Omphalotus nidiformis - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Omphalotus_nidiformis

Omphalotus nidiformis
Omphalotus nidiformis, or ghost fungus, is a
gilled basidiomycete mushroom most notable for its Omphalotus nidiformis
bioluminescent properties. It is known to be found
primarily in southern Australia and Tasmania, but was
reported from India in 2012 and 2018. The fan or
funnel shaped fruit bodies are up to 30   cm (12   in)
across, with cream-coloured caps overlain with shades
of orange, brown, purple, or bluish-black. The white or
cream gills run down the length of the stipe, which is up
to 8 cm (3 in) long and tapers in thickness to the base.
The fungus is both saprotrophic and parasitic, and its
fruit bodies are generally found growing in overlapping
clusters on a wide variety of dead or dying trees.

First described scientifically in 1844, the fungus has Scientific classification

been known by several names in its taxonomic history.
It was assigned its current name by Orson K. Miller, Jr. Kingdom: Fungi
in 1994. Its scientific name is derived from the Latin Division: Basidiomycota
nidus "nest", hence 'nest shaped'. Similar in appearance
to the common edible oyster mushroom, it was Class: Agaricomycetes
previously considered a member of the same genus, Order: Agaricales
Pleurotus, and described under the former names
Pleurotus nidiformis or Pleurotus lampas. Unlike Family: Marasmiaceae
oyster mushrooms, O. nidiformis is poisonous; while Genus: Omphalotus
not lethal, its consumption leads to severe cramps and
vomiting. The toxic properties of the mushroom are Species: O. nidiformis
attributed to compounds called illudins. O. nidiformis is Binomial name
one of several species in the cosmopolitan genus
Omphalotus, all of which have bioluminescent Omphalotus nidiformis
properties. (Berk.) O.K. Mill. (1994)

Synonyms

Contents Species synonymy[1]

Agaricus nidiformis Berk. (1844)

Taxonomy and naming
Variation Agaricus lampas Berk. (1845)
Description Agaricus phosphorus Berk. (1848)
Distribution and habitat Agaricus noctilucus Berk. (1872)
Ecology
Panus incandescens Berk. &
Biochemistry
Broome (1883)
See also
Pleurotus lampas (Berk.) Sacc.
References
(1887)
External links

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Taxonomy and naming Pleurotus nidiformis (Berk.) Sacc.

(1887)
The ghost fungus was initially described in 1844 by
English naturalist Miles Joseph Berkeley as Agaricus Pleurotus phosphorus (Berk.) Sacc.
nidiformis. Berkeley felt it was related to Agaricus (1887)
ostreatus (now Pleurotus ostreatus) but remarked it
Dendrosarcus lampas (Berk.)
was a "far more magnificent species".[2] Material was
originally collected by Scottish naturalist James Kuntze (1898)
Drummond in 1841 on Banksia wood along the Swan Dendrosarcus berkeleyi Kuntze
River. He wrote "when this fungus was laid on a
(1898)
newspaper, it emitted by night a phosphorescent light,
enabling us to read the words around it; and it Dendrosarcus nidiformis (Berk.)
continued to do so for several nights with gradually
Kuntze (1898)
decreasing intensity as the plant dried up."[3] More
material collected from near the base of a "sickly but Lentinus incandescens (Berk. &
living" shrub (Grevillea drummondii) was named as Broome) Henn. (1898)
Agaricus lampas by Berkeley. He noted both were
phosphorescent and closely related species.[4] Pocillaria incandescens (Berk. &
Tasmanian botanist Ronald Campbell Gunn collected Broome) Kuntze (1898)
material in October 1845 from that state, which
Berkeley felt differed from previous collections in having
Omphalotus nidiformis
more demarcated and less decurrent gills and a shorter
stipe, and named it Agaricus phosphorus in 1848.[5] Mycological characteristics
Italian mycologist Pier Andrea Saccardo placed all three
gills on hymenium
named taxa in the genus Pleurotus in 1887.[6] These
names have been synonymised with O. nidiformis,
cap is infundibuliform
although the name Pleurotus lampas persisted in some
texts,[1] including the 1934–35 monograph of Australian
hymenium is decurrent
fungi by John Burton Cleland.[7] In reviewing the
published literature, Victorian botanical liaison officer stipe is bare
Jim Willis was aware of Rolf Singer's placing of Pleurotus
olearius into the genus Omphalotus, but stopped short of spore print is white
transferring the ghost fungus across, even though he
conceded it was wrongly placed in Pleurotus.[8] ecology is
Investigating the species in 1994, Orson K. Miller, Jr. gave saprotrophic or
the ghost fungus its current binomial name when he
parasitic
transferred it to the genus Omphalotus with other
bioluminescent mushrooms.[7] edibility: poisonous

