Traffic Study: Traffic Impact Assessment A brief note for Urban Transport Course By Riza Atiq Rahmat Universiti

Kebangsaan Malaysia

Traffic Study Traffic Impact Assessment

All development will generate traffic into current or future transport facilities All big development will generate internal traffic

TIA will answer the question of: What will the effect of a development to the surrounding transport facilities What is the magnitude additional traffic due to the development to the existing traffic How will the additional traffic effect the current traffic

What is the proposal to alleviate or minimise the impact

High density development will generate high volume of traffic

1

Developer

Architect / town planner

Local Authority

Instruction by the local authority to execute TIA

Appointment of a transport engineer

Discussion to determine the scope, study area and study methodology

Collate existing data and information

Traffic survey

Analyses: Trip generation Modal split Trip distribution Trip assignment Analyses of LOS (Level of service) Problem evaluation Proposal to alleviate or reduce the identified problems

Review the original lay-out plan and propose any improvement to the client and land use

Final Report

TIA Content
1. Existing Situation
Existing government transport policies for the development area Structure plan and local plan prepared by the Local Authority Existing traffic and public transport facilities
1200

1000
Traffic Volume (PCU/Hr

800

600

400

200

0 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 Masa Menuju P /Bandar Dari P /Bandar

16 hours traffic count

65 34 54 28 52 62 45 75

42 59 59 62

Direction South bound - straight - Right turn - Left turn North bound - straight - Right turn - Left turn West bound - straight - Right turn - Left turn East bound - straight - Right turn - Left turn

Traffic Volume 658 345 542

Green Time (s) 32 32 59

Lane

Capacity

V/C ratio

2 1 1

980 490 903

0.67 0.70 0.60

758 451 621

43 43 61

2 1 1

1317 658 934

0.58 0.68 0.66

598 423 597

27 27 70

2 1 1

827 413 1072

0.72 1.02 0.56

527 287 621

18 18 50

2 1 1

551 275 766

0.96 1.04 0.81

 Road safety record Pedestrian facilities Identify all planned transport facilities in the vicinity of the development Identify all other developments in the vicinity of the development and quantify the combine impact to the external traffic Identify all existing public transport facilities and the impact of the development to the facilities Identify potential traffic problem in the development

2. Analyses
Trip Generation
Land use Office Hospital Shopping Centre Primary school High School College / University Attraction per 100 sq.m floor area (morning) 3.7 person / hr 1.52 person / hr 0.45 person / hr 2.5 person / hr 2.5 person / hr 2.0 person / hr Production per 100 sq.m floor area (afternoon) 4.05 person / hr 1.32 person / hr 0.95 person / hr 2.5 person / hr 2.5 person / hr 1.8 person / hr

Land use Apartment Condominium Flat / low cost house Single story link house Double story link house Semi detached house Bungalow house

Production per unit (morning) 2.11 person / hr 2.05 person / hr 2.51 person / hr 2.21 person / hr 2.52 person / hr 2.55 person / hr 2.65 person / hr

Attraction per unit (afternoon) 1.79 person / hr 1.73 person / hr 2.10 person / hr 1.81 person / hr 2.15 person / hr 2.17 person / hr 2.25 person / hr

Example

Morning
Land use Flat Single story link house Double story link house Condominium Total Land use Flat Single story link house Double story link house Condominium Total Residential unit Production rate Morning production

845 725 934 837 Petang

Residential Production unit rate

2.51 2.21 2.52 2.05

2121 1602 2354 1716 7793

Morning production

845 725 934 837

2.1 1.81 2.15 1.73

1775 1312 2008 1448 6543

Trip Distribution
Gravity Model

Pi Aj Tij = Ki Kj Tij
Where Tij = Trip from zone i to zone j Pi = Production of zone i Aj = Attraction of zone j Tij = Travel time or travel cost between zone i and zone j = Parameter to be calibrated. In Klang Valley, = 2.05 for morning and afternoon peaks.

