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o

serniconducto"g he.^re- condrrcLfr, ity LzL-r-r-n con&r.ctprs


anA i rr sr.l-^-Lors ,

-[-'.,o s o$
L1 pe .gqrr^ i c o ndr,r-c t, v.
* 5t v"X/,e e-Q-e-" e se-yvr i co ndrr..to v
".t
. Si,(rc"n ) GrRoup \v
o Ge-rrnnqn i** in Pertodrt ti'LQe'
J
dk Cowtpoun[ sqyv1 i conArrc\ot
o Go.Qfu*rn .- iA,L
. covnLini't2^ysR-n .,.| Xrr*f,t
ft.-C- **,lrtr
t--0-,
.'t
o Nh\ is Si,Qjcon a. ssyvtic"nd,rrc\ex 1
Vakncz-

5i a.*,oms

A cf vi -U
bonAs ay( \rrtact. & v\o &.trons
qrrL $ru<- 1"" c ond.uct c us-ye-nt
IJ
(
I
(
(
(_ Fvsx- Ek-cLroo.
I
(
Rr"kr n ( +(

Cova-krrt
Bond.

At ^roovn txontpeva-lu^.a s o*e .r',a,{z*t bo*As breaK


c\r ,q to t,hz t".ol znrrf y -> r<,9n As i"y *-b.Lvoyls.

Thz q,\oove tgg /ggUlt5 c4\^ c45r5 e-Q'ecl-v'-c


gur.x-'rrP-nt i f
';"&-le*taia!)' is nppt.;-r./- '
e-Pe.+,yovl i n 'thai o*oun lAAvLs
bet'u'A
Ab =enc,e-
"l
L posittve. .lr,a tf tth
itt ve tho Yf is co'-t'l'zA r,la"
-) TV,'t-s P s
o "

r Cond.rr.tjo"r c-a\n hop ?eo rn {o!fu-tny .^rafs:-


-+ Ftn-z <,tc-rtforns unovtnrtd 8** frn*c\ pOtzntto-t
+. hrX k-ev p ot-e.nt[.l, .
-> E !.x.ctrons $tr- **, oLhrv covo)tn*- b or^ A
*? t, lill in a- P rr< t' L Dus h o(e thus
Jr*. p t

U^rt^f b e-hi^A a- h o.0a . Th tre woue-w\e't*'., oI


'[+'o*
\^"1" hi8hzr to h*t I otantca't W
^
tsAAs +" a. .,rlvent 9ln*.

+ .,| $ruz e.lr--LYons.


M,1verurent,
->
$ove-wtent-
"l h ol,(-= -

o sincx- "sit' ".y=t"-{- is @ n u-, t-^1


A, --\.a/\.^-
-Lhavm"l- EzwzuaJciont ",$ "U^.].;,-:r* + h r-Q.qs
shoJ{ bE a}^*l- in
nu^^.bzy.
@

Racovnbino*iol1 i- Fres- Pk.L*o'nt arnd ho,'Q4s $tov?


;#
.rrand,ovnl,f in th4- c-*I*t'l tl Ll^'e a-t' ssr,rc{ o[ 4n
a(ecL^.rc +f"U " u.'hilz ranA'o^[Y
vnol in2 th<-
e-gu:ttro*, ,,.*[ hol.ts -tftF @ *.,({''f
in tt,a d.jssopp aayax\cl "$ l 8&-dgE\rcn P4A(:u

A{tr trrrevtnaL **;h[wfrvn "-


rr*g = ^6€ covn btna.bt"avl ra*e '
yneva:\Irn
o TLvrs,
y1: p = h,L= \n\Xirtsle concx'ntra-,tt'cvr
blz -E/ant
-\r,erz, nL= BT <-
3 tf'/^ G""t€-rro-Q-
\- Ac-pe.&"J)
6 = T.3 Xr ott .h^
c- l,r SL

Et= eand6T a*y f = \" t2 eV {.,r_s.t


K = BoJ-t5v'raws const-. - g'6qxto"u/t<
'1 : Tew\pe'rmtuvu- in Kt,Q.vtn .

