Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Electrical Machines

Paper ID 1119

Generalized MMF Space Harmonics and Performance Analysis of Combined Multiple-Step, Star-Delta, Three-Phase Windings Applied on Induction Motors
M. V. Cistelecan1, F. J. T. E. Ferreira2,3, H. B. Cosan4 Research Institute for Electrical Machines (ICPE-ME), Bucharest, Romania Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal 3 Dep. of Electrical Eng., Engineering Institute of Coimbra (ISEC), Coimbra, Portugal 4 Dep. of Electrical Eng., Ege University, Izmir, Turkey e-mail: mciste@yahoo.com, fernando@mail.isec.pt, baris.cosan@aslankursun.com
2 1

Abstract - In the paper it is developed a complete theory and method of analysis of combined star-delta three-phase windings from the point of view of MMF spatial harmonics content. The developed method is verified by means of experimental tests in a motor with a specially designed stator winding, allowing multiple-step air-gap flux regulation.

delta windings, leading to discrete steps in the air-gap flux density level. II. MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE ANALYSIS It is supposed that the single-layer or double-layer winding of a three-phase induction motor have the coils divided in two parts (or separated windings), being the first part connected in delta and the second one connected in star. The two separated windings can be connected in parallel or in series, being the parallel connection [4, 7] conditioned to more restrictions regarding the number of turns. The series connection [2, 3, 5] has no restrictions excepting the spatial symmetry. Depending on the constitution and on the manner in which the coils of each phase are divided between the star and delta systems, the whole system can be characterized as being a three- or a six-magnetic axis system. In Fig. 1, it is represented a series-connected three-phase combined star-delta system of windings. Both the star and delta components are symmetrical, and the star component is connected between the supply and the inner delta. As the magnetic axes is concerned, the magnetic axes of the star connected phases can be characterized by an angle , assumed to be in the range [ /6 + /3], related to a reference axis perpendicular to that of the opposite phase of the delta branch, as shown in Fig. 1.

I. INTRODUCTION The combined star-delta three-phase windings are very old. As far as authors know, the first reference on this topic is the patent of Korthals [1], issued in 1918, where twowinding system, incorporating one star-connected winding and one delta-connected winding, are combined together in a three-phase induction motor. In [1] both windings are manufactured with same number of poles, but spatially displaced by 30o, and the delta-connected winding has a number of turns 3 times larger than the star-connected winding. Star-delta three-phase windings are actually used in some two-pole, three-phase induction motors driving highinertia loads, requiring high-starting torque, in order to allow magnetizing flux regulation and starting current limitation. However, such windings can be used also for saving energy in variable-load induction motors [2], and for terminalvoltage adjustment in synchronous generators [3]. As sometimes happens, the novelty is not fully true where it is claimed. Examples of such situations are the papers of Hughes [4] and Chen [5] or even the patent of Gjota [6] where the first reference of the patent of Korthals [1] is not at all cited. This is why it is to be underlined that the present paper will not bring any news on the combined star-delta winding principles, but offers a general method of analysis as a function of number of turns and relative spatial position of the two windings, taking into account the spatial harmonics of the resultant magnetomotive force (MMF) depending on the per-winding MMF waveform space harmonics. The calculation results are verified on a new developed motor, wound in order to allow experimental analysis of different situations regarding the constitution of the star and

Fig. 1. Relative spatial displacement of the star and delta windings in a combined star-delta winding.

