TAXON 57 (3) August 2008: 985988

Eggli & al. Subgenera of Parodia

Nomenclatural note on the subgenera of Parodia (Cactaceae Cactoideae)

Urs Eggli1, Marlon Machado2 & Reto Nyffeler2
1

Sukkulenten-Sammlung Zrich, Mythenquai 88, 8002 Zrich, Switzerland. urs.eggli@zuerich.ch (author for correspondence) Institut fr Systematische Botanik der Universitt Zrich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zrich, Switzerland

The nomenclatural problems involved with subgeneric names under Parodia are elucidated, and the nomenclature of all existing names is evaluated in detail. Subgeneric names under Notocactus are similarly covered in a second part. A third part consists of a list of published subgeneric names for the group arranged alphabetically by the epithet of the name of the species indicating the type.

KEYWORDS: Cactaceae, Notocactus, Parodia, nomenclature, subgenus

INTRODUCTION
Like many of the groups of small globular cacti, species of Parodia (incl. Notocactus, etc.) have enjoyed high popularity amongst hobby plant growers and horticulturists. And as is frequently the case with such plants, those trying to classify the observed diversity have left a diluvium of names at all ranks, many of them ill-typified, some of them nomina nuda, and many of them posing nomenclatural problems and challenges. In Parodia numerous names need to be clarified (such as Parodia lenninghausii, Eggli & Hofacker, submitted). Such problems are not restricted to names of species and taxa at subordinate ranks, but also prevail at the ranks between genus and species. The present note deals with the proper interpretation of the names of subgenera of Parodia in the context of a forthcoming revised classification of the group (Machado & al., in prep.), and in the light of the typification of the name Notocactus, which was in a state of confusion for a considerable period of time. Doweld & Greuter (2001) explained the problems in detail. Here, a brief summary will provide the necessary background to the subsequent discussions: The generic name Notocactus was for a long time attributed to various authors such as A. Berger, A.W. Hill or Backeberg, but the name was in fact first published by Fri in 1928. Doweld & Greuter (2001) established that Fris name has to be interpreted as a transfer (nomen novum) of Echinocactus subg. Notocactus K. Schum. 1898 to the rank of genus, backed by Art. 33.3. Echinocactus subg. Notocactus K. Schum. 1898 was published as a new taxon, and not as a status novus for a previously published entity. It included, however, only a single species name (Echinocactus microspermus F.A.C. Weber, included only because of its aberrant characteristics) and the previously published name Echinocactus [unranked] Microgoni Salm-Dyck 1841, and hence the type must be selected

from amongst the constituent species of E. [unranked] Microgoni, plus E. microspermus. When Backeberg (1938) selected Notocactus ottonis (Lehm.) A. Berger ( = Cactus ottonis Lehm.) as type for Notocactus, this was perfectly in accordance with the rules and the available selection of taxa, and his lectotypification must be followed (Doweld & Greuter, 2001). If Fris name Notocactus would have to be interpreted as a completely new and independent name (as was the custom before Doweld & Greuter (l.c.) resolved the situation), its type would have to be selected from the taxa Fri included in his concept of the genus, i.e., the species which were later treated as the segregate genus Eriocactus (nom. illeg., correctly Eriocephala, see below for Parodia subg. Eriocactus). On the assumption that the correct type of Notocactus is Echinocactus schumannianus Nicolai, Doweld (1999) unnecessarily provided the name Peronocactus (type Cactus ottonis Lehm.) to refer to the former notocacti of horticulture.

