STBENqTTI Of' MATERIALS - --- .

,1
:

Betrding stress:

aL

f.

1. Bending stress varies linearly

2.
3.

Bending stress acts perpendicular to plane of Cross section Bending stress Zero atN.A, Maximum at extreme fibres Bending Stress Formula (Ste'ture {-<rrmclo)' v2Y1 ?an
Stycri

r-\

Atrtributicn
t

-SUe3r. . fiirtYtb\rt}"r

4.

r t,

M:f,.:E.
I

'tfoe

f $"*f.",4r**$a-'ltro's*ri'l 5. Section modulus : Z : I . (Units : mm4/mm : -rnt;.v

Flexural Flexural

: 1 MPa :
1

GPa

10e

N/m2 106 N/m1=

i(N/-iml

I N lyrtry'tz-

lrn:

lm:

100 cm 1000 rnm

rigidity: E.I (Units : N/mm2* mm4:

N.mm2)

stifthess :

E.I/[(N.mm2lmm: N.mm) e. A, * *^h* Jrtl'v)

-mrol-'
180

Bending strain

: y/R (Jnits: no units)

Z:
bd2

10

: JI

rdd

9.

Section modulus for Rectan gle :

10. Section modulus for Solid Circle : Z: 11. Section

RES\L t t=*c

modulus for Hollow Circle

: Z:
't+

IId3 32

r'. rr-re l^.Bt'.t'i.' e -i-'q 1 Stored otm o' tro.{f due G etRrna^l
lc( d"-t t.,ltr-,irr t6e eiO.S+{q \i n-3 lll knuun ql \egl\iencOt"

XJD4 - dn) 32D

12. Section

modulus for Thin tube

: Z:

II d2 t

d,:lul<ction rh
!rt-+,tn'f)

*tr'crin eF'ev$l r*hfch e\h tr .Stcre(t f'4 o bcrd'1 trlt -pre e\rr6tfe lfrn!1 il pverrt r\iLr't,r(e"

CE,. rv ,\L-;tLlE,r \L . :n e y1q1l1lrntfrr) t''\LrL' FERESIIIFN

13.
14. E.I

dm
dx

: v,

dv : w,

rt'3b
.\lL

ei

dx

,.q- B,rn V* -e'F'

sauiirr dk re{ilir^te=

ffif{f;##

dty:
dx2

-- :>

d2y dx2

_m
E.I

: 1 . : Curvature of'beam'
l)'fhe fo
=rr1
gtrcn i'n n\ (gv ."elttirnr-e
d{'y-e-e.t-

3he6v 1bc54 a Shqnr {tE tS ahe6.r\n$ crrtto,

r5.31:dm :v, dx3 dx

fr.J, = v
.frr'.dt =fw'clrt

: x(/mrn>
g,\.Lo,/ 5fscdo' LtnFto-rcr{lanl

16.d!:
17.

dx" dx'
-5

d2gr

:d[ :w
dx
Slope

l-&J: dy :
dx' dx

: i m. dx
br.g >d<!lecl-io,,

tltox',' \crw'

fft,.olr'

rnd >yrsdu\r| 6b, ve.Si\iE^te = { sht ftro.ln-, energl -6{a.rreJ !', -T.--; brsd"X (vrt9\ier.-rcel rdbeh Ff ll 4ubtecre4t ts 6beo.r atrcr)

2E'

In o. b o"lsf ) \.r,:.r-ran !t {J \uUfecfej tenrf le- krr) Cornprasgi/e lc41} ()__ LrLe.(e 6- *-streij
B-l
g.t1,./,J

*l^tl ':t'ttt 6tr-red in r,o 1or^l dicrrnetE,iDJ"i..;inrer,.,o,)*-;*':*l&-(o4br"

&

e\er*ft .\irnirrahe ltren4 {,j drre_rtLt, Prc* go rtitrr.,zr,\ I-t .gtvcr.ir)

op/ rnodurul
__-

- 33xv aQ

-'

I
j

6r.r-

've'rtienre

= x.
af-

i;
i i

lli

,t

y=lf4oll,t

J)

C\)

Fo,r S"F

-->

tl

. -1I
+va- SF

b)

For
S

:'lt*\\r'e
c.\re

B,t4 -+

r1--_5 \ gYl /
+!e

-\e Bn ( uoggr"tr srt) '1 ilt q11 lrptrrlrd *vcel Swa q\**tj a1,z \ -ve +{e Bn ( Sc\SCF^t E4)
SF
"

11

qll downlocrd y'-orcg afue qltrnrfi

'F.D o B.Sp 1

!heotrbsrce And bendt.4 rn(rnant- orl di![-<vcnt '-e.tE Alsng n 'e tengtrr 6L -tL* t *11?_,_
DLte

gtoPhf

tal rePvelentertl

on{

dt

vavicationS dV
SRctievrl
e6\btilxei
tD6#renF Q

4Ib
(f)

" & el

bett^leen'S116r Be-cltco

16 Pslnt- locrd ' Sg-l)--SP"6fc,f

beo'rn,Theo

6)

wvY
9g

*-----F
ts)

tb g-F tr ?ro, bt' two Sect[rnl 4 o. beqrn tacn B.rq urtll bE conSftaal-

---------==-

beh^lcEn

t"Oae t.uo

Fl

cd-,

slope teg);9!: 'a6 degech'anCtst=ld

3ET

=9p,--O

, Cectr'ont b)' Otre lo Point locrdl' S.F doel nsr var? $ B.n vqciel \i''ea'{l! ' o Sts1o- e" detrttctto"a

ear"tilevar s.rs5echeA t6 cr^tj -Zt cr<.ar're orotv\e'rr @ &ree- erd

_lq

arfe ttfo cti b'*ed

no\.

ffi
?e"JU.

