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o

serniconducto"g he.^re- condrrcLfr, ity

anA *

LzL-r-r-n

con&r.ctprs

i rr

sr.l-^-Lors
pe

-[-'.,o

L1

s o$

.gqrr^ i c o ndr,r-c
se-yvr

t, v.
i co ndrr..to v

5t v"X/,e

".t . Si,(rc"n

e-Q-e-" e

in Pertodrt ti'LQe' o Ge-rrnnqn i** J dk Cowtpoun[ sqyv1 i conArrc\ot o Go.Qfu*rn .iA,L


^ysR-n . covnLini't2 **,lrtr .,.| Xrr*f,t ft.-Ct--0-,

GrRoup \v

.'t

o Nh\

is

Si,Qjcon

a. ssyvtic"nd,rrc\ex
Vakncz-

5i

a.*,oms

bonAs ay( \rrtact. qrrL $ru<- 1"" c ond.uct c us-ye-nt


cf

vi -U

&

v\o &.trons

IJ
I
(

Rr"kr n
Cova-krrt
Bond.

(_
I

Fvsx- Ek-cLroo.

+(

^roovn txontpeva-lu^.a s o*e .r',a,{z*t bo*As breaK c\r ,q to t,hz t".ol znrrf y -> r<,9n As i"y *-b.Lvoyls.

At

Thz

itt ve tho Yf is co'-t'l'zA r Cond.rr.tjo"r c-a\n hop ?eo rn {o!fu-tny .^rafs:-

q,\oove tgg /ggUlt5 c4\^ c45r5 e-Q'ecl-v'-c is nppt.;-r./- ' gur.x-'rrP-nt i f bet'u'A Ab =enc,ee-Pe.+,yovl i n 'thai o*oun lAAvLs "l L posittve. .lr,a tf tth

';"&-le*taia!)'
P s
o

-) TV,'t-s

r,la"

"

-+ Ftn-z <,tc-rtforns unovtnrt 8** d

frn*c\

pOtzntto-t

+.

->

k-ev p ot-e.nt[.l, . **, oLhrv covo)tn*- b or^ A E !.x.ctrons $trlill in a- P rr< t' L Dus h o(e thus p t *? t, Jr*. U^rt^f b e-hi^A a- h o.0a . Th tre woue-w\e't*'., oI '[+'o* hi8hzr to h*t I otantca't W \^"1" ^
hrX

tsAAs

+" a. .,rlvent 9ln*.

.,| $ruz e.lr--LYons. $ove-wtent"l h ol,(-= o sincx- "sit' ".y=t"-{- is @ n u-, t-^1 -Lhavm"l+ ->
M,1verurent,
A,

shoJ{

EzwzuaJciont ",$ "U^.].;,-:r* bE a}^*lnu^^.bzy.

in

--\.a/\.^-

h r-Q.qs

@
Racovnbino*iol1 i- Fres- Pk.L*o'nt arnd ho,'Q4s $tov? ;# .rrand,ovnl,f in th4- c-*I*t'l tl Ll^'e a-t' ssr,rc{ o[ 4n

a(ecL^.rc +f"U " u.'hilz ranA'o^[Y

vnol

A{tr trrrevtnaL **;h[wfrvn "rr*g = ^6 covn btna.bt"avl ra*e yneva:\Irn


o TLvrs,

*.,({''f ,,.*[ hol.ts -tftF @ in tt,a d.jssopp aayax\cl "$ l 8&-dgE\rcn P4A(:
e-gu:ttro*,
u
'

in2

th<-

-\r,erz,

: p = h,L= \n\Xirtsle blz -E/ant nL= BT <y1

concx'ntra-,tt'cvr

3 6 = T.3 Xr ott .h^

Et= eand6T

K = BoJ-t5v'raws const-. - g'6qxto"u/t< '1 : Tew\pe'rmtuvu- in Kt,Q.vtn .

