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DATA FLO\il TESTING

Data flow testing focuses on the points at which variables receive values and the points at
which these values are used (or referenced), It detects improper use of data values
(data flow anomalies) due to coding errors.

Rapps and Weyukers Motivation*: " it is our belief that, iust as one would not feel
confident about a program without executing every statement in it as part of some test, onc
should not feel confident about a program without having seen the effect of[Jsingthe
value produced by each and every computation.

Early data flow analyses often centered on

define/referen ce

an om al

a set of

faults that are known

as

ies,

A variable that is defined but never used (referenced')

A variable that is used but never defined

A variable that is defined twice before it is used

Data flow testing

1. Define / Use Testing
2. Slice-Based Testing

DEFINE/USE TESTING
The following refers to program P that has program graph G (P) and the set of program
variables V. In a program graph statement fragments are nodes and edges represents nodc
sequcncc .G (P) has single entry a:rd single exit node. We also disallow ctlgcs fiuttt ttudc
to itself. The set of all paths in P is PATHS (P).
Dgfinition.of usage node and defining node

Definlng and Usage Nodes

" Definin$ node (e.g. input x, v = 2, etc.):

DEF(v, n): Node n in G(P) is a defining node of

var v in V iff value of v is defined at n.

'

Usage node (e.g. output x, ? = 2\v, etc.):

USE(v, n): Node n in G(P) is a usage node of
var v in V iff value of v is used at n.

r
Definition of du-oath:-

Definition-use (du) path (wrt. variable v)

A path in PATHS(P) such that
for sorne v in V
There exist DEF(v, m), USE{v, n) nodes s.t"
m and n are initial and final nodes of the path
respectively.

eTrnlfion-ctear tcfc) pa
wrt. variable
A du-path in PATHS(P) where
the initial node of the path is the only defining
node of v {in the path).

Definition of P-use., C-use

A usage node USE(v,n) is predicate use denotsd as P-case , if statement n is preclicate
statement (example if a<2)

If statement n is computation statement is denoted

Example :-( Commission problern)
1

program commission(INPuT, OUTPUT)

2. Dim look , stock , barrels as lnteger

3. Dim lockprice,stockprice, barrelprice As Real

as C-case

(examplc C:C+Z)

1. Dim

totallocks ,totalStocks , totalBarrels As Ilteger

5. Dim lockSales, stocksales,ba:relsSales As Real

6. Dim sales , commission As Real

7. lockprice=4s.0

stockprice= 30.0

9. barrelpriee:25.0
10.

totallocks:0

11. totalstocks:0

12. totalbarrels:0
13 .input(locks)

14.Whle not (locks:

I

-l)

5.Input (stock,barrel)

l6.Totallocks :total locks +locks

17.

Totalstocks :total stocks +stocks

18. Totalbarrels

totaibarrels +barrels

19. input Qocks)

20.End While
21. output ( "Locks sold", total locks)

22. output ("Stocks sold", total stocks)

("Barrels sold", totalbarrels)

23. output

24.locksales: lockprice *totallocks

25.

stocksales: siockprice *totalstocks

26.barrelsales: barrelprice *totalbarrels

27 sales= locksales

stocksales+barrelsales

28. output( "Tota1sales", sales)

29.

if

(sales

> 1800.0)

30. then

31.

commission:0.i0 *

1000

32. commission :commission +0. I 5 *800.0

33.commissi.on
34. Else

if

commission +0,20

(sales >1000)

*(

sales >1000)

/d-:-->.
qlf.r

35.Then
36. commission:0.10
37. commission

1000.0

commission +0. I 5 *(sales_l 000. 0)

38. Else
39. commission =0.10
40. End

If

41. End

If

42.

