The Auk 112(3):633-648, 1995

COMMENTS ON THE STATUS OF REVIVED OLD NAMES FOR

SOME NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

RICHARD C. BANKS AND M. RALPH BROWNING

NationalBiological
Service,NationalMuseumof Natural History,
MRC 111, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA

AnSTRACT.--We discuss44 instancesof the use of generic, specific,or subspecificnames

that differ from those generally in use for North American (sensuAOU 1957) birds. These
namesare generally older than the namespresentlyusedand havebeen revived on the basis

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/112/3/633/5168095 by guest on 29 May 2023

of priority. We examinethe basisfor the proposedchangesand make recommendationsas
to which namesshouldproperlybe usedin an effort to promotenomenclaturalstabilityin
accordancewith the International Codeof Zoological
Nomenclature.Received 22 February1994,
accepted 5 September 1994.

THEINTERNATIONAL COMMISSION of Zoological suAmericanOrnithologists'Union [AOU] 1957)

Nomenclature (I.C.Z.N. 1985) promotesstabil-
ity in scientificnames of animals through the
use of the InternationalCodeof Zoological No-
menclature(hereinafter the Code). A primary
tenet of the Codeis the principle of priority,
which statesthat the earliestvalidly proposed
name for a genus or speciesshould be used,
although some exceptionsare possible.There
are, however, differencesof opinion about the
validity and applicability of some early-pro-
posednames.Furthermore,somesourcesof sci-
entific nameswere published before or after the
generally accepteddate of publication(Brown-
ing and Monroe 1991),a situation that can alter
thepriorityof namesderivedfromthosesources.
The discoveryand use of an older name for a
taxonoften createsa conflictbetween the prin-
ciple of priority and the stability that derives
from the continueduse of a name that haslong
been establishedand used (seeOlson 1987).The
concurrent use of more than one scientific
for a speciesin the literature can be confusing
for amateursand for biologistswho do not spe-
cialize in nomenclatural matters.
birds.
We do not discuss the use of old names that
are necessarilyrevived becausea taxon is di-
vided into two or more taxa, unless there is an
additional problem involved. Those situations
are no less important, but require an analysis
of validity of the basisof the "split," which is
beyondthe scopeof this study.We do not dis-
cusschangesnecessitatedby decisionsof the
International Commissionon Zoological No-
menclature (hereinafter, the Commission) not-
ed by and incorporatedby the AOU (1973,1983)
unlessthe decisionhasbeen violated by an au-
thor after 1973. Also, we do not discuss name
changesabove the level of genus.
For brevity, Opinions of the Commissionare
cited here only by number and year of publi-
cation. Before December 1959, these appeared
in Opinionsand DeclarationsRenderedby the In-
ternationalCommissiononZoological Nomenclature.
name From December1959 to the presentthey have
been in the Bulletinof Zoological Nomenclature.
Both are official publications of the Commis-
sion.

Eachproposedchangeresulting from the re-
vival of an old name should be evaluated
ically to determine whether the basisis sound
and whether it is likely to lead to nomenclatural
stability.Although someproposedchangesim-
plicitly have been rejected,by being ignored,
only a few havereceiveda thoroughpublished
evaluation.The purposeof this paper is to pro-
vide such an evaluation and to make
mendations on which of the alternative
shouldbe usedin instanceswhere changeshave
been proposedthat affect North American (sen-
Names are discussed in the order of the AOU
crit- (1983) Check-list.Eachsectionis headed by the
revived and current names of the taxon. We set
forth the basisfor the difference,followed by
our analysis. Finally, we recommend accep-
tanceor rejectionof the proposalwith a citation
of what we believe is the properly used name.
In someinstances,we alsosuggestthat a ruling
recom- by the Commissionwould be appropriate.Since
names the junior author beganwork on this papersev-
eral yearsago,someof the problemshavebeen
resolved in other reports. We mention those
633
634 BANKS
ANDBROWNING [Auk,Vol. 112

briefly to provide a full record of proposed synonym of Circus.Amadon (1954) gave reasonsfor
changesof which we are aware. the continued useof Polyborus,
and hasbeen followed
(AOU 1983,Sibleyand Monroe 1990).However,Banks
Podiceps caspicus (Brehm, and Dove (1992) have shown that the type speciesof
(Hablitzl, 1783)vs.P. nigricollis
1831).--Oberholser(1974)usedthe specificname cas- Polyborus, Falcobrasiliensis
of Buffon,is not identifiable
picusfor the Eared Grebe (in the genus Proctopus) and that the genericname thereforehasno standing.
despitethe fact that it had been suppressedby the Caracara Merrem is the earliest available name for the
Commission(Opinion 406, 1956;seeAOU 1973).This genus (Hellmayr and Conover 1949) and should be
and someother casesof the useof suppressednames used (AOU 1993).
by Oberholser(1974) may be becausehis manuscript FalcogyrfalcoLinnaeus, 1758 vs. F. rusticolusLin-
on the birds of Texas(publishedposthumously)was naeus,1758.--Portenko(1972:264)usedFalcogyrfalco
not completelyrevised and updated by the editor. for the Gyrfalcon,a name proposedon a later page

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/112/3/633/5168095 by guest on 29 May 2023

The name nigricollis shouldbe usedfor this grebe. than Falcorusticolus(Linnaeus1758).Although Por-
Sulapiscator(Linnaeus,1758) vs. S. sula(Linnaeus, tenko gave no reasonfor his use of that name, he
1766).--Oberholser (1974:86, 970) used the specific apparently followed Dementieff [sic] (1938), De-
name piscatorfor the Red-footed Booby, admitting ment'ev and Gladkov (1951), and other Russianwork-
that four specieswere confusedin the original de- ers. Most others have followed the AOU (1910) and
scription and that the name had been rejected by Harteft (1915);the latter showedclearly that the two
earlier authors(e.g. Peters 1931) as indeterminable. namesapply to the same speciesand that rusticolus,
Oberholser'sdiscussionsuggeststhat he had reser- althoughprovideda meagerdescription,haspriority.
vations about the use of piscatorand that he was fish- More recently,Hudec and Cerny (1977)usedrusticolus
ing for a justificationfor that name.We recommend relative to the Russian birds. We recommend the con-
the continued use of Sulasulafor this species. tinued use of Falcorusticolus
for the Gyrfalcon.
Phalacrocorax brasilianus(Gmelin, 1789) vs. P. oliva- Catoptrophorus
semipalmatus
speculiferus
(Cuvier,1829)
ceus(Humboldt,1805).--Browning(1989a)hasshown vs. C. s. inornatus(Brewster, 1887).--Phillips (1962b)
that Phalacrocorax brasilianus(Gmelin, 1789) properly notedthat Totanus speculiferus
Cuvier may be an early
appliesto the Neotropic(formerly Olivaceous)Cor- namefor the westernpopulationof Willet, and sug-
morant, and this decisionhasbeen acceptedby Sibley gestedthat it be usedrather than inornatus. The matter
and Monroe (1990) and the AOU (1991). had been discussedby Hellmayr and Conover (1948b:
Plegadis
mexicana
(Gmelin, 1789)vs.P. chihi(Vieillot, 129), who quoted Berlioz's report that the type of
1817).--Oberholser (1974:971) used mexicanaas the speculiferus
had the colorof nominatesemipalmatus but
specificname for the White-faced Ibis, citing what the proportions,especiallythe long slender bill, of
seemsto bea decisionby HellmayrandConover(1942: inornatus.They believedthat a changein nomencla-
301). However, Hellmayr and Conover did not dis- ture, from the long-usedinornatusto speculiferus
was
cussthe matterin the referencecited. Hellmayr and inadvisable--presumablybecausethe identity of the
Conover (1948a:266) used the name chihion the basis type, from an unknown locality, was not definite.
that "Tantalus mexicanus Gmelin seems to be uniden- Phillips (1962b)rejectedthat conclusionbecausehe
tiffableas to species."We recommendthe continued believed that the color difference was seasonal. We
use of chihi for the White-faced Ibis. recommendthat speculiferus
be consideredunidenti-
Brantacanadensis
major(Rea, 1888) vs. B.c. interior fiable and that inornatus be used for the sake of sta-
Todd, 1938.--Oberholser (1974:971) used the name bility.
majorfor the populationsof CanadaGoosegenerally CapellaFrenzel, 1801 vs. GallinagoBrisson,1760.-
known by the subspecificname interior.Rea (1888) The genericnameCapellawasused(AOU 1931,1957)
comparedthe geesefrom two areas,as indicated by for the CommonSnipe (gallinago), even though the
Oberholser(1974),one at MooseFactory,at the south- Commissionhad declaredGallinagoa nomenconser-
ern tip of JamesBay, and one farther east, at Rupert vandum(Opinion 67, 1916)and placedCapellaon the
River and the eastcoastof Hudson Bay. These pop- OfficialIndex of Rejectedand Invalid GenericNames
ulations otherwise have not been considered distinct (Direction 39, 1956;see Mayr 1963).However, some
(e.g. AOU 1957). Rea used the term "major" only in authors (see Wetmore 1958, Tuck 1972) questioned
an apparentlydescriptivesense,asfollows:"ThisAn- usingGallinago on the basisthat it had not been pro-
serCanadensis (Major?)insteadof beingfound feeding posedasa genericname,and rejectedthe decisionof
.... "We do not agreewith Oberholserthat this con- the Commission.Todd (1963) and Oberholser (1974)
stitutesthe proposalof a name. We believe that "ma- also used Capella(but see Podiceps, above). Most au-
jor" has no nomenclaturalstanding,and recommend thors now (AOU 1983,Sibley and Monroe 1990) use
the continued use of interior. Gallinago,and we recommendcontinued use of that
CaracaraMerrem, 1826vs.Polyborus Vieillot, 1816.-- name in compliancewith the Commission'sruling.
Hellmayr and Conover (1949:281)stated that Vieil- RubicolaRichardson,1831vs. PhilohelaGray, 1841.--
lot's name could not be usedfor the genusof the Oberholser(1974:979)substitutedRubicolaas the ge-
crested caracaras, but rather should be treated as a neric name for the American Woodcock for Philohela,
July1995] Status
ofRevived
Names 635

then in current use,citing a supplementto the AOU pacuthu(Gmelin, 1788).--Browning and Banks(1990)
Check-list.In the reference cited, the AOU (1923) re- showedthat the basisfor the name wapacuthu is in-
placed Philohelawith Rubicola"becausethe latter is an determinable,but more likely a Snowy Owl (Nyctea
earlier name, and valid, though introducedappar- scandiaca) than the GreatHorned Owl that it isapplied
ently by mistake."Later,the AOU (1931:109)reversed to. The name arcticaSwainsonthat was onceapplied
its position and usedPhilohelabecausethere was no to the Great Horned Owl populationwest of Hudson
evidence that Rubicola had been intended as a new Bay is preoccupiedby a name for the Snowy Owl.
nameand that "it seemsan obviousmisprintfor Rus- Hoy's (1852) name subarcticus is the next available
ticola,a name applied to the EuropeanWoodcock." name and should be usedfor that population.
Peters (1934:279) also used Philohela,but attributed Micropallas Coues,!889 vs.Micrathene Coues,1866.--
the nameRubicola to "Vieill." Jameson.We agreethat Oberholser(1974:985)usedMicropallasas the generic
Rubicola has no standingand that Philohelashouldbe namefor the Elf Owl. Coues(1889)had proposedthat