The specific epithet nidiformis is derived from the Latin

terms nīdus 'nest' and forma 'shape' or 'form', hence 'nest shaped'.[9] Lampas is derived from
the Greek lampas/λαµπας 'torch'.[10] Common names include ghost fungus and Australian
glow fungus.[11] Drummond reported that the local aborigines were fearful when shown the
luminescent fungus and called out chinga, a local word for spirit;[12] Drummond himself
likened it to a will-o'-the-wisp.[3] Likewise on the Springbrook Plateau in southeastern
Queensland, the local Kombumerri people believed the lights to be ancestors and gave the
area a wide berth out of respect.[13]

Several Omphalotus species with similar

The effect produced by it upon the traveller, when on bioluminescent properties occur
a dark night he comes suddenly upon it glowing in worldwide, all of which are presumed

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the woods, is startling; for to a person unacquainted

poisonous. The best known are the North
with this phenomenon the pale, livid, and deadly American jack o'lantern mushroom
light emanating from it conveys to him an (O. olearius) and the tsukiyotake
impression of something supernatural, and often
(O. japonicus (Kawam.) Kirchm. & O.K.
causes no little degree of terror in weak minds or in
those willing to believe in supernatural agencies.
Mill. (formerly known as
Lampteromyces japonicus (Kawam.)
Sing.), found in Japan and eastern Asia.
Mordecai Cubitt Cooke[14]
A 2004 molecular study shows the ghost
fungus to be most closely related to the
western jack o'lantern mushroom
(O. olivascens), which is abundant in Southern and Central California.[15] Miller notes that the
colours and shades of the ghost fungus most closely resemble this species.[7]

Laboratory breeding experiments with it and other Omphalotus species have revealed a low
level of compatibility (ability to breed and produce fertile hybrids), suggesting it is genetically
distinct and has been isolated for a long time.[16] It is particularly poorly compatible with
O. illudens, the authors of the study suggesting the separation may have been as long ago as
the Late Carboniferous separation of Gondwana from Laurasia but conceding the lack of any
fossil record makes it impossible to know whether the genus even existed at the time.[17]

Variation

Miller noted there appeared to be two colour forms reported across its range, namely a more
cream-coloured form with darker shades of brown and grey in its cap that darkens with age,
and a more wholly brownish form with paler edges and darker centre to its cap. He found the
cream-coloured form to be strongly luminescent—the brightest of any fungus in the genus—
with the cap, stipe and gills all glowing. The brown form was generally fainter, with its
luminescence restricted to the gills. However, some strongly luminescent wholly brown-
coloured mushrooms were recorded, and laboratory experiments showed all interbred freely
and produced fertile offspring, leading Miller to conclude that these were phenotypic variants
of a single taxon.[7]

Description
The fruit bodies of the ghost fungus can be found on dead
or diseased wood.[18] They may be first seen at night as a
pale whitish glow at the base of trees in a eucalypt
forest.[12] The cap is very variable in colour, sometimes
cream though often tinted with orange, brownish, greyish,
purple or even bluish-black shades. The margin is lighter,
generally cream, though brown forms have tan or brown
edges. The centre generally has several darker shades,[7]
and younger specimens are often darker. Growing up to
30   cm (12   in) in diameter it is funnel-shaped or fan-
Darker-coloured fruit bodies,
shaped in appearance with inrolled margins. The cream-
Botany, Sydney
white gills are decurrent and often drip with moisture.[19]
They are up to 13 mm (0.5 in) deep, somewhat distant to
closely spaced, and have a smooth edge until they erode in
maturity. [20] The stipe may be central to lateral in its attachment to the cap and is up to 8 cm
(3 in) long and tapers to the base. The thin flesh is generally creamy white in colour,[19] but