THE SUBGENERA OF PARODIA

Parodia Speg. in Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 96: 70. 1923 subg. Parodia Type: Parodia microsperma (F.A.C. Weber) Speg. ( Echinocactus microspermus F.A.C. Weber). The autonymic subgenus was established with the publication of P. subg. Obtextospermae Buxb. 1966 and P. subg. Protoparodia Buxb. 1966. Since this subgenus includes the type of the generic name, its name is automatically established according to Art. 22.1. Even though the name Echinocactus subg. Notocactus K. Schum. 1898 is an earlier name, when it is subsumed under Parodia, Art. 22.1 and 22.3 mandate that P. subg. Parodia must be used.
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Parodia subg. Brasilicactus (Buxb.) F.H. Brandt in Kakt.Orch.-Rundschau 7: 53. 1982 (Brasilicactea) Notocactus subg. Brasilicactus Buxb. in Krainz, Die Kakteen, part 35: [unpaged]. 1967 Acanthocephala Backeb. in Bltt. Kakt.-forsch. 1938(6): [7], [21]. 1938 Brasilicactus Backeb., Cactaceae 1941(2): 36, 76. 1942, nom. illeg. (Art. 52.1 vs. Acanthocephala Backeb. 1938) Notocactus subg. Acanthocephala (Backeb.) Havlek in Kakt. Vilg 18(4): 78. 1989 Dactylanthocactus Y.It, Explan. Diag. Austroechinocactinae: 225, 294. 1957, nom. illeg. (Art. 52.1 vs. Acanthocephala Backeb. 1938) Type: Echinocactus graessneri K. Schum. Parodia graessneri (K. Schum.) F.H. Brandt. Brasilocactus Fri ex Kreuz., Verzeichn. Amer. Kakt. Sukk., 19. 1935, nom. inval. (Art. 36.1) (including Echinocactus graessneri), attributed to Fri 1933, but no publication by Fri in 1933 is known. Notocactus subg. Acanthocephalus Backeb. 1936, nom. inval. (36.1) (including Echinocactus graessneri). = Brasiliparodia F. Ritter, Kakt. Sdamer. 1: 144149. 1979 Type: Brasiliparodia buenekeri (Buining) F. Ritter ( Parodia buenekeri Buining) (Aparadoa Vliet in Succulenta 65(4): 86. 1986, nom. inval. (36.1, 37.1), including Parodia buenekeri). = Notocactus subg. Notobrasilia Havlek in Kakt. Vilg 18(4): 7980. 1989 Type: Notocactus alacriportanus (Backeb. & Voll) Buxb. ( Parodia alacriportana Backeb. & Voll). This subgeneric name was used previously by Havlek but not validly published (e.g., Havlek, 1982). Parodia subg. Brasilicactus (sphalm. Brasilicactea) was published by Brandt (1982) as a combination (specifically stated as comb. nov.) for Brasilicactus Backeb. 1942. Brasilicactus was for a long time regarded as the legitimate replacement name for Acanthocephala Backeb. 1938, which was treated as illegitimate under Art. 53.1 vs. Acanthocephalus Kar. & Kir. 1842 (Asteraceae). This view is no longer tenable in view of Art. 53 *Ex. 10, a voted example (Doweld, 2000a). A proposal to conserve Brasilicactus over Acanthocephala was submitted by Doweld (2000a) but was subsequently rejected (Brummitt, 2002: 795796; Brummitt, 2005: 1096; Barrie, 2006: 800). Accordingly, Brasilicactus remains illegitimate at generic rank under Art. 52.1. Brandt (1982) explicitly stated comb. nov. for his subgeneric name. From the typography it is clear that he intended to base his combination on the illegitimate generic name Brasilicactus Backeb. 1942. Buxbaums combination as Notocactus subg. Brasilicactus has priority at this rank, is ascribed solely to Buxbaum, and was listed as homotypic synonym by Brandt. The change in spelling (Brasilicactea instead of Brasilicactus) is regarded as correctable; Brandt most probably but incorrectly tried
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to change the gender of Brasilicactus to agree with that of the name Parodia. Parodia subg. Eriocactus (Buxb.) F.H. Brandt in Kakt.Orch.-Rundschau 7: 58, 61. 1982 (Eriocactea) Notocactus subg. Eriocactus Buxb. in Krainz, Die Kakteen, part 35: [unpaged]. 1967 Eriocephala Backeb. in Bltt. Kakt.-forsch. 1938(7): [11], [21]. 1938 Eriocactus Backeb., Cactaceae 1941(2): 37, 76. 1942, nom. illeg. (Art. 52.1 vs. Eriocephala Backeberg 1938) Notocactus subg. Eriocephala (Backeb.) Havlek, Kakt. Vilg 18(4): 77. 1989 Type: Echinocactus schumannianus Nicolai Parodia schumanniana (Nicolai) F.H. Brandt. Notocactus subg. Eriocephalus Backeb. 1936, nom. inval. (Art. 36.1) (including Echinocactus schumannianus). = Notocactus subg. Eonotocactus Doweld in Sukkulenty 1999(2): 23. 1999 Type: Notocactus magnificus (F. Ritter) Krainz ( Eriocactus magnificus F. Ritter). The situation is comparable to that pertaining to Parodia subg. Brasilicactus: The name was published as a combination based on Eriocactus Backeb. 1942. Eriocactus was for a long time regarded as the legitimate replacement name for Eriocephala Backeb. 1938, which was treated as illegitimate (Art. 53.1) vs. Eriocephalus L. 1753 (Asteraceae). As above, this view is no longer tenable, and subsequent to accepting Eriocephala Backeb. as legitimate name, Eriocactus Backeb. is now illegitimate under Art. 52.1. A proposal to conserve the name (Doweld 2002b) was also rejected (Brummitt, 2002: 795; Barrie, 2006: 798). Buxbaums combination as Notocactus subg. Eriocactus has priority at this rank, and is ascribed solely to Buxbaum, forming the basionym of Brandts subgeneric combination in Parodia. Parodia subg. Obtextospermae Buxb. in Krainz, Die Kakt., part 34: [unpaged]. 1966 Type: Parodia ayopayana Crdenas. Parodia subg. Protoparodia Buxb. in Krainz, Die Kakt., part 34: [unpaged]. 1966 Type: Parodia maassii A. Berger.