S) Dtre l-s u.o.l,9:_F Yqrts--$:eq$ r ED

an&t, Slop, 6}e , =Fl F ET tnu(- deftech'oo= tto= d- * , y^

"v- TEI

sS. de$-cHonl

Ot the t-tte.)
Crt
?e"rd.

rrcl

, Slopa q.,d

$l

b).

^r*f:< l,/
'v
Y

The reachln of thq b-ucd encl it nol\ht buf 3.F ol- tlre tixe-d
end.

s" k""n- er,cl/ 8.r.1. q-d

de_lle_ctfo-a

O*rYl '

--^

n O

b__e
Ilghv'l "tt-r*"o- -1

d4 = _t!_r\e
384Er

btspeQrg=

-Uf 6ET
,VJ
I

de[lecti"n t'tg):

8qI

d
ugtroo,td Cr$lecHo.,"

ggf
A4EI

.t\ I --/ -a,-V

s%
og,B;
bs=

tWv

tL F_*

Itf kBP:

!e: \tf9
BreEI.

Eetf"nf - Arecnrn rne'tlnl3d 't the- .t^tla betweea t.,e r..^ra t^.*ah'r drorrn {ef' t-e. etAsLit Lrne lg ?fvcn bt 1r,. qreo, ots B'iv\'o beFr+ea. t^oae_ ruo gor-rrl ar"ro* bt et

Stspe,' I =A EI
hylt
ttna o.re^,n

t'1e

- ?r "The G? deflection a poinf o*al trom -S'e tongent d,,qusb + lL tnr{.rr io1 the ,no^nenl- cb Gf,ear Ct B-n"O tet.le+r 'the 1xlnr8 dli\/;dd Ll

EI d+tcthn'$=

3E
?L

'18=

9L = 1oa(}

3e4Er

ilhtrre rnfi(, BJq il. "qc*"rfxe* {nQ bturrnl c\fE 4"\-tled.

Shear stress:
19. Shear Stress Formula

i)

Shear stress

actiin the plane of C.S

iRv,7T/S
C.J
.{.

'l--

r-is_:C0.
T

ii) Shear stress variation is parabolic iii) Shear stress is zero at extreme fibre,
Maximum at centre

20. C.J: Tdrsional rigidity

2L

26.
27.

Torque

(T): lt. t
16

.d3

: Torsional stiffiress : Torsional flexibility

Slope(O)

: T,[ C.J

-r,crguex .rcr6io^^1

*ie,$tgti!"

'.

,,.|

4,
C.J

28.

Power: Torque x angu.lar velocity= 1.rxg : Workdone

,'

J : Polar Modulas
R
Shear

29.
30.

Sec

Workdone

x angle g{'twist

l1;U.
Nl*RPID to-zllNT JINT "I---60 l"t^rn J '

Stress: F.A?

g/\

I-b

N -r.p.m ] P:2 T - Kg-rnJ

Shear

Strain: R.0 L

Polar modulus for Solid Circle

JId3

Polar modulus for Hollow Circle

: JI_(D4 - d4)
I6D
I

I6

Polarmodulus forThintube

: Id2t

37..

I $L,-

f1:n.'ln cXt.ln"t, >r5: Hoop r, {l"XiEF r"., ttvqqt oO,*='i U !{g

I'o^gltcrdinol ,*rta/

Hqop s.tres$ fThln^c1lin<lovl

:f 1:p d
Z

t
p_d

Polar modulus

-_ fsect''on *,oautul * ?]

Section modulu$0

3g.

Longitudi'al stress(D) --\--/:

gi,l^

.1rr^a"tf

fr

Torque

(T):

159

f - frequency
K,cD

or

39.

Max. shear stress

fTh{n

cg

l}q.lc()

:Jid_

: fl - D.

1000 N-m/Sec

' 40. Hoopstrain(or)circumferentialstrail(er):ffi

-t'\-,C
e,,,ilre

15it

+-

(01t./ilrftr; itb.

[, *r]
KhoLdn

:O_d

__

cr6
co,apre6{V_

tanggle -'- erl tte laendfn? a16rnnl-,

r;**; o{q.,.e" ; Proclltce, '}re

rhe

.(rfo)

"r.**
a5

gh<-!}

{$
b)

Due

t6 to\nt- loqd qt

Srrddenll qb !',c|t Scctlon.

eE_ t!_8in _,+ $.F_ebon* ots o.n1 Sectr'on / B.n uJf!,

Centve-, 3F chon6-eA

Ib

#rye VA
tlar. B.onr ggf
rilA

{B

Oq=O

S4' G6e

sf
l6Ht
hne^I."

c). "ILre Ahoge 6G B.r'\ d$clqtarn lr ltBe gcel!

_tvlcrrn

Ee$o-^-

toe rrrox{rnuvn qt tt.at

kolcblon aF lelr svTP'tttD)= P,O.c. otcL\Yt P 4 fuon (eg'F BugPorl-

3*l

tn$R. B.yT)

tc.
ke{$.

Jlf 48Er

X\9.
<entre Sloge

d).