1 Ki = Kj Aj / Tij
j

1 Kj = Ki Pi / Tij
i

Aj / Tij Production Constraint Model: Tij = Pi Aj / Tij

j

Pi / Tij Attraction Constrain Model: Tij = Aj Pi / Tij

i

Example

Proposed Development

10

Trip Generation Land use

Flat Link house Semi-D Bungalow

QTY
205 431 125 52

Rates
2.51 2.21 2.55 2.65 Total

Production
515 953 319 138

1924

Trip Distribution
Destination Travel Time (min) Estimated attraction Aj / Tij2.05 Distribution Trip Distribution

Ipoh Batu Gajah Gopeng

35 30 10

92000 16500

62.871 15.466

0.271 0.067 0.662 1.000

522 128 1273 1924

17200 153.295

Aj / Tij2.05 231.632

Notes: Distribution = (Aj / Tij2.05 ) / ( Aj / Tij2.05)

11

Modal Split (Modal Choice)

Influencing factors
Car ownership Household Income Distance to the transport facilities Travel Time Travel Cost Car park availability

Peak Hour Modal Split in Kuala Lumpur Land use 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Bus % Car / van / jeep % Motor cycle %

Government Office Company Office Bank Hotel Shopping Centre Bungalow house Semi-D house Link House Condominium Apartment Flat

27.6 48.0 49.9 35.9 54.3 12.1 16.2 42.1 13.7 39.9 49.5

57.4 45.6 45.0 60.1 40.7 84.0 79.4 48.5 85.1 45.0 28.3

15.0 6.4 5.1 4.0 5.0 3.9 4.4 9.4 1.2 15.1 21.7

(Source JKAL, DBKL Annual Report, 1991)

12

Average Passenger (including driver) in Kuala Lumpur.

Land Use
1 2 3 4

Car / Van / Jeep

M / Cycle

Bus (big)

Bus (Mini)

Office Hotel Shopping Centre Houses

1.55 1.55 2.14 2.05

1.25 1.25 1.30 1.38

75 *40 75 75

35 25 35 35

(Source: JKAL, DBKL Annual Report, 1991)

13

Example A local authority has approved a proposed development of a housing estate. It consists of 1250 link houses, 155 semi-D houses, 78 bungalow houses, 390 units condominiums, 820 units apartments and 970 units of flats. Calculate both inbound and outbound traffic flows during morning peak hours.

Land use Unit Prod Produ Modal Split Person trip Number of cion uctio Vehicles n Bus car M/C Bus car M/C Bus car M/C rate Link house 1250 2.21 2763 42.1 48.5 9.4 1163 134 260 16 654 188 % % % 0 Semi-D 155 2.55 395 16.2 79.4 4.4 64 314 17 1 153 13 % % % Bungalow 78 2.65 207 12.1 84.0 3.9 25 174 8 1 85 6 % % % Condo 390 2.05 800 13.7 85.1 1.2 110 680 10 1 332 7 % % % Apartment 820 2.11 1730 39.9 45.0 15.1 690 779 261 9 380 189 % % % Flat 970 2.51 2435 49.5 28.3 21.7 1205 689 528 16 336 383 % % % total 44 1939 786

14

Trip Assignment
Assigning O-D trips to the transport network

to Ipoh

To PLUS Hway 981 ukp/j

247 ukp/j 759 ukp/j Proposed Development

365 ukp/j to Batu Gajah 603 ukp/j 61 ukp/j 1021 ukp/j

to Gopeng

Assumption: Traffic growth 4.1% Base year: 2000

15

2004
To Ipoh

To PLUS Hway

247 ukp/j Proposed Development

790 ukp/j

380 ukp/j To Batu Gajah 61 ukp/j 1063 ukp/j 603 ukp/j

to Gopeng

16

To Ipoh

to PLUS Hway

1690 ukp/j

Proposed development 1443 ukp/j

to Batu Gajah

1303 ukp/j

to Gopeng

17

3. Impact to the Road Network

Level-Of-Service (LOS) = Flow/Capacity (or V/C)

V/C < 0.9 OK

V/C > 1.0 (LOS = F)

V/C < 0.3 (LOS = A)

18

4. Road Safety
Safe to the residences Safe to the visitors

19

5. Internal Lay-out

20

6. Parking Space

Malaysia: 1 cps / 500 sq.ft floor area or 1.25 / residential unit

21

7. Public Transport

22

8. Pedestrian, bicycle and disable facilities

23