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/112/3/633/5168095 by guest on 29 May 2023

usedas the generic name for the American Woodcock name to replaceMicrathenebecausethe latter was pre-
if that speciesis consideredgenericallydistinct from occupiedby MicrathenaSundevall. Peters(1940:135)
the Old World woodcocksplacedin Scolopax. and the AOU (1957) used the earlier Micrathene be-
ColumbadomesticaGmelin, 1789 vs. C. livia Gmelin, causeit was no longer preoccupiedunder the "one-
1789.--Oberholser(1974) followed Stejneger(1887), letter rule" of the Code. We recommend use of the
who believed that the RockDove (or pigeon) should older name, Micrathene.
be known by the specificname domestica rather than Dryobates Boie, 1826vs. Dendrocopos Koch, 1816vs.
livia.Both namesare basedon Columbadomestica l• livia PicoidesLac•p•de, 1799.--Oberholser(1974:987)used
(Gmelin 1789:769).Oberholser (1974:983)believed that Dryobates as the generic name for mostof the "pied"
Gmelin'svarietal name liviahad essentiallythe same woodpeckerson the basisthat Dendrocopos was pre-
basisasthe speciesname domestica, and that the latter occupiedby Dendrocopus Vieillot. Voous (1947) had
thereforeshouldapply.The factthatOberholser(1974) shown that the names differ accordingto the one-
placedthe speciesin the genusLithoenas has no bear- letter rule, and that Dendrocopos couldvalidly be used
ing on the specificname. for these woodpeckers.Delacour (1951) and Short
The name domestica first appearedas Columba oenas (1971)mergedDendrocopos, including Dryobates, with
l• domestica(Linnaeus 1758:162, 1766:279), where it Picoides,but Ouellet (1977) revived Dendrocopos for
wasbasedon sourcesreferring to both the RockDove the Old World four-toed forms in the complex.The
and the Stock Dove (C. oenas).The references cited as Americanfour-toedspeciesshould remain in Picoides
the basisof domestica by Gmelin (1789) also refer to unlessthey are consideredgenerically distinct from
more than one species(contraOberholser 1974),but both the three-toed Picoides and the Old World four-
thosecited for liviarefer solely to the RockDove. We toed speciesof Dendrocopos, in which caseDryobates
rejectOberholser's(1974)changeand believe that Co- is available.
lumbalivia Gmelin, 1789 is the proper name for this Comopusmesoleucus (Deppe, 1830) vs. C. borealis
species. (Swainson,
1832);andC.coopen'
(Nuttall,1831)vs.Con-
Ectopistescanadensis(Linnaeus, 1766) v$. E. migra- topusborealis
(Swainson,1832).--The specificname
torius(Linnaeus, 1766).--It has long been known that mesoleucus for the Olive-sided Flycatcher, whether
the namescanadensis and migratorius in the Linnaean treatedin Contopus or Nuttallornis(both of masculine
genus Columbaboth apply to the PassengerPigeon, gender), originally appearedas "Muscicapamesoleuca
and that the former has page priority, although the Lichtenst."with a very sketchydescription,in a work
latter has had almostuniversalusage(Coues1880). generallyattributedto Lichtensteinbut actuallywrit-
Oberholser(1918)proposeda changefrom migratorius ten by W. Deppe (seeStresemann1954:90)who used
to canadensis,and the AOU Committee on Classifi- Lichtenstein'smanuscript names.The name mesoleu-
cationand Nomenclaturelistedthis proposedchange cuswas not used until Salvin and Godman (1889:80-
(Oberholser 1919) for consideration. The committee 81) suggestedthat it might apply to the Olive-sided
apparentlyfailed to act,retainingthe namemigratorius Flycatcher,for which they used the then widely ac-
(AOU 1931).Hellmayr and Conover(1942),however, cepted name borealis.Ridgway (1907:507)similarly
used canadensis. Oberholser (1974:984) repeated his suggestedthat mesoleucus might be an older name for
argument,but useof migraton'us prevails (AOU 1983, borealis,
but expressedhis doubtby prefacingthe name
Sibley and Monroe 1990). with two questionmarks.Hellmayr (inCory and Hell-
In fact,Stephens(1819)is the first reviser(I.C.Z.N. mayr 1927)was the first to establishmesoleucus(in the
1985, Art. 24) by virtue of having pointed out the genus Nuttallornis)as the presumably proper name
identity of the two namesand deliberatelyselecting for the species.Hellmayr (inCory andHellmayr 1927:
migratoriusas the name of choice.We rejectOberhol- 189) designateda specimen in the Berlin Museum
ser'sproposaland recommendthe continued use of (2402, from Oaxaca,Mexico, presumablyfrom the F.
EctopistesmigratoriusLinnaeus, 1766, p. 285, for the Deppe collectionmade for Lichtenstein)as the type
PassengerPigeon. of mesoleucus,stating that it was a representativeof
Bubovirginianussubarcticus Hoy, 1852 v$. B. v. wa- the "smaller eastern form." Most authors accepted
636 B•a•r,s
ANDBROWNING [Auk,Vol. 112

Hellmayr's (in Cory and Hellmayr 1927) action and
the namemesoleucus replacedborealis for severalyears
(e.g.Oberholser1930,AOU 193I). However, van Ros-
sera (1934) showed that Hellmayr had erred in se-
lecting a type for mesoleucus, and claimed that the
name really applied to a South American flycatcher
in the genus Elaenia.Most authorsquickly accepted
van Rossem'sanalysisand reinstatedborealisas the
specificnameof the Olive-sidedFlycatcher(e.g.AOU
1945,1957,Traylor 1979).A few recentauthors,how-
ever, notablyPhillips (in Phillips et al. 1964,in Phil-
lips and Short 1968,in Monsonand Phillips 1981)and
and usedb. borealisfor the westernpopulationand b.
cooperifor the eastern.
Browning and Monroe (1991)have shown that Nut-
tall's "1832" manual was available for sale in Decem-
ber 1831and that it predatespart 2 of Swainsonand
Richardson's "Fauna Boreali~Americana," which was
publishedin February1832.Thus, the earliestvalid
namefor the Olive-sidedFlycatcheris Contopus
cooperi
(Nuttall, 1831). Most recent authors have followed
Wetmore (1939) and have considered the Olive-sided
Flycatchera monotypicspecies;thus,the namecooperi
hasfallen into disuse.With the recognitionthat coop-

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/112/3/633/5168095 by guest on 29 May 2023

Wolters (1977) revived the use of mesoleucus, appar- eri Nuttall is the earliest valid name for the species
entlyfollowingHellmayr(inCoryandHellmayr1927) (seeabove), it must be used instead of borealisSwain-
and rejecting van Rossem's(1934) arguments,but son.There maybe a tendency,for the sakeof stability,
without so indicating. to attempt to retain the more familiar borealis.How-
Van Rossem(1934) pointed out that at leastpart of ever, if the division into two (or more) taxonomic
the Lichtenstein/Deppebrief descriptionof Musci- units, already recognizedby many older workers as
capamesoleuca ("Graugr'ftnlich"= grayish-green)does shownabove,is upheld by future work, anothername
notapply to the Olive-sidedFlycatcher.Furthermore, for the eastern birds would have to be coined. Swain-
the specimenchosenby Hellmayr was originally la- son's name borealis is available for the western sub-
beled (presumablyby Lichtensteinor Deppe) with a speciesif an east-westsplit is recognized(as by Ob-
different name, whereas the name mesoleucawas on erholser 1974),the easternform being the nominate
a specimenof anotherspeciesin that collection.We cooperi.The third name, majorinusBangsand Penard
agreewith van Rossera(I 934)that Muscicapamesoleuca remains available for the population recognized in
"Lichtenstein"W. Deppe, 1830doesnot apply to the southernCalifornia and northern BajaCalifornia by
Olive-sidedFlycatcher.Whether that nameappliesto Todd (1963).
a different speciesof flycatcher,as van Rossemcon- Contopus musicus (Swainson,1827)vs. C. pertinaxCa-
cluded(seeTraylor1979:128),isirrelevantto the pres- banisand Heine, 1859.--Phillips(in Phillipsand Short
ent problem.It would appearthat the way is clearfor 1968)reportedthe discoveryof the supposedtype of
the continued use of borealisSwainson, 1832 based on Swainson's(1827) Tyrannulamusica.He identified it
a bird from Cumberland House (=Carlton House), as a Greater Pewee, but provided no basis for his
Saskatchewan,for this species. identification.Phillips had earlier (Phillipset al. 1964)
Nuttall (1832 = 1831) basedthe name Muscicapa adoptedthe namemusica"becauseboth the descrip-
cooperion a bird from Mount Auburn, near Boston, tion and the name itself apply so clearly to this spe-
Massachusetts, and coinedthe English name still used cies"(in Phillips and Short 1968),although Cory and
for this species.Todd (1963:485)noted that Swain- Hellmayr (I 927)consideredmusica unidentiflable.The
son'sname Tyrannus borealis
"narrowly escapedbeing name musicawas later used by Monson and Phillips
a synonymof Nuttall's Muscicapa cooperi... alsopub- (1981),but apparentlyno other authorshave usedit
lished in 1832 but presumablylater in the year." in preferenceto pertinax.
Bangs and Penard (1921) were the first to divide Traylor(1979:129)consideredmusica a nomenoblitum
the Olive-sided Flycatcherinto easternand western becauseit had appearedin the literature only once
subspecies. Theyusedthe nameborealis for the eastern (Salvin and Godman 1889) sinceits original descrip-
form and named the western one N. b. majorinusin tion. The name also was used by Sharpe (1901) and
recognitionof its larger size.Van Rossera(1934)used Dubois(1903).The only recentusesof musicathat we
the name b. borealis for "the larger, westernsubspe- have been able to determineare thosecitedaboveby
cies" and applied the name b. cooperito the eastern Phillips and his coauthors.We recommendthat the
race. Van Tyne and Sutton (1937) usedthe namesin specificname pertinaxbe usedfor the GreaterPewee,
the same manner, and Moore (1938) and Braund and as it has been by the great majority of authors for
McCullagh (1940) usedb. cooperi
for the easternsub- morethan a century,and that Tyrannulamusica Swain-
species.Wetmore(1939)did not considerrecognition son be considered a nomenoblitum(I.C.Z.N. 1985, art.
of eastern and western forms warranted, and Sutton 23b) as suggestedby Traylor (1979).
(I 943), van Rossera(1945), and Blake (I 958) reflected Empidonax obscurus(Swainson, 1827) vs. E. wrightii
uncertaintywhether one or two formsexisted.Todd Baird, 1858.--Oberholser (1974:988) revived Tyran-
(1963)recognizedtwo forms,but restrictedthe larger nula obscura Swainson,1827 for the Gray Flycatcher,
western birds to southern California and northern on the basisthatthe namehaspriority overEmpidonax
BajaCalifornia,usingb.majorinus for it and b.borealis wrightiiBaird, 1858 and applies to the samespecies.
for most of the North American birds. Oberholser He stated that "the color and structural characters, as
(1974:564,989) again recognized an east-westsplit well asthe measurements
given by Swainson... agree
July 1995] Statusof Revived
Names 637

very well with the Gray Flycatcher.... "Baird (in
Baird et al. 1858:922)had suggestedthat the name
obscurusmay apply to (=be a compositeof?) two dis-
tinct species.Brewster(1889) concluded,as did Phil-
lips (1939), that the name obscurais unidentifiable,
and it hasbeen regardedas a nomendubium. The ho-
1otypeof obscurus apparently is lost (fide Oberholser
1974).
We cannot determine what structural or color char-
acters of obscurus
Oberholser (1974) believed to be
diagnostic.The measurements
of wing and tail given
by Swainson(1827) do not conform to thoseof either
that, until Swainson'stype (from Mexico) was found
and studied, "it seemsto me that we are justified in
ignoring the name pusillusand adopting--or rather
retaining--that of traillii for the flycatcherwhich we
havejustbeenconsidering."Although severalwriters
have discussedthe identity of pusillasincethat time,
none has used that name for a speciesother than
Phillips and Rea (as cited above).
The name Platyrhynchus pusillusSwainsonmay be
considered a nomendubium,but the lack of use in most
of this centuryalsoqualifiesit for the statusof nomen
oblitum, which we recommend. We further recom-