At-

flre

4). orh tne golnl- cb d*le-ct-ioa, S\eg tS

C^lr^to{!

ruffi
rrrb

^re
J",
r4s.(. aebt<-ct'ong
-v\)r/l

e). El{nF.6. 1p a}'e locrd }, SgmroetrtC, 3\oge il eiuo.l at bO'tn 'ltr 'e auplaxtr, rnorxlrnum qt qehFE'

il |ffo.

lccqr! b'@* [ro'+r lelf hryf.tf

g) Due 6 qccerotrlc loctdP k

B'rn'

m Pgf,$)ct"!1t 'aesrer 'bloPa]6tll bq fht'r raqt- ctt -thol- SuPPart'

10,^4
SrrpPotl-,

rlg b). Dnra l-o <rtntv,\ lecrcl.; .Ireq mcrrt" dellech\n doel t noF 66qx uoctqr 'tte- Polot
locddceuq} mc\f- B'n -t"" 6qunl! Poinr lsotd' "iJ* AF CS ehzlt. Brt drt^t6.lll' SF chongel Tt! Qln, e.qt.

).1-. F

VAeBW

B.rn

:c
I

11-

la4$.

trJ

nvtlrrt

U"'*

:Pt*?f

rnt^("

dels ggf
38hEX

fEFv,,a5\rpy :*:
JlL
9J5ert
b!-Jg ../(,o-

no@
9t fb-----z- t

A----_
8ry=Og =
U.}T?P

r.l -l

@
sr\

f>n

m\
' %EE
d=
aa--

O,q"9e"g4
xrnqr=

2-R

r9E! gR
-

It

ahEr #;

' !r

m.Urt,

c\e$ect\:n:.[r,qr=

o) T}'e Sharle

o1ng.m'P $

*$hl

ongle

t"longle.

*
n
A

{fr
mq't. B.vn or(urrl

wlL'

?lFo#. =tft6ffif
{E
5

q)

tnere,

tb sbvrrgl- vo.rlotr,*oo Ia gtn9 e lt tndicoFes tl'qt.tlnat- SatJn.

il

e^.

Souflg

o$-

h FIA V6:Vgc 3"ll

Felp" yeQltroor!:

B.n:'** Zr-

kll '6

L' i::

41.
42.

I-,ongitudinal strain

(ez)-

*r"f,

Volumentric strain (eu)

: Pd (s-z-l ztpl z ;l
55 -J--

L)
t)t3,

*l

:61
I

cho.ne

in tg'$b

or'fg{nr.r\ le"r6Th;

:6v
v

Pd I s - 4 l-Str"-rq_t"i]y&e
4.t.E

a\

ey:
43.

2e1*e2

u"b.E L'

It-

g\=
rfil

e fr-L\ l[' Yn4

oxinincr\ vo Jurne

Crushing load
Slenderness ratio

:P
(r.)

: f. x A (For Short columns)

,aa. sUq6"L t""gl cdr

[ao.St ro,Aiur,

:l_
fmin
.--

$\$abt'on'

I > 80 - Long columns }" < 80 - Short columns

A.r2

45. 46.

Radius of gyration

(fn.,1n)

VA
I -lP" P,
1

II

r2.E.A
(llr)z
fc.A

;'
Rankine load

(P) :

: P..P. :
Pc+Pe

I+a(llr)2

t h^,^o_ e\* eornklne" Conttrcrn\-"

Pc

load : ' : Pe - Euler load

- Crushing

fcxA
r2.E.A
(Ih)2
.

lfAPcv
P =Pc"

Sbo.,b\E egul\f\x"uro

Xeubrat e4flf$rfurrl

P7 Pcr
uJ..erc -

\ nthqb\c ' P- Cu.r$af-'q loctd Pcr- ctft{tst lrs,(d

47.
48.

Rankine Constant (a)

IIT.E

-f.

Radius of

gyration:f _P_-

V E.r

"
fr:fe,r3eebr'cro al--tl"c

E&r

formula for 1ou&qo_1-u!0ns only

'

49.

Rankine column formula fbt bq]!*L&!g,qa4 Long columns fail due to.buskllgg Short columns fail due to crushiqg .,r.

tho{ columns

hQt^tfql lqse-r wftr, ong no{mal Qe e# c,r berrrn )b knorrlr' e! 'neul-rql ox.tt dr that- SeeFlon
't

The hna at

50.
51. 52.

Rankine constant for

Lct>

Tirnbe* Mildsteel

1ff0

Cast iron

l,/1600
1/9000

- 117500 ,

Wrough Iron -

53.

Slenderness ratio

- Short columns 100 - Medium columns 100 - t9rt columns

60

kr -lonq Coluvranl tsnty ont;. Br,dlno 6t"ora tser,dln* 6trq{t irluaiae6d o,nt5 prllmct*r'e ir'rt cc't.rrtt ri Struiglll-a

ii)

il

crpgltCoble

-r\e \piellion \/r-lTir- il

t

l(irotrln a! ag.utVOlEnt twlttin? rneirnrnl- CTeJ The tt^tlf{r61 mo"ntnl- blh,{c\ tuhen o,ttre-,r6 O'!CI-,e, P.reelrr"sc5 -lr-,e- 6qrne 4*nt 6b,/agq (f) 615 are o,Ch.rql {.ststt'rc} im6.n.nt.

wW
H%t
*

!l't'll

csvuhqnt

bqqrha

= i. 4g tnot, Sve t?'nl UJO

No.

