprising that the majority of wares can be inter and chemical studies as preted from the microscopic as those selected for study being of local manufacture, were either from the kiln or of similar types that were not clearly imported fabrics. Almost all of the examples of pink paste with a cream slip, and cream paste with a cream slip fall within group B (pink paste: 3, 8-12, 17, 10493a, 10957a, 10957c, 10957d; only 10957f belongs to group A; cream paste: 2; dual pink and cream paste: 7) and its close relative group C (cream paste: 1, 4-6). Minor variations, such as buff ware-buff paste (10957e, paste (10493d, 10493f) 10493b) and pink ware-buff also fall into group B. Sample 7 provided an interesting test for the difference between pink and cream pastes, for the paste of this vessel was partly fired pink-orange and partly fired to cream-pale buff. This raises the question of the difference between group B and group C. The chemistry and microscopic analysis indicate that they are separate (but related) groups, well correlated with the macroscopic distinction between pink and cream pastes, suggesting that the differences may be accounted for by firing conditions or other steps in the after clay preparation. It process manufacturing remains to be seen whether these deliberate differences can be correlated
vessel shapes.

and Kilikoglou a Cilician white guished painted category was identified, distin from Cypriot white painted and bichrome

examples partly on the basis of the quality of the slip (as well as the precision of the artist's hand, decorative
motifs and vessel shape, and in some cases miner

1963: 49-50). Two differences, Hanfmann a contrast from Kinet with in white very examples slip, alogical
to the normal cream colour of Kinet wares, were

analysed in the present study in an effort to distinguish them from the cream slipped examples. Both samples were of a fine red clay with a very white slip (33 and 34) and belong to group B.

Red slip wares (ninth-eighth centuries) The results of our study on the red slip wares support the broad conclusion that red slip was widely produced in two the eastern Mediterranean. Macroscopically, different One types of red slip have been identified. relates to the Tarsus group of red slip and burnish, and includes our examples of black-on-red. The other is not

only not burnished, but also often does not have a slip; the samples selected for the present study were slipless. All of the examples analysed belong to categories A and B and are therefore probably local: three of four plain ware pieces (13, 14, 16) belong to group A, and one falls into the spectrum of group B (15), while two red slipped and burnished (not black-on-red) examples (19 and 20) into group B. How these might relate fall comfortably to other red slip outputs from the region remains unclear. recent NAA later red slip contribute study by Ashton and Hughes of the from Al Mina unfortunately does not

in

the

typological

study

with

particular

As noted above, examples in group A are most likely to be local, given the similarity between examples from kiln contexts and the local clay samples. Yet a far greater variability occurs within this group, with firing pastes ranging in colour from red (13, 14, 16 and the more coarse and gritty looking 31) to orange (10957g, visible 10841a, 11069b) to pink (18, 37, 38, 11069a, 11069d). Most importantly for one aspect of the study is that group A also includes the wave line pieces from the later kiln, with the same inclusions. This suggests that basic clay processing Age, manufactured wares techniques continued throughout the Iron the importation that were of vessels despite

The

sufficiently to our understanding of regional reasons. The red slip production for methodological NAA results presented in their table 2 reveal an aston ishing level of variation within what are meant to be coherent groups. Group 2, 'local red slip', for example, has wildly varying levels of chromium from sample to sample,
elements

in a range from 73ppm

also show considerable

to 553ppm.
variation. One

Other
can

differently (for example, Neo-Assyrian and Greek vessels). There is a number of examples found at Kinet in which the slip appears to be particularly white, strongly painted ware, a product associated with 1999b: 149). Cyprus (Liddy 1996: 486; Boardman Indeed, Gjerstad has argued that the better quality Cypriot style wares at Al Mina (white painted and recalling white bichrome) were manufactured by Cypriots at the site, as the clay seems more local than Cypriot and the decorative motifs overall atypical of Cypriot products, yet the is of higher quality than other appearance from the site 1974: examples (Gjerstad 115). At Tarsus,

only imagine that the samples are considered to form a group on the basis of ware, i.e. that they all belong to 'local red slip', rather than on the basis of the chemical characteristics of the clay paste. This is hardly a satis as itmerely ends up situation factory methodologically, the affirming categories provided by the archaeologists, rather than challenging them. Of the Kinet included

black-on-red which examples, a variety of open and closed shapes, the results of our analyses support the notion that the style was locally produced (21, 22, 24, 30 and 35 are group B; 31 is group A), although of local supplemented by imports elsewhere (23, 26, 27, 32 and possibly production black-on-red was from