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/112/3/633/5168095 by guest on 29 May 2023

E. wrightii or oberholseri
(cf. Johnson 1963), and the mend that Empidonax minimus(Baird and Baird, 1843)
descriptionof the color is applicable to more than be acceptedasthe propername for the LeastFlycatch-
one speciesof Empidonax. We agreewith Rea (1983: er. We note the irony of effortsto conservethe name
187)that Oberholser'ssuggestionshouldbe rejected, pusillus,usedby Swainson(in Swainsonand Richard-
and suggestcontinueduseof Empidonax wrightiiBaird, son 1832)after his own introductorycommentsthat
1858. the nomenclatureof the small American flycatchers
Empidonaxpusillus(Swainson, 1827) vs. E. minimus was so confused,becauseof inadequateoriginal de-
(Bairdand Baird,1843).--Phillips et al. (1964:87)and scriptionsby early authors,that "it becomesutterly
Monson and Phillips (1981) revived Swainson'sname impossibleto make use of their names or their syn-
pusillusfor the LeastFlycatcher,generally known as onymies" and that most of the names then in use
Empidonax minimus, but did not give the original ci- should"be expungedfrom our systems.... "We fur-
tation for the name or the reasonfor its use.Rea (1983: ther note Rea's (1983) observation that "... Swain-
188)followed Phillips et al. (1964)in the use of pus- son's name must stand unless it can be demonstrated
illus,indicatingthat it wasbasedon Platyrhynchus pus- conclusivelyto be a nomenoblitum(a gamesometax-
illusSwainson,1827and discussingthe rationalefor onomistsplay to avoid their supposedfundamental
the changefrom minimus. Perhapsthe bestdiscussion principle,priority)." We believe that the fundamental
of the identity of the two nameswasby Todd (1963: obligationof taxonomists is to promotestability,and
482), who chose to retain minimus"to avoid further that the principle of priority is but one way in which
changesand confusionin the nomenclatureof this thiscanbeeffected. Weseenostabilityin resurrecting
difficultgroup of birds." a name of uncertain basis that has been used in several
Swainson(1827) named and briefly describedPla- differentways to replacea name that hasbeen used
tyrhynchus pusillusfrom the "maritime parts of Mex- uniformly for most of a century.
ico." Later, Swainson (in Swainson and Richardson Hirundoalbifrons Rafinesque,1822vs. H. pyrrhonota
1832)gavea detaileddescription,with a colorplate, Vieillot, 1817.--There have been a number of flip-
of a bird from Carlton House, Saskatchewan, under flops on the specificname of the Cliff Swallow. The
the name Tyrannulapusilla.There is no known extant name HirundolunifronsSay, 1823 was used for some
type specimenfor either name, although Swainson 50 years,until Sclaterand Salvin (1873) substituted
mentions (in Swainson and Richardson 1832) com- pyrrhonota Vieillot, 1817.Both nameswere usedsub-
paring the Carlton House bird with one from the sequently,until Ridgway (1904)consideredpyrrhon-
shoresof Mexico. On the basisof that comparison, otadoubtfulasapplyingto the speciesand attempted
Swainsonclearlystatedthat T. pusillarepresentedthe to stabilizethe useof lunifrons.Rhoads(1912) discov-
same speciesas his Platyrhynchus pusillus,which he ered an early newspapercolumn by Rafinesquethat
hadincorrectlyassignedto thatgenus.Bairdand Baird containeda descriptionof the Cliff Swallow under
(1843)believed that the wing formula of pusillus, as the name Hirundoalbifrons, which wasadoptedby the
given by Swainson,differed from that of what they AOU (1931). However, Hellmayr (1935:29)reverted
named minimus. to the useof pyrrhonota, statingthat "With the excep-
Within the genus Empidonax, the name pusillahas tion of the blackishlower belly which may easilybe
been treated in several ways. Baird (in Baird et al. construedasreferringto the duskyundertail coverts,
1858)treatedit asa speciesoccurringgeographically Azara's description,upon which Vieillot's name was
between E. traillii and minimus.Coues (1884) treated based, is quite accurate .... "The AOU (1957, 1983)
it asa speciesalignedwith, possiblythe sameas,traillii followed Hellmayr's treatment,asdid Peters(in Mayr
and replacingthat form to the west.The AOU (1886) and Greenway1960).Rea(1983:196)declaredthat "By
consideredtraillii a subspeciesof pusillus,a species no stretchof the imagination can Vieillot's descrip-
distinct from minimus. It is not certain, however, that tion of Hirundopyrrhonota,with its blackish lower
any of those authorswere using pusillusfor exactly belly and a russetbrown forehead, be construed to
the same speciesthat Swainson did. The confusion apply to our northern Cliff Swallows .... "and that
was summarizedby Brewster(1895), who suggested the name lunifronsSay, 1823 "should stand unlessH.
638 BANKS
ANDBROWNING [Auk,Vol. 112

albifrons Rafinesque,1822, provesacceptable."Phil- coerulescens,

lips (1986:33)similarly rejectedpyrrhonota,and found
albifronsacceptable.
We agree with Hellmayr (1935) that the descrip-
tions by Azara and Vieillot are accuratefor the Cliff
Swallow, exceptfor the blackishabdomen.In fact,
there is no other swallow to which thesedescriptions
couldapply. We disagreewith Hellmayr that the ref-
erence to the blackishbelly can be construedas re-
ferring to the under tail coverts,which are no more
dusky in the Cliff Swallow than the rest of the un-
derparts.It is possiblethat the individual examined
independentof regardingthe Floridabirds
specificallydistinctfrom the westernScrub-Jays.Bar-
tram's (1791) names are invalid because he did not
usebinomial nomenclature(Opinion 447, 1957).
Troglodytes
insularisLawrence, 1871vs. Thryomanes
sissonii
(Grayson,1868).--Phillips (1986:140)usedin-
sularisfor the Socorro Wren rather than sissonii,which
Taylor (195I) hadrediscoveredand madeknown after
some80 years.Phillips (1986)expressedthe view that
"names'published'only in newspapersor obscure,
non-technicaljournalsand never circulatedamong,
or madeknownto, contemporaryscientists"shouldbe

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/112/3/633/5168095 by guest on 29 May 2023

by Azara, presumablyone purchasedby him (Salvin
and Godman1889),wasaberrant,perhapspartly mel-
anistic.Another possibilityis that the bird had been
stained,perhapsby a chemicalsuchasmercuricchlo-
ride (corrosivesublimate)usedas a preservativedur-
ing preparation.The useof this substance, which can
stain feathers,hair and skin black, as a preservative
for birds hasbeen documentedas early as 1771(Wil-
liamsand Hawks 1987).Without having the specimen
(presumablylost)availablefor study,we cannotfully
explain the single characterthat might rule out its
identityasa Cliff Swallow,but plausibleexplanations
exist.
There is no indication that Vieillot (1817) saw the
single specimenthat Azara had. Apparently his de-
scription was basedentirely on Azara's (1802-1805,
1809) published accounts. Phillips (1986) stated
stronglythat the descriptionof the foreheadas"brun
rousstitre" ruled out the eastern Cliff Swallow because
only juveniles,which could not be in Paraguayin
winter, have brown foreheads.Phillips also noted
that "If Vieillot simplyrepeatedAzara,he erred;Azara
gave the foreheadas "biancaacanelada... hastala
mitad del ojo."Althoughnot stated,it is obviousthat
Phillips referred to the Spanish edition of Azara's
work. The 1809 edition, translated into French and
annotatedby Sonnini, usesthe wording "Elle ale
front d'un brun rouss•tre qui s'etend au-dessusde
l'oeil .... "It is much more likely that Vieillot based
his account on the French edition of Azara rather than
the Spanishone. The discrepancyseemsto be one of
translationor interpretationby Sonnini. It is impos-
sible to know what generalizedFrench or Spanish
colornamesof nearly two centuriesagomeanin mod-
ern English ornithological color characterization.
However, many Cliff Swallowsfrom populationsin
easternNorth America have foreheadsthat are pale
cinnamon or pale reddish brown (Browning 1992)
placedin the categorynomenoblitum(comparehis use
of albifrons
Rafinesque for the Cliff Swallow).We agree
that Taylor (1951) might well have made use of that
category,had it existed under the Codeas then ac-
cepted,as insulariswas the only name used at that
time. However, sissoniihasbeen acceptedand usedto
the exclusionof insularis since 1951(e.g. Blake 1953,
Miller et al. 1957, Paynter in Mayr and Greenway
1960, AOU 1983, Sibley and Monroe 1990). We rec-
ommendthe continueduseof sissonii for this species,
whetherit isplacedin Troglodytes asby Phillips(1986)
or Thryomanes as by the AOU (1983).
Troglodytes domesticus (Wilson, 1808) vs. T. aedon
Vieillot, 1809.--Oberholser (1934:88) was the first to
point out thatthe commonlyusednamefor the House
Wren, aedon,was antedatedby Wilson'sSylviadomes-
tica for the same species.The situation was further
discussedby Oberholser (1974), and the priority of
domesticus was confirmedby Browningand Monroe
(1991).
The name Troglodytesdomesticus also was usedby
Aldrich and Bole (1937),Suttonand Burleigh(1940),
Huey (1942), Sutton and Pettingill (1943), Brandt
(1951), Monson and Phillips (1981), Rea (1983), Phil-
lips (1986), and perhaps others. However, some of
these same authors (Aldrich in Jewett et al. 1953, Bur-
leigh 1958, 1972,Phillips 1962a,Phillips et al. 1964,
Sutton 1967)also have used Troglodytes aedonfor the
samespecies.Virtually every majortaxonomiccom-
pilation hascontinuedthe useof aedon, includingbut
not limited to AOU (1957, 1983), Miller et al. (1957),
Paynter(inMayr andGreenway1960),Wolters(1980),
Godfrey (1986), and Sibley and Monroe (1990). Be-
causeof the physiologicaland ecologicalstudiesby
S.C. Kendeigh and his studentsfrom the 1930s
through the 1960s,the House Wren hasbecomeone
of the most thoroughly studied Americanbirds, and
there is a vast nontaxonomic literature that uses the