* sales

ouput ("commission is S',, commission)

43. End commission.

DD-paths and Nodes for above example

D

(3

Nodes

7,8,9,1q,1 1,72,13,

14

l5,l6,l7,l g,19,20
42225,2.+2s2627 28

D
E

29
30.31.32.33
34

GI
rii
II
t
J

35,36,3.1
I

38.39
40
41,42,42

du-Pathr for Stock$j

First, let us look at a simple path:the du-path or the variable stocks.Wehac
DEF(stocks,l5)
andUSE(stocks,l7),so the path<l 5,77> is aclu-path with respect to
stooks. No othcr is
defining nodes are used for stocks; therefore, this path also definition clear.

du-Paths for Locks:

Two defining and two usage nodes make the locks variable more interesting: we have
DEF(locks,13),
DEF(locks,19),USE(locks,14),and USE(locks,16). These yreld four du-paths:
P1:<13,14>
P1:<13,14,15,16>
P1:<19,20,14>
Pl:<19,20,i4,15,16>
Du-paths pl and p2 refer to the priming
Value of locks, which is read at node 13: locks has a predicate use in the while
statement(node 14), and if the condition is true (as in path p2), acomputation use at
statement 16.The other fwo du-paths start near the end of the while loop and occur when
the loop repeats.

du-Paths fo4

lgjallocksi

The du-paths for totallocks will be lead us to fypical test cases for computations. With two
defining nodes(DEF(toallocks, 10) and DEF(totallocks, 16)) and three usage nodes
(USE(totallocks,l6),USE(totailocks,2l), USE(totallocks,24)), Wc might expect six dupaths. Let us take a closer look. Path p5:<10,11 ,12,1.3,14,15,16> is a du-path in which the

initial value of totailocks(0) has computation use.

du-Paths for Sales:-

Oniy one defining node is used for sales; therefore, all the du-paths with respect to
must be definition-clear. They are interesting because they illustrate predicate and
computation uses. The

sales

First 3 du-paths are easy:

PI0:<27,28>
Pll:<27,28,29>
Notice thatplZ is a definition-clearpath with 3 usage nodes; it also contain paths p10 and
pl1.
If we were testing withp12, we know
P 12:<2J

,28,29 3A3l "32,33>

we would aiso covered the other 2

Nodes for V

C:t9
lockPrice
stockPrice
barrelPrice
totalLocks

1o_cks

stocks

r8

15

lockSales

/4

stockSales
barrelsales
sales

25

an

27

3,34,37,39
31,32,33

totalStocks
totalStocks
totalStocks
totalStocks

Ycs
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

locks

27,39

du-Paths for Commission:

Selected Detne/Use Nodes
Variabl
cornmlsslon

31,32

comrnlssl0n

Yes

coflu]uss10n

No
Yes
Yes

commlsslon

cofiImlssl0n

'

commi-.sion
commission
commission
commissl0n
commlsslon

No
nla
No
Yes

32,J
32.12

Nr-r

n/a

Yes

comrnission

commtsslon

commission

3rc2

No

37,37
37,42

Yes
Yes
Yes

n/a
Yes
Yes

No

nla

Yes

Yes

mfilmlSSlOn

coillmNslon

commission

comrtusslon
commission

Yes

36.42

3gS39,33

3W

du-path Test Coverage Meticq

All-Du-Paths

All C-Uses/Some p-Uses

All PusesiSome C-Uses

lo,,-"-ur".

lou-"o**,

SLICE-BASED TESTING

e9

DATAFLOW TESTII\G

and the points at

Data flow testing focuses on the points at which variables receive values
data values
which these values are used (oi referenced). It detects improper use of
(data flow anomalies) due to coding errors.

not feel
Rapps and Weyukers Motivation*: " it is our belief that, just as one would
of some test, one
confident about a program without executing every statement in it as part
should not feel confident about u p.ogru- without having seen the effect oflJsingthe
vaiue produced by each and every computation.

Dataflow testing
1. Define / Use Testing

2. Slice-Based Testing

Slice-Based Testine
of program
The following refers to program P that has program graph G (P) and the set
represents node
variables V. In a program graph statement fragments are nodes and edges
edges from node
sequence .G (p) has single entry and singie exit node. We also disallow
to itself. The set of all paths in P is PATHS (P)
set V
Definition:-Given a program P and a set V of variables in P, a slice on the variable
rt.t.*."1n,wdtte; S(V,n), is the set of all statements in P prior to node n that contribute
"t the values of variables in V at node n.Listing elements of a slice S(V, n) will be
to
cumbersome because the elements are program statement fragments'
list fragrnent numbers in P(G).