25 and 29, all in

79

Anatolian

Studies 2005

the group D; possibly 28, in group J). Geologically, source as most these of is likely imports Cyprus, in above. This the of is discussion group D, suggested despite of dark grey cores, a sign of on two of the imported oxidation, incomplete 26 and which it be 27, examples, might tempting to the presence
as a regional custom. At Tarsus, this was viewed

Both pieces belong to group G, which is unrelated to the groups of local origin and, therefore, they may be imports. The presence of imported cooking ware has been used as a strong argument to equate pottery with people in the Near East; specifically, arguments for the at Me?ad Hashavyahu, presence of Greek mercenaries Tel Kabri and Al Mina the presence (although have been put forward based on of Greek cooking ware at these sites

view

and Hanfmann habit, workshop it particularly with contemporary Cypriot oxidation of the biscuit was wares, where homogeneous much more often the rule (Hanfmann 1963: 27-28). contrasted Geology, petrography and chemistry, however, suggest that the Kinet examples may very well be two cases of incompletely oxidised Cypriot ware. thin walled sherds may Several indicate more localised trade. There is little evidence at Kinet itself to suggest that fine wares were frequently manufactured. Fine wares are not particularly common at the site, and little from the kiln contexts implies that they were
manufactured here. Three examples were analysed.

as

a deliberate

for this reason, see Hodos 2006: exclusively The chapter 2). import of cooking wares has modern In Turkey today cooking pots are produced in parallels. a few areas but are widely distributed. Further study of this group is required before any more substantial conclu sions may be drawn about the significance of this identi
fication.

Wave

line ware

As mentioned indicates

One

type without example slip the other two (although not particularly fine), while examples are beige in colour but otherwise similar in

is of

the red ware

strongly at that this style of pottery was manufactured Kinet at the end of the seventh century. Despite the that fill retrieved from the kiln may include possibility not associated with what the kiln was used to

(late seventh century) above, the presence of wasters

material

to the shape, surface treatment and decorative motifs Both black-on-red fine walled examples. beige examples fall within the category of local products and group together within group E (36 and 10957b). These also compare with a black glaze cup from the later kiln assessment of sample 36 suggests Chemical (7403d). Given to group B, one of our local groups. that group B is a rather loose group, it could that is broadly local without easily contain material necessarily having been made at Kinet. that it is related red sample, 11069c, is unique in group I. This was recovered from the western firing chamber of juglet is Given that the kiln context the smaller kiln. The considered secure, this may be an example common ware, although one that may not necessarily be non-local. Indeed, a body sherd of a black slipped cup black glaze: see black slip is often miscalled (10841b; of a less

fire, samples from the kiln chamber were analysed. Five samples of wave line ware fall comfortably within groups A and B (A: 7403g, 7403h, 7403k; B: 7403j, 74031, 7403o; and 7403e within group C, our cream paste-cream slip of the Middle IronAge; 7403f, of group F, is incon clusive). This suggests that the pastes are no longer as exclusive to wares as they initially appear to be during the Middle Iron Age.

Black glaze ware (late seventh century) So-called black glaze wares of the Late Iron Age find their stylistic prototype in the east Greek cup of the late imitated seventh the shape was widely century; the Greek world and identified throughout Rhodian black glazed cup at Tocra in Cyrenaica as the (Hayes at in Bl the type Sicily skyphos Megara Hyblaea 1966), E the Vallet and type (Isler 1978) or 1955) (Villard, at 6 (Furtw?ngler 1980) skyphos Schalengruppe Although they are called black glaze because the of the lustrous nature of the east Greek prototypes, surface finish is only slipped. One such cup, 7403d, to group E; as noted above, the chemical analysis of another member of group E suggests that the group may be related to group B, one of our firm local groups. example from the same context, to group F. Although this group is of 7403c, belongs the black slip piece from the inconclusive provenance, Yet another

below), which was found in association with a large vessel recovered from the firing platform of the larger is kiln chamber, belongs to group F, whose provenance wares see Black also inconclusive slipped below). (but Iron Age contexts are rare; this sample's to contemporary and subsequent black relationship wares Grey Ware; (for example, Assyrian-style slipped in Middle Greek-style
further.