. t..=4,+1.
nrrnztZa.,;-
rre.(altonslrap (Sn-rtva{5pr1
#\l \*
ir.. )avl'ces .r,r.=f
P\1 = n]
.o\z.re ^ / to
-'*'-2 ni= r,5Xro /r"* g yooyq t*rp i.r,3ooK.
b.\.A.,A,A/
oPED Se.tqtCoNOucToR-s '. -

. ,^rh\ ft, f-o" d.opinft ?


o N*'*bev o4 @:e$fu Potv @
rooil/r t"*P
is not ,{-"'x.;roph +o Pt"of ide- Lno"6[l
covrdtctton,
&Q.ro + i ho,hs +o.Lzetvons frz o f^r"trln
tzrnpuaht.e (*L " ffd Lfu"p),
"$
AAil*n1
\'tyt *vo.l.ar*tt' oY ^t panta -o)'zrrk" unt*e*ts
+- =1{1*^ ovurcowtes t-t^l a.-)bovz tro " iss ttls .

sin<-e ai$k*^t u)'z-ev'ks 62 "il'Le


L\^a*,

c-onuzrt P r:Ge- S i ttr \* t^r?- Si-' t-["2-= a


e,r.-LYnen*S
P

.^lhi i mPurrttfzs' '


a'rr€-
o AAfu{t o^ ol imPurt'lurzs i s .rJJaJ,'&r*,xl and- thz
st is .J.Q.zA t'{ypgL--sj "
Tvpes
n.ali.-r-
OF ImPuA\ttEs',-
.-,j *

o frivaLer^*, i rvrpurritfas - E-t Borwt


o, *vr,t'.ch has 3-
v nl.e-n.-e artectrons =)
m Drr€- h o[as .

P- t\ re
stlicon

Txiuu!..rt \.npu'.t\'r6 --) acc-uPts e/ u=-L:":


:t uvalb\k ho",d.
4ror* nziXhto*i",1 ^tpun +o f,*r^
rs€.s,^-tf,trr7o i o- t^ SU- \n th-e vr-e-fnh b o rr n7 o*p"t ,

^
Th-e \*pu.ritrq is .o-[l,eA " **&f*^ *I3 ".
tl acssptov dogtnl coro.-e-raLYa,tfo n is NA,
-hrl.e N n =)n i +lnu[-rr h r.Q.e cov\ c.entralfo4
ist
Pp x Na -) \il'z?z^d2."'t o$ t*'P'
Con..ent.na*,r on o| rr\iyr ot1L1 cay?rters i=,
rP= +=,
N,1
@
o Tt^ur5 Co$rc-ent)firdrt"oyl "+ vlrt[norttl cq\rTteYs {s
t*-wrf e. raJurr*- Ar-P and'znt'

klu5-I.lgr s3gg$aF: e8 ' Pho=PhslfL\s r,,tn'r'h


has 6 val,e-ncL e-!'c-cLrovls '

Fxe9. c,lz;-t.lcovl
Arnn&A br
iqgu^.r,[1 r
N -LYPZ ^ton
gilr-.r,n

a-kpwr
P.r,t^, il;.,rr/- \- P "vi L1
CA'o"^) .

f,$ con cen.l,ro-b I au. ,] A-ov, ox torrts i g t t-u


: ,.,h-ar<
Nls >) r,r2 thc.n,

r^3 N5 =) \ nAzpe"A-e^t
"l
*zm prarahwe
Fov - \F€ o4,
si-{+c
",
y1
n pn = ni2-
:) pnZ ni1_

Azrt
* *-e*peria*U-ce d-e.p-et .
ND

E'l.r-ctrons cr{- MtoriLy cqtrfers qvl& h'o,Qgs a r{


wr tn i
"f \ co. rrrtzrs-,
Cr\' U RREN\T t-uow
/^Va..^!.^
-\-t{
f\,L
S-efv\_l cpN DuC T9RS,
'' ". ^"4/
DRte r Cu RRENT
..ra!,-v^.-\.4.-^
i-
An.za.-

?E-

Vz.0oci{u5 "$ h"&-s = *p-o-tlt = Fe E


Vz.Loci{y o} elo.tro^s = *-or,'lt = A"E
wwr<^
I

-/ tr = "pp.trerl ..t-octtt.c 4teld.