USE

T\?ES

P-use - Used in a predicate stmt

C-use - Used in comPutation
O-use -Used for oulPut
L-use - used for location (pointers)
I-use Iteration (Internal counters,
loop indices)

It is much simpler to

EFT
I-def-Defined by input
A-def-Defi ned bY assignment

ontains interesting dataflow

properties , and these are not present in the triangle problem( or in next date
these examples while looking at the source code for the commission

function).Follow

problem that we used to analyse in terms of define/use paths'

( Commission Problem)
i . program commission(INPUT. OUTPUT)

2, Dim

lock, stock, barrels

as

lnteger

3. Dim lockprice ,stockprice, ba:relprice As Real

4. Dim totallocks ,totalStocks , totalBarrels As lnteger
5. Dim lockSales, stocksales ,barrelsSales As Real
6. Dim sales , commission As Real

7. lockprice-45.0

8 stockprice= 30.0
9. barrelprice=25.0
10.

totallocks:0

i 1. totalstocks=0
12. totalbarrels:O
13 .input(1ocks)

14.Whle not (locks: -1)

1

5.Input (stock,barrel)

l6.Totallocks :total locks +locks

17.

Totalstocks :total stocks *stocks

i 8. Totalbarrels
19. input

totalbarrels *barrels

(locks)

20.End While
21. output ( "Locks sold", total locks)

22. output ("Stocks sold", total stocks)

23"

output ("Barrels sold", totalbarrels)

24.locksales: lockprice *totallocks

25.stocksales: stoclqpdce *totalstocks
26.banel sal

es: barrelpriee *totalbarrel

27 sales: locksales

* stocksales*barrelsales

28. output( "Totalsales", sales)

29.

if

(sales

> I 800,0)

30. then
31.

commission:0.10 * 1000

32. commissicn :commission +0. 1 5 *800.0

+0'20 *( sales >1000)

-:3.commission: commission
3-1.

Else if (sales >1000)

36.

commission: 0.10

* 1000'0

*(sales-i000.0)
37. commission = commission +0.15
38. EIse
39.

commission:0.10 * sales

40. End

If

41. End

If

42. output ("commission is

$", commission)

43. End commission.

Program grap-h of the the commission problem

6@

Slices on the locks variable show why it is potentially fault-prone.it has a P-use at node.l,
and a C-use at node 16 and has two definitions, the I-defs at nodes 13 and 19.

l:S(locks,13Ft13)
S2:S(locks, l4|{ 1 3,14,t9,20)
53 : S(locks, 1 6): { I 3, 1 4,19,20\
S

34:S(locks,19)={19}

The Slices for stocks and barrels are boring. They are short, definition-clear paths
contained
Entirely within a loop, so they are not affected by iterations of the loop. (Think of the loop
body
As a DD-Path.)
55 : S(stocks, I 5p { I 3,1 4,1 5,I9,20}
56 : S(stocks, I 7): { I 3,1 4,I 5,19,20)
S7 : S(barrels, 1 5): { 13,14,1 5,19,20}
S8

S(barrels, I 8): { 13,7 4,1 S,l 9,20}

The next three slices illustrates how repetation appears in slices. Node l0 is an A-def for
totalLocks
And node 16 contains both an A-def and a C-use. The remaining nodes in Sl0(13, 14,19
and 20) pertain to the While loop controlled by locks. Slice S10 and Sl l are equal because
nodes 2l and 24 are an o-use and a C-use of totallocks respectively.

0): { i 0 }
S 1 0: S(totallocks, 1 6): 1 0, 1 3, 14,16,19,20}
{
S 1 I :S(totallocks,2l): 10,13,14,16,19,20}
{
59 : S(totallocks,

The slices on totalstocks and totalBarrels are quite similar. They are initiali zeclby A-clefs
at nodes I 1 and 12 and then are defined by A-defs at nodes 17 and 18. Again, the
remaining nodes (13,14,19 and 20) pertains to the While ioop controlled by locks.
S 1 2:
S

S(totallocks, I 1):

{11}

13:S(totallocks,17):{ 1 1,I3,

14,15,17

S I 4: S (totallocks,2

,19,20}

2): II I,I3,I 4,1 5,17,1 9,20j

S I 5 : S (totalBarrels, l2):
{12}
S 1 6: S (totalBairels, 1 8tr IZ,I3
,14,75 ,l6,lg ,20}
{

S 1 7 : S (totalBarrels,

231: {12,13,1

4, 1 5, I 8, I

9,20}

The next six slices demonstrate our convention

( ?.frq)
regarding values defined b]-

assignment stzuements (Adefs).