Samos.

belongs

black

glaze wares)

needs

to be explored

Cooking ware (ninth-eighth Two pieces of what may 10493c and 10493e, were

centuries) be cooking analysed

ware,

samples

earlier kiln, 10841b, also belongs to group F. This may suggest that a specific clay was used for the occasional production of black slipped wares over the course of the
Iron Age.

microscopically.

80

Hodos, Micaceous ware (late seventh century) Two micaceous pieces, (7403i and 7403m) most

Knappett

and Kilikoglou influence cannot be Long-standing Neo-Assyrian detected in the ceramic industry at Kinet, other than perhaps acting as a catalyst for a shift in stylistic inspi ration. This is particularly clear in the continuity of fabrics A and B between end of the seventh the ninth/eighth centuries and the the inter century, notwithstanding and the fact that the occupation, to create Cypro are and subsequently

likely from the same vessel, belong in a unique group (H) that is utterly different macroscopically and microscopically from any of the other groups identified. This strongly As suggests that they represent an imported vessel.

above, its presence in the firing chamber of the suggests that the kiln may have been filled with material swept in from the surrounding quarter or filled discussed kiln with material Other wares from elsewhere on the site.

vening Neo-Assyrian fabrics are used in the first instance Cilician

One, 7403n, a closed vessel with thinner walls in comparison with the wave line ware examples, falls within group B represents another style of pottery that was locally produced at the time. Sample 7403a is a red paste-red slip bowl, identical in group (group J) to one of and probably theMiddle IronAge black-on-red examples. Its presence at the end of the seventh century reflects the longevity of this ware and the continuity of potting traditions at Kinet. Conclusions The majority of the sampled material appears to be local for both the periods considered in the present study. This includes the ninth and eighth centuries, when Cypriot styles were particularly in vogue, with Phoenician types to a lesser extent, and at the end of the seventh century, by which time there is an evident shift of stylistic inspi ration to the east Aegean (Hodos 2000b: 36; see also Sherratt, Sherratt 1993: 370). This pattern occurs not only at Kinet but elsewhere across Cilicia and north Syria (for example, Tarsus, Al Mina). This stylistic change has been attributed to Neo-Assyrian activity in north Syria and parts of Cilicia between the end of the eighth century and the middle of the seventh century (after which time the Neo-Assyrian At Kinet, empire disintegrated). specifically, occupation This situation can be loosely compared with the site of Kilise also has substantial local Tepe, which production of Cypro-Phoenician wares (in late eighth and possibly early seventh centuries; they are largely in the I, traditionally dated 750-650 style of Cypro-Archaic it appears to have a gap in occupation BC), although during the late seventh and early sixth centuries, equiv alent to the period of east Greek influence at Kinet (Postgate 1998: 130 notes only a few sherds that seem related to Ionian bowls and belong to around the sixth there is no evidence that the However, came as far west as Kilise Tepe (Postgate Neo-Assyrians 1998: 132), and so this occupational break cannot be directly connected to the Neo-Assyrians. century BC). this includes a brief period of Neo-Assyrian at the end of the eighth century.

(late seventh century) Two other samples were analysed microscopically.

and Phoenician styles, to east Greek styles such as wave line ware. This adapted some of continuity in craft production form suggests at site the technologies (Hodos 2000b: 36). The similarity

of the kiln structures of the eighth century and late seventh century BC further supports an interpretation favouring technological continuity at Kinet. Despite differences in Neo-Assyrian demonstrable potting technology, it seems to have had no impact on Kinet's local technological tradi tions. (Local and imported pottery of the Neo-Assyrian phase will be examined in the final publication.) The small number of possible imports, from Cyprus Iron Age and less conclusively from during the Middle east Greece Late the Iron during early Age (many potential samples are too fine for petrography and too few for chemistry), have implications for Kinet's role as a transit point. Even though there are clear connections between Kinet and other areas, these connections do not seem to be expressed
? pottery not fine

through considerable movements

tablewares anyway. Rather, cultural

of

are expressed through local production of a broad 'koine', such as the specifically styles koine during the ninth and eighth Cypro-Cilician imitation of east centuries, and the more widespread connections across Greek wares It during the seventh and sixth centuries. has been argued that Kinet's function was in 're-directing goods between places of manufacture consumption' (Hodos 2000b: 36) and destinations or an of industry in traded rather than producing the items for shipping goods trade itself (Gates 1999b: 309). In other words, Kinet served not so much as a destination for trade in itself, but rather more of a stopping-off point in cabotage networks, of density Purcell 2000: in the matrix of connectivity of a phenomenon

or a node

The (Horden, 393). nodal point in a much land larger matrix between networks and sea networks has been argued for the Mycenaean palaces (Sherratt 2001) and for the island of Kythera towards the end of the (Broodbank et al. 2005). example for the IronAge. Kinet late Bronze Age serves as another such