P.o.c

3; rnt^K- + vc* S.fn* ."3UlLo^o)L

J\Q-

v--+-:---'.
i.t

+-*a rg

Ctr

-1",

116]'rat

6^aQrJ

l.lart$

# mqr. t3.tnr TF')e Val\rC \o) s O.hl4l \o{) O.A$9L'

--eF-

Ff(ed

Beqt.rj

ir,ltl Deblection grl- rnld 9po"=

tffi

"Lhe

5P.j no,ut- de[lcch'o n, o oo r4l

ET

fut \;rn
Yg

+ g,i"qt [vom PaoPYed end'

O.renrt.

cieb 6ctuo ol- o

dlEtescC'

- F

3'FD

+-

B.rry'D

+Ne-l'
fi1$: rDl3: w{

B 'Y"r'D

rhhK *vq b'rT 8. {nsx.' $ve )b .Yn : utl T-

6*t9g =Et =
no.

*l+= Ytl

rn(l(- d.eflceHoo = .t^lt3

at

9.0. q= 2-

ctrf' q ctirtomte ,l+ +wq / 6ecu"r the- g.rPlorft'

l9e-FX

bono

1 lL Lzz*
r
,*
-qi

*{

\^Jf\:

VA: Vg
P.o.

\N (

ltira/)

c- bvovn cqr"t

'4"

fk

rtn
iI

l>24, n P,o.c = IA2&r rrhJ.4- p*6c=

I :2.cv a ll0
*

ru.orn
Lm

et:/r?4*^
O

.^llc
r-'

\t-

c't P.O' C: O

Supgott YQncb'on:

l*
h
iu

m$Y..

tve

yfagggq>

Rdno -ndno

t\

L - .rLR-D = -Ve R'D = L$$"_tr.rl a6. tt-,1 l1l"' To qol- mfn. Va,lrra& otv ntotr.grD, + " ;"{" "'td'AE" -h;;l;;r' 6o

=\lg= \!l fDq>IDg= *Vg B,nr^: }$ ho.$9.o'c'l tre- 8.vn: j!:

VA

60" Ag--6c-: \g:9g .&\

^ (Qnrv '- = -fi^rQ- Ynttr.. delle.pJtrn otcUrvl @

'.

--

sfrf,

tr\llt

54.

Bulk modulus

(K) :

Notmal stress Volumetric Strain

Lateral strain Linear strain (Longitudinal strain)

oD Pel'Lorel'*.e-cl ttur. a*'1ff15-1;:t o,rl.,

"'l''Lriii"@!r'

55.

PoiSson's
.

ratio (1/m):
tl

56.

Modulus of elasticity (E)

Linear Stress Linear Strain

Shear stress Shear strain

rncrinl1 SubSea|- fi [-lcxure(terrclt-N) AO {>enrr.Svede toqcl

57. 58.

Modulus of rigidity

(C) : :

.'
Factor

lglovg$-q -Lagdi'4n5 loo.c,l rbe.r'.doet not act- cltp^1 rile <r<15 6LIhe rnern6e'r il Cnl[ cd 'it.trl.-ostrri tdtc"Cl

ofsafety

ss.

r"" autiru i^g'11; * ntitul' *4;Prrtrr D .$i"i: poisson's ratio ror cork: n X$:::'; ;11'l'i-':1" 4i [o"co^ere, ijot'cpic =e,t-5

Wprking stress

clit>lr; yierdstress ho., \orr *9r?? "11!:f:tS {tre-l{. ktorxinttr

60.
6I.

E:2c[r* t-]

t- -^) $ t

n::c[t-2-l

n) t ;)

E: eKC l-;^E-ssection. f '

^X.ie*l^tf

3K+c2'lr\rr+c)'ir\-q65 s{wr+.)
rn ' F
2,

A beam of unifonn strength ' Pgqdl4g JUql$ is same at every

In Cantilever, at fixed end, slope & deflection are zero
Statically determinate

I
[,

(rn+ L)

62. 63. 64.

65. 66.

T-

beams -

Cantilever beam]Simply supported & Overhang beams

Propped cantilever beam, fixed beam & continuous bean

Staticallyindeterminatebeams

Propped cantilever beam is staticalypeterminate to 1 iesree

a) Fixed beam is staticalllr indeterminate to 3 degrees (general loading)

b) Fixed beam is statically indeterminate to 2 degrees (vertical loading)

67.
68.

Continuous beam is statibally indeterminate to 2 degrees In Propped cantilever beam,at fixed end

- Slopes & deflections are Zero at propped end - Deflection & B'M are Zero

69.

In a Fixed beam, slope is always zero, deflection at fixed ends is zero, Maximum deflection occurs at centre only
{3nqg.rt'lo'l

ll0.
tt\Hv,rerhe

Shear Force : If a force u.t, purilB'1to the C/S of a member \cn), olgeb

l$re.\f,5

ulLtv'lafe

loe'.e)

-t

orfg-fnol clA'
ortq&ra'.1 olS-

t*.ce-i 0n Sl'tr 'e tro'tiO,.',

raic

Butn

ck

(l\) *lcle eb

Rreoxl'^'g

$tre,i5 F B'lec"krng to'.d'

crrent-Fthql c\fe-&11u0 o,ftqr: 9r'"$fna) ' 0'1 iQitxa) G$P R"nc,,l lendr-.,J on*ttna.l^'ttncflh' lloo-- rea)"lerr$lh

Pe{centc\Sr yadutcHon in
Perqerrta-$a

lcvr

gg$r'c-rr^'

Toinll r) L6p lo inf-l -fn whlch

&{vaFed
er,nd

OnE

Fu

Plole overlaP4 TI''e

bthQ!