Pp= h"0.e 'r\Aohihty x |eo .n'/ t, $ot


\ntrrt nsrt- s i

F", = ")-2"*oq nnobt"0ttl : ta 5o c *Ytl" 4"'


\r.trinsic St
Norp
r\.,r{'', t.^ = vu n
zltrp :>
:) rrro\,,< S^=t<-v thon
r=-l;.6drons rrto\,,<
-e-Le6drons
Fn
h
".&-s.

alr"t rp\s r<spr .tiu oly , Lh'q h o0z coYv\P o'z^t "+
l',.tlL c uYrznt Fln*i'n1 thvoun h ba'r t = '
f,r = AT? *r_ar,$L
=) I?= A?P fel,
The- c,^xroznL Aa-nsitX is 6iven bY,
5?
T\e. cur1.enL dr-nsill &rc +D {-"2 e-l'scbvo*\ lt,
5n= Y\
l.tn
e
1/
Th.e tDta_|" Ar., lt cu\rrr€ln/U ,'=,
(-
g= *Tn '= + "r{ril l=
5? XVY,
arhxv< f : TL?trP +nl"lil
t
+ _f -- ,/f
*h*r{, G. c orn drr.{:r t ty n- -/ I Ptar-t n Lt")
"
\
ond f -- xzstsLiuitl'= + =
XApe+n/{
ohwrs [a't"r,, C aa^ \o*- t^r.c t' Ltr u, a.s .

E/l
f= ,i L /
wVzve anits r+ f qr€ ohtn- te"Li'neUts (n-'(tn =r/.*\
= O/;i
)
s i'('c'n
9I9Jtf& - trt',d Te-sr stJ r, i L1 "| q-1.,t:ti ".:*
(lse nL= \'5xto''/''\t
a.n[ Q9 p^L\p€ SL r.rrt-t]-, NR= tot6fr''T3.
I3'e crrr-fVt4l?--48oc^-/t/s' 4"v i"'tvtnstc sL'
/tn= d*ped" si'
fn= lrtoc^o/vt + lt?=4oo'^'/vs 'C'-
tlf ' tOFr- i'n\x insrt- Si ,
=n = n{ = l' 5x,rto /r*3
-fhrrs,
,r ?

? (eru "nf 0
, 2 2'a I XtOt -'-ffi

tr") {:ov p-Lf fc sit nP=


rli r,29x ,f/c^s
F/, = Nft= = lo''/r^3"=) Nn

TIws"/ = l'5 5"sl-'crvl


J)=
I
t (frt +nfln)
)k- Fov A"gzA s; resistivi\ is Aalt*od, ?yy@
b1 d-op
ry
inq eon
#- ant ra-tt o5,
[n.^.-'(.r

+ .nesrsLi"ity by gX45
Do ?\'I red.aczs "4
Ynaq n i{ixdr-
M0r^.^.-,^'-v ,

Houe
rNf,g,cTrotl

F
c
d
u)
J 2 t-
0 tJl
Z
0

lo(nifud.a-
.l cuvten* at eqqtn po,rtT=]^ropowtJ ohol
+r CorA c*ntra;bf on
t*&-vLt,
A Kxl
+ -?5r A*
=
w\,zrz, Sp
= Ho.h Cnvtenf D.ensi\ U/r^)
b p = D i4furs [o n cons t /^t 1-r]$us iv ily
/
PCr)= Ho.Qe cDy\czrrtvrtfon ..1r p o iruL">d',
A Kx)i.. + posiUt,e cuylr€"* +{",,., int
d'* ' r
naqaltvC
(
x- d,ire.{loq C,.rhf 2 ?) ,

Foy d-e-ctron ,*llusfort .uv-e^i, wQ- \atz,


Jn:?r" d#,ntx)
l$ocE..-
L/\..A,/
6f6n a*}-41 vLncR \n S,. & 59' }3 H Hg W??
F"t int-r[nstc stfucorr
5p = t)- e
^"/g
Dn= 35c^u/s,
* tuheve- d."oes A*'f,ltrs f on c u)rrre nt *!n * ).

{t Who c4xszs tJrQ- concznt-m.tioY1 Xr*d+e"t 2


\
(Nn"p $nusq in vrind , Wdll, q.mswzF it, t-"*'ev),
Rer-nrroNs*\P Qq.pEE{
@ ' v'^-Al
Q,e &(:Sla @
Dn = DP =V-
vr
lr" F
wl*vx, V.TT=K T. Thev*a.,{ f) o["LaXz
= =

(: rso,L\ma.vrrs cons{-= \,3a X to-23*ttr6 -ftx'


t(/-l'6xlo^'tc
f = T"nnp.eva-lr.xe in Ke{vr\
P.g1rg.-ru ?xsrxAg 2tr B$-)vN:xro
A N gDG.