In sum, the results of this study reinforce previous interpretations regarding imitation versus exchange as upon macroscopic observation, while shedding on avenues for further study, such as local light distribution and regional consumption patterns, previ new based

81

Anatolian
Row Kares : SrrvLu! U; Lai 3.91; 6.86; Ce.;

Studies 2005
Hf ; j Cs! Tb; 5.24; Fe; Zni Rb; 65.20? 5.26; 66.80; 146.00; Tai V20; 1.33; 5.29; 1.45; 5.13; Coi 29.20? 27.30? Eu 1.58 1.49

Yb]Cal

Na]KJ

Th] 1.31 0.36J

Crj

Se;

l9^9?<?6__j__7:(M[__0.42j___2:05J__>3^ I KW03/27

18.00; 2.00

0.42 :...1 02 16 j 2.64 j__ 0.48; 11.00J 35.70! 5.44; ? 14.401 49.10 j__ _ _ _ _ _ _0._ _ 2.09 _ ^ .1.-.09 i... 6.78| _ .5.361_ 1053.001_ _ 2.401 _ _ j__ 1.7-41_ !... ! 2.81 i 0.39; 1.93; 11.70; 43.30; 5.74; 4.85;}^ 0.16; 2.08J 1.20} 73.40! 0.21? 6.69; 2.7^ IMP^S ..L..3.33; KHY03/18 i 3.48; 0.23; 2.52; .1-55j....6.98J...0^51j_.. 1.27j. 18.50j 46.10]_._6^791.. 948.0p|...2.66J 2.77; 0.81 ;13.50; 50.70; 5.83! 94.20! 5.64; 0.62! i 3.16? 0.20;...2.47.L 1.61 ;8:53j WyOZ/Z] 0.5^ KHY03/31 ; 3.21 i 0.20; 2.43; 1.37; 5.71 ! 0.35! 0.90; 16.80; 57.60; 6.12; 1120.00; 2.52? 1.45; 0.60; 12.80; 27.80; 6.19! i 5.21 68.90; 0.18J 1.9^ 3^59: K^03/38 j ^Y.9.3/13... . KHY03/14 ave st dey %stdey KHY03/35> ; 5.07; KHY03/08 0.34; !...0,34; 0.02: 0.30; .0.19; 1.56!.. 0.07; 0.30! L.^Z.LMrlL.^.L.^ 1.79J 6.23^ O 10.77; 2.12; 0.62; 12.67; 41.34; 8.37; 9.90; 20.25; 5.82! 0.49; 8.44!

59.00? 0.50? 5.25; 69.90; 75.00! 71.00; 0.54! 0.78; 0.69; 0.66; 0.68; 73.06;

8830 i 0.58 0^61

5^51 i 96.00;

6.46; 110.00\ 074 5.67; 78?o?0.76 5.44? 7330; 0.71 6.05; 100.00! 0.68 5.04! 74.70! 0.73 88.61; 0.69

;:J0^M2.?5jJ279[^ 2.14; 2.43; 2.46; 9.98! 0.89;

5.06; 23.45; 28.85! 4.41;

0.64; 5.63; 10.65; 0.10; 0.48; 14.57; 15.19; 8.61; 0.83; 0.88; 5.45! 5.58!

14.04; 0.07 15.84; 9.85 33.80! 34.401 26.20; 32.10;

2.30? 25.10; 54.60! 57.10; 0.94 55.70] 56^

7.50;! 313.00; 8.30; 8.45:

3.54;

1.44; 21.20; 74.40; 0.33;

! 4.64; 0.28; 3.97! 0.25! !^^93/1J...; KHY03/01 ; 4.78; 0.31; KKY03/04 ! 3.85]...0.26;

KHY03/02: ] 4.64; KHY03/07 ; 3.36! KHY03/24 ! 3.19; KHY03/03 ! 3.94! KHY03/20

2.25? 12.80; 0.71 ! 2.20; 26.50; 93.60! 0.76; 4.12; 25.40; 2.02^^^ 2.28j 2.46; .1.2.50] 1.07; 1.23] 25.30! 2.18! 9.13^ ^90[ 0.29; 2.49; 2.35; 10.90; 0.86! 1.93! 25.90; 0.24; 1.99! 1.71; 16.30! 0.59] 1.61 ! 1^ 0.59; 0.66!