978-1-4244-1736-0/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE

Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Electrical Machines If = 0, which is the case considered in the patent of Korthals [1], the analysis may be performed as in the Chens paper [5], applied to a semi-six-phase system. As it is clear, this case can be obtained from any normal phase winding having 60o (electrical) distribution, connecting one part of the coils in the delta system and the remaining coils in the star system, considering the phase coils series connected in their natural order. If = /6, there are only three magnetic axis for both star and delta winding parts. This case is representing the situation where, the phase of a normal machine is divided into two parts, as, for example, two parallel paths, whose magnetic axis are the same. It is clear that, in this case, the partial windings have larger space harmonics, and the manner of establishing the parallel path is an interesting subject with possibility for optimization [9]. In [11], the performance of a 4-pole induction motor using this configuration (among other) is experimentally analyzed, from the motor steady-state performance perspective. The = /3 case, as it is shown in the paper, represents a possible limit situation, leading to an intermediate step in the air-gap flux density adjustment. If the combined star and delta windings are both regular, it means that there are symmetrical integer windings, and the time variation of the instantaneous currents in the star system will be balanced as in (1).

Fig. 2. Current time-phase displacement in the star and delta winding parts of a combined star-delta winding.

Defining NY, N as the number of series connected turns and kwY, kw as the winding factors for the vth order spatial harmonic in the star and delta windings, respectively, the magnetomotive force (MMF) produced by the two windings can be written taking into account the classical theory of producing the rotating waves by fixed currents. For the star winding yields (4), and, in the same manner, considering the time and space relative situation, for the delta winding yields (5).
k wY cos( t ) + 3 N Y I 2 =1, 7 ,13,... MMFY (, t ) = k wY cos( t + ) + = 5 ,11,17...
k w cos[ t + ( + )] + 6 6 3 N I 2 =1,7 ,13,... MMF ( , t ) = k w 3 + cos[ t + ( + )] 6 =5,11,17 ...

i AX = I 2 sin t 2 iBY = I 2 sin(t 3 ) ) iCZ = I 2 sin(t 4 3

(4)

(1)

(5)

The Kirchoffs theorem applied in the connection points between the star and delta systems leads to the phasorial equations in (2), whose phasorial diagram is presented in Fig. 2.
1 I AX j 5 I + j1 j j e 6 e j = AX e 6 I XY = IYX e = 3 (I BY I AX ) e = 3 3 1 1 I AX + j 2 j I AX j 12 j j e e = e IYZ = I ZY e = (ICZ I BY ) e = 3 3 3 1 I I j1 + j5 j j j I ZX = I XZ e = (I AX ICZ ) e = AX e 6 e = AX e 6 3 3 3

(2)

Currents defined by (2) are valid whatever would be the relative spatial position between the star and delta windings. Using (1) and (2), the time variation of the instantaneous currents in the delta winding can be expressed by (3).

The number of turns and winding factors of both windings depend on how the winding of each phase is distributed in the star and delta components. Normally, because of the smaller number of distributed coils in each part, the winding factors of each component are larger than the winding factor of the equivalent full winding having the number of turns Nt=Ny+N. Using the following notation for the p.u. number of turns of the star and delta part, expressed by (6), the resultant clockwise (CW) MMF given by the combined winding, using (4) and (5) is given by (7), where was noted the phase displacements of the component as = + 6 (1 ) .
1 ' NY = NY ( NY + N ) ' 1 N = N ( NY + N )

(6)

i XY = I iYZ = I iZX = I

2 2

sin(t + 1 ) 6 sin(t 2 + 1 ) 3 6 sin(t 4 + 1 ) 3 6

(3)

3 3

k ' cos(t ) + NY 3 wY =1,7,13 ,... 3Nt I 2 MMF CW(,t) = k 3 N' + w cos(t + ) =1,7,13 ,...

(7)

Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Electrical Machines After restriction of the same order terms, equation (7) can be written as in (8), where the resultant equivalent winding factor kweq is defined by (9).
MMFCW (, t ) = k w eq 3N t I 2 cos( t ) 3 =1,7 ,13,...

in the Figs. 4a and 4b. One can observe the resultant MMF wave (stepped curve), the fundamental (4-poles sinusoidal) and the difference between these two waves (differential MMF).
TABLE I POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS OF THE WINDING PRESENTED IN FIGURE 3.