Ptqra) crtre Uirret-e-d togThgY'

.nn$rr4B

F:$
Al. -Butt

Scfr,h

qll5nt'tbt- btrtttrg P\oh! qte Nelt- l') 9\qf (t,ettvaP) tr'e *o.grrn$) Qcr.cb ot/tat c\nd a covqf gldet 6b- nnoln Plafg" \E 9lated on one- $ld e Qr) boTb
So

rohtth

molo

q) (inqle

f9'Il"rev 6ncl

t9
D,

gtvop 5trg tha edtrel g {re nnio platal lsuft qgolinaY eat4 onll ona Co\rgr rrlqt-e, ll plcrcecl 6.r orre {lde + tha tn<rfr.t Plsfu ond fren rfveFe.l tcqefier'

4f
No. 6b ?,0'c,eR.*:r\B: -e\e9*B-raors txo r ,rl,u* 2 onB= I!!f
--T->Deltecbbn
Lsnaet

h
Sln$\a
f

rnefrl plal-e3 butb -'rhe Utet .* ft" {we crye. Florcer\ Plal.et .Covv >,d yivet-e"d tsgel'rer. "., boTlr

l'?

rfvctel r"}nfi fn trhlcb 'there ir a (inqlq 76t^r & rt,rsr-r . l qnd 'D^e-t'c- fE cr. Binxre :cu: 4 o"-r-"i, -oi""..x' flrfnr -lcrp q buttTofnt. &fde ,?,.,

loqd=

ydgl
pouble q{vet-el Ttsiotl Jn ulhlcb 't rere qte two youj6 + v?Veta f n cr I OP Tofnl' And there erfe trrro rowl 4r yfvebJ en errch Side fn ct
butL Yo;r,t-. oL 5'oe-- xivaf ,

n4f^{. deb-ltn-Filun:

5 q{bt} Et

&

3ET19 {^Jc^3 br-

Pifcbl th t,r rhe- dltban,ce [vo,n t]re- eQrrtre. tneaBeAte^d pcrrqttel fo .[!na_ lsrrn.

15

Gotve dr

lrnc.-

nert

r.fvefYouJt"

eentY ttne' 9F tFre lucceglf yq

pb.gno\ Pltcry gF -ls ,tre dlrtcr,rrcc

?.6

.rfuerea

Tofnt"

o*.."W"*.*

thL xiveB

fn e\dTcrcenf

t4argfn (ryj rco,r*ino\l pftcb:

xdur)

"AVe cherfn rfvetsedi

rf i\ the dtBle,rnre ,aeh*r ,+ 1r.e gto,;*.e-"

"t V?

crrtTa eF vrevgf \ole 16 ore nec\rer, loppo8slfe

Ithen Ih!- $fuert fn o.e varfow vow, qf,e fl ge"id t6 be cAcrfn Tfi,efcl.

each ot-er lagn

u,o.,,

-tbe_

ioint-

3q ff\t

r'vere'

'f"rli

..:'"fl:

?-'

':rmrft:',#T*?ro ffi.a"r", *t xv"r'a

'

*J,TAx'J"s,y",

3) shqnrin$ 6 gvall,

4urreLhote' ';:*::-u tb tes"s ot'b ue - 'u Fe6ittc-\Dcg @r) pun y*irep) t*" * perr pftcl tang$r. pr = (p_d F, oE_ rdhrrc - p_ wrcl ak $,e rivqf"
p,=
p.

d-4tc^rnerer

nxrrdlxr
n.l.r.

\
,o

(aMrE r\Enr)

if_;1,..ilXi;ir.*""rr*"
teonere srrc{3

crvrbfin$

&n\ref),

( 1

i:tffitble ct* ne*rran rl"?,*?yre'$l

*
P'er'r!$$e clst'.*}ir"rgbtye$'

?d"*r" Er"rEr- ,n, ,{rx'1dh.t'

71.

'' 'qttotionol Bencling Moment: fheGia+ion effect of a force .: Force:x perpendicular distance (or) Algebraie sum of momentsdsfusas acting either L.H.S (or) R.H.S of a section

72.Pure bending : If a beam is subjected to only B.M. ,

73.The beam is failed, where bending moment is maximum.
74. S.F changes its sign

the

bQ-crnrr ll guLsecl-ed fr Prueb{-t"dtug ,.F+ Lel.,cb tBKt- o\n t\r'Q

c-$rc\e

at

any sectionrB.M

will maximum

at that section.

75.In Simply supported beam, B. M always zero at supports 76.In cantilever beam, B.M always zero at free end.
77. Point
78. 79.

Ttra

ltee fuhal nu.q- flernb<rr' It a {v\^t4 @) = zJ- 3

artfrAra

561

no,sF

lrllnl5 c,t"rcl

of contraflexure : where B.M changes its sign

ryl: bo . qr rrery"6ctl Tc rxs- rF SoffoD

'

A.E

Axial rigidity

E.I-Flexuralrigidity , C$- frnoArrlu\ tigidi15

Modular

ratio: E5_

Ew

Fr:m.f*

F.-Steel
F*-Wood

m-modular ratio

80.