Z^ I<liyp3/36..i...4.90; 241.00; 4.05! 5.09; 1.01 ; 15.70; 79.80; 309.00; 3.80;! 5.25! 0.90; 18.70; 79.80;

5.51; 126.00! 5.56? 75.70! 4.23! 114.00; 5.24! 84.00!

1.19? 1.20 1.05 1.14

1.03i 4.14; 0.88; 5.15!

3.37; 6.75;! 283.00J 3.11 i; 3.59; 0.56; 16.60? 67.30; 4.57;

79.00!

0.63! 0.71!

3.30! 4.54;

24.20! 30.20!

0.78 1.03

0.21!

2.08;...1:68J 1640; 0.28? 2.04; 2.15:10.00;

KHY03/12i 3.18; 0.22; 1.75; .^76]12.60! 0.63! 2.03! 17.20]38.30[

^?^7....:...4.:46:...P;32! KHY03/30 ! 4.27; KHY03/21 KHY03/22 lave ! 4.58; ! 4.26! ! 4.20! ..2.15[ 0.28! 2.01; 0.33;...2.25! 0.29; 2.11; 0.28! 2.14; 2.30! 10.50; 0.70! Z^^ 2.21] 11.30; 0.75; 2.14; 21.00] 53.00! 2.38] 10.00J 0.72; 1.53; 23.90]53.40] 2.23; 11.30: 0.70; 1.52; 21.80; 47.70] 2.17h 1.66; 0.74] 1.89; 22.22! 51.79! 6.29? 238.00; 265.00; 3.19; 3.16; 0.52; 16.20; 57.00! 0.62; 17.80J62.50; 0.71] 16.43! 68.16! 4.45!

i 4.13?...0.29!

2.02! .2,16! 12.00[ 0.72;

1.35] 16.70!^ 2.14! 20.30! 53.80; 2.29! 21.^

93.00!

75.80; 0.56; 3.29; 28.10; 0.75

84.60! 104.00! 0.75! 0.82; 4.42; 4.6^ 4.42! 29.17! 1.00 29.90; 1.01

6.82;

3.11?3.63?

4J6;

7.21 ]! 276.31 ; 3.32;! 4.07;

4,53{

91.29]

0.77[

[stdev
fcstdev KHY03/19 KHY03/28 KHY03/32 KHY03/29 KHY03/23 KHY03/25 ave stdev.! %stdev KHY03/05 KHY03/10 KHY03/34 KHY03/15

; 0.59; 0.04! 0.21! 0.26; 2.12; 0.15; 0.41 ! 3.^! 6.03] 0.95; 38.08] 0^
; 14.02; 13.47; 9.88; 11.78; 18.15! 20.38J 21.90M3.72! ! 4.54; 0.27! i 5.61 ! 0.34; ! 2.91; ! 3.13; ; 3.09; 2.95; ! 3.02! "o.Ill ! 3.53! ! 3.65! ; 3.98; : 3.67; 0.25; 0.28; 2.01; 2.06! 2.11; 14.00; 0.58; 2.70! 4.36! 0.66; 6.92; 8.86! 1.63; 1.50; 1.54; 1.18; 11.65j 13.14! 13.78] 13.98; 18.13;. 38.01] 18.02; 16.47; 17.45J 19.6l| 1772! 16.37;

M?.;...?:.1.4
12.04; 14.30

1.51 !25.00^ 2.60! 29.50; 66.70!

8.92;

373.00;

4.43:

4.46]

0.77! 16.70;.88.90!

4.83]

87.90;

1.0^

1.82; 2.03! 2.16;

2.01; 0.29? 2.23! 1.73;

1.98; 9.33! 1.89; 7.01;

1.63]12.60?28.80] 126! 13.40] 43.80J 1.52! 14.70; 44.50? 1.40; 13.60}39.60]

3.47]! 169.00;

2.25^ 2.28; 0.61! 25.60! 43.00! 5.40; 127.00; 0.40; 5.40! 27.10; 0.76

3^ 3.66:; 157.00> 2.34; 3.56:;...152.00]

0.26? 0.27!