(8) (9)
Case

Connection

'2 2 '2 2 ' ' kwveq = 3NY k wY + N kw + 2 3NY N kwY k w cos

Similarly, the counter-clockwise (CCW) component is exactly as in (8), but it is applied to negative-sequence spatial harmonic orders, yielding (10).
MMFCCW (, t ) = 3N t I 2 k w cos(t + ) 3 =5,11,17 ,....

Symbol

N
1

NY

kw

kwY

(10)

= 0 , N = 1 ) component exclusively, it will lead to ( NY the values of the winding space harmonic order as in the equations (4) or (5), respectively.
III. EXAMPLE - INTEGER WINDING WITH q = 3 The combined star-delta winding was applied and verified on a particular, three-phase, 4-pole, squirrel-cage, induction motor with a 36-slot stator core, integer number of slots per pole and phase (q=3), single-layer, eccentric winding. In order to have more possibilities of verification, the per-phase winding was divided in three series-connected parts, according to Fig. 3. For example, for the phase A the first portion is A-MA, the second is MA-NA, and the third is NA-X.

It is obvious from the equation (8) that, for the particular = 1 , N = 0 ) or delta case when there is either star ( N Y

5 6

X-B Y-C Z-A X-MB Y-MC Z-MA X-MC Y-MA Z-MB X-NC Y-N A Z-NB X-NB Y-NC Z-N A X-Y-Z

1 + 2 cos 20D 3
cos 10D

y-I

2/3

1/3

y-II

/3

2/3

1/3

cos 10D

Y-I

/3

1/3

2/3

cos 10D

Y-II Y

0 -

1/3 0

2/3 1

1 -

cos 10D
1 + 2 cos 20 D 3

The values of cos necessary to calculate the space harmonics winding factors using (9) are given in Table II. Using these values it is to be observed that, for = 0 (case 2 and 5 in Table I), the fundamental equivalent winding factor is simply defined by (11).
' ' k w1eq = NY k w1Y 3 + N k w1

(11)

TABLE II RELATION BETWEEN

cos ,
7
3 2

AND

(ACCORDING TO EQ. (9)).

13 (CW)
3 2

1
3 2

5
3 2

11 (CCW)
3 2 1 2

17 (CCW)
3 2

19 (CW)
3 2

(CW) (CCW) (CW)

1
3
1 2

1 2
1 2

-1

1
1 2

1 2
1 2

-1

1 2

1 2

1 2

Fig. 3. Winding setup for a 36-slot, 4-pole, squirrel-cage induction motor: (top) winding diagram; (bottom) winding connections.

In Table I, the connections defined in order to verify the theory, starting from full delta up to full star, are described. It is considered that the motor is supplied from line at the terminals A, B, C, in all the considered cases. In cases 2 to 5, it is possible to observe that one of the windings is concentrated (kw = 1) and the other has q = 2 with winding factor kw = cos(10). The independent air-gap MMF created by these two cases is presented as calculation

This fundamental equivalent winding factor defines the amplitude of the resultant rotating field in the air gap of the motor. If the full delta is the rated connection of the motor, the ratio of the air-gap field in each connection step to the air-gap field in the full delta connection will be given by the ratio of full delta fundamental winding factor to equivalent fundamental winding factor in each connection, according to (12). It is obvious that the field coefficient, k, is in the range [1 : ( 3 )1 ].

k =

B k = w1 B k w1eq

(12)

Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Electrical Machines turns polar pitch test coil, measured using a true-RMS voltmeter. The iron losses, PFe, and the linear component of the no-load current, Inl(linear) (obtained by extending the linear portion of the no-load current dependence versus line voltage up to the rated line voltage), should be compared with the square of k. A fair agreement between the calculated and measured values was obtained.
TABLE III COMPARISON BETWEEN THE CALCULATED AND MEASURED VALUES FOR THE MOTOR UNDER T EST. Calculated Values Winding Connection
2

Measured Values

Uind kw1eq
0.9598 1.0693 1.2339 1.3354 1.4705 1.6624

k
1 0.8976 0.7778 0.7187 0.6527 0.5773

(k)

Inl(linear)
(p.u.)

