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Ranjan Dwivedi 1
Outline
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Basic Concepts in
Communication
May 29, 2009
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Basic Concepts
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Essentials for Communications
Medium
Workstation/PC Workstation/PC
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Essentials for Communications
Medium
Workstation/PC Workstation/PC
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Data Communication Tasks
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Understanding Networking
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Big Picture
What do you see here for a typical network?
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Key Network Terminology Explained (1)
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Key Network Terminology Explained (2)
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Common Topologies - Bus
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Common Topologies - Ring
•A hub does not perform any type of filtering or routing of the data.
•A hub is a junction that joins all the different nodes together.
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Common Topologies - Star
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Common Topologies – Star Bus
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Other network topologies (architecture)
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Key Network Terminology Explained (3)
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Basic Signal Terminologies
• Bit: binary digit, either 0 or 1
• Baud (don’t really use anymore; not accurate) =
one electronic state change per second
Kilo K 2^10 • Bit rate – a method for measuring data
Mega M 2^20
transmission speed – bits per second
Giga G 2^30
Tera T 2^40 • Mbps – millions of bits per second (data speed;
Peta P 2^50 measure of bandwidth = total information flow
Exa E 2^60 over a given time) on a telecommunication
Zetta Z 2^70
medium
Yotta Y 2^80
May 29, 2009 • 8 bits = 1 byte
• Mb – million bits (quantity of data)
• MB – million bytes (quantity of data)
• Gbps – Billion bits per second (data speed)
• TeraflopsRanjan
– trillion
Dwivedi operations per second 19
Data Transmission
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Understanding Transmission Medium
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Basic transmission medium concepts
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Medium examples by type
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Coaxial cable (1)
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Coaxial cable (2)
• Applications:
– TV distribution (cable tv); long distance telephone
transmission; short run computer system links
– Local area networks
• Transmission characteristics:
– Can transmit analog and digital signals
– Usable spectrum for analog signaling is about 400 Mhz
– Amplifier needed for analog signals for less than 1 Km and
May 29, 2009 less distance for higher frequency
– Repeater needed for digital signals every Km or less
distance for higher data rates
– Operation of 100’s Mb/s over 1 Km.
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Twisted Pair Cables
• Physical description:
– Each wire with copper conductor
– Separately insulated wires
– Twisted together to reduce cross talk
– Often bundled into cables of two or four twisted pairs
– If enclosed in a sheath then is shielded twisted pair (STP)
otherwise often for home usage unshielded twisted pair
(UTP). Must be shield from voltage lines
• Application:
– Common in building for digital signaling used at speed of
10’s Mb/s (CAT3) and 100Mb/s (CAT5) over 100s meters.
May 29, 2009
– Common for telephone interconnection at home and office
buildings
– Less expensive medium; limited in distance, bandwidth, and
data rate.
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Categories of Twisted Pairs Cabling System
Category Maximum data Usual application
rate
Specs describe cable
Material, type of CAT 1 Less than 1 analog voice (plain old telephone
Connectors, and Mbps service) Integrated Services
Junction blocks to Digital Network Basic Rate
Conform to a category Interface in ISDN Doorbell wiring
CAT 2 4 Mbps Mainly used in the IBM Cabling
System for token ring networks
• Physical Description:
– Glass or plastic core of optical fiber = 2to125 µm
– Cladding is an insulating material
– Jacket is a protective cover
– Laser or light emitting diode provides transmission
light source
• Applications:
– Long distance telecommunication
– Greater capacity; 2 Gb/s over 10’s of Km
– Smaller size and lighter weight
May 29, 2009 – Lower attenuation (reduction in strength of signal)
Repeaters – Electromagnetic isolation – not effected by external
electromagnetic environment. Aka more privacy
– Greater repeater spacing – fewer repeaters, reduces
line regeneration cost
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Optical Fibers (2)
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Wireless Transmission (1)
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Wireless Transmission (2)
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Wireless LAN
• Wireless LAN
• HiperLAN (European standard; allow
communication at up to 20 Mbps in 5 GHz
range of the radio frquency (RF) spectrum.
• HiperLAN/2 operate at about 54 Mbps in the
same RF band.
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Network Hardware
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Hubs
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Gateways
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Routers
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What is the difference between?
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Switches
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WANs and LANs
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Major Categories of Networks
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Data Communications Through WANs (1)
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Data Communications Through WANs (2)
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Packet Switching Technologies
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ISDN and Broadband ISDN Technology
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Network Interface Card (NIC)
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How does Ethernet work?
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What is a MAC Address?
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What is a Token Ring?
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How do Token Rings work?
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Protocols of Computer Communications
and Networks
• Protocol are used for communication between computers
in different computer networks. Protocol achieves:
– What is communicated between computers?
– How it is communicated?
– When it is communicated?
– What conformance (bit sequence) between computers?
• Key elements of a protocol are:
– SYNTAC: Data format and signal levels
– SEMANTICS: Control information for coordination and error
handling
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– TIMING: Synchronization, speed matching, and sequencing
• Examples of protocols:
– WAN Protocol: TCP/IP
– LAN Protocol: Media Access Control; Contention; Token
Passing
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Protocol Architecture
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ISO/OSI Reference Model (1)
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ISO/OSI Reference Model (2)
Establish/manage connection
End-to-end control & error checking
(ensure complete data transfer): TCP
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TCP/IP Five Independent Levels
HTTP / FTP / Telnet /
SMTP / SLIP / PPP • Application Layer: contains the logic needed to
support the various user applications. Separate
TCP keep track of the module are required for each application.
individual packets • Host-to-host or transport Layer: collection of
And reassemble mechanisms in a single and common layer
IP handles actual • Internet Layer: IP provides the routing functions
delivery of packets across the multiple networks
• Network access layer: concerned with access to
and routing data across a network for two end
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systems attached to the same network.
• Physical Layer: covers physical interface
between PC or workstation and a transmission
medium or network
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TCP (example)
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IP
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Associated TCP/IP Protocols & Services
HTTP This protocol, the core of the World Wide Web, facilitates
retrieval and transfer of hypertext (mixed media) documents.
Stands for the HyperText Transfer protocol
Telnet A remote terminal emulation protocol that enables clients to log
on to remote hosts on the network.
SNMP Used to remotely manage network devices. Stands for the
Simple Network Management Protocol.
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Considerations?
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Examples
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Further Readings