2.27]: 1.77] 0.56|^

1.95; 2.02; 8.03; 1.46; 145! 13.58]39.18! 3.46; 179.25] 0.02; 0.22; 0.11; 1.25; 0.20! 0.16; 0.87; 7.25] 0.23:! 40.47;_ O.IOJ 0.32; 6.64? 11.38! 5.59; 15.51 ; 13.40! 10.95; 6.38? 18.50] 6.66;; 22.58; 4.30] 14^ 0.29; 0.29! 0.29! 2.65; 2.57! 3.01! 2.05; 2.99; 2.34! 2.22; 11.50! 1.31; 0.99! 16.90; 2.23; 10.50; 0.97! 1.91M?:0q.! 2.05! 13.40; 0.911 2.19M7.40; 2.03; 11.50} 0.85] 1.57J 15.80! 2.29; 11.80! 1.00; 2.08! 13.00; 0.92? 38.50! 41.70; 46.70] 34^ 5.87; 4.92] 341.00;! 2.92} 219.00J 2.73] 3.36; 5.23; 6:69[.^ 5.57J 246.00J 2.61]: 3.8^ 268.00; 2.79; 2.42!

0.04;

2.08; 7.02!

6.81; 0.44; 3.49

15.54].0.04;

0.38]

1.99! 0.03

0.69! 20JO; 42.50^5^^

; 3.33? 0.28;

KHY03/06 ; 3.78? 0.32! KHY03/09 T 3J39; 0.27! ave stdev %stdev

1.56! 17.60; 41.90; 1.74[l5.80]42.20]

0.64! 21.90; 60.20;

5.45;108.00?

0.59!

5.29;

37.10;

1.03

5.45; 311^ ; 3.63? 0.29! 2.60; 2.15! 11.95! 100! 1.66? 17.08]40.90} ! 0.24;'0.01; 0.37! 0.11! 1.07; 0.16; 0.4o} 1.21; 4.12; 0.79} 136.42] 0.22] 0.53; 0.07;...1.25}.12.18j._.0.31}__.10-1.2i_...0.07j__._0.29j._._._._4.29|_.__a05 I 6.68; 4.82; 14.32; 5.10? 8.96; 16.28! 24.35; 7.11 ! 10.08; 14.49: 43.75; 7.91 j 17.07? 10.42; 6.30? 20.36J 6.21 ! 10.31; 12.86; 6.01; 14.92? 5.61

Table 1. NAA results

The final publi considered. -ously only speculatively cation of this period, which will incorporate the Neo these period of occupation, will build upon Assyrian its material we seek to place Kinet, early indications as the wider industries within culture and its associated
socio-economic setting of the eastern Mediterranean.

Acknowledgements We are grateful to Marie-Henriette to analyse the Iron Age permission Funding British Bristol.

Gates

for her kind

pottery from Kinet. for this study was generously provided by the of and the University Institute at Ankara

82

Hodos,

Knappett

and Kilikoglou

Sample list (72 samples)

2001 samples (ninth-eighth cream paste-cream 1 C 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 B B C C C B B B cream paste-cream centuries BC) slip, bichrome(?) amphora slip, bichrome amphora

31 A 32 D 33 B 34 B 35 B 36 E 37 A 38 A

gritty red, black-on-red bands, closed vessel bands exterior, gritty orange, black-on-red closed vessel fine red, white slip, bichrome fine red, white slip, bichrome, chamber s-f buff orange, very fine burnished body of concentric circles jug very fine buff, well polished, small jug amphora, from kiln platform amphora, from kiln platform concentric exterior, circles, from kiln

pink paste-cream slip, bichrome amphora cream paste-cream slip, bichrome amphora(?) cream paste-cream slip, black painted amphora handle cream paste-cream closed vessel slip, bichrome, neck of

dual cream-pink paste, barrel jug with bulls eye, from fill overlying kilns pink pink paste-cream paste-cream (amphora), metope slip, large decoration closed vessel vessel

10 B 11 B 12 B 13 A 14 A

slip, large closed decoration (amphora), triglyph pink paste-cream slip, purple decoration (faded black?), pink paste-cream pink paste-cream overlying kilns shallow bowl