a*y f = \" t2 eV {.,r_s.t

c- l,r

tf'/^ G""t-rro-Q\- Ac-pe.&"J) SL

t..=4,+1. rre.(altonslrap (Sn-rtva{5pr1 ir.. )avl'ces \* nrrnztZa.,;#\l

.r,r.=f

P\1
.o\z.re ^ -'*'-2

= n]
to

/ ni= r,5Xro /r"* g

yooyq

t*rp

i.r,3ooK.

b oPED .\.A.,A,A/

Se.tqtCoNOucToR-s '. -

. ,^rh\ ft, f-o" d.opinft ? rooil/r t"*P o N*'*bev o4 @:e$fu Potv @ is not ,{-"'x.;roph +o Pt"of ide- Lno"6[l covrdtctton, &Q.ro + i ho,hs +o.Lzetvons frz o f^r"trln tzrnpuaht.e (*L " ffd Lfu"p), "$

AAil*n1

.^lhi i mPurrttfzs' ' o AAfu{t o^ ol imPurt'lurzs i s .rJJaJ,'&r*,xl and- thz st is .J.Q.zA t'{ypgL--sj "
a'rr-

\'tyt *vo.l.ar*tt' oY ^t panta -o)'zrrk" unt*e*ts +- =1{1*^ ovurcowtes t-t^l a.-)bovz tro " iss ttls L\^a*, sin<-e ai$k*^t u)'z-ev'ks 62 "il'Le e,r.-LYnen*S c-onuzrt P r:Ge- S i ttr \* t^r?- Si-' t-["2-= a
.

Tvpes .-,j ImPuA\ttEs',OF * n.ali.-ro frivaLer^*, i rvrpurri


o,

tfas - E-t Borwt m Drr- h o[as v nl.e-n.-e artectrons =)


.

*vr,t'.ch has

3-

P-

stlicon

t\ re

u=-L:": :t +o f,*r^ uvalb\k ho",d. 4ror* nziXhto*i",1 ^tpun rs.s,^-tf,trr7o i o- t^ SU- \n th-e vr-e-fnh b o rr n7 o*p"t ^ Th-e \*pu.ritrq is .o-[l,eA " **&f*^ *I3 ".
Txiuu!..rt \.npu'.t\'r6 --) acc-uPts
e/
,

tl acssptov dogtnl coro.-e-raLYa,tfo n is NA, -hrl.e N n =)n i +lnu[-rr h r.Q.e cov\ c.entralfo4 ist Pp x Na -) \il'z?z^d2."'t o$ t*'P' Con..ent.na*,r on o| rr\iyr ot1L1 cay?rters i=,

rP= +=, N,1

@
o Tt^ur5 Co$rc-ent)firdrt"oyl "+ vlrt[norttl cq\rTteYs {s
t*-wrf
e.

raJurr*-

Ar-P

and'znt'

klu5-I.lgr s3gg$aF: e8 ' Pho=PhslfL\s r,,tn'r'h


has 6
val,e-ncL e-!'c-cLrovls
'

Fxe9. c,lz;-t.lcovl

Arnn&A br
N -LYPZ

iqgu^.r,[1

^ton

gilr-.r,n

P.r,t^, il;.,rr/- \- P "vi L1

a-kpwr

f,$ con cen.l,ro-b I au. ,] Nls >) r,r2 thc.n,

CA'o"^)
A-ov,

ox torrts
\

t t-u

,.,h-ar<

r^3
Fov - \F ",
si-{+c

N5

=)
2ni

nAzpe"A-e^t

"l

*zm prarahwe

o4, y1 n pn =

:) pnZ
wr

ni

1_

ND
tn

*-e*peria*U-ce

d-e.p-et

Azrt

E'l.r-ctrons cr{- MtoriLy cqtrfers


i "f \
co.

qvl& h'o,Qgs a r{

rrrtzrs-,

C U RREN\T r\'
'' ". ^"4/

t-uow
/^Va..^!.^

-\-t{
f\,L

S-efv\_l

cpN DuC T9RS,

DRte r Cu RRENT ..ra!,-v^.-\.4.-^


An.za.-

i?E-

Vz.0oci{u5

"$ h"&-s = *p-o-tlt = Fe E


o} elo.tro^s = *-or,'lt = A"E
h"0.e 'r\Aohihty

Vz.Loci{y

wwr<^ tr -/
I

= "pp.trerl ..t-octtt.c 4teld.