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can have reddish tones near the base of the stipe. There is no distinctive smell or taste. The
spore print is white.[20]

The spores are roughly elliptical, or, less commonly, somewhat spherical, and have
dimensions of 7.5–9.5 by 5–7   µm. They are thin-walled, inamyloid, and have a smooth
surface. Each features a prominent hilar appendage. The basidia (spore-bearing cells),
measuring 32–42 by 6–9 µm, are club-shaped and four-spored, with sterigmata up to 7 µm
long. Cheilocystidia (cystidia found on the gill edges) are abundant, and measure 15–40 by
3–6 µm; no pleurocystida (cystidia on the gill faces) are present. The cap cuticle comprises a
thin layer of 3–6 µm-wide hyphae that are interwoven either loosely or tightly. All hyphae of
O. nidiformis have clamp connections.[20]

The bioluminescence of O. nidiformis fruit bodies is best

O. nidiformis' bioluminescent
seen in low-light conditions when the viewer's eyes have gills
become dark-adapted. The gills are the most luminescent
part of the fungus, emitting a greenish light that fades with
age. Although the intensity of the luminescence is
variable,[20] William Henry Harvey once reported that it was
bright enough to read a watch face by.[21] It is not known if Light on
the mycelium is also luminescent.[22]

Omphalotus nidiformis may be confused with the edible

brown oyster mushroom (Pleurotus australis), which is
brown and does not glow in the dark.[19] Confusion with
another edible lookalike, Pleurotus ostreatus, common in Light off
the Northern Hemisphere and cultivated commercially, has
been the source for at least one case of poisoning reported in
the literature.[23]

Distribution and habitat

Omphalotus nidiformis occurs in two disjunct ranges in southern Australia. In southwest
Western Australia, it has been recorded from Perth and the Avon wheatbelt southwest to
Augusta and east along the southern coastline to Esperance.[24] In the southeast of the
continent, it is found from eastern South Australia, where it has been recorded from Mount
Gambier and the Fleurieu Peninsula, the Mount Lofty Ranges around Adelaide, the
Murraylands, and north to the Flinders Ranges and from Lincoln National Park at the apex of
the Eyre Peninsula,[25] through to southeast Queensland. It also occurs in Tasmania.[19] It can
be found in eucalypt and pine forests,[26] in habitats as diverse as the arid scrubland of
Wyperfeld National Park and subalpine areas of Mount Buffalo National Park,[8] as well as in
urban parks and gardens. Fruit bodies can be numerous and occur in overlapping clusters on
dead wood.[19] Outside Australia, it has been recorded from Norfolk Island.[27] In 2012, it was
reported for the first time from Kerala, India, where it was discovered growing on a coconut
tree stump.[28]

Ecology
A saprobe or parasite, O. nidiformis is nonspecific in its needs and is compatible with a wide
variety of hosts. It has been recorded on native Banksia (including B. attenuata and
B. menziesii[7]), Hakea, Acacia, Nuytsia floribunda and various Myrtaceae,[20] including

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Agonis flexuosa and Melaleuca species,[7] and especially

Eucalyptus,[8] as well as Nothofagus,[29] Casuarina species and
Allocasuarina fraseriana,[7] and even introduced trees such as
Pinus or Platanus species.[20] It plays an important role in
breaking down wood and recycling nutrients into the soil.[30]