P -subst'r&

l,W $lt5 Rt R)-*rsuw


AtIosq CAIH obE

PN *JuNCTtoN UNDER, OPesr CtR.cutT:-


.\-/\- n/;1,^.-,^'.^- Arn-z'r.ra.- t\.^..^- .- .. ./-.
^_

--)xp
<=* ES
Hol{g e/t sJl EugcrRrsrg t
't ++ -t -t-t +
tat*+ ol oi ^---l
r+'t .t +1f
1+ o o'
-r+(+r-ra o
+t{++t* ,9 iB,
se-rll+io\^ + A o unA Ch avles

B orrrtlfr

>c-)
/\./\ .^./v\.^ (4-*4nL
Q^ff{*stot nn .-.r...r^-r.
r- bt^e- t^o
C on cu-vrtxafu orn ,'rA qxadiev*- h o.k* qp \vtL $rrrn
"*
"*
e - Llpe tD n -bfoF€.Cvno'o on tjnis t *"1'1
o

Csnc-ernLwatiort u-Lu.*o,.s
Xradrent
'p "+
('ruto"< {'t,"t)
%otr(t
4ro* ,.''-typ{ to -tXpx--
{iDirsr-cLtr^ ol cuvrap{, {nrrn p-{-yfe to n^t_\p^g.
$EPLErtoN
@
ReoroN
/\-^./^*,4.,/ ^.-
. \{ oll.s &if,fu.z &r* P -LrPa +o n {1Pz '
t Nz-ar L\\z .1
u ncLt a\ l-l''.e-sc- h
"{.q=
c'ovrbivrz t'r' ith
'$rax- &.troY\S 7 tn L}* n - t19e *Af ovr '
. Th€ n - \ pe r-eq ion Lu 4s o r i7 i^^ilr p-le'cIxi'a-19
'i
v'zr.rtra.t . o. r', h aA q-
, ,.r) € rrT lrzz "a)-e.tjrt
p os it-r re .ha r?& c, -ntzv p arf in the {ot- '{
u
th,e n,.r.c&us "{ tL{ pzntavo-ln* i*PuriLY'
l5 u.c tr rLco*kinet,t on nu^a"lr +-k€ .Juh "t1"o'n
th,e- genta ,&t *. \vnp,mtL1 "tptn -hnc-h h ad'
P'sittv-Q. .ho Xf is sa id. tp b haue 6 u"t
*ryx:gyg{. T\.,i:' P osiUvr- .kary is
sa-i{ to
bz " [gg pg*Xg .^!'1S"'
The- rqron wdyx- "trzeonn b(nclL on h"Ppznsd
is t*rlz6d ,$ [o*- eLL"1;roy\s Ve-ncx- u'1"t
x"7to" is .oJlaJ.. "&f,&#.X XA-i99"
T\nx-,e*^cL saro/r.e tJni^1 hagPzv\s in thx- P-LYP{-
vaj.uon *hich aqte} /ca "4 hr&-s.
ff*r
Thz, *f&;$* X?ptA is *t.. b-Uad "spac-q-

",bSrte Tgt{g} '.

Rec4r,LSe ,l th"c- eho\qz-


6
tj,ore ts ax\ ,-ls&v-''e-,c,
f te,oA,"u "-
T\n'is e-{rcL:r*._ ?t'll' ?rLve-ts -$artl"st A''{lusi"l
,l ho,ks e^nd- ur{,e&"rp1t-s o.c Yoss Lh{ j^.{,"rtl
thrrs rrz&run7 +J.z $UHg1 Xtt(I&.
@
Detr-r
O,t:*
CuRRENT
61./^.,/\.a../^A.,
-,-

o 3 ue- +, +)r$\\"11 vni'noTltf CarrliR-ws,


tl / frzv:LYa*l-&
o Thc- barrtev v oLLaTr" cat)'sLg t\^z wrlnrvtt:1
caTrteYs 'L, I btxt ', -
+ e-lz.t-rvrs 4tr* p -Lfroz to n -L1pe .