Pp=

x |eo .n'/ t,
:
ta 5o
c

\ntrrt nsrt- s i

$ot

F", = ")-2"*oq

nnobt"0ttl

\r.trinsic St

*Ytl" 4"'

Norp r\.,r{'',

t.^ zltrp Fn = vu n

:) :>

r=-l;.6drons rrto\,,< -e-Le6drons rrro\,,< S^=t<-v thon


h

".&-s.
h

alr"t

l',.tlL c uYrznt Fln*i'n1 thvoun h ba'r t = ' f,r = AT? *r_ar,$L


=)

rp\s

r<spr .tiu oly , Lh'q

o0z coYv\P o'z^t "+

I?= A?P fel,

The- c,^xroznL Aa-nsitX


5?

is 6iven bY,

T\e.

cur1.enL dr-nsill

&rc +D {-"2
l.tn

e-l'scbvo*\

lt,

5n=

Th.e tDta_|" Ar., lt cu\rrrln/U ,'=,

1/

Y\

e
(-

g=

5?

*Tn

'=

+ _f -*h*r{, G.

,/f

arhxv< f : TL?trP +nl"lil t

XVY,

+ "r{ril

l=

c orn drr.{:r

"

ty

n-

-/ I Ptar-t n Lt")
\
=

ond f
ohwrs
[a't"r,,

-C

xzstsLiuitl'=
aa^ \o*t^r.c t'

XApe+n/{
.

Ltr u,

a.s

,i L / = O/;i te"Li'neUts (n-'(tn =r/.*\ wVzve anits r+ f qr ohtns i'('c'n 9I9Jtf& - trt',d Te-sr stJ r, i L1 "| q-1.,t:ti ".:* nL= \'5xto''/''\t (lse a.n[ Q9 p^L\p SL r.rrt-t]-, NR= tot6fr''T3. sL' I3'e crrr-fVt4l?--48oc^-/t/s' 4"v i"'tvtnstc /tn= d*ped" si'

f=

E/l

fn= lrtoc^o/vt + lt?=4oo'^'/vs 'C'tlf ' tOFr- i'n\x insrt- Si ,

=n = n{ = l' 5x,rto /r*3 -fhrrs, , 2 2'a I XtOt -'-ffi ? (eru "nf 0 rli r,29x ,f/c^s tr") {:ov p-Lf fc sit nP= =

,r

F/, =

Nft=

lo''/r^3"=)

Nn

TIws" /

J)= I

t (frt +nfln)

= l'5 5"sl-'crvl

)k- Fov A"gzA


b1 d-op inq ry
[n.^.-'(.r

s; resistivi\ is Aalt*od, ?yy@


eon #-

ant

ra-tt o5,

Do

?\'I

red.aczs
,

.nesrsLi"ity by gX45 "4

Ynaq n

M0r^.^.-,^'-v

i{ixdr-

Houe
rNf,g,cTrotl

u)

J 2
0
Z

F c d t-

tJl

+r

lo(nifud.aCorA

.l cuvten* at eqqtn po,rtT=]^ropowtJ ohol c*ntra;bf on t*&-vLt,

w\,zrz, Sp

+ -?5r A*
=
PCr)= Ho.Qe

A Kxl

= Ho.h Cnvtenf D.ensi\ U/r^) b p = D i4furs [o n cons t /^t 1-r]$us iv ily /

cDy\czrrtvrtfon ..1r p o iruL">d',

A Kx)

i.. d'* ' r

naqaltvC (

+ posiUt,e cuylr"* +{",,., int


x- d,ire.{loq C,.rhf 2 ?)
wQ-

Foy d-e-ctron ,*llusfort .uv-e^i,

\atz,

Jn:?r" d ntx) #,
l$ocE..- 6f6n a*}-41 vLncR \n S,. L/\..A,/

& 59' }3 H Hg W??