(V)
14.5 13.0 11.5 10.1 9.4 8.4

(p.u.) 1 0.8965 0.7931 0.6965 0.6483 0.5793

(p.u.) 1 0.863 0.608 0.529 0.417 0.333

PFe

Fig. 4. Calculated independent air-gap MMF created by the two considered winding parts: (top) q = 2 (kw1 = 0.9848); (bottom) q = 1 (kw1 = 1). MMFs (fundamental, resultant, differential) are calibrated in the phase reference system.

y-II y-I Y-I Y-II Y

1 0.8057 0.6050 0.5165 0.4260 0.3333

1 0.797 0.637 0.542 0.437 0.322

IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS. In order to carry out the experimental test, the winding diagram in Fig. 3 was applied to a 4-kW, 4-pole, 112-Frame, squirrel-cage induction motor. Two test-coils were incorporated in the motor, one placed on a polar pitch and another on a tooth pitch in order to have an experimental value for the induced EMF and for the air gap flux density, respectively. No-load tests were performed in order to measure the no-load current, no-load losses, and to segregate the no-load Joule, iron/core and mechanical losses. The motor worked properly (with the same rotation direction) in all of the 6 possible connections allowed for the winding arrangement. A. No-load test results It is known that the no-load current (Inl) has two components, the first corresponding to air gap MMF and the second due to the degree of saturation in the magnetic circuit, as in the equation (13):
Fe + I nl = I nl = I nl

B. Transient torque measurements The torque versus time dependence was recorded using a torque sensor, during starting with a high inertial load (dynamo-break d.c. machine having 4 times bigger rated power than the tested motor). As the torque is proportional to the square of the magnetic rotating field, the measured torque should be compared taking into account the (k)2 coefficient in the table III. In figure 5 there are presented the curves of the transient torque for the connection positions 1, 3 and 6 as they are defined in table I. The rated torque of the tested motor is 26.5 Nm, it means that the p.u. breakdown torque for rated connection () is about 3.6 (breakdown torque 95 Nm). The p.u. breakdown torques for the connections 3 and 6 are 2.04 (54 Nm) and 1.06 (28 Nm), in close agreement with the values of (k)2 from table III. C. Load test discussion Using different studied connection allows for saving energy if the motor is running under the rated load. If the load torque is lower than the rated torque it is not useful to preserve the rated air gap flux density defined by connection of the phase windings. Lower the rotating field will lead to lower iron losses, higher efficiency and power factor. In order to define the rated loads for each step, there are at least three strategies: First is defined by the field coefficient (k)2 and lead to the rated power values in kW (approximately) as 4/3.25/2.5/2/1.75/1.35 for the six connections. These values were used for load test and the measured temperatures rise were in a close region, in agreement with the insulating class of the motor (F). Second is defined by preserving the constant Joule losses in the stator. Taking into account that the terminal line to line resistances in p.u., referred to the rated connection, are 1

p (MMF + MMFFe ) (13) 3 2 wk w1ech

In order to prove by test the air gap MMF created by different winding connection, the linear component of the no-load current should be separated by extending the straight line portion up to the rated voltage. The ratio between the actual rated voltage no-load current Inl to the its linear component represents the total saturation factor of the magnetic circuit due to the teeth and yokes saturation. In Table III the experimental and calculated no-load results are compared. The calculated fundamental field coefficient, k, should be compared with the per-unit (p.u.) values of the experimental induced voltage, Uind, in the 10-

Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Electrical Machines (for ), 5/3 for both y connections, 7/3 for both Y connections and 3 for Y connection, it means that the Joule stator losses will be preserved if the line input currents will be in the ratio 1 ( for connection), 3 / 5 0.775 for both y connections, 3 / 21 0.665 for both Y connections and 1/ 3 0.577 for Y connection. As one can see this criteria do not allow to distinguish between the two y and Y connections and the four estimated rated power should be in this respect 4/3.1/2.66/2.31 kW. due to the different temperature rise.