Str: S0ockPrice, 24) - l7l
S,r: S(stockPrice, 25) = [81
Sr: S(barrelPrice, 26) l9l
S4: S0ockSales, 24) = {7, lO, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20,241
Srr: S(stockSales, 25) = lB, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19,20,25l.
S23: S(barrelsales, 26) = t9, 12, 13, 74,15, 18, 19, 2A, 261

The slices on sales and commission

th. interesting ones. Only one defining
"r.
node exists for sales, the Adef at node 27, The remaining slices on sales show
the P-uses, C-uses, and the O-use in definition clear paths.
Sra:

S(sales,27)

ll,

12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,20,21t,25,

g 10, i.l,

12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 79, 20,24, 25,

17,8,9 10,

25, Z7l
Srr: s(sales, 28) = {7, 8,
26, 271'-

S(sales,29) = ii7,8,9 10, 71, 12, 13, 14,75,76,77,18, 19,20,24,25,

26,271
Srr: S(sales, 33) : {7, 8, 9 10, \1, 12, 13, !4, 15, 76, 17, 18, 19,20, 24, 25,
26, ?71
S2r: S(sales,34):17,8,910, 11,'1.2, 13, 1,4,15, 16. 17, 18, 79,20,24,25,
26,27l|
Srr: S(sales, 37) : '7,8,9 10, 1'!., 12, 13,74, 15, 16, 17, 18, 79,'20, 24,25,
526:

26,271
S3s: S(sales,

38) = |-7,8,9 1A, \'),,'!.2, !3, 14, 15, 1.6, 77, 18, 19, 20, 24,25,

26,27l.

Think about slice S2a in terms of its "components," which are the slices on the
C-use variables. \We can write _Szl i Sro (J 9,1 u Sro u Sz, U S, U Srr. Notice how
the fiormalism corresponds to our inrui$on: if the vaiue of sales is wrong, we first
look at how it is computed; if this is OK, we check how the components are
computed.
Everything comes together (literally) with the slices on commissioq. Six A-def
nodes are used for commission (corresponding to the six du-paths we identified
earlier). Three computations of commission are controlled by P-uses of sales in
the IF, EISE IF logic. This yields three 'paths" of slices that compute conurlission.
S(commission, 31) = {31}
Srr: S(commission, 32) = 131,32J
Su,:

Figure

10,4 lattice

of slices on commission.

Srr: S(comrnission, 33)

=

11, 12, 13, 74, .t5,

24,25,26,27,29,30, Y:8:910,
31, 32,33l,

Sro: S(commission,

36)

Srr: S(commission, 3;7)

16, 17', i,B,

tg,

Z0,

136l

17, 8,9 10, 11, lz, 13, 74, 1.5, 16,

17, 18, "Ig, 2A;
24, 25,26,27,35, 371
Srr: S(commission, 3g) =
{7, 8, g r0, l"t, j.z, !j, 14,75, 16, 17,
18, 7g, 2A,
24, 25, 26,27,2g, 34, 381

vhichever coq-npqq4tioa-isjaken*alr
come rogerher_in_the-.last_sliee,
Srr: S(commission, 411

= .'7, g,910, 11, 12, 13, 14,

16, 17,7g, 79, zo,
24, 25, 26, 27,2g, 30, 31, 32,
33, 34, 35" i6, 37, 3gl

!j,

The slice information irnproves

our
it is a direcred aryclic sraph in which rrxighc. Look ar the iattice in Figure 10.4;
slicJs
,ofr;';fi;
JrJ';"o*senrs

rhe proper subset retationsf,ip.

"..
This lanice is dr*awn,so rhat the
position of rhe srice nodes roughly
corresponds
with their position in rhe source .fa.,
The definiJor-, .t.", parhs <1r3, 5r>, <t7g,
51>' and <50,51> correspond to the
edges that show srices sle, sr, and
Sro are
subsets of slice soo' Figure 10.5
shows a lattice of slices for rhe entire
progranl.
some slices (those thar are idenrical
to otheJ fr"rr"-t"r., delered for clariry.

Figure

10.'5 laftice on sales and commission.

I
Guideiines and observations-refer text page- I 66