F"t int-r[nstc stfucorr


t)- e ^"/g Dn= 35c^u/s, * tuheve- d."oes A*'f,ltrs f on c u)rrre nt *!n *
5p =

).

{t

Who c4xszs tJrQ- concznt-m.tioY1 Xr*d+e"t 2 \ (Nn"p $nusq in vrind , Wdll, q.mswzF it, t-"*'ev),

Rer-nrroNs*\P Qq.pEE{ ' v'^-Al

Dn =

lr"

Q,e &(:Sla DP =Vvr

wl*vx, V. = K T. = TT=

Thev*a.,{ f) o["LaXz

(: rso,L\ma.vrrs cons{-= \,3a X to-23*ttr6 -ftx' t(/-l'6xlo^'tc

= T"nnp.eva-lr.xe

in Ke{vr\

P.g1rg.-ru

?xsrxAg

2tr B$-)vN:xro
A N gDG.

-subst'r&

l,W $lt5
AtIosq

Rt R)-*rsuw
CAIH obE

PN *JuNCTtoN UNDER, OPesr CtR.cutT:.\-/\Arn-z'r.ra.n/;1,^.-,^'.^t\.^..^... ./-.

--)xp <=* ES
't ++ -t -t-t + tat*+ 1+ r+'t .t +1f
Hol{g

^_

-r+(+r-ra o +t{++t* ,9 iB,

ol oi o o'

e/t sJl EugcrRrsrg

^---l

se-rll+io\^

+
orrrtlfr

unA Ch avles

Q^ff{*stot (4-*4nL r- bt^e- t^o /\./\ .^./v\.^ nn .-.r...r^-r. C on cu-vrtxafu orn ,'rA qxadiev*h o.k* qp \vtL "*tjnis t *"1'1 o $rrrn "* e - Llpe tD n -bfoF.Cvno'o on
Csnc-ernLwatiort

>c-)

4ro* ,.''-typ{ to -tXpx-{iDirsr-cLtr^ ol cuvrap{, {nrrn p-{-yfe to n^t_\p^g.

Xradrent "+ {'t,"t) 'p ('ruto"<

u-Lu.*o,.s

%otr(t

$EPLErtoN ReoroN /\-^./^*,4.,/ @

^.P

.
t .

\{

oll.s &if,fu.z
.1

&r*
a\

-LrPa +o n {1Pz '


"{.q=
c'ovrbivrz
t'r'

r', h aA qp os it-r re .ha r?& c, -ntzv p arf in the {ot- '{ u th,e n,.r.c&us "{ tL{ pzntavo-ln* i*PuriLY' l5 u.c tr rLco*kinet,t on nu^a"lr +-k .Juh "t1"o'n
v'zr.rtra.t
.
o.

'$rax- &.troY\S 7 tn L}* n - t19e *Af ovr ' Th n - \ pe r-eq ion Lu 4s o r i7 i^^ilr p-le'cIxi'a-19
'i

Nz-ar L\\z

u ncLt

l-l''.e-sc- h

ith

, ,.r) rrT

lrzz

"a)-e.tjrt

th,e- genta ,&t *. \vnp,mtL1 "tptn -hnc-h h ad' P'sittv-Q. .ho Xf is sa id. tp b haue 6 u"t sa-i{ to *ryx:gyg{. T\.,i:' P osiUvr- .kary is

rqron wdyx- "trzeonn b(nclL on h"Ppznsd is t*rlz6d ,$ [o*- eLL"1;roy\s Ve-ncx- u'1"t x"7to" is .oJlaJ.. "&f,&#.X XA-i99"
The-

bz " [gg pg*Xg .^!'1S"'

ff*r Thz, *f&;$* X?ptA is *t..


",bSrte Tgt{g}
Rec4r,LSe
f te,oA,"u
'.