.,cu u,
is coJ,SzL
off"Ih lw ff; Y ._=;:'z
4gl! cS,Xf! , Is -
-
'
P_rrrz-

o I-e i s a- stror,,7 X-*cLr'r rr


",| &^p.raJ.,qye
(
.

' r-s is A in/a f."d"^t nl tlr-(- vap,(.leLton W*" /

vol*nqt
6J
Vo.
U
n
xr seR
, . -^
O Pexr Crn cul
11'6...a- 1l..^.-^.a,
r CpfsefaqN.-
A-^-'z-

rD: r<
anA ts mqrnt&trsd, by barf te x vo!*af Uo. VtS
u"olryW t*ro ca-seg *lr-erm Is * Is.

tA= f ',- fs, ) Es :) M ore bo..r,d .ho\ff-s


ruill bz qn c ovlx Ld, o n both si&s , d. ylzLrrn
9a1n *rll *d,e.ut aud Uo wu!')" i^c rtaeL t-ht h
*kI. cars-Q- Ip to lec.",.qsp- t "^ti,1 Sp = 15.
CAse-2 n,-
Lu 4 }s + Th<.ve u,&l L2- Q'e'st bow'td'
a..r^.-z--\

;n^rt" => :*:zArtcn-;. de-?!ztio,,1 9,nyz, =) Vo t,,W'(-


)-acx,Lxsz =) :tr-D has tp \nc^r€q'sz *'tt.tl- \ =qs'
@
txx*:xx hxx: Es k!rAGE",-

-hr-xr, tr\ n 8, H$ qYe bPrry. Concz ntr,arttovls,


,of p-s iAe
sihr 'cespecti "r4.
c r.rt n -
F oY ,Ls
Vo t\p \.4 varics bztt-QQ\\ o'LV "-r4 o'1v
@ )roonn te*pe rdwYz-.
t^l
'{}ii\^. 'L u)X.,iz vsl .-F,-*^-
hV car^,
l?)--,{
(=4-s \Y! V o qs inq a- V^"1&)C&-y ?
-a!- n't''(^ "^ '
Crtztct vol*ay @ YAaUI - s€jrQicondr..tor ju,.ctions
6L th{ {rr*irnat, t L^^ct& LoL""z LUe- bo-r ie-x
v o.Qiagc .

RN lxxxxl W.w NAiIP "-


p; Pt
f tf f + ++
+ +-t + +ff {*
+ ++ I +
r+ *t t t f f

Pp=Na
( r> flr, : trtg
t ',9 (

.rr. 2_
a;L rt''(
gl
3
r
oni
r\o-
1\Po=
M
Ot
lC
-&,
&-t^J
, 'fr le.+\ = A1/ Np Xq
The bo.rr,A ,hra t* 1., Lt\r p-stJz & n-s;A!- qYz five" b;',

\Q-\ = A 7, Nn xP
,rnA. \a*\ -- fr1 N> xn
u,,h.g.rt, cYosg'-s"cLir.^.{, a'rt?-L "} P-^ i*.n'tior1
A--
i, tl^z- g.Q.o*z. PuPenir.,.Q-o-v to thz P"ff'
No-,
\a-\ = \a* \
)A 7
Nnxp - 41, Nr x^
xh Nn
4 Xp
^\u
A,Q.ro , 4trrn Aev t c{ P
hY 5i c s ,
W = Xr,-rXp=
"
,oherr, Lrt= [- ),ec6.o! ?xrv\ittvt'lr4 ,f s; = \ \' v Lo
a\\'?x S.gsxio-ttF /r^= l-o4xro-t'ol
"^
T\r;.^il,.'U' is in tk{ r_uny? 4rt"n D'lpwr L' \F''
T h*rs2 Na
Xn = \ J
N* rNo
NP
anAT xe ='w
NA +ND
Cha yX7- st orqd o n ciLh-er,- srde- .t J on.tj o* t Y1

lzgtr.-Urn Yet f tzn i t,


a; ? [ a*l = \ q-\
+a5=47 Nn No
\.\n * No
w=oJr16g;v"
PN
r\.n^ &r.reTroN
a\Alr^\/\^_Aa-i
UNoeR RR"YEA:E A,'S (4" A Li rnrr uE, A vn uvs,s)
.4,.Atzr-2.r,**"2.-

-) to
->TU
*tg *ts

(.
1

?.res c sJ&r Reu€nse


71rrA*rt-Z Bres
. t/./rrh 'rLvqrs
L b fas
^.,4..^-

) s.z-fls{ion tLgio vt tt, r dzns (u:t y ??)