FURTHER SUBGENERIC NAMES FOR ALTERNATE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

If it is deemed advisable to accept additional groups of taxa at the rank of subgenus, the following subgeneric names (presented in alphabetical order of epithet) are validly published and available (although combinations under Parodia have not been published in all cases).

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Eonotocactus Notocactus subg. Eonotocactus Doweld in Sukkulenty 1999(2): 23. 1999 Type: Notocactus magnificus (F. Ritter) Krainz ( Eriocactus magnificus F. Ritter, incorrect name, Art. 11.4, as Eriocactus Backeb. 1942 is illegitimate). Eunotocactus: See Notocactus. Gymnocephalus: See Notocactus. Malacocarpus Echinocactus subg. Malacocarpus K. Schum., Gesamtbeschr. Kakt.: 295. 1898 Notocactus subg. Malacocarpus (K. Schum.) Buxb. in Krainz, Die Kakt., part 35: [unpaged]. 1967 Malacocarpus Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849: 124. 1850 (nom. illeg., Art. 53.1) Wigginsia D.M. Porter in Taxon 13: 210. 1964 Type: Echinocactus corynodes Otto ex Pfeiff./sellowii Link & Otto. Note. Salm-Dyck published the generic name Malacocarpus in 1850, but the name is an illegitimate (Art. 53.1) later homonym of Malacocarpus Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 1843 (Zygophyllaceae). However, Malacocarpus may be used as an epithet at the ranks of generic subdivisions. When publishing Echinocactus subg. Malacocarpus in the key to the subgenera of Echinocactus, Schumann (1898: 291) based his name on Malacocarpus Salm-Dyck as becomes evident from the full treatment of the subgenus (l.c.: 296297). Schumann did not provide a description for the subgenus except that in the key, and recognized only three species, all of them part of Malacocarpus SalmDyck. Schumanns name has priority at subgeneric rank and is ascribed solely to him, but must be typified by the type of Malacocarpus Salm-Dyck. The typification of Malacocarpus has been disputed. Echinocactus corynodes Otto ex Pfeiff., the name of the first species included by Salm-Dyck, was selected by Britton & Rose (1922) applying the American Code method. Havlek (1994: 88) listed Notocactus sellowii Link & Otto ( Echinocactus sellowii Link & Otto) as lectotype of Notocactus subg. Malacocarpus, but without any discussion of the previous designation. Nevertheless, Havleks selection supersedes that of Britton & Rose under Art. 10.5 (b) and voted Ex. 7 of the ICBN. ING (accessed March 2007), however, still lists as type Echinocactus corynodes (which was treated as Notocactus acuatus (Link & Otto) Theun. var. corynodes (Otto ex Pfeiff.) Havlek by Havlek, 1994: 124). Neonotocactus Notocactus subg. Neonotocactus Backeb. in Cact. Succ. J. (US) 22(5): 153. 1950 Type: Notocactus mammulosus (Lem.) A. Berger ( Echinocactus mammulosus Lem.).

Notobrasilia Notocactus subg. Notobrasilia Havlek in Kakt. Vilg 18(4): 7980. 1989 Type: Notocactus alacriportanus (Backeb. & Voll) Buxb. ( Parodia alacriportana Backeb. & Voll). Note. This epithet was first published at the rank of subgenus by Havlek in 1989, and was erroneously listed as not validly published under Art. 36.1 in Repertorium Plantarum Succulentarum (Eggli & Taylor, 1991). In a subsequent publication, Havlek attempted to provide a validly published name for this taxon, but preferred to recognize it at the rank of section. He therefore published the name Notocactus sect. Notobrasilia Havlek in Gerloff, & al., Notokakteen: 130131. 1995, and selected Notocactus rechensis Buining 1968 as type, without any explanation for the change in typification. Because Notocactus sect. Notobrasilia Havlek 1995 is based on a different type, the name is illegitimate under Art. 53.4 vs. Notocactus subg. Notobrasilia Havlek 1989. Notocactus Echinocactus subg. Notocactus K. Schum., Gesamtbeschr. Kakt.: 292. 1898 Type: Echinocactus ottonis (Lehm.) Link & Otto Cactus ottonis Lehm. Notocactus (K. Schum.) Fri 1928 Peronocactus Doweld 1999, nom. illeg. (Art. 52.1 vs. Notocactus see the discussion of the typification of Notocactus, above). Notocactus subg. Eunotocactus Backeb. 1950, nom. inval. (Art. 21.3, 22.2). Notocactus subg. Gymnocephalus Backeb. in Backeberg & Knuth, Kakt.-ABC: 253. 1936 (1935); Sda in Minimus 1991(13): 30. 1991, nom. inval. (Art. 36.1) (including Cactus ottonis). Scopacactus Notocactus subg. Scopacactus Doweld, Sukkulenty 3(12): 55. 2000 Type: Notocactus scopa (Spreng.) A. Berger ( Cactus scopa Spreng.).