,e*^cL saro/r.e tJni^1 hagPzv\s in thx- P-LYP{aqte} /ca "4 hr&-s. vaj.uon *hich
T\nx-

b-Uad "spac-qax\ ,-ls&v-''e-,c,

,l

th"c-

eho\qz6

tj,ore ts

"-

T\n'is

,l ho,ks e^nd- ur{,e&"rp1t-s o.c Yoss Lh{ j^.{,"rtl

e-{rcL:r*._

?t'll' ?rLve-ts -$artl"st A''{lusi"l

thrrs rrz&run7 +J.z

$UHg1 Xtt(I&.

@
Detr-r CuRRENT -,O,t:* 61./^.,/\.a../^A., o 3 ue- +, +)r$\\"11 / frzv:LYa*l-& vni'noTltf CarrliR-ws, tl o Thc- barrtev v oLLaTr" cat)'sLg t\^z wrlnrvtt:1 caTrteYs 'L, I btxt ', -

e-lz.t-rvrs

4tr*

-Lfroz

to

-L1pe

.,cu

u, is coJ,SzL

off"Ih

o I-e i s a- stror,,7 X-*cLr'r rr ",| &^p.raJ.,qye ' r-s is A in/a f."d"^t nl tlr-(- vap,(.leLton W*" vol*nqt Vo. 6J
.
(

lw ff;IsY- ._=;:'z 4gl! cS,Xf! ,


'
/

P_rrrz-

U
n

xr

, . -^

seR

O Pexr Crn cul


11'6...a1l..^.-^.a,

CpfsefaqN.A-^-'z-

rD: r<
anA ts mqrnt&trsd, u"olryW t*ro ca-seg

by barf te x vo!*af Uo. VtS *lr-erm Is * Is.

tA= f ',- fs, ) Es :) M ore bo..r,d .ho\ff-s ruill bz qn c ovlx Ld, o n both si&s , d. ylzLrrn 9a1n *rll *d,e.ut aud Uo wu!')" i^c rtaeL t-ht h *kI. cars-Q- Ip to lec.",.qsp- t "^ti,1 Sp = 15.
CAse-2 n,a..r^.-z--\

Lu 4 }s + Th<.ve u,&l L2- Q'e'st bow'td' ;n^rt" => :*:zArtcn-;. de-?!ztio,,1 9,nyz, =) Vo t,,W'()-acx,Lxsz =) :tr-D has tp \nc^rq'sz *'tt.tl- \ =qs'

txx*:xx hxx: Es k!rAGE",-hr-xr,


tr\ n

8, H$ qYe
iAe

bPrry.

Concz

ntr,arttovls,

sihr 'cespecti "r4. F oY ,Ls Vo t\p \.4 varics bztt-QQ\\ o'LV "-r4 o'1v @ )roonn te*pe rdwYz-.
,of p-s

c r.rt n -

t^l hV car^, '{}ii\^.

'L X.,i vs (=4-s \Y! -a!- qs inq a- V^"1&)C&-y ? l?)--,{ u) z l .-F,-*^- V o n't''(^ "^ ' Crtztct vol*ay @ YAaUI - sjrQicondr..tor ju,.ctions
6L

th{ {rr*irnat, t L^^ct& LoL""z LUe- bo-r ie-x


.

v o.Qiagc

RN

lxxxxl

W.w NAiIP "f tf f + ++ + +-t + +ff + ++ I + r+ *t t t f f

p;

Pt

{*

Pp=Na

a;L 1\Po= M

( r> t ',9 .rr. rt''(

flr, : trtg
(

3 Ot

gl

oni r\ole.+\ =

2_

lC

-&,
&-t^J , 'fr

A1/ Np Xq

The

bo.rr,A ,hra

t*

1.,

Lt\r p-stJz & n-s;A!- qYz five"


