Louisiana State University (LSU) Type dryer

LSU Type dryer

LSU Type dryer

LSU Type dryer

Rectangular drying chamber fitted with air ports and the holding bin
Square section 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 m Top holding bin Bottom drying chamber

Air blower with duct Grain discharging mechanism with a hopper bottom Air heating system

LSU Type dryer

Inverted V-pots. Same size, arranged in equal spacing. One end of each air channel has an opening and the other end is sealed. Alternate layers are air inlet and air outlet channels. In the inlet layers, the channel openings face the air inlet plenum chamber but are sealed at the opposite wall. The outlet layers, the channel openings face the exhaust but are sealed other side. The inlet and outlet ports are arranged one below the other in an offset pattern.

LSU Type dryer

Advantages: Uniformly dried product can be obtained if the dryer is designed properly. The dryer can be used for different types of grains. Disadvantages: High capital investment. High cost of drying if oil is used as fuel.

MASS AND HEAT BALANCE IN GRAIN DRYING

Grain WG1, TG1, m1(wb)

Amb Air Qa,T0,H0

Heater

Heated air Qa,T1,H0

DRYER

Exhaust air Qa,T2,H1

Grain (dried) WG2, TG2, m2(wb)

Mass balance
Let W =WG1WG2 or WG1 =WG2 + W Amount of dry material entering into the dryer Amount of dry material leaving the dryer But (1m1/100)WG1 WG2 =(1m2/100)WG2 =WG1[(100m1)/(100m2) , kg/hr (2) =(1m1/100)WG1 =(1m2/100)WG2 , kg/hr , kg/hr (1)

Put equation (2) in equation (1) W =WG1WG1[(100m1)/(100m2) =WG1(m1m2)/(100m2) Similarly W =WG2(m1m2)/(100m1) WG1(m1m2)/(100m2) =WG2(m1m2)/(100m1) (3)

Heat balance
Sensible heats (Grain + Water) + Latent heat
WdxCPGx(TG2TG1) + WdxM1xCPWx(TG2TG1)
+ Wd(M1M2) =Qa(0.24+0.45H0)(T1T2) x t (5) (6)

Design of LSU type dryer

Design a LSU dryer of 2.0 tonnes holding capacity with paddy at 18% m.c.
Air Density of air= 1.13kg/m3, Ambient air temperature= 30oC, RH of ambient air= 70%, Absolute humidity of ambient air= 0.019, Heated air temperature= 85oC, Exhaust air temperature= 35oC, Latent heat of water vapour= 600 kcal/kg,

Design a LSU dryer of 2.0 tonnes holding capacity with paddy at 18% m.c.
Paddy
Angle of repose= 45o, Specific heat of the grain= 0.4 kcal/ kg oC, Bulk density of paddy at 18% m.c.= 600kg/m3, Initial m.c. of paddy= 30%(w.b.), Final m.c. of paddy= 18%(w.b.), Grain inlet temperature= 30 oC, Grain outlet temperature= 70 oC, Grain residence time= 30 minutes

Design a LSU dryer of 2.0 tonnes holding capacity with paddy at 18% m.c.
Dryer Cross-section of the dryer= 1.2x1.2m2 Air velocity in the air ports= 5m/sec Pitch of the air ports= 40 cm Row to row spacing = 20 cm Height of the grain holding bin= 35 cm, Height of the hopper bottom= 60 cm, Diameter of the discharge roll= 2.5 cm, Diameter of flute= 7.5 cm, Discharge hopper angle= 50o.

Air

Density of air= 1.13kg/m3, Ambient air temperature= 30 oC, RH of ambient air= 70%, Absolute humidity of ambient air= 0.019, Heated air temperature= 85 oC, Exhaust air temperature= 35 oC, Latent heat of water vapour= 600 kcal/kg, Angle of repose= 45o, Specific heat of the grain= 0.4 kcal/ kg oC, Bulk density of paddy at 18% m.c.= 600kg/m3, Initial m.c. of paddy= 30%(w.b.), Final m.c. of paddy= 18%(w.b.), Grain inlet temperature= 30oC, Grain outlet temperature= 70oC, Grain residence time= 30minutes Cross-section of the dryer= 1.2x1.2m2 Air velocity in the air ports= 5m/sec Pitch of the air ports= 40 cm, Row to row spacing = 20 cm Height of the grain holding bin= 35 cm, Height of the hopper bottom= 60 cm, Diameter of the discharge roll= 2.5 cm, Diameter of flute= 7.5 cm, Discharge hopper angle= 50o.