-> fa eTs
-> S\nc< Ls is )" 2 +" wl inori€1 carrtrr€7s
t*:hose C on pryo*UrL
as\rtra.*,r'av1 is tA.rn
&pen )evvb, bh" ^rcve.rsc- htas cu.:-vent rb
sLr on gly tcwr Vero*urz dnp"r"t^ert, .
-+ Th€ ouero!& cut-re n.t, uhdtr rev{<Tse_ bi4s
is v€yf sv,na.t,t
t/Jl^4t is tU tr.s{- PXt .-jr"ctJ'rn qy,dsr T€veysq-
Ltas ?
"$
?
+ Ths davi.-<- ,pLra*as a-s L volLa72 M?*^dtrr*,
ca. pac I ta tr. 6

G. =ro)
* AE r-svorrS€ tros incrr{agrs t[r{- c,a?actfanc2 d,etreAses
=) v o.Lt^32 d'oqznd.t^rt ca-pacilgtnc-e'
CvnRAcro0
)F Th& .^pqcitana.e ,$ ju^.tfr"r u" i*, at.La ts,
f
Cj,
c.j=
.t- Vr-
-T-

*W9 Cjr =
gt

VR
* tl) iath ,+ Lzgl,zLto n rq io'n trrrdtv rL-v 8-\s z b tas i.,
lN=xn

a.nd. rn"trnit*dx- , $ ,ho tf stotz{ ov1 eiLWr s f A*. i=,

t$ Inuro XAEg to Brne ruALrS is

Ve rs in tI".& /,i.l.,<rlio*t s'/otwacts ftr- Us


tho*'
tt%\s Yze,*c-r)nq. +I',-e- bovr Lo< vol*agU &cross d,ep!&irn
region . o
=> \erYow deplett'"t *Lflion 'u''iAth
"P" t'
fr* f "r* rr*r' 'h " awl Yn ov€-
mave lroLe. oh4[,^t
=} p),tc*ton Li}[usiov. 4to^ t' " P" o

greRENa
/\f\.n..^\/\.e
V^o;fla1e
A.n f..-u:f- @
/ Ef -Iu Nc-Tl DN ', -
BN - /4.7\v€

rh Wrth Tor-o.o[ b fas


-> Bcvrtev p"te"t;"l ved'z.qs ,,tO
-' lt\ ore hslzs cattt dt$f"st 1-r* 'P
,, n/, a ra,A

VIC4- . V{l.Ysa^.
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t v'r
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ca...y ia",rs rn n -t1pt {}ft('n " 5qwrl tLu'q
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d

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n*Cx)
[riuvn

"Xe O +Xn

Hgrr. Na > No
@
* At thz dXz ,f fu,7LzLton {enLon
{"o* Azvic-q- PhPics

wL hute-, u/v,
Pn Cx| : Pno z
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P^o
Lxcz--S conc. =
* Th'z
'nrut'u='
injectzd h,olos r,ttovL 8- 6P-Lomt'i'z t^,,ith
a(safxons
Lr"ti*
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cDYl ce.n

ve)t*cts ";Ponei*tal+
@
T\n,rs totot c'llccntr^ltp* "+ h''fus it'
Pn(rc) = P^o + P^, c
.u/"-) ;Q-"il/tt
wvwYLt LP -- fu$&sron le"fku
) Svna-0lzv LP [*tV' is the docal'
Thas cuvt,. ,^k A-ens i6y \n n -r'26 i on o\ue b \'!t
Arf$ustrn i.,
Ap^C.c)
JpCrc)= -? bp L*
-€'-^')/r-r
:) Srcrc)= q,(*)o^, G*")
At dfl, "$ Aepiu.Lto" <eTiovt ths cctrrenl dznsity
LL-,L
is Lht frk[r*t and [t,r
flir.. I , \/r_' \
bU

(R - \)
Je (xn) 1/ (t) P^o
=
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hrlz cuw€nf
&nsily vedqrces bd,1 LI{- ovsroll" cu\re"Jc Je nsiLy
sho"{A b,{. nnruntai .
^gA
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hrks \tecrrnLi'rrrnc with ^maioriLv
".bctvovrs
is
o- pt nso*e{ t1 4 .*l;zvno-l- 'c i'"c lt irljecttrn e-lzrLron,
:
i^to
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n - reX ion ,