2003 samples Kl clay sample. Deli?ay, 2km further up river from source of red clay sample below, a possible N 36? E 036? GPS: 50.397min, (older). Hodos K2 (to 5m). GPS taken along the road. sample 2. clay sample. Deli?ay, taken from 10cm above the current channel in clay banks. GPS: N 36? 50.05 min, sample 1. E 036? 10.545min (to 5m). Hodos 11.710min

slip, shoulder of closed jug slip, closed jug, from fill circles circles

red paste-red slip, crater rim, concentric exterior, band interior red paste-red slip, crater rim, concentric
exterior, band interior, from surface

associated

15 B 16 A 17 B 18 A 19 B

with kilns (external to the kilns) red paste-red slip, crater rim, bands, metope red paste-red

in

Late seventh century samples 7403 represents the fill of the late seventh century kiln. 7403a J orange-red fabric, bowl 7403c 7403d 7403e 7403f 7403g 7403h 7403j 7403k 74031 7403 F E C F A A B A B black glaze cup black glaze cup, rim fragment amphora body sherd, probably of wave type amphora body sherd, wave amphora body sherd, wave amphora body sherd, wave amphora body sherd, wave amphora body sherd, wave amphora body sherd, wave line type line type line type line type line type line

slip, crater rim, bands interior and exterior, from burnt surface between kilns fine orange, bichrome plate plate, from fill overlying

s-f orange, bichrome kilns

20 B 21 B
22 B

gritty orange, red slip (burnished) exterior and interior, flaring bowl, from surface associated with kilns (external to the kilns) fine orange, red slip, ring base of bowl semi-fine pink buff
semi-fine pink-orange, black-on-red, plate rim

i/m H B 7403n 7403o B

23 D
24 B

s-f pink-orange,
semi-coarse

black-on-red

rounded bowl
rounded

line type sherd amphora body closed vessel (Jug?)> plain, gritty orange fabric ring base fragment of amphora, wave type line

pink-orange,

black-on-red,

bowl rim 25 D 26 D 27 D 28 J brown-pink, wishbone handle s-f red with fine black-on-red, bowl with

grey core, black-on-red bowl, concentric circles s-f red with grey core, black-on-red bowl with semi-fine ring base red, black-on-red,

rounded rounded

century samples Ninth-eighth 10493 represents the top layer of fill from the firing chamber of the larger kiln. 10957 represents the remainder of the fill for the firing chamber of the larger kiln. 10841 was found on the firing platform of the larger kiln. 11069 represents the fill from the west firing chamber of the smaller kiln. 10493a B closed vessel (jug?), plain, pink paste cream slip

thick band exterior, black-on-red

29 D 30 B

open bowl s-f orange,

core, yellow (concentric circles), open bowl semi-fine orange red

83

Anatolian

Studies 2005 ?

10493b B 10493c G 10493d B 10493e G 10493f B B 10957a 10957b E

10957c

buff ware, buff paste body sherd cooking pot(?), body sherd, gritty
brown

1999b: The Leiden:

red ? ? ?

Tsetskhladze

in G. history of Al Mina' and East. Ancient West Greeks (ed.), 135-61 excavated

thin-walled

closed vessel

(jug?)

cooking pot(?), body sherd plain storage jar, coarse fabric closed vessel (amphora?), trace of pink paste cream slip fine juglet,

2001: Cyprus between East and West. Nicosia 2002a: 'AlMina: the study of a site' Ancient West and East 2002b 1.2: 315-31 in G.R. 'Greeks in Syria. Pots and people' Tsetskhladze, A.M. Snodgrass (eds), Greek Settle and the Black ments in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Oxford: 1-16

10957d
10957e

circles, exterior (compare 36) body sherd, flat, orange fabric amphora, dark band, pink paste-cream slip bowl/crater? Mid-body sherd, dark band, burnished
quite coarse

concentric

Bonatz, D. 1993: 'Some considerations on the material culture of coastal Syria in the Iron Age' Egitto e Vicino Oriente Brodie, N.J., Steel,
a

16: 123-57 L. 1996: 'Cypriot black-on-red:

Archaeometry 38.2:

10957f A 10957g A A 10841a 10841b F 11069a A 11069b A

11069c I

closed

vessel

(amphora?),

pink

paste

towards

characterisation'

cream slip amphora, dark band storage jar, body sherd black glaze cup, body sherd amphora sherd vessel (amphora?), gritty orange, core grey small jug (closed body sherd), orange-red fabric closed pink paste body sherd

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Bunnens, G. 2000: (ed.), Essays 19 Casabonne, O.

11069d A

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