rather than pure white. name T. aedon. The name aedon is universal in the
We agreewith Hellmayr (1935)thatVieillot's(1817) popular literature of North American birds.
descriptionof Hirundopyrrhonota applies to the Cliff Despitethe fact that domesticushas unquestioned
Swallows of eastern North America. The name has priority and hasbeenusedin recentyears,although
unquestioned or albifrons, inconsistentlyand by only a few authors,we believe
priority overeitherlunifrons
and we recommend its continued use. thatthe stabilityof nomenclaturewould bestbe served
Aphelocoma fioridana(Bartram,1791)vs. A. coerules- by suppressionof the name Sylviadomestica Wilson,
cens(Bosc,1795).--Phillips (1986:46)usedfioridanafor 1808,and the continueduseof Troglodytes aedonVieil-
the FloridaScrub-Jay generallyknown asAphelocoma lot, 1809 for the House Wren of North America.
July1995] Status
ofRevived
RegulusBartram, 1791 vs. CorthylioCabanis, 1853
and OrchilusMorris, 1837 vs. RegulusCuvier, 1800.-
Despitethe Commission'sruling that Bartram's(1791)
namesare not valid (Opinion 447, 1957),Oberholser
(1974:995)usedthe generic name Regulusof Bartram
(type speciescalendula)rather than CorthylioCabanis
(type speciescalendula) for the Ruby-crownedKing-
let. This actionprecludeduseof the later RegulusCu-
vier (type speciesregulus)for the Golden-crowned
Kinglet. To fill the void, he found the name Orchilus
Morris (type speciesregulus).
Because Bartram's name has no nomenclatural
standing,Regulus Cuvieris not preoccupiedandshould
be used for the genus of kinglets. CorthylioCabanis
remainsavailablefor the Ruby-crownedKinglet for
those who chooseto separateit from the firecrests
(e.g. Wolters 1980).
Muscicapa latirostris
Raffles,1822vs.M. dauuricaPal-
las, 1811.--The AOU (1987)addedthe Gray-breasted
Flycatcherto the list of North American birds and
followed Watson(in Mayr and Cottrell 1986:318)in
using the specificname dauurica.Gibson (in Phillips
1991:132)usedthe specificnamelatirostris on the basis
that Pallas' work was not published until 1827 and
dauuricatherefore,is, antedatedby latirostris.
The date
of publicationof Pallas'Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica
was
a matter of contentionfor many yearsuntil the Com-
mission(Opinion 212, 1954)fixed 1811as the publi-
cation date for volumes 1 and 2 of that work (for
historyof that decision,seeHemming 1951).We fol-
low the decision of the Commission and recommend
dauurica
asthe appropriatespecificname.The English
name Asian Brown Flycatcherwas later adoptedby
the AOU (1989) and is used by Sibley and Monroe
(1990)and by Gibson(in Phillips 1991).
SialiaarcticaSwainson, 1832 vs. S. currucoides
(Bech-
stein, 1798).--Phillips (1991:113)substitutedthe spe-
cific name arcticafor the Mountain Bluebird, gener-
ally known as Sialiacurrucoides.The AOU (1908)had
replaced arcticawith currucoides on the basis of a
manuscriptby C. W. Richmond,which we are unable
to locate in the files or archives of the National Mu-
seumof Natural History. Phillips (1991:114)believed
that neither the descriptionnor plate of Bechstein's
currucoidesresembledany bluebird, and that the lo-
cality given (Virginien = Virginia) was not in the
range of the species.
Bechstein's(1798)descriptionof currucoides (trans-
lated for us by L. Overstreet) noted that the broad
brown-grayedgesto the darkishbrown dorsalfeath-
ersproducea blue-grayappearance,and that the pri-
marieshave similar edges.The edgingsof the tail
feathers appeared whitish, and the ventral surface
was dirty white, with the chin or throat ashy gray.
This descriptionagreeswith someimmature USNM
specimensthat are exceptionallybrown and that are
unmottledventrally.After examiningBechstein's plate
121, Browning agreeswith Phillips (1991) that the
bluish color of the flight feathersis lacking, but he
Names 639
concludedthat the bird is a poorly illustrated im-
mature Mountain Bluebird.
We cannot respondto Phillips's doubt that speci-
mens from interior or western North America reached
Germanyby the dateof Bechstein's writing. "Virgin-
ia" in the late 18th centuryincluded an areafrom the
Atlantic to western Illinois and north to Michigan
and southern Ontario (Goss 1990). This area was bet-
ter exploredin the 1790sthan Phillips (1991) sug-
gested.There are recordsof the Mountain Bluebird
as far east as southern Ontario, New York and Penn-
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/112/3/633/5168095 by guest on 29 May 2023
sylvania(AOU 1983) and North Carolina (Boozer
1986).The type specimenof currucoides is not in the
Darmstadt Museum (R. Kinzelbach in litt.) and ap-
parentlyis missing.
Although Bechstein's(1798) descriptionand illus-
tration are less than perfect, we believe that each
representsthe Mountain Bluebird. We recommend
that S.currucoides(Bechstein,1798),in usefor 85 years,
be retained as the name for the Mountain Bluebird.
Lucar Bartram, 1791 vs. Dumetella S.D.W., 1837.-
Harper (1942),Oberholser(1974),and Phillips (1986)
usedLucaras the genericname for the Gray Catbird
on the basisof priority, but Bartram'snamesare not
available (Opinion 447, 1957). Allen (1908a:23)and
Olson (1989) determined the identity of S.D.W. as S.
D. Wood,and Olsondiscussed
the rather shakybasis
for the name Dumetella.
Bombycillagarrulus
carolinensis
(Miller, 1776)vs.B.g.
pallidiceps
Reichnow, 1908; and Bombycillacedrorum
Vieillot, 1808 vs. B. americanaWilson, 1808.--Ober-
holser(1974:996)usedthe subspecificname carolinen-
sis for the North American form of the Bohemian
Waxwing (Bombycilla garrulus,)basingit on an illus-
tration in J.F. Miller's IconesAnimalium.Phillips (1991:
2) rejectedthis changefrom the familiar pallidiceps on
bothgeographicandchronologicalgrounds,pointing
out that the American population of B. garruluswas
not known in Europe in the 1700s. Swainson (in
Swainsonand Richardson1832:237)reported that the
first American specimensof that specieswere taken
in 1826. Miller's plate must have been of a European
B.garrulus, of which carolinensis mustbe considereda
synonym.Because
carolinensis
cannotapplyto Amer-
ican BohemianWaxwings,the subspecificname pal-
lidiceps
Reichnow,1907,shouldbe used.
Actually,the nameLaniusGarrulus l• Garrulus
caro-
linensishad been used by Linnaeus (1758:95)for a
waxwing or "chatterer"illustratedby Catesby,well
before Miller used it. Linnaeus (1766:297)repeated
the name but placedit in Ampelisrather than Lanius
and cited prior useof carolinensis
by Brisson,as well
as referring to the plate by Catesbyand to one by
Edwards, both of which are undoubted Cedar Wax-
wings.The nomenclaturalconfusionwascompound-
ed by the fact that no one distinguishedthe Cedar
Waxwing as a speciesdistinct from the Bohemian
Waxwinguntil Wilson (1808)describedand named
the former (Bonaparte1824).
640 BANKS
ANDBROWNING [Auk, Vol. 112

The name carolinensis,based on either Linnaeus or vaceus(Linnaeus, 1766).--Oberholser (1974:997) and

Brisson,was usedfor the CedarWaxwing, in Ampelis Phillips (1991:203)usedthe specificname virescens
for
or Bombycilla,
at leastsporadically
betweenabout1817 theRed-eyedVireoratherthanthegenerallyaccepted
and 1862(seeRidgway 1904:112).We have been un- olivaceus.In addition, Oberholser (1974:710) used the
able to determinewhy that name was discardedin specificnamecalidrisfor the Black-whiskered Vireo,
favor of the name cedrorum Vieillot, 1808. BecausewhereasPhillips (1991:201)usedaltiloquus, although
hasnot been usedfor the CedarWaxwing he believedthat olivaceus
carolinensis shouldbe usedfor that spe-
for well over 100 years, it should be considereda cies. Both authors placed these two speciesin the
nomenoblitumand its use suppressed. genusVireosylva ratherthan Vireo,but that doesnot
Wilson(1808)proposedthe nameAmpelis americana affectthe problemof the specificnamesexceptin the
for the CedarWaxwingin volume 1 of his American gender-relatedendings.

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/112/3/633/5168095 by guest on 29 May 2023

Ornithology,
publishedin September. Vieillot's(1808) The root of this problem is that sometaxonomists
publicationof the nameBombycilla
cedrorum
for that acceptLinnaeus' name Motacillacalidris,basedon Ed-
species
alsowaspublishedin September(Browning wards(1750)plate 121of the "AmericanNightingale,
and Monroe 1991:396).Bothnameswere used(along Luscinia calidris,"of Jamaica,as referring to the Black-
with carolinensis) in the first half of the 1800s.Vieil- whiskered Vireo. Others believe that calidris is not
lot'snameeventuallygaineduniversalusagebecause basedon, and cannotbe used for, any kind of vireo.
1807waslongaccepted asthedateof publication.We If that is so, somebelieve that Linnaeus' (1766) Mus-
act as first reviser (I.C.Z.N. 1985, Art. 24) and select cicapaolivaceais the earliestname for the Black-whisk-
Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillotasthe namefor theCedar ered Vireo, despitethe fact that it has been used al-
Waxwingratherthan Ampelisamericana Wilson. most exclusivelyfor the Red-eyedVireo. If olivacea
Burleigh (1963) restricted the type locality of B. applies to the Black-whiskeredVireo, then virescens
cedrorumVieillot to Pennsylvania.The type locality is next availablefor the Red-eyedVireo. If olivaceais
of A. americana Wilson is alsoPennsylvania(Hellmayr used for the Red-eyed Vireo, then altiloquus is next
1935).Thus americana is not applicableto either the available for the Black-whiskered Vireo. Some would
westernor northernsubspecies of cedrorum described rejectolivaceaas a compositeand use virescens for the
by Burleigh. Red-eyedVireo and altiloquus for the Black-whiskered
Ptiliogonys Swainson,1827vs. Ptilogonys Swainson, Vireo.
1824.--Browning(1989b)showedthat Swainson's in- The specificname calidriswas not, as far as we can
tendedappendixto an 1824exhibition catalogby Wil- determine,appliedto any speciesof vireo until Baird
liam Bullock never was published, and that the ge- (1866:331)"restored"it for the Black-whiskeredVireo
neric name for the silky flycatcherswas spelled Pti- then (as now) generally called V. altiloquus.Baird's
liogonys
when it firstappeared(Swainson1827).The use of calidris was based on his belief that "There can
samepublication information applies to the specific be little questionthat the figure of Edwards,upon
namecinereus, the typespeciesof the genusPtiliogonys. which the name of Linnaeus is based, refers to the
Swainsonusedthe spellingPtiliogonys in severalpub- Jamaicanlong-billed Vireo,although he doesnot sat-
licationsspanninga decade,but eventuallychanged isfactorilyexpressthe colorof the underparts."Ridg-
to Ptilogonys (for detailsand references,seeBrowning way (1904) followed in the use of calidriswithout
1989b).In additionto correctingthe citationfor these comment. Bangs and Penard (1925:205-206), how-
two names,Browning (1989b)suggestedthat the ge- ever, stated explicitly that the name calidris,"based
netic name should be usedas originally spelled,Pti- on Edwards'American Nightingale, is unrecogniza-
liogonys, lastusedin the literatureby Ridgway(1887). ble. The plate certainly doesnot representa Vireo."
Phillips (1991)followed Browning(1989b)for both Hellmayr (1935) followed Bangsand Penard (1925)
the citationand spellingof the genericname. in rejectingcalidrisfor the Black-whiskered Vireo.Ob-
DespiteSwainson'srepeateduse of Ptiliogonys for erholser(1974:998)continued to apply calidristo the
severalyearsbefore he amendedthe name to Ptilo- Black-whiskeredVireo, but Phillips (1991) followed
gonys,Sibley and Monroe (1990:506)recommended Bangsand Penard (1925) in rejectingit as represent-
that Ptiliogonys be regarded"asan 'incorrectoriginal ing somethingotherthana vireo.We agreewith those
spelling'"and that Ptilogonys "shouldbe regardedas who rejectcalidrisas unrecognizable,or at least not
a justifiedemendationandthe well-usedspellingpre- applicableto any speciesin the Vireonidae.
served." The AOU (1991) followed Sibley and Mon- To what speciesdoesthe nameolivacea, the earliest
roe (1990) and indicated the intention of petitioning name applicable to a vireo, apply? Linnaeus (1766)
the Commissionfor preservationof the currentspell- basedMuscicapaolivaceaon three references,which
ing and usage.We recommendthat the currentspell- he obviouslybelieved were to the samespecies.He
ing Ptilogonys be maintained until a ruling is made first cited Edwards'(1750) plate 253 of Muscicapaoli-
by the Commission(Code,Art. 80). However, no pe- vacea,secondCatesby's(1731-1743) plate 54 of the
tition has been filed at the time of this writing. "Red-eyedFlycatcher,"and third Brisson'sreference
Vireocalidris(Linnaeus, 1758)vs. V. altiloquus(Vieil- to Muscicapa jamaicensis. The first and third of these
lot, 1808), and Vireovirescens Vieillot, 1808 vs. V. oil- refer to what is now called the Black-whiskered Vireo,
July
1995] Status
ofRevived
Names
but the nameolivaceaisgenerallyusedfor the second-
mentionedRed-eyedVireo. The questionis whether
olivaceashouldbe appliedto the Black-whiskeredVir-
eo,becauseit wasfirstmentioned,or to the Red-eyed
Vireo becauseof that usagein most of the past 150
years.
We believe that the problem was effectivelyre-
solvedby Bonapartein 1850. Bonaparte(1828) first
placedolivaceus into Vieillot's (1808)genusVireo;he
later (Bonaparte1838)transferredit to his new genus
Vireosylva.When Bonaparte(1850:330)alsoplacedal-
tiloquainto Vireosylva,
he placedEdwards'plate253,
641
mend that the nomenclature of AOU (1957, 1983) and
Loweryand Monroe(in Paynter1968)be followed
for the speciesinvolved.
Dendroicalutea(Linnaeus,1776)vs.D. magnolia
(Wil-
son, 1811).--Oberholser (1974:1000)used the name
luteafor the MagnoliaWarbler,his basisbeing the
1776paperby Linnaeusdiscussed by Peters(1950).
Thesituationisthe sameasthe preceding,luteabeing
one of the namessuppressedby the Commission
(Opinion412,1956). Dendroica
magnoliaWilsonshould
continuein use for the Magnolia Warbler.
Dendroica breviunguis
(Spix,1824)vs.D. striata(For-