AVAILABLE NAMES AT GENERIC AND SUBGENERIC RANK

The names are listed alphabetically by the species epithet of their types. Parodia alacriportana Backeb. & Voll: Notocactus subg. Notobrasilia Havlek 1989. Parodia ayopayana Crdenas: Parodia subg. Obtextospermae Buxb. 1966. Parodia buenekeri Buining: Brasiliparodia F. Ritter, Kakt. Sdamer. 1: 144149. 1979.
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Echinocactus corynodes Pfeiff.: Echinocactus subg. Malacocarpus K. Schum. 1898 Notocactus subg. Malacocarpus (K. Schum.) Buxb. 1967. Echinocactus graessneri K. Schum.: Notocactus subg. Brasilicactus Buxb. 1967 Parodia subg. Brasilicactus (Buxb.) F.H. Brandt 1982. Parodia maassii A. Berger: Parodia subg. Protoparodia Buxb. 1966. Echinocactus mammulosus Lem.: Notocactus subg. Neonotocactus Backeb. 1950. Echinocactus microspermus F.A.C. Weber: Parodia subg. Parodia (autonym dating from 1966). Cactus ottonis Lehm.: Echinocactus subg. Notocactus K. Schum. 1898 Notocactus subg. Notocactus (autonym established with the publication of subg. Neonotocactus Backeb. 1950) Notocactus (K. Schum.) Fri 1928 Peronocactus Doweld 1999 (nom. illeg., Art. 52.1). Echinocactus schumannianus Nicolai: Notocactus subg. Eriocactus Buxb. 1967 Parodia subg. Eriocactus (Buxb.) F.H. Brandt 1982. Cactus scopa Spreng.: Notocactus subg. Scopacactus Doweld 2000.

LITERATURE CITED
Barrie, F.R. 2006. Report of the General Committee: 9. Taxon 55: 795800. Brandt, F.H. 1982. Die Gliederung der Gattung Parodia Spegazzini. Kakt.- Orch.-Rundschau 7: 5268. Britton, N.L. & Rose, J.N. 1922. The Cactaceae, vol. 3. Carnegie Institution, Washington D.C. Brummitt, R.K. 2002. Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 53. Taxon 51: 795796. Brummitt, R.K. 2005. Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 57. Taxon 54: 10931103. Doweld, A.B. 1999. Ritterocactus & Peronocactus: new generic segregates from polyphyletic Notocactus (Notocacteae Cactaceae). I. Formal taxonomy and classification. Sukkulenty 1999: 2025. Doweld, A.B. 2000a. (1465) Proposal to conserve the name Brasilicactus against Acanthocephala (Cactaceae). Taxon 49: 564565. Doweld, A.B. 2000b. (1466) Proposal to conserve the name Eriocactus against Eriocephala (Cactaceae). Taxon 49: 566568. Doweld, A.B. & Greuter, W. 2001. Nomenclatural notes on Notocactus and on Alwin Bergers Kakteen. Taxon 50: 879885. Eggli, U. & Taylor, N.P. 1991. Repertorium Plantarum Succulentarum, vol. XLI (1990). International Organisation for Succulent Plant Study, Zrich. Havlek, R. 1982. Zarazen druhu sbernho rodu Notocactus sensu Buxbaum do podrodu, sekc a rad. Supplement to Minimus, vol. 13. Vydala Notosekce CSSR, Plzen. Havlek, R. 1989 (1988). A Notocactus Fri 1928 nemzetsg sszefoglalsa a fajoknak alnemzetgsgekbe s fajsorokba rendezsvel. Kaktusz Vilg 18: 7180. Havlek, R. 1994. Neugliederung der Untergattung Malacocarpus Buxbaum (1967), Teil I / Teil II. Internoto 15: 8794, 124131.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to Katherine Challis of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for advice and discussion of nomenclatural issues, This publication is part of a taxonomic study of the genus Parodia funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (3100A0-103583).

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