Shear stress distributfon due to shear force over a rectangular of beam is parabolic path. i Shec',. Etra-Ea "k!to' q1- e.<tr-<.-eio #a , *orr_ oorrfrql

81. Due to twisting moment shear stress varies linearly for N.A to outer circumference with 'zero'at N.A and maximum at outer circumference.
82.

Bending stress varies linearly over the depth of maximum at extreme, fibres.
are subiected to Bi-axial stresses.

c/s
k,

with ,Zero' at N.A and

gke-gl crctl
pe/rprlc{irultarr

rJ(.i

83.&in Cy'udeu
84. Sp.weight

Bendinc tl.ra0

4o
cctJ

c/S

of water: 10 KN/m3

lf$

S5

is called curvature of the beam: -M : -1. 4 dxE.I R

86.

t < r/10 t>r/10

Thin cylinder (dlt>20 - thin cylinder) + Thick cylinder ldlt<2O - thick ivlindei)

LOt

cro6, Section Jh4 rr{rrrenl crcf} o\o^q '1tr"A-.lr,!-ot-l !L,o[t. 'Then lf u:!ll +.^.:ilt \a 3l-6*t, 9O, -n"'e vnornnt il Cotied -ttr:lr{;4n rnornrrf
'Tb,rqJ.re

atrql{

/rr,+ \ 2- l'

87.a)

Core for a rectangular section is Rhombus Having rliaenoh b73 x d/3, Core for a Circular section is Circle.rofy-y d-lag = d/4 , rnox-ecc{r,trie gd[g Having diameter Dt+dz, max eccentric load: D2+d2 fitoUor^r cfrcte) 4D 8D
-+

b)

6hcl)-.!,U-qSqt ,hec-r _--__-b

l------'l
'f

.l.qrq.5

? 'The @ejl dl(ront

g\+rr =

averqqfe
'$s-tlt!

Aiqbribqhlg *l']l P'or var.l.lep\ ob cr^oai Se-qti(rrrr ft- tl -unlttwn crvqrr Le !ftigg-l&" But- tne ctctrtal -9i'rear atre{) dtrtr'"buHorr [d-ttc\""bc1,"c arJal5 ue .{ffi
tna-

aLi\!v\Lu\:tr'1

sbcll
101.

In I

section,max.shear feree at Web.

StrQ}D

t02.
103.

In H- Section max. shear furce at the junction of the web and flanges.
Flexure formula is valid only for Static loads with no residual stress.

r04. Twisting moment is a moment applied in the plane of cross-section acting about longitudinal axis.

105. By increasing the carbon content in steel, the ultimate tensile strength will
increase, the ductility of steel

will

decrease.

106.

Tenacity

Ultimate strength in tension.

-rl-- mcrtivnuvn Sh4c\t ttn-e4E eeUql t-O tbe y61dir,rl ck t"lohttl circt ..Jf ,", plan) oF 46" fo se Pti.cfi)ol
P

lcrhe

I'

107. Creep of material loading

108. 109.

Continued deformation with time under sustained

Elastic limit is directly proportional to temperature

Young's modulus is directly proportional to temperature

The number of basic elements of a force:4 , The compression test is used for testing brittle materials.l

'r-4t

I 10.
111.

Jeorite

*U,

**,5|*ffi*.

ttz.
1

The impact tests are used to determine toughness.

13.

In a 9-L,gpsdgilhslisal_spring, the material is subjected to ghg3lgl1qq!.

9=o-i1

114.

In a gpelf

_hql,isalsuiug, the material is subjected to .both bending

.

lqomeq! &_lyfqling gigrnqn

115. The M.I of rectangular section about the base:4 x M.I about centroid axis
1

16.

lt Sittroteol o^t TF, Crr,+re cL qvo\vflJ + cr g*,ren' Settirrn, It$. *The atttlqt neutr4 Ortl c;[- c\ bQc-ti'un . lb bortecl 6D 'the pyincrblC tt qf tre po'rre_1t, e[ _ctrgonl _{1__gfUfg:llg: *.{ !-e1rfr.n '}o-er olre -fltAorl' -trne- {tre.ll r19. I! tha *nfb"ol c.s cryeov l'l trt<cl in eolculo.tfng &e Stre4l, Ii-1en lS cqltacl lEtfnol rstre-6?, b{) E--rgineeg*:S_$tg l&o Tk A-'e :fedu(ed e"g o\reJ,/ it uCd frr Co,l ctttcrt$r1 T-ra Btrel*r?t'"' *trta
nerr,.ttro\
-

Ltl. .lh gdltsgl ryt.(!c{ qntr db c\ Jeeti6n 1r toaecl on .rr,r q!"ti A"r-

Factor of safety: Crippling load Safe Load.

pcinciple 'ncr.f

gtveoi

t&t.
loo
1?5.

aqileel tvtte- 6tYe5, The rctio aL true "ttvst, b. r.or4ioo'f $tre8J = I.c\'3. -pae- t^fer',sf$ + St::eol D poporUonot yo Sbttdn upto

fb

r[ *re tn,o,rfrnV''n _ aen.ti$- -6tI-9t ]t Bc^]v-]e ob eve,rl gl sb -trne beq,'.r) {rerr *ra b<c'rvn iE (qlled :|e,eprrr + tt,rlt"t'nl ":t'e"qTh
Fcyr cr t{s,rr db- l.rn3!o'rrn ytveng1r1, Bencling Sb,tg momnl- f) ft.)orn s'tr-al1

iqh"

fi

Cen\krvrb,rbqbs"rot

Bt^ding

'l)'Strq6qrvl Gt rivel-e_d

4) E$rtcf tne"6- +

fuial-

Leo\al- Value oF Pt.,P5 ondPe

y."vefed fnsfnt=

9tver,gilh Gt Qrfi/efed Trfnl- stiehs\ ctr unrtuered plqfe

Lessi Vo,Ilte 6F h"pd.?. ?.L.dr

3)

