UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

Programme : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical Course : Manufacturing Processes Laboratory Course Code : KJP 506 Lecturer : Pn Bulan Abdullah ______________________________________________________________________

Laboratory Report Title of Experiment Foundry Sand Testing Preparation(GFN)

No. 1. 2.

Name Mohd Salahuddin Bin Muhmed Mohd Khairul Syahrin Bin Zakaria

Student ID Number 2005757110 2005729712

Signature

Practical Session

: 8th February 2007 Staff certification : ________________ (Signature) : 12th February 2007 Staff certification: ________________ (Signature)

Report Submission

Contents
Page No: 1. Title 3

2. Objective 3

3. Literature Survey & Theory 3

4. Procedure

5. Results 5

6. Discussion 7

7. Conclusion

8. References

TITLE:

SAND TESTING GFN

OBJECTIVE: To find out the sand grain size and sand distribution THEORY: The grain fineness number (GFN) is a quantitative indication of the grain size and grain size distribution. To calculate the grain fineness number, each sieve has been given a weightage factor which can be obtained from any found ry text book. The amount retained on each sieve is multiplied by the respective weightage factor, summed up, and then divided by the total mass of the sample, which gives that grain fineness number. The same can be expressed as GFN = Mi fi fi where; Mi = multiplying factor for the ith sieve fi = amount of sand retained on the ith sieve APPARATUS:

Measurement

SAND SIEVE SHAKER

Sili

sand

PR C

R : 1. A 100 g sand sampl whi h is devoid of moist e and clay such as the one obtained aft er the previous testing is to be used. 2. The dr ied clay free sand grains are placed on the top of sieve of a shaker which contains a ser ies of sieves one upon the other with gradually decreasing mesh si es. 3. The 100 g of silica sand is placed on top of sieve. 4. The sieves than have been shaken continuously for a per iod of 15 minutes. 5. After the shaking operation, the sieves are taken apart and the send left over on each of the sieve is carefully weighted. 6. The GFN for silica sand has been determined

RESULTS: Sieve No. 20 30 40 50 70 100 140 200 270 Pan Total Weight (g) 0 0 0.07 0.56 15.17 32.36 26.96 13.94 6.12 4.15 99.33

Sieve Number 20 30 40 50 70 100 140 200 270 Pan Total

Multiplying Factor, Mi 10 20 30 40 50 70 100 145 200 300

Retained Sample, fi (g) 0 0 0.07 0.56 15.17 32.63 26.96 13.94 6.12 4.15 99.33

Retained Percentage, Pi 