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IEG4030-Tutorial 10
1 Power Penalty:
Under some non-ideal conditions, the averaged received power needs to be increased in order to maintain the same system
performance. The increase of signal power (in dB) required to achieve the same SNR or BER after a particular degradation
Non-transmission-related power penalty mechanisms: extinction ration, intensity noise and timing jitter
Transmission-related power penalty mechanisms: modal noise, dispersive pulse broadening, mode-partition noise,
1 + rex
Extinction ratio induced power penalty: δ ex = 10 log10 ( )
1 − rex
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IEG4030-Tutorial 10
Light emitted by any transmitter exhibits power fluctuations. Such fluctuations are intensity noise. The optical receiver
converts power fluctuations into current fluctuations which add to those resulting from shot noise and thermal noise. So,
SNR degraded. Intensity noise parameter rI is simply inversed of the SNR of light emitted by the transmitter.
δ I = −10 log10 (1 − rI 2 Q 2 )
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The power penalty will become infinite when rI = Q −1 , which implies that the receiver can not operate at specific BER even
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IEG4030-Tutorial 10
The power penalty will become infinite when Br LDδ λ =0.25. This is because of ISI induced by dispersion.
Due to the fiber nonlinearity, system performance may be degraded under high optical power.
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IEG4030-Tutorial 10
SBS, SRS and FWM will reduce or increase particular wavelength channel’s power.
SPM or XPM affect the phase of signal, thus inducing chirping. Such effects plus chromatic dispersion will cause phase to
2 Chromatic dispersion:
2.1 Impairments:
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2.2 Solutions:
Not suitable for WDM transmission since it is more likely to introduce nonlinearity impairments (such as FWM)
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b) Dispersion Compensation
c) Soliton Transmission
The balance of nonlinearity and dispersion during transmission in SMF→ pulse will not change its shape in transmission
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The denominator contains three terms: shot noise, thermal noise and RIN noise
CSO (composite-second-order distortion) and CTB (composite-triple-beat noise): caused due to the nonlinearity of the
modulator’s switching curve. Usually, CATV requires very high linearity of the modulators.
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