)F Tl"re e-l,zrLrrn i " ie" tf ,n c uxrrewt is in Ll^!- sa,rvtL


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* ThAs a.s T* Cx) vefuic;<s ttr'-e- ,L2.Lyan c a r rersL
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i*,
,F fo&.{, cu.rrent tJ^rouX h PN-Sunctf ora

f,, = ACs" -*f I


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:)r =,7A11L#*-* i:^il (.*')
I no N>
=s
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iE consta,'r*t, de 2
r,= Alrn? ffi -fi-)
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{o \ o-'
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rt

v->

s.f U.^Ue then . th& p rr -j r^nc{,t o',n bvecKs A*-q or.A


curreni av1"rP) n c 'rZase.s . T-o rnec fto lt,is vns , I
t

bYzat<lour\ : *
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hto&o o,tu"tk, t;d)" in AzgkLi'w re6fonn
V

@',- HiXh ,oflociLy wtinortty ca)rtu€Ys


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^X3,.tI.tr
["tLL'c'' "?l<
l;vry"!'ps cav.nizrs
LriA* uonds, ,!"u
'!uthin aw qvrt/-Ln.h $a-=l'rotr' '

This pyoczss vLpa*;


Qqeuerrox
n a\,4v,^/4'z1.*^
oSfuslqr @".-
Cha t* \n )aPLcL{on &nr Pn in'

Q3= A

=) Q,l.l =o< Vo+UR

u.:h€,r€-
,, d-- A J.%irffi SJrpe= cJ
-t-Z
t
e,-j
Q= Bias Paint

VR= ?reuzret Uol*a6t


rVurc
"t cj r {q..
du*
ve. -- vq

=> c3 d-
Uo+ Un
.1_= 3a-;tve i t
-expY.?-ss i on
$"u'*
&ov e .
t
AL, Ue= o *L #, cj" - 2{q
o("

Th,us, cjo
cj=
-T1 ee s
{\.&-/
Qe
.-
f^u_o.l c t
{v.^,J--'-az^-/
r o Ns ", -
\.-- *, (AAyfr !i[f,[lL'. - SopinX concant'ratton ch""Xeg
=uALzwLy.
,h G ^cJlor{ - b,p i.X^:rTrntva*'ioT
*9\^^/ charn5es
%

arailrcw' TYdr,2
^AEP [/
. cj,
'J = Ja'-L1^
L v, I
*)*xL,, *'n1" ya\t^Ls $-r* Y3 to Y, and is 'ilfud"
XrnAiv.T co.f$ tcient.
S rsFus to hr Cnpnc \ TAN cF- n,-
lv @
^.n-l\-.r1.-
3 Dkple\.r0, P" C'O
Cornc.
i lReXir,n
Pno
rha:r.'nc-[ €4p.].1t xt' vn
Volr^z.
-xp xn
,k In 4o-,rro.,A V i aseA P N -'1uy16.Lt'o n tt^{- LYczes vvltn
"t ifr,,
carrrtert ehatf is a, 4riyr.{,r'ovt ,$ uol*,ay.
tl thrve is L c\tavyz ct'ss o cia*<d, "'iLh "9*o(
+ wL can ctssoci^t{- a- ca'?^ciltn'L '
Th-rrs
r
r
P"; Lp
Qe = A7 f e"(",^)
tz "jrp=AT
) q.p-- ftrt
n<
P,',(:/"i%
?=p - L n(in oriLv
^,,-t-v.-..-<\
-/\Hi$.--t<r\r l;{tti",t.e
c-avY
}../-.--------
)F Savnz th,.*X ca,rn Le Aptt- {ot ek \rPqE , TIN^E)

Q''^ = a" I^
\
Tota.[ ex c*ss ndvr ori by c^Ylrt€v n't2

Q= trlp + tnI^
=) e= @r..t
w\rOret I = I?* th
anA, t- = Y\De4htv*n s ft tiwne'
Sm ch^,n62* o.xo, r.il t ias Po int,
^M
4$- )r
c^c fr incva"n lzyt+a.l )ul["sfam
[;;;*a;;
; e-* r- , * Pl*,-s +x1 t: dtrive;t,
e) $r,v {ouv s"t{.

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