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/112/3/633/5168095 by guest on 29 May 2023

part of Linnaeus'sbasisfor olivacea, in its synonymy. ster,1772).--Oberholser(1974:1001)
appliedthe name
In the synonymyof olivacea, Bonaparte(1850:329)list- Alauda(Anthus)breviunguisSpixto the BlackpollWar-
ed Catesby'splate 54, the secondpart of Linnaeus' bier in the belief that MuscicapastriataForster was a
basisfor olivacea.
Thus,Bonapartenot only recognized homonym ofMotacilla striata
Pallas,1764,anOldWorld
the compositenatureof olivacea, but he sortedout the flycatcherlater transferredto the genusMuscicapa.
piecesand establishedthe principle for the AOU's Wolters(1980)usedthe specificnamebreviunguis and
(1957, 1983)statementthat olivacea is based"mainly" placedthis speciesin the genusLineocantor.
on Catesby'sillustrationof the Red-eyedFlycatcher. LoweryandMonroe(inPaynter1968:32),the AOU
Linnaeus's (1766) citation of three sourcesas the (1983:619),and Monroe (1989) have shown that be-
basisfor Muscicapaolivacea
canbe likened to the nam- causethe two species calledstriatawere neverin the
ing of a speciesfrom a seriesof syntypesof mixed samegenusconcurrently,Forster'snamecannotbe
species.We believethat Bonaparte(1850),in principle consideredpreoccupied by Pallas'name.It is, there-
if not in words,designatedCatesby'sillustrationas fore, available for use in Dendroica.Further, the iden-
the lectotypeof Muscicapaolivacea.We hereby des- tity of breviunguis
Spixis not clear,as indicatedby
ignatetheRed-eyedFlycatcher of Catesby'sNat.Hist. Hellmayr(1906).We have examinedthe plate and
Carolina,vol. 1, page54, plate54, asthe lectotypeof descriptionthatapplyto breviunguis
andcannotiden-
MuscicapaolivaceaLinnaeus1766.With the name oli- tify themwith any knownspecies. We believethat
vaceusfirmly in place for the Red-eyedVireo, the Dendroicastriata (Forster, 1772) must continue in use
earliestnamethatappliesto the Black-whiskered
Vir- as the name of the BlackpollWarbler.
eo is altiloquus
of Vieillot 1808. Richmondena Mathews and Iredale, 1918 and Pyr-
Vermivora Linnaeus, 1776 vs. Helmitheros Rafin- rhuloxiaBonaparte, 1850 vs. CardinalisBonaparte,
esque,1819;Vermivora
areericLinnaeus,1776vs. Hel- 1838.--Oberholser (1974), without comment, used
(Gmelin, 1789);and Helminthophila Richmondena
mitherosvermivorus as the genericname for the Northern
Ridgway,1882vs. Vermivora
Swainson,1827.--The Cardinal (cardinalis),
and Pyrrhuloxia
for the Pyrrhu-
nomenclaturalconsequences of the "discovery"of a 1oxia(sinuata).
This may be becausehis manuscript
paperwritten by Linnaeus(1776)and publishedasa wasnot updatedafter the Commission(Opinion 784,
catalogueto platespublishedby GeorgeEdwardsfrom 1966)validated Cardinalisof Bonaparteas the name
1743 to 1764 have been discussedby Peters (1950). fora genusintowhichbothcardinalis
andsinuata
had
Petersnotedthat Linnaeus'listingof Vermivoraameric been merged(seeMayr et al. 1964).Paynter(1970)
for the Worm-eating Warblerconstituted botha new usedCardinalis for thespeciesformerlyin Richmondena
generic name, antedatingHelmitheros and preoccu- and Pyrrhuloxia. The AOU (1973)replacedRichmon-
pying Vermivora Swainson,and a new speciesname denawith Cardinalis, but did not acceptthe mergerof
predatingvermivorus of Gmelin. Phillips et al. (1964) Pyrrhuloxia until 1976.We recommend followingthe
adoptedthechanges necessitatedbyacceptance ofthe decision of the Commission.
informationpresentedby Peters(1950),without com- Linaria Bartram, 1791 vs. PasserinaVieillot, 1816.-
ment. Oberholser(1974) also acceptedthe package, Harper (1942)and Oberholser(1974:1008) usedthe
usingVermivora of Linnaeus,1776for theWorm- BartramgenericnameLinariafor the North American
americ
eatingWarblerand the genericnameHelminthophila buntingsgenerallyplacedin Passerina. Bartram'snames
Ridgway,1882,for all the speciesgenerallyconsid- wererejectedby theCommission (Opinion447,1957).
ered to constitute Vermivora. The correctgenericnamefor the Americanbuntings
However, the Commission(Opinion 412,1956)sup- is Passerina.
pressed"all new namesor new spellingsfor previ- Oberholseria Richmond, 1915 vs. Chlorura Sclater,
ouslypublishednamesproposedby Linnaeus"in his 1862.--Oberholser(1974:1009)usedthe genericname
1776paperand,additionally,placedthegenericname Oberholseria for the Green-tailedTowhee in place of
VermivoraLinnaeuson the Official Index of Rejected ChloruraSclaterusedby othersat that time. He gave
andInvalid GenericNamesin Zoology.Mostauthors no reasonfor his action(perhapsnonewasneeded),
after 1956 have acceptedthat decision.We recom- but devotedhisdiscussion of the genericnameto the
642 BANKSANY BROW•I•C [Auk, Vol. 112

chronologicalrelationshipof the earlier publications (1983:683)disposedof Hortulanus

by indicatingit has
of the nameChloruraby Sclater(1861-1862)and Rei- no standing.
chenbach (1862-1863). Brisson(1760:269) used the name Hortulanusin the
The Green-tailed Towhee was carried in Pipilo in senseof a genus-groupname,as a subgenusof Em-
early AOU Check-lists.
Ridgway (1896) separatedit beriza.The type species,by tautonomy,is l'Ortolan =
later (Ridgway 1901:399) EmberizahortulanusLinnaeus, 1758. He included sev-
under the name Oreospiza,
notingthatChlorura
Sclaterwaspreoccupied by Chlo- eral other species,to wit: H. arundinaceus
(=Emberiza
rurusSwainson. Richmond (1915) proposed Oberhol- schoeniculus
Linnaeus), H. ludovicianus(=? Pheucticus
which alsowaspreoccupied. ludovicianus
seriato replaceOreosp&a, (Linnaeus)),H. CapitisBonaeSpei (=? Em-
Whenthe "one-letterrule" waschanged,Chlorura
was berizacapensisLinnaeus),H. carolinensis(=Dolichonyx
no longer consideredpreoccupiedand, as an older oryzivorus(Linnaeus)),and H. nivalis(=Plectrophenax

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/112/3/633/5168095 by guest on 29 May 2023

name, replaced Oberholseria(AOU 1947). Reichen- nivalis(Linnaeus)). Vieillot (1807) apparently used
bach'suseof Chlorurawasnot mentionedby the AOU Brisson'sgenusandexpandedit by addingHortulanus
(1947). erythrophtalmus[sic](=Pipiloerythrophthalmus
(Linnae-
Oberholser (1974:1010) concluded that Chlorura us)), H. albicollis(=Zonotrichiaalbicollis(Gmelin)), and
Sclater was preoccupiedby ChloruraReichenbach, H. nigricollis(=Sp&a americana (Gmelin)). The same
proposedfor someestrildidfinches.Accordingto Ob- genericname was later usedby Leach(1816)who
erholser,the part of Sclater's(1861-1862) work in included H. glacialis(=Plectrophenax nivalis)and H.
which Chlorurawas proposed did not appear until montanus(=Calcariuslapponicus (Linnaeus)). We be-
May 1862,but the part of Reichenbach'swork using lieve that it is clear that Vieillot (1807) was merely
Chloruraappearedin March or April 1862. The pre- using the name of a genus establishedby Brisson
sumed earlier date of Reichenbach's (1862-1863) Chlo- (1760)and adding speciesto it. In his 1807work, on
ruraprecludeduseof Sclater'sChlorura,necessitating the pageson which the genericname Hortulanusis
the use of Oberholseria. used,Vieillot alsonamedthe currently acceptedgen-
Sclater's(1861-1862) work wasissuedin parts,with era Vireo,Icteria, and Pinicola.In the paragraph for
the signaturecontainingthe nameChloruradated 17 each of those names, Vieillot (1807:iii-iv) wrote of his
August1861;Ridgway(1901:399)gavethat asthe date intention of proposingthe new generic namesin a
of publication.The signaturewasavailableto Cabanis volume of that work. No similar statement was made
in January1862 (Zimmer 1926)and must have been with any of the three usesof Hortulanus,indicating
published some time in 1861. ChloruraReichenbach that he did not intend or believeit to be a new genus.
waspublishedbeforeJuly1862accordingto Mathews Vieillot (1807) must have taken Hortulanusfrom Bris-
(1925).The evidentpriority of Sclater'snameis con- son (1760).
trary to Oberholser'sconclusion. Vieillot did not usethe genericname Hortulanusin
Chlorurawas again merged with Pipiloby Sibley tater works (1816, 1819), but transferred the three
(1955). We follow Sibley (1955), Paynter (1970:168) specieshe had placed in it to other genera.Other
and the AOU (1976, 1983), and recommend the use authors (Leach 1816) continued to use the Brissonian
of Pipilochlorurafor the Green-tailedTowhee, with name. Indeed, it was used at least until 1875 (Giebel
the reminder that Chlorura Sclater should be used if 1875).Vieillot (1816)establishedthe genusPipilo,us-
that speciesis consideredto be generically distinct ing asthe type species(1819)Fringillaerythrophthalma
(e.g. Wolters1980). Linnaeus,which he had formerly placedin Hortulan-
Hortulanus Vieillot, 1807vs. PipiloVieillot, 1816.--
Oberholser (1974:1010)used the generic name Hor- Brisson's(1760)genericnameswereconsidered val-
tulanusinsteadof the generally acceptedPipilofor the id by the Commissiondespitethe fact that Brisson
towhees (other than the Green-tailed Towhee), ex- was not consistentlybinary (or binomial) in his no-
pressingthe belief that Stone(1907) had properly menclature(Opinion 37, 1910;Direction 16, 1955).It
fixed Fringillaerythrophthalma Linnaeus as the type was not until 1963 (Direction 105) that the validity
speciesof Hortulanus. Vieillot (1807)wascreditedwith of Brisson's(1760) generic nameswas restrictedto
the formationof the genericnameHortulanus by Ridg- thosenamesthat appearedin pages26-61 of the Ta-
way (1901),Stone(1907),Allen (1908b),Phillips(1962b, bulaSynopticaAviumSecundum Ordinesthat appeared
1986), and Oberholser (1974). This causednomencla- at the beginningof volume 1. Hortulanus did not ap-
tural problemsbecauseHortulanusVieillot, 1807 pre- pear in the Tabula,but was introducedon page 269
datescurrently used names of genera for which his of volume3. Thus,Hortulanus wasan availablegeneric
three includedspeciesare the type species,and under name from 1760 until 1963; it should be considered
the rule of priority would replaceone of them. The a junior synonymof Emberiza Linnaeus,1758.The fact
statusof Hortulanusand the consequencesof the se- that a speciesonce placed in a genuswas later used
lection of a type specieswas discussedat length in asthe type speciesfor a different genusdoesnot affect
the early 1900swith no definitive outcome(for ref- the availabilityof the later name,and Hortulanusdoes
erences,seeHellmayr [1938:565]and Phillips [1962b]), not have priority over Pipilo Vieillot, Zonotrichia
and we see no need to repeat that here. The AOU Swainson,or SpizaBonaparte.Effortsby Stone(1907),
July1995] Status
ofRevived
Names 643