Str

gu\nt-

ll

Fb{ Arng\e kttlef b,old * p '- ! S.l.ct {t Fov double bfllef t*ld= p= r6.g.t,gF
gt'e^$C
Fo{
Fov

e trronlvEtEe &fltet- wetcled ilofr,t3 c$e deltgnqd Loy trnqfla etreng'lg poroltel h*ttel- .utelded Sefr,tb -ore de8$neJ hor shAr gtrersh

SPn$e perra{cl

$tte} wald *

p---t_S.e"f

-0rln gnerl
tl^rfctr ahert

deuble porcrltet Lfllek

fr

rlF"g.t.t'
SplfF up the

.t

Lc(rneb

dtqnaeter tt L l5 x to ro J4 tr* * *"dlcrrneler,

r'

O) 'the @ eglfndrfeol shel lnl6 lsl

b).

o trouqh]. = qlx

be,r!

n"e te'de',c) fs
te!1der'c.{

tr

gplrt-

q,

the

$ubSccFed rh\ct< 6gutt

3_

Thin csltr'dfje\) (hell 1, gubr-eafed Tr lnt-e.rnql pregrrrye, fg e^roll! t^rftl be-

t[ lol-erol ghofn

$. 'the

tongftudlnql StrelE

cfrcurnLerc-atial (oJ) g6oo ttrert

VerS hlgh p6ea3\,rer,

+ +
+
i,1+-

tcthen e-rn

Fldl$__{tfglagE
shor

@'upon qre

-.--:==1---.

bc pffi FT''rect t<(66 a Bencl{n$ Etve-4r, lrren uea rtregg witt otrur fn ane lebt hqnb portfiso c+ rF,e ten,t{te s.ch."", 6nel "fri_ csynPvqBtive atre89 on {nQ vight hcrnd portion Gt xn c6d.1r !edl(r4
ts {elid
e)

Wdttf

fnclured. g{'/ear, tnen tne cro,u seetrfi

o r"crcgrtorn uq_dfuggl

"il're cvit,ca,l neutrql ar-is o[ o, kctroo t-t bosed on -one p";r)@l Oxlt D 9ftuerted at- the F+re + qrcNfE

+ o gfvrn Soetion

ffi.|tr

ro

# =g$:59r91 oie 6+.uc^t

!.=.!_:--

Th4. qctuol neutra,l qus eb a Seetion l> b6led crn traO py(nciple thcrt- -the c."rEol c'b_toruIglqiqn cn(t J19t3rr

be- bolonced beerm, trhen tse-refn}or@menr iD guter

f-o

-l dgTh .'k u"A = crrfb'qca.t x\.4l1e 2 *n" t6t t Fr.F = !_t#L" cd-) Qr) . [Zvae
=6

(eb, Asr.la_!|c;

" )

utheh sn, reJn[orc_nt{nl-

' Lst*tt
it

rqn ehEs
te69.

t
9vf

beoly"l f Cerretere re_c\chel il-l rnc,,xtmurn ?ecrotlg?Ule g+rag, f,frft] ?Hlngn tne arrnovunL & r4nbo,cgrnent* il m6!-e U.'e\n tlne pTdPef re_qzu_(rcnenf + dY dePt}r r{.A ) Crftf U^1 N.A '' N'A depth 4 il.R.
.re-in l-cwced

&ePlt^4Y N.A L eribiot N"A. N.A Acpl.' + 8 ,?h"AeF Ccl*h) .L

ftl vnqrtmurr.l Tlqrr Une- pycsp4/

Prgrr,jr>sible 65yE6t t_tflf

z:e-flrrr:fvgr"qvn7,

I4.R

t og;. AsF ( d-g)

Le,vt

+5!yr,AstLd*n),

bfdeLCd_t)

c\rrn

Lerrer cr,nyrt laolor=

hl ''- ne^rtvql erxll dept" h*rctev: o,3S to cr.l1

[-U _ nCtrtra\ arlt5 dgillh= hc, 5r

n1Xd.

tri66gtq proFrq cF cr dqm ll etonrtnto,r6 Fyo$fle 4 qdam

88. a)

called

Elevnento,rl

dclr
The.

Frolile

a1r d,

Co-efficient of earth pressure

pu:

pv

Horizontal stress Vertical stress

rnin. bo.re widlhq)" g L,\4tr/C H= t+ejgbF 6L Aj; 9= 9P, gr.$ do'n a'ot
(qn"_ t_)

b) c) d) e) 0 g) a) b) g0
89.

Co-efficient of Active earth pressure(pu) : l-SinrD

1+SinO

tcnr.,L

co-efficient of Passive earth pressure(po)

Co-efficient of earth pressure at rest (po)

l*Sino
t_SinO

: tan2(450+@/2)
il

F : tan

Active earth pressure: Back fill moves ,rr1"-#,ui.,irr;-f,]f,t?rr"y from

the back

fill.

Passive earth pressure

Retaining wall moves towards back fill.