Paddy

Dryer

Air requirement
Bone dry paddy = 2000 (10.18) = 1640 IMC = 30% w.b. 42.86% d.b. FMC= 18% w.b. 21.95% d.b. Weight of moisture evaporated Wt. of bone dry paddy x (FMC-IMC) 342.92 kg From psychrometric chart Specific heat

S=0.24 + 0.45 x 0.019 kg/kg0.248 kcal/kgoC

Let G be the rate of air supply in kg/min Heat supplied by the air in 30 min
GS(85-35oC) 30 G 0.248 kcal/kgoC (85-35 oC) 30 min 373 G

Air requirement
Heat Utilized 1. As sensible heat of grain = BD paddy x Sp heat Grain x Temp rise = 1640 kg x 0.4 kcal/ kg oC x (70-30) oC = 26,240 kcal 2. As sensible heat of water = Total wt of water x Sp heat Grain x Temp rise = (1640 x 0.42857 kg) x 1.0 kcal/ kg oC x (70-30) oC = 28,114.2 kcal 3. As latent heat of water vapour = Water evaporated x latent heat = 342.86 kg x 600 kcal/ kg = 2,05,715.04 kcal

Air requirement
Total Heat Utilized = Sum of 1, 2 and 3 = 26,240 + 28,114.2 + 2,05,715.04 = 2,60,069.24 kcal Suppose, heat loss = 10 percent Net heat requirement = {260069.24 kcal / (1-loss)} x 100 = 260069.24 kcal / 0.90 = 2,88,965.82 kcal Hence, Heat supplied = Net heat required 373 G = 2,88,965.82 kcal G = 774.71 kg/min

Drying chamber
G air supply in kg/min m3/min From psychrometric chart, humid volume of the ambient air = 0.88 m3/kg G = 774.71 kg/min x 0.88 m3/kg = 681.75 m3/min Since velocity of air inside the air port or duct is 5m/sec Total cross-sectional area of ducts required = (681.75 m3/min) / (5 x 60 m/min) = 2.27 m2 Therefore, volume of drying chamber V = Drying chamber volumeDucts volume = 1.2 m x 1.2 m x h m2.27 m2 x1.2 m = (1.44 h2.724) m3

Power requirement
Air requirement per m2
As calculated:

Air requirement 681.75 m3/min Total cross-sectional ducts area is 2.27 m2 681.75 m3/min 2.27 m2 = 300.33 m3min-1 / m2

From Shedds curve, static pressure drop for 32.12 m3min-1 / m2=8.13 cm of water per 30.48cm grain depth.
Depth of grain = 20cm So pressure drop = 8.13 x 20 / 30.48 = 5.42 cm of water Pressure drop in terms of air column= 0.0542x(1000kgm-3/1.13kgm3) = 47.95 m

Airflow in Packed Beds

Drying, Cooling, etc.
Design Values for Airflow Resistance in Grain
100

Soybeans (PF=1.3) 10
2

Corn (PF=1.5)

Airflow, cfm/ft

Sunflower (PF=1.5)

Barley (PF=1.5) Milo (PF=1.3) Wheat (PF=1.3)

1.3
1

0.1 0.001

0.01

0.027

0.1

10

Pressure Drop per Foot, inH2O/ft

Source: ASABE D272.3, MWPS-29

Power requirement
HP req = Height of air column, m x air flow rate, kg/min 4500 47.95 m x 774.71 kg/min 4500

8.25 hp

Aeration Fan Selection

Axial Flow Fan Data (cfm):
Static Pressure, in H2 2O Model 12" 12" 14" 0" 0.5" 1" 1.5" 815 876 2.5" 325 305 3.5" 0 0 0

3/4 hp 1900 1675 1290 1 hp 2308 1963 1460

1.5 hp 3132 2852 2526 2126 1040

Aeration Fan Selection

1.4
Static Pressure, inH2O

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 500 1000 1500

Airflow, cfm

System Fan

2000

2500

3000

Standards, Codes, & Regulations

Standards
ASABE
ASAE D245.5 and D272.3 ASAE D243.3 Thermal properties of grain and ASAE S448 Thin-layer drying of grains and crops Several others

Others not likely for unit operations

Dryer Fan Selection

1. Select highest airflow (cfm/ft2) for drying rate
2. Airflow: 3. Pressure drop: 4. Total airflow: 5. Select fan cfm/ft2 DP = (inH2O/ft) cfm = (cfm/ ft2) x (floor area) to deliver flow & pressure (fan data)

Cross-section of the dryer 1.2x1.2 m2

Ht of the grain holding bin= 35 cm, Pitch of the air ports Row to row spacing = 40 cm = 20 cm

Dia. of the discharge roll Dia. of flute Ht of the hopper bottom Discharge hopper angle

= 2.5 cm, = 7.5 cm, = 60 cm, = 50o.