Omphalotus species cause a white rot by breaking down lignin in

their tree hosts.[15] The fungus infiltrates the heartwood of the
tree via a breach in its bark, either by a branch falling, damage
from insects or mistletoe, or by mechanical damage from
logging.[29] O. nidiformis has been implicated in the heartwood
rot of several species of eucalypt around Australia, including Fruit bodies growing out of
marri (Corymbia calophylla) in southwest Western Australia, in deep fissures in the bark of
spotted gum (C. maculata) and messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua) a dead Banksia serrata
in New South Wales, and in blackbutt (E. pilularis), Sydney blue tree,
gum (E. saligna), red stringybark (E. macrorhyncha) and Forth Sylvan Grove Native
River peppermint (E. radiata) in Victoria.[31] Garden, Picnic Point, New
South Wales
The US Department of Agriculture considers there is a moderate
to high risk of O. nidiformis being accidentally introduced to the
United States in untreated eucalyptus woodchips from Australia.[32] Nearly a century ago,
Cleland and Edwin Cheel suggested that even though the fungus was of "no great economic
importance", "it would be advisable to destroy it by burning wherever found."[33]

Several species of Tapeigaster flies have been collected from the fruit bodies, including
T. cinctipes, T. annulipes, and T. nigricornis; the latter species uses the fruit bodies as a host
to rear its young.[34] Fruit bodies in Springbrook National Park have been observed to attract
nocturnal insects such as beetles, native cockroaches and crickets (white-kneed cricket
(Papuastus spp.) and thorny cricket), as well as giant rainforest snails (Hedleyella falconeri)
and red triangle slugs (Triboniophorus graeffei), which voraciously consume the fungus.
[13][35]

Biochemistry
Omphalotus nidiformis is not edible. Although reputedly mild tasting,[20] eating it will result
in vomiting which generally occurs 30 minutes to two hours after consumption and lasts for
several hours. There is no diarrhea and patients recover without lasting ill-effects.[36] Its
toxicity was first mentioned by Anthony M. Young in his 1982 guidebook Common Australian
Fungi.[7] The toxic ingredient of many species of Omphalotus is a sesquiterpene compound
known as illudin S.[37] This, along with illudin M and a co-metabolite illudosin, have been
identified in O. nidiformis.[38][39] The two illudins are common to the genus Omphalotus and
not found in any other basidiomycete mushroom.[39] An additional three compounds unique
to O. nidiformis have been identified and named illudins F, G and H.[40]

Irofulven, a compound derived from illuden S, is undergoing phase II clinical trials as a

possible therapy for various types of cancers.[41] Fruit body extracts have antioxidant and free
radical scavenging properties, which may be attributed to the presence of phenolic
compounds.[28]

See also

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List of bioluminescent fungi

References
1. "Omphalotus nidiformis" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110315191045/http://www.rbg.vic.
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Australian Fungi. Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne. Archived from the original (http://ww
w.rbg.vic.gov.au/dbpages/cat/index.php/fungicatalogue/name/2801) on 15 March 2011.
Retrieved 10 March 2011.
2. Berkeley, Miles Joseph (1844). "Decades of Fungi: First Decade" (https://www.biodiversityl
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10610695). London Journal of Botany. 1: 215–17. 1841.
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s://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/773198). London Journal of Botany. 4: 42–73 (see p.
44).
5. Berkeley, Miles Joseph (1848). "Decades of Fungi: Decade XX. Australian Fungi" (https://
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/777636). London Journal of Botany. 7: 572–80 (see pp.
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Christian (2004). "Phylogeny of the genus Omphalotus based on nuclear ribosomal DNA-
sequences" (http://www.mycologia.org/content/96/6/1253.full). Mycologia. 96 (6):
1253–60. doi:10.2307/3762142 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3762142). JSTOR 3762142 (h
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(2003). Pest Risk Assessment of the Importation into the United States of Unprocessed
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Heleomyzidae) with notes on biology and larval morphology" (https://www.biodiversitylibra
ry.org/page/34947607). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 106 (1):
33–58 (see 56).
35. Young, T. (1996). "Some more records of fungi used as food by animals in Australia" (http
s://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/86d4e0_8fd9ba823b5640618dc44050a76bdedc.pdf) (PDF).
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