N> xn

b;',

\Q-\ = A 7, Nn xP

,rnA. \a*\
u,,h.g.rt,

--

fr1

A--

cYosg'-s"cLir.^.{, a'rt?-L "} P-^ i*.n'tior1

i, tl^z- g.Q.o*z. PuPenir.,.Q-o-v to thz


Nnxp

P"ff'

No-,

\a-\ = \a* \

)A
4
A,Q.ro

41, Nr x^
Nn
^\u
P

xh
Xp

, 4trrn Aev t c{

hY 5i c s

,
"
= \ \' v Lo

W = Xr,-rXp=
,oherr,

Lrt= [- ),ec6.o! ?xrv\ittvt'lr4 ,f s;

a\\'?x S.gsxio-ttF /r^=

l-o4xro-t'ol

T\r;.^il,.'U'
T h*rs2

is in tk{ r_uny? 4rt"n D'lpwr


Na
N* rNo NP NA +ND

L' \F''

"^

Xn = \ J

anAT

xe ='w

Cha yX7-

st orqd o n ciLh-er,- srdelzgtr.-Urn Yet f tzn i t,

.t

on.tj o*

Y1

a; ? [ a*l

+a5=47

Nn No \.\n * No

= \ q-\

w=oJr16g;v"

PN &r.reTroN UNoeR RR"YEA:E r\.n^ a\Alr^\/\^_Aa-i .4,.Atzr-2.r,**"2.A,'S (4" A Li rnrr uE, A vn uvs,s) -) to
->TU *tg

*ts

(.
1

?.res c sJ&r

Reunse Bres 71rrA*rt-Z


^.,4..^-

t/./rrh 'rLvqrs

) s.z-fls{ion -> fa eTs


t*:hose
C

fas

tLgio vt tt, r dzns


wl

(u:t y ??)
inori1
tA.rn

-> S\nc< Ls is )" 2 +"


on

carrtrr7s

pryo*UrL &pen )evvb, bh" ^rcve.rsc- htas cu.:-vent rb sLr on gly tcwr Vero*urz dnp"r"t^ert, . -+ Th ouero!& cut-re n.t, uhdtr rev{<Tse_ bi4s is vyf sv,na.t,t t/Jl^4t is tU tr.s{PXt .-jr"ctJ'rn qy,dsr Tveysqas\rtra.*,r'av1

is

Ltas

"$

Ths davi.-<ca.

pac

ta

tr.

,pLra*as

a-s

L volLa72 M?*^dtrr*, 6

G. =ro)

* AE r-svorrS tros incrr{agrs t[r{- c,a?actfanc2 d,etreAses =) v o.Lt^32 d'oqznd.t^rt ca-pacilgtnc-e' CvnRAcro0 )F Th& .^pqcitana.e ,$ ju^.tfr"r u" i*, at.La ts, f c.j=

Cj,

. t-

-T-

Vr-

*W9 Cjr =

gt
VR io'n trrrdtv rL-v 8-\s z

tl)

iath ,+ Lzgl,zLto n rq
lN=xn

tas i.,
s f A*. i=,

a.nd. rn"trnit*dx- ,

,ho

tf stotz{
Brne

ov1

eiLWr

t$ Inuro

XAEg to

ruALrS is

Ve rs in tI".&
region

s'/otwacts ftr- Us tt%\s Yze,*c-r)nq. +I',-e- bovr Lo< vol*agU &cross d,ep!&irn

/,i.l.,<rlio*t

tho*'

=> \erYow deplett'"t *Lflion 'u''iAth


=} p),tc*ton
mave lroLe. oh4[,^t

"P" fr* f "r* rr*r' t' t' Li}[usiov. 4to^

'h "

awl Yn ovo

" P"

greRENa V^o;fla1e /\f\.n..^\/\.e A.n f..-u:frh Wrth

@
/

Ef

-Iu Nc-Tl DN ', BN - /4.7\v

-> Bcvrtev p"te"t;"l ved'z.qs -' lt\ ore hslzs cattt dt$f"st 1-r*
VIC4- . V{l.Ysa^.

Tor-o.o[

fas
'P

,,tO

,,

n/,

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