Drying chamber
Holding capacity of the dryer is 2000 kg at 18% m.c. and Bulk density of paddy at 18% m.c. = 600 kg/ m3 Hence V = 2000 kg / 600 kg m-3 = 3.33 m3 V = (1.44 h2.724) m3 h = (3.33 + 2.724) / 1.44 = 4.21 m Height of grain holding bin = 35 cm (assumed) Height of hopper bottom = 60 cm (approx) According to spacing (40 cm), number of ducts in a row = 1.20 m/ 40 cm = 3 and number of row in 4.21 m = 4.21 m/ 20 cm = 21
Total number of ducts = 20x3 = 60 (leaving 1 row for discharge rolls)

Drying chamber
Cross sectional area of each duct (b2/4) a = 2.27 m2 / 60 = 37.83 cm2 b = 12.3 cm
Let there be 3 discharge rolls having shaft diameter 2.5 cm and flute diameter 7.5 cm Vol discharged by each roll in one revolution = (7.52 2.52) 120 / 4 = 4712.39 cm2

Vol discharged by 3 rolls, m3/rev = 0.014137m3/rev Wt of paddy discharged, kg/rev = 0.014137 x 600 kg/m3
Since, grain retention time is 30 min

Grain discharge rate=2000/30 =66.67 kg/min Roller speed=66.67kg min-1/ 8.129kg rev min-1 =8 rpm

LSU dryer specification

Total height of dryer Height of drying chamber Height of holding bin Height of hopper bottom Number of discharge rolls Grain outlet diameter Space between inlet and outlet duct Pitch of ducts in a row Blower capacity (CFM, CMM with static pr) Blower motor Duct dimension Speed of discharge rolls

LSU dryer
Air requirement Bone dry paddy Weight of moisture evaporated Heat requirement considering heat loss

Blower power
Dryer dimensions Volume of drying chamber Cross sectional area of each duct Roller speed

Design of PHTC- re circulating batch dryer

Design of PHTC- re circulating of 2.0 tonnes

holding capacity with paddy at 18% m.c.
Air Density of air= 1.13kg/m3, Ambient air temperature= 30oC, RH of ambient air= 70%, Absolute humidity of ambient air= 0.019, Heated air temperature= 85oC, Exhaust air temperature= 35oC, Latent heat of water vapour= 600 kcal/kg,

Design of PHTC- re circulating of 2.0 tonnes

holding capacity with paddy at 18% m.c.
Paddy
Angle of repose= 45o, Specific heat of the grain= 0.4 kcal/ kg oC, Bulk density of paddy at 18% m.c.= 600kg/m3, Initial m.c. of paddy= 30%(w.b.), Final m.c. of paddy= 18%(w.b.), Grain inlet temperature= 30 oC, Grain outlet temperature= 70 oC, Grain drying time= 180 minutes

Design of PHTC- re circulating of 2.0 tonnes

holding capacity with paddy at 18% m.c.
Dryer
Thickness of grain bed to be dried= 20cm, Diameter of plenum chamber= 135cm, Diameter of dryer= 175cm, Diameter of grain outlet= 15cm, Hopper angle= 50o, Drying time= 3 hr, Static pressure drop for 32.12m3/min m2= 8.13cm of water per 30.48cm grain depth.

Thickness of grain bed to be dried= 20cm, Diameter of plenum chamber= 135cm,

Diameter of dryer= 175cm,

Diameter of grain outlet= 15cm, Hopper angle= 50o, Drying time= 3 hr, Static pressure drop for 32.12m3/min m2= 8.13cm of water per 30.48cm grain depth.

Air requirement
Bone dry paddy = 2000 (10.18) = 1640 IMC = 30% w.b. 42.86% d.b. FMC= 18% w.b. 21.95% d.b. Weight of moisture evaporated Wt. of bone dry paddy x (FMC-IMC) 342.92 kg From psychrometric chart Specific heat

S=0.24 + 0.45 x 0.019 kg/kg0.248 kcal/kgoC

Let G be the rate of air supply in kg/min Heat supplied by the air in 180 min
GS(85-35oC) 30 G 0.248 kcal/kgoC (85-35 oC) 180 min 2232 G

Air requirement
Heat Utilized 1. As sensible heat of grain = BD paddy x Sp heat Grain x Temp rise = 1640 kg x 0.4 kcal/ kg oC x (70-30) oC = 26,240 kcal 2. As sensible heat of water = Total wt of water x Sp heat Grain x Temp rise = (1640 x 0.42857 kg) x 1.0 kcal/ kg oC x (70-30) oC = 28,114.2 kcal 3. As latent heat of water vapour = Water evaporated x latent heat = 342.86 kg x 600 kcal/ kg = 2,05,715.04 kcal

Air requirement
Total Heat Utilized = Sum of 1, 2 and 3 = 26,240 + 28,114.2 + 2,05,715.04 = 2,60,069.24 kcal Suppose, heat loss = 10 percent Net heat requirement = {260069.24 kcal / (1-loss)} x 100 = 260069.24 kcal / 0.90 = 2,88,965.82 kcal Hence, Heat supplied = Net heat required 2232 G = 2,88,965.82 kcal G = 129.46 kg/min

Air requirement
G air supply in kg/min m3/min From psychrometric chart, humid volume of the ambient air = 0.88 m3/kg G = 129.46 kg/min x 0.88 m3/kg = 113.93 m3/min