Allen (1908a:23), Phillips (1962b), and Oberholser World speciesof rose finches. Groskin (1941, 1950)
(1974) to invalidate HortulanusVieillot, 1807, would used both Carpodacusand Erythrinafor the American
have been unnecessaryif they had realized that Vieil- speciespurpurea
(he usedthe lattergenericnamewhile
lot was using a valid Brissoniangeneric name, not J. L. Peterswas editor of the journal). Many authors
creatinga new genus.We seeno conflictthat prevents have usedthe name Erythrinafor speciesin the group
the useof PipiloVieillot, Zonotrichia
Swainson,or Spiza without indicatingthe author or datefor the generic
Bonaparte. name, somealso recognizingCarpodacus as distinct.
Zonotrichiapensylvanica (Linnaeus, 1776) vs. Z. al- Brehm(1828)included,in a list of birds,the generic
bicollis(Gmelin, 1789).--Oberholser (1974:1012)used name Erythrinafollowed by descriptive vernacular
the name pensylvanica for the White-throated Spar- names for the speciesE. rubrifronsand E. rosea.No
row. The situation is identical to that in the account
other information was provided to identify either of
of Dendroica luteaabove.The Linnaeanname pensyl- thosenames.The name rubrifrons

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/112/3/633/5168095 by guest on 29 May 2023

had not previously
vanicawas suppressedby the Commission(Opinion been used for a bird in the rose finch group and is a
412, 1957).The proper name for the White-throated
nomennudum (Oberholser1974).The nameroseamay
Sparrow is Zonotrichiaalbicollis.
refer to FringillaroseaPallas,asStresemann(1922)and
Sturnellaludoviciana (Linnaeus, 1766) vs. S. neglecta
Oberholser (1974) suggested, but Hellmayr (1938)
Audubon, 1844.--Oberholser (1974:1004)believed that
considered it indeterminate. We agree with Berlioz
the Linnaean name Sturnusludovicianus
applied to the
Western Meadowlark and should be used instead of (1929), Hellmayr (1938), and Paynter (1968:267)that
ErythrinaBrehm, 1828 must be considereda nomen
Audubon's name. Linnaeus (1766) based the name
nudum.
ludovicianus
on a descriptionand illustration by Bris-
son, with the locality "Louisiana," that Oberholser Kaup (1829) useda new generic name, Carpodacus,
(1974) thought "perfectly" representedthe Western for birds in the rose finch group; Gray (1842) desig-
Meadowlark. Oberholser noted that Brisson's "text nated FringillaroseaPallasas the type species.Carpo-
explicitly mentions, and the plate clearly shows,the dacuswasusedinsteadof Erythrinafor the assemblage
distinct and separatedbarson wing and tail feathers." of rosefinchesuntil the 1920s,when Stresemann(1922)
The term "Louisiana"at that time included a large and Hartert (1923,1932)revivedErythrinaBrehm,1828.
area within the range of both the Western Mead- Berlioz (1929) was the first to show that Erythrina
owlarkandthe EasternMeadowlark(Sturnella magna). Brehm, 1828 was a nomen nudum but that Erythrina
Bangs(1899) regarded the descriptionof ludovici- Brehm, 1829 was valid although predated by Carpo-
anusas "indefinite" and the AOU (1901) stated that dacusKaup, 1829.
the name"doesnot satisfactorilyapply" to the West- Brehm (1829) used the name Erythrinafor the spe-
ern Meadowlark, acceptingneglectainstead. We be- ciesalbifrons, which he describedand newly named.
lieve that the plate in Brisson(1760) does not show He equatedhis name E. albifrons with "Pyrrhularosea
clearlywing and tail barring (contraOberholser1974). Ternre.,FringillaroseaPall." Berlioz (1929) and Hell-
Further, the charactersof that barring do not serve mayr (1938),amongothers,acceptedalbifrons as iden-
to distinguishthe two speciesof meadowlark;these tical to rosea,consideringit the type speciesof Ery-
characters are subjectto considerable geographicand thrina.Brehm's(1829)descriptionwasbasedon a live
individualvariation(Lanyon1962).Wing andtail bar- bird that he identified as a first year male. Hartert
ring are not among the four "best" charactersfor (1932:61) examined the specimen of that particular
separatingthe meadowlarks(Rohwer 1972).We agree bird and identified it as representing the nominate
with Bangs(1899) that the charactersin Brisson'sde- subspeciesof E. erythrina.Wolters (1953) also equated
scription and plate do not permit specificallocation thosetwo species,and wasfollowed by Paynter(1968:
of the bird. We recommend that Sturnus ludovicianus 229).Erythrinaalbifrons
Brehm= LoxiaerythrinaPallas
Linnaeus, 1766, be considered a nomen dubium,and must be consideredthe type species(by monotypy)
that Sturnellaneglecta
Audubon, 1844be acceptedas of ErythrinaBrehm, 1829 despite Brehm's own mis-
the proper name for the Western Meadowlark. identification of the bird.
Erythn'naBrehm,1828vs.Carpodacus Kaup, 1829;and The name Carpodacus appearedin April 1829,and
ErythrinaBrehm, 1829 vs. Carpodacus Kaup, 1829.-- Brehm's second use of Erythrina as a generic name
Oberholser (1974:1009)used ErythrinaBrehm, 1828 appearedin July 1829 or later (Berlioz 1929).Carpo-
rather than Carpodacusas the generic name for the dacusclearly haspriority and should be usedfor the
Purple (purpurea),Cassin's(cassinii),and House (mex- speciesroseus and its closestrelatives.This might in-
icana)finches,on the basisthat Erythrinais not pre- clude the 21 speciescombined into the genus Car-
occupiedby ErythrinusLac•p•de and that Erythrina podacus in the senseof Paynter(1968),theAOU (1983),
predatesCarpodacus. Wolters(1979)placedthesethree and Sibley and Monroe (1990) or only the species
species,along with the Old World specieserythrina, roseus and trifasciatusif severalgeneraare recognized
in the genusErythrinabut usedthe name asproposed as by Wolters (1979). If the speciesare divided into
in a later paper by Brehm (1829);Wolters (1979) also generaand subgeneraasby Wolters (1979),the North
recognizedCarpodacus as a distinct genusfor two Old American speciespurpurea,cassinii,and mexicanaare
644 BANKS
ANDBROWNING [Auk,Vol. 112

generally associatedwith the Old World specieser- of North American birds, 4th ed. American Or-
ythrinain the genusErythrinaBrehm, 1829. nithologists'Union, Lancaster,Pennsylvania.
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1945. Twentieth

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS supplement to the American Ornithologists'

Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk
This work was completed while the authors were 62:436-449.
with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. We thank S. AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1947. Twenty-
L. Olson, H. Ouellet, and A. Rea for comments on secondsupplementto the American Ornitholo-
parts of the manuscriptwhile it was in preparation. gists'Union Check-listof North Americanbirds.
We thank C. Hahn and L. Overs•reet for assistance in Auk 64:445-452.
the library of the National Museum of Natural His- AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1957. Check-list
tory, especiallyfor accessto old and rare literature. of North American birds, 5th ed. American Or-

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/112/3/633/5168095 by guest on 29 May 2023