Starting torque [Nm]

Fig. 6. Calculated efficiency versus p.u. output power using combined star-delta connections (ratio between the two rated load steps 0.8)

Starting torque y-I [Nm]

V. CONCLUSIONS. The combined star-delta three-phase windings are actually used in some 2-pole motors driving hard-starting and/or high-inertia systems, in order to allow magnetizing flux regulation and starting current limitation, but it could be used also for saving energy in case of variable-load induction motors, or synchronous generator in order to adjust the terminal voltage. In the paper it is developed a complete theory and method of analysis of this type of winding from the point of view of MMF spatial harmonics content. The developed method of analysis is verified by means of experimental tests in a motor with a specially designed stator winding, allowing multiple-step air-gap flux regulation. REFERENCES [1] Kothals-Altes, Willem.: Motor winding, US Patent 1,267,232, issued May 21, 1918 [2] Taylor, Noel R., Taylor, Paul A.: Automatic load seeking control for a motor, US Patent 4,691,155 issued Sep.1, 1987 [3] Fogarty, James Michael: Combined delta-wye armature winding for synchronous generators and method, US Patent 6,704,993, issued Mar. 16, 2004 [4] Hughes, A.: New 3-phase winding of low mmf harmonic content, PROC. of IEE, Vol.117, No.8, August 1970, pp.1657-1666 [5] Chen, Y., Chen, Z.: Investigation of a new AC electrical machine winding, IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol.145, No.2, March 1998, pp.125-132 [6] Gjota, Rifat: Winding arrangement of a stator and/or rotor of a three phase generator or electromotor with improved performances, US Patent 4,710,661, issued Dec. 1, 1987 [7] Cidambaram, P., Subbiah, M., Krishnamurthy, M.R.: Generalized theory for the performance of three phase induction motor with stardelta winding, Electric Machines and Power Systems, 12, 1987, pp.383-396. [8] Klingshirn, E.A.: High phase order induction motors. Part I-Description and theoretical considerations, IEEE Trans. on PAS, Vol. PAS-102, No.1, January 1981, pp.47-53 [9] Sarbu, M.A., Cistelecan, M.V., Wang, S., Demeter, E.: Part-winding starting of the three-phase squirrel cage induction motor: air gap magnetic field analysis, ISEF 2003 11th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Electrical Engineering, Maribor, Sept.18-20, 2003, pp.143-48 [10] Verstarkte Stern-Dreieck Schaltung: Getrickster Anlauf In: Elektrische Maschinen (EMA) Nr.11/1996, pp.18-19. [11] Ferreira, F. J. T. E.; de Almeida, A. T.: Novel Multi-Flux Level, Three-Phase, Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor for Efficiency and Power Factor Maximization, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 23, No. 1, March 2008, pp. 101-109.

Fig. 5 Transient starting torque for the connection (top), y-I (middle) and Y (bottom) for the 4 kW test motor

Third, is defined by the values of the slip. If there is defined a rated slip in the rated connection (4%, as the rated speed is 1440 rpm), the rated loads in the other connections should be defined imposing the same slip for each connection. It is interesting to note that for the experimental motor it results that this criterion is quite close to the first one (the value of the air gap rotating filed). The calculated efficiency when the motor runs in partial load is given in figure 6. It can be observed the importance of switching to combined star-delta connection specially when the partial load is decreasing under 0.5 of rated load. When the load is under 0.3 of rated load, the Y connection allow for high value of the efficiency. The curves in figure 6 were checked experimentally using stator Joule losses correction

Starting torque Y [Nm]