Earth pressure at rest - Retaining wall does not move in any direction.
Factor of safety against sliding 1.50 Factor of safety against overtuhing :2.00 In prismatic baltotal_eloneation

tho *enrfle *p-aF lr pe"tr-o"-J oh ducfile rnqt-er"lo,b

Tha

gl. 92. 93.

"l#, 4 In conical bar, total of bar: t "tongution Tie - Axial tension member @6E - Axial compression member

On

ecr-rpred6ton te*t lgS.t-tte rnqlerlalg

perbrrea
ter^nlbr

(ner,sn

.trnit lon pev e dbvrrrcrtlon rrv trnib

ol

(gr) S{Vnplir atyctfo (grl unf nf t atyqfO S ftrtr?A

ll

Strut

94' rn a stressed body the maximum alr,vays a principal stress

e5.

& minimum normal

slress at any point is

crirecrilo,

Maximum shear stress

: rr = p.
2

fr.i1?::,j"".Ir,bi'ffte*:5tr{[G* Fl:i Lqterat St ycrtrr I

f
.

13,*-.1l}:l .hfri ot:n

*,a riiiifrrtr"

96.

The difference between B.M varues at any two sections diagram between those two sections.

the area of s.F

97. The difference between S.F values at any two sections loading diagram between those two sections.
98. In T-section, maximum bending stress occurs at extreme

the area of the

fibre in werr

99. In Rectangle, Maximum shear

stress:

2 100. In circle, Maximum

shear

F b.d

,avg.shear stress ,avg.shear stress

F b.d

stress:

4F

]::--"T:.,y-)
eft gbn<*

') Tt^,e Ac$r_ctioo cb en)

*" nor,^il*.:l?h,:, (o'npyerriorr en c&ocer,1 <oiiur;",."""tJ;*iti.

erop.d r"
-X (6 )
sprf
rrr q9n = 6h -11q_-

+Sr.

i. {rt\erve..

Spr-inX q6,q1tou.t-=

p
"

= ftar. :-&-

d _ e\\c,v,njll.= c.,\\
6l+ R3 n

R* Re.ltut o$- o{'ing

cb_ w1 re

H+

t-

oh

ffi;d;u"r ro"t+'?{H, -"?r=:*:""3"H:

c^^

B6o,ri-q sttgr-$-9*

C:r\r6h3'q ttrtebti

l) Botb aoct! bi^9ad

F --ev;'gPtlcg

loacl

?
rH"l
af

irr gii
Gg i Tl-,a v)e

6tY0Et' er.lllinq er.tlLt''$ 6trglr' Te|^rt' ti{etc} T<gintir eott-Y 3rslnFl2 t(r,ucq,e betr'ree-rl conto'ct qt '0.,e + Srrrlcrce b+retE $hlef ond trre Plole,
e-s Q,)

os

.qt

'-F'

Tl't-Er

lrL

colurnn bt'

"fiit
t

too! rorr loor'

.eetr,_.g:_hagd

t't * -Pd,t.n
611eir-

P,bry
e/

L=\f+ ac tl4
ccltrnon '

e-gi 4rc^rn

btruetrrvt

6l.f ; p.ro1o-ct-ed

c$- tr,e

the mojnituele c! c{rve-cr -ttre 6gfi)l! G grfncipo\ plor,o tb KbourD o1 prinelpol SFe f$tre)5 on c\o olcttque SecHon + er god* Subse' -Cted tro DltQ_ct- EtreUat fn 6F,e plane
o) NOrvnc,r'l

PslnctPo'l Strelll

L6F-) 1.geo" > r;.lg\i(llTrqn Cr

St{ett : r- CoSa

p?gE
-qt Eler-t'via

Pole.

S Fre$(irnu#\

J
9,2

+c\r,ten!r^l \ot Sheolv g+Ye-8E rlrnclr t E gioa-G. 45'q*t t65o tnctlirnqr an*

c.l Reluthxnt sLre6! ec-Al:

"=

\|G-6JTT?")
tr
o/)

Tlre rr\cu.. te.,.,SnHal qn2 tbssd*-4!J3tq Ohe-half the r\O\ximurr' nrslrnorl rltrgfl

B - uPPet 5fa\d uvn?r C- t-trurev Uf e'l<! tfrw1f f)- glHrnc,rlre $tY4l' E- BreAK,{^t dbre}t"
9t-tcnit'r

A * rlergtfc tr'^ir

?+t

{Nerrnal 3t-rar,

Cd;)
aoe&e

D p.rinciyo,l

p)croa

= 3Aq
iy
L} d)

T-angenh'a1

(o'J Checur stvau[ry1= Ra6uttonk rtrea5 (c1)= ./@

" 3;:l

qnd ho

tsyxiQ) on\b j l^(rc.f .btrq!8c) 6r.r\

Shes.v
*1cr<>5

3;4

3incr_6

no,(. sheov
-Fn

sbrt-r!, (YDno,r)

- *;4
db
cr tcoJol

qt !4e}--_9:_g1_obt,'que

S'.ec^i-{LYA'-* **
G
../

6be plc\be-crffi

eeofton"r

e)rnati'num not.nerl SkeD (q;

rncrq )

*f

b)

rtttoir,u- novrnca\ r7' -t^./ I (o'aro

+ a(t' 1)o gtreal Ccatnfn>

4(fx.1)%

e; rnox{murn

S}^tAf ahre6;

t.fmcut):

*J (air-+ 4('frr)L