M. Brand provided help from the library of the Mu- nithologists'Union, Baltimore.
seum of ComparativeZoology. W. Maane, L. Over- AM•ac_mq ORNITHOtOGISTS' UNION. 1973. Thirty-
s•reet,and E. and S. G. du Plesseashelped with •rans- secondsupplement to the American Ornitholo-
lation. R. Symondsprovidedinformationon the hold- gists'Union Check-listof North Americanbirds.
ings of the museumat CambridgeUniversity, and R. Auk 90:411-419.
Kinzelbach searchedfor specimensin the Darmstadt AMmUCAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1976. Thirty-
Museum on our behalf. A. L. Gardner and K. Winker third supplement to the American Ornitholo-
read and provided helpful commentson the near- gists'Union Check-listof North Americanbirds.
final manuscript. Auk 93:875-879.
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1983. Check-list
of North American birds, 6th ed. American Or-
LITERATURE CITED nithologists'Union, Washington,D.C.
AMERICANORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1987. Thirty-
ALt•PaCH,J. W., ANt• B. P. Both, JR. 1937. The birds sixth supplement to the American Ornitholo-
and mammalsof the westernslopeof the Azuero gists'Union Check-listof North Americanbirds.
Peninsula[Republicof Panama].Sci. Publ. Clev- Auk 104:591-596.
el. Mus. Nat. Hist. 7. AMERICANORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1989. Thirty-
ALLEN,J.A. 1908a. A list of the generaand subgen- seventh supplement to the American Ornithol-
era of North American birds, with their types, ogists'Union Check-listof North Americanbirds.
accordingto Article 30 of the International Code Auk 106:532-538.
of Zo61ogicalNomenclature.Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. AMERICANORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1991. Thirty-
Hist. 24:1-50. eighth supplementto the American Ornitholo-
ALLEN,J. A. 1908b. The caseof HortulanusVieillot. gists'Union Check-list of North American birds.
Auk 25:223-224. Auk 108:750-754.
AMADON, D. 1954. On the correct names for the AMERICANORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1993. Thirty-
caracarasand for the Long-winged Harrier. Auk ninth supplement to the American Ornitholo-
71:203-204. gists'Union Check-listof North Americanbirds.
AMEPaCAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1886. The code Auk 110:675-682.
of nomenclature and Check-list of North Amer- AZARA,F. 1802-1805. Apuntamientos para la his-
icanbirds. American Ornithologists'Union, New toria natural de los quadrupedosdel Paraguay,y
York. Rio de la Plata .... En la imprenta de la viuda
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1901. Tenth de Ibarra, Madrid [not seen].
supplement to the American Ornithologists' AZARA,F. 1809. Voyagesdan l'AmeriqueMeridion-
Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk ale, par don Felix de Azara .... Vol. 4. Dentu,
18:295-320. Paris.
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1908. Four- BAIRD, S. F. 1864-1872. Review of American birds,
teenth supplementto the American Ornitholo- in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution,
gists'Union Check-listof North Americanbirds. part 1. SmithsonianMisc. Coll. 181.
Auk 25:343-399. BAIRD,S. F., J. C•ssI•, • G. N. LAWRENCE.1858.
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1910. Check-list Birds of North America. Vol. 9 of Reportsof ex-
of North American birds, 3rd ed. American Or- plorationsand surveysto ascertainthe mostprac-
nithologists'Union, Lancaster,Pennsylvania. ticable and economical route for a railroad from
AMERICANORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1923. Eigh- the MississippiRiver to the PacificOcean.Wash-
teenth supplementto the American Ornitholo- ington, D.C.
gists'Union Check-list of North American birds. BAIRD,W. M., ANDS. F. BAIRD. 1843. Descriptionsof
Auk 40:513-525. two species,supposedto be new, of the genus
AM•PaC_mqOPa,trrHotoGisTs' UNION. 1931. Check-list Tyrannula, Swainson, found in Cumberland
July 1995]
County, Penn. Proc.Acad. Nat. Sci.Phila. 1:283-
286.
BANGS,O. 1899. The Florida meadowlark. Proc. New
England Zool. Club 1:19-21.
BANGS,O., ANDT. E. PENARlV.1921. Descriptionsof
six new subspeciesof American birds. Proc.Biol.
Soc. Wash. 34:89-92.
BANGS,O., ANDT. E. PENARlV.1925. The Henry Bry-
ant types of birds. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 67:
197-207.
BANKS,R. C., ANDC. J. DovE. 1992. The genericname
for the crestedcaracaras(Aves: Falconidae). Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash. 105:420-425.
BARTRAM, W. 1791. TravelsthroughNorth and South
Carolina,Georgia,eastand west Florida, etc., Ist
ed. Philadelphia.
BECI-IS•rEIN,
J.M. 1798. Johann Lathams allgemeine
Uebersichtder VOgel.Nurnberg.
BERLIOZ,M.J. 1929. Notes critiqueset synonymiques
surdesoiseauxdu genreRoselin,Carpodacus (Pas-
seriformes-Fringillid•s).
Bull. Mus. (Paris)2:129-
132.
BLAKE,E. R. 1953. Birds of Mexico. Univ. Chicago
Press,Chicago.
BLAKE,
E.R. 1958. Birdsof Volc•n de Chiriqul, Pan-
ama. Fieldiana:Zoology 36:499-577.
BONAPARTE,C. 1824. Observations on the nomen-
clatureof Wilson'sOrnithology.J.Acad.Nat. Sci.
Phila. 4:25-37.
BONAPARTE, C.L. 1828. The generaof North Amer-
ican birds and a synopsisof the speciesfound
within the territory of the United States.Ann.
Lyceum Nat. Hist, New York.
BONAPARTE, C. L. 1838. A geographicaland com-
parative list of the birds of Europe and North
America. John Van Voort, London.
BONAPARTE,
C.L. 1850. Conspectusgenerumavium,
vol. I. E. J. Brill, London.
BOOZER,J.C. 1986. First sighting of Mountain Blue-
bird reportedfrom westernNorth Carolina.Chat
50:54.
BRANDT,H. 1951. Arizona and its bird life. Bird Re-
search Foundation, Cleveland.
BRAUNlV, F. W., AND E. P. M½CuI, LAG•. 1940. The
birds of Anticosti Island, Quebec. Wilson Bull.
52:96-123.
BREHI•[C. L.] 1828. Ubersicht der deutschen
gelarten. Isis von Oken 21, cols. 1268-1285.
BREHI•[C. L.] 1829. Einige wichtige Beobachtungen
uber selten VOgel, vom Grasen v. Gourcy-Dro-
itaumont,ausseinenBriesenausgezogen. Isisvon DE•'PE,W. 1830. Preis-Verzeichnissder S•iugethiere,
Oken 22, cols. 724-736.
BREWSTER,
W. 1889. Descriptionsof supposednew
birds from western North America and Mexico.
Auk 6:85-98.
BREWSTER,W. 1895. Notes on certain flycatchersof
the genusEmpidonax. Auk 12:157-163.
BRI$SON,M. J. 1760. Ornithologia ou synoposis
methodica .... Vol. 3. Chez C. J. B. Bauche,Paris.
Statusof Revived
Names 645
BROWNING,M. R. 1989a. The correct name for the
OlivaceousCormorant,"Maiague" of Piso(1658).
Wilson Bull. 101:101-106.
BROWNING,M. R. 1989b. The correct citation and
spellingof Ptiliogonys and type localityof Ptilio-
gonyscinereus.Auk 106:743-746.
BROWNING, M.R. 1992. Geographicvariation in Hi-
rundopyrrhonota (Cliff Swallow) from northern
North America. Western Birds 23:21-29.
BROWNING,M. R., •aqD R. C. BANrS. 1990. The iden-
tity of Pennant's"WapacuthuOwl" and the sub-
specificnameof the populationof Bubovirginianus
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/112/3/633/5168095 by guest on 29 May 2023
from west of Hudson Bay.J. RaptorRes.24:80-
83.
BROWNING,
M. R., AND B. L. MONROE,JR. 1991. Clar-
ifications and corrections of the dates of issue of
some publicationscontaining descriptionsof
North American birds. Arch. Nat. Hist. 18:381-
405.
BURLEIGH,
T. D. 1958. Georgia birds. Univ. Okla-
homa Press, Norman.
BURLEIGH,
T. D. 1963. Geographicvariation in the
CedarWaxwing (Bombycilla
cedrorum).Proc.Biol.
Soc. Wash. 76:177-180.
BURLEIGH,T. D. 1972. Birds of Idaho. Caxton Print-
ers, Caldwell, Idaho.
CATESBY,M. 1731-1743. The natural history of Car-
olina, Florida, and the BahamaIslands.Privately
published,London.
CORY,C. B., AND C. E. HELLMAYR.1927. Catalogue
of birdsof the Americasand the adjacentislands,
part 5. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser. 13.
COb'ES,E. 1880. Notes and queries concerning the
nomenclature of North American birds. Bull.
Nuttall Ornithol. Club 5:95-102.
CouPs,E. 1884. Key to North American birds, 2nd
ed. Estes and Lauriat, Boston.
Col.ms, E. 1889. [A new generic name for the Elf
Owl.] Auk 6:71.
DELACOUR,J. 1951. The significanceof the number
of toes in some woodpeckersand kingfishers.
Auk 68:49-51.
DEMENT'L•,G. P., AND N. A. GLADrCOV (EDS.). 1951.
[Birds of the Soviet Union]. Vol. I. Moscow
[Translated 1966, Israel Program for Scientific
Translations, Jerusalem].
D•iMENTI•F[SIC],G. 1938. Sur la variabilit• g•o-
graphiquedesfauconsgerfautsFalcogyrfalcoL.
de l'h•misph•reoriental.Alauda10:289-304.
VOgel,Amphibien,Fischeund Krebse,welche
von den Herren Deppe und Schiedein Mexico
gesammelt worden.... Courantzu erhaltensind.
Berlin[originalnot seen].Reprintedin J. Orni-
thol. 11:54-60.
Duso•s,A. 1903. SynopsisAvium. Nouveaumanuel
d'ornithologie.Pt. 2, Fasc.14. Polleunis& Ceu-
terick, Bruxelles.
646 BANKS
ANDBROWNING
EDWARDS, G. 1750. A natural history of birds ....
Pt. 3. Privately published,London.
GIEBEL,C. G. 1875. Thesaurusornithologia.F. A.
Brockhaus,Leipzig.
GMELIN,J.F. 1789. Caroli A. Linn•... systemana-
turae .... 13th ed. Lugduni [London].
GODFREY,W.E. 1986. The birds of Canada, revised
ed. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
Goss,J. 1990. The mappingof North America:Three
centuries of map-making, 1500-1860. Wellfleet
Press,Secaucus,New Jersey.
GI•Y, G.B. 1842. Appendix to list of the generaof
birds. Richardand John E. Taylor, London.
GROSKIN, H. 1941. The invasionand wing measure-
ments of the EasternPurple Finch at Ardmore,
Pa.,during springof 1939.Bird-Banding12:8-16.
GROSKIN, H. 1950. Banding 4,469 Purple Finchesat
Ardmore,Pa. Bird-Banding21:93-99.
HARPER,F. 1942. William Bartram's names of birds.
Proc. Rochester Acad. Sci. 8:208-211.
HARTERT,E. 1915. Note on falcons. Novitates Zool-
ogicae22:167-185.
HARTERT,
E. 1923. Die V6gel der Pal•iarktischen
Fau-
na. Nach. 1. R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin.
HARTERT,E. 1932. Die V6gel der Pal•iarktischen
Fau-
na. Supplement.Heft 1. R. Friedlander& Sohn,
Berlin.
HELLMAYR, C.E. 1906. RevisionderSpix'chenTypen
brasilianischer
Vogel. Abhandl.Bayr.Akad. Wiss.
2 C1. 22:563-726.
HELLMAYR,C. E. 1935. Catalogueof birds of the
Americas,part 8. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Set.
13.
HELLMAYR,C. E. 1938. Catalogueof birds of the
Americas,part 11.Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Set.
13.
HELLM^YR, C. E., ANDB. CONOveR.1942. Catalogue
of birds of the Americas,part 1, no. 1. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist. Zool. Set. 13.
HELtJa^YR,C. E., ANDB. CONOvER.1948a. Catalogue
of birds of the Americas,part 1, no. 2. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist. Zool. Set. 13.
HELLMAYR, C. E.,ANDB. CONOvER.1948b. Catalogue
of birds of the Americas,part 1, no. 3. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist. Zool. Set. 13.
HELLMAYR, C. E., ANDB. CONOVER.1949. Catalogue
of birds of the Americas,part 1, no. 4. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist. Zool. Set. 13.
HEMMING,F. 1951. Date of publication of Pallas's MONROE, B. L., JR. 1989. The correct name of the
'ZoographiaRosso-Asiatica'. Ibis 93:316-321. Terek Sandpiper. Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club 109:
HoY, P.R. 1852. Descriptionsof two speciesof owls, 106-107.
presumedto be new, which inhabit the stateof MONSON, G., AND A. R. PHILLIPS. 1981. Annotated
Wisconsin. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia checklist of the birds of Arizona. Univ. Arizona
6:210-211.
HUD•C,K., ANDW. •ERI•. 1977. FaunaCSSR.Vol.
21. Aves.Academia,Prague.
HUEY,L.M. 1942. A vertebratefaunal surveyof the
Organ Pipe CactusNational Monument,Arizona.
Trans. San Diego Soc.Nat. Hist. 9:353-376.
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL
[Auk,Vol. 112
NOMENCLATURE. 1985. International code of
zoological nomenclature,3rd ed. International
Trust ZoologicalNomenclature,London.
J•wETr, S. G., W. P. TAYLOR,W. T. SHAW,AND J. W.
ALDRICH.1953. Birdsof Washingtonstate.Univ.
WashingtonPress,Seattle.
JOHNSON, N.K. 1963. Biosystematics of sibling spe-
cies of flycatchersin the Empidonax hammondii-
oberholseri-wrightii
complex.Univ. California Publ.
Zool. 66:79-238.
KAUP,J. 1829. Skizzirte Entwickelungs-geschichte
und NatiirlichesSystem.... C. W. Leske,Darm-
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/112/3/633/5168095 by guest on 29 May 2023
stadt.
LANYON,W.E. 1962. Specificlimits and distribution
of meadowlarksof the desertgrassland.Auk 79:
183-207.
L•CH, W. E. 1817. Leach'ssystematiccatalogueof
the specimensof the indigenousmammaliaand
birds in the British Museum. Reprint (O. S. Sal-
vin, Ed.). London.
LINNAEUS,C. 1758. SystemaNaturae, 10th ed. Vol.
1. EmpensisL. Salvii, Leipzig.
LINNAEUS, C. 1766. SystemaNaturae, 12th ed. Vol.
1. EmpensisL. Salvii, Leipzig.
LINNAEUS,C. 1776. A catalogueof the birds,beasts,
fishes,insects,plants, etc. contained in Edwards'
Natural Historyin sevenvolumes,with their Lat-
in names. J. Robson, London.
MATHEWS, G.M. 1925. Bibliographyof the birds of
Australia,part 1. Pages1-96 in The birdsof Aus-
tralia, vol. 12. Supplementno. 4. H. F. G. With-
erby, London.
MAYR,E. 1963. Gallinago versusCapella.Ibis 105:402-
403.
MAYR, E., AND G. W. COTTRELL
(EDS.). 1986. Check-
list of birds of the world, vol. 11. Mus. Comp.
Zoo1.,Cambridge,Massachusetts.
MAYR,E., ANDJ. C. GlUmNWAY,
JR.(Eds.). 1960. Check-
list of birds of the world, vol 9. Mus. Comp.
Zoo1.,Cambridge,Massachusetts.
MAYR, E., J. T. Mm•SI-IALL,JR., AND R. K. SELANDER.
1964. CardinalisBonaparte, 1838 (Aves); pro-
posedvalidationunderthe plenarypowers.Bull.
Zoo1. Nomencl. 21:133-136.
MILLER, A. H., H. FRIEDMANN,L. GRISCOM,AND R. T.
MOORE. 1957. Distributional check-list of the
birds of Mexico, part 2. Pac. CoastAvif. no. 33.
Press, Tucson.
MooRE, R.T. 1938. Unusual birds and extensions of
rangesin Sonora,Sinaloaand Chihuahua, Mex-
ico. Condor 40:23-28.
NI.rrTALL,T. 1831. Manual of the ornithology of the
United States and of Canada. Land birds. Willard
and Brown, Cambridge.
July1995] Status
ofRevived
Names 647

OBERHOLSER,
H.C. 1918. The scientific name of the PORTElSlKO,
L.A. 1972. [Birds of the Chukchi Pen-
PassengerPigeon. Science48:445. insulaand Wrangel Island]. Vol. 1. Nauka Pub-
OBERHOLSER,
H.C. 1919. Fourth annual list of pro- lishers,Leningrad.Translation,1981, Amerind
posedchangesin the A.O.U. Checklistof North PublishingCo. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
American birds. Auk 36:266-276. REA,A.M. 1983. Once a river. Univ. Arizona Press,
OBERHOLSER,
H. C. 1930. Notes on a collection of Tucson.
birds from Arizona and New Mexico. ScL Publ. REA,J. 1888. Notes on some of the birds and mam-
Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist. 1:82-124. malsof the HudsonBayCos'territoriesand the
OBERHOLSER,
H.C. 1934. A revision of North Amer- Arctic coast. Canadian Record of Science 3:125-
ican House Wrens. Ohio J. Sci. 34:86-96. 136.
OBERHOLSER,H. C. 1974. The bird life of Texas. 2 REICHENI3ACH,H. G. L. 1862-1863. Les oiseaux. Ex-
vols. Univ. Texas Press, Austin. pedition der vollst•indigsten,F. Homeister,Dres-

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/112/3/633/5168095 by guest on 29 May 2023

OIlSON, S.L. 1987. On the extent and source of in- den.

stability in avian nomenclature,as exemplified RHOADS S.N. 1912. Additions to the known orni-
by North American birds. Auk 104:538-542. thologicalpublicationsof C. S. Rafinesque.
Auk
OLSON,S. L. 1989. The original descriptionand au- 29:191-198.

thor of the genusDumetella(Mimidae). Wilson RICHMOND,C. W. 1915. Notes on several preoccu-

Bull. 101:633-637. piedgenericnames(Aves).Proc.Biol.Soc.Wash.
OUELLET,
H. 1977. Relationshipsofwoodpeckergen- 28:180.
eraDendrocopos
Kochand Picoides
Lac•p•de,(Aves: RIDGWA¾ R. 1887. A manual of North American
Picidae). Ardea 65:165-183. birds.J. B. LippincottCo., Philadelphia.
P^¾NTER,R. A., JR.(Ed.). 1968. Check-list of birds of RIDGWA¾ R. 1896. A manual of North American
the world, vol. 14.Mus. Comp.Zool., Cambridge, birds, 2nd ed. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia.
Massachusetts. RIDGWA¾ R. 1901. The birds of North and Middle
P^YNTER,R. A., JR.(Ed.). 1970. Check-list of birds of America,part 1. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 50.
the world, vol. 13.Mus. Comp.Zool.,Cambridge, RIDGWA¾ R. 1904. The birds of North and Middle
Massachusetts. America,part 3. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 50.
PETERS,
J. L. 1931. Check-list of birds of the world, RIDGWA¾,R. 1907. The birds of North and Middle
vol. 1. Mus. Comp.Zool., Cambridge,Massachu- America,part 4. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 50.
setts. ROHWER,S. A. 1972. A multivariate assessment of
PETERS,
J. L. 1934. Check-list of birds of the world, interbreedingbetween the meadowlarks,Stur-
vol. 2. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge,Massachu- nella.Syst.Zool. 21:313-338.
setts. SALVIN,O., ANDF. D. GODMAN. 1889. BiologiaCen-
PETERS,
J. L. 1940. Check-list of birds of the world, trail-Americana, vol. 1 and 2. London.
vol. 4. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge,Massachu- SCI•ATER,
P.L. 1861-1862. Catalogueof a collection
setts. of American birds. N. Trubner and Co., London.
PETERS,J. L. 1950. Bird names in Linnaeus' 'cata- SCLATER,P. L., AND O. SALVIN. 1873. Nomenclator
logue'of Edwards'Natural History.Auk 67:375- avium neotropicalium.Publishedby the authors,
377. London.
PHILlaPS, wrightii SHARPE,
A.R. 1939. The type of Empidonax R. B. 1901. A hand-list of the genera and
Baird. Auk 56:311-312. speciesof birds, vol. 3. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.),
PHILLIPS, A.R. 1962a. Notas sistematicas sobre aves London.

Mexicanas.I. Analesdel Inst.de Biologia32:333- SHORT, L.L. 1971. Systematics and behaviorof some
381. North American woodpeckers, genus Picoides
PHILLIPS, g. R. 1962b. Notas sistematicas sobre aves (Aves). Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 145:1-118.
Mexicanas.II. Analesdel Inst. de Biologia33:331- SII3I•E¾,
C. G. 1955. The generic allocationof the
372. Green-tailed Towhee. Auk 72:420-423.
PHILLIPS,A.R. 1986. The known birds of North and SII3LEY,C. G., AND MONROE, B. L., JR. 1990. Distri-
Middle America, part 1. Privately published, bution and taxonomyof birds of the world. Yale
Denver. Univ. Press, New Haven.
PHILLIPS,A.R. 1991. The known birds of North and STEJNEGER,
L. 1887. Review of Japanesebirds. VI.--
Middle America, part 2. Privately published, The pigeons.Proc.U.S. Natl. Mus. 10:416-429.
Denver. STEPHENS,J.F. 1819. General zoology. Vol. 11, part
PHILLIPS,A., J. M^RSHALL, ^ND G. MONSON. 1964. 1, Aves. GeorgeKearsley,London.
The birds of Arizona. Univ. Arizona Press, Tuc- STONE,W. 1907. Some changesin the current ge-
son. neric names of North American birds. Auk 24:

PHILrIPS,A. R., ANDL. L. SHORT,JR. 1968. A probable 189-199.

intrageneric hybrid pewee (Tyrannidae: Conto- STRESEMANlSl,

E. 1922. ErythrinaBrehm 1828 vs. Car-
pus)from Mexico. Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club 88:90- podacus
Kaup 1829.Ornithol. Monatsber.30:60-
93. 61.
648 BANKS
ANDBROWNING
STRESEMANN,
E. 1954. FerdinandDeppe'stravelsin
Mexico, 1824-1829. Condor 56:86-92.
SUTToN,G.M. 1943. Recordsfrom the Tucsonregion
of Arizona. Auk 60:345-350.
SUTTON, G. M. 1967. Oklahoma birds. Univ. Okla-
homa Press, Norman.
SUTTON, G. M., AND T. D. BURLEIGH. 1940. Birds of
LasVigas, Veracruz.Auk 57:234-243.
SIJTTON,G. M., • O. S. PETTINGILL,
JR. 1943. Birds
of Linares and Galeana, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
LouisianaStateUniv. Occas.Pap. Mus. Zool. No.
16:273-291.
W. 1827. A synopsisof birds discovered Voous, K.H. 1947. On the historyof the distribution
SWAINSON,
by W. Bullock,F.L.S.and H.S., and Mr. William of the genusDendrocopos. Limosa20:1-142.
Bullock, Jr. Phil. Mag., new ser., no. 5:564-369.
SWAINSON,W., • J. RICH,•RDSON. 1832. Fauna Bo-
reall-Americana.Part 2, The birds.JohnMurray,
London.
TAYI,OR,L.C. 1951. Prior descriptionsof two Mex-
ican birds by Andrew JacksonGrayson.Condor
53:194-197.
TODD, W. E.C. 1963. Birds of the Labrador Peninsula
and adjacentareas.Univ. Toronto Press,Toronto.
TRAYLOR,M. A., JR. (Ed.). 1979. Check-list of birds
of the world, vol. 8. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts.
TriCK,L. M. 1972. The snipes:A studyof the genus
Capella.Can. Wildl. ServiceMonogr. 5.
vAN ROSSBy,A. J. 1934. Critical notes on Middle
American birds. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 77:387-
490.
vAN RossBy,A.J. 1945. A distributionalsurveyof
the birdsof Sonora,Mexico.Occ.Pap.Mus. Zool.
Louisiana State Univ. no. 21.
[Auk,Vol. 112
vAN TYNE,J., AND G. M. StrrroN. 1937. The birds of
BrewsterCounty,Texas.Misc.Publ. 37, Mus. Zool.,
Univ. Michigan.
VIœILLOT, L. P. 1807-1809. Histoire naturelie des
oiseauxde l'Amerique Septentrionale.... Vol. 1
[1807-1808]andvol. 2 [1808-1809].Chez Desfray,
Paris.
VIœILLOT,
L. P. 1816. Analysed'une nouvelle orni-
thology. Deterville, Paris.
VIEILLOT,L.P. 1817. Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire
naturelie... nouv. ed., vol. 14. Chez Deterville,
Paris.
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/112/3/633/5168095 by guest on 29 May 2023
WETMORE,A. 1939. Notes on the birds of Tennessee.
Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 86:175-243.
WETMORE,
A. 1958. TheBrissonian
nameforthe snipe.
Ibis 100:125-127.
WILLIAMS,
S. L., ANDC. A. HAWKS. 1987. History of
preparationmaterialsused for recent mammal
specimens. Pages 21-49 in Mammal collection
management(H. H. Genoways,C. Jones,and O.
L. Rossolimo, Eds.). Texas Univ. Press, Lubbock.
WILSON,A. 1808. American ornithology, vol. 1.
Bradfordand Inskeep,Philadelphia.
WOI,TERS,H. E. 1953. Die Gattungen der westpa-
laearktischen Sperlings-v6gel (Ordn. Passeri-
formes). Bonn Zool. Beitr. 3-4:231-288.
WOLTERS,H.E. 1977-1980. Die Vogelarten der Erde,
vols.3-6. Verlag. Paul Parey,Hamburgand Ber-
lin.
ZIMMER,
J.T. 1926. Catalogueof the EdwardE. Ayer
Ornithology Library, part 2. Field Mus. Nat. His.
Zool. Ser. Publ. 240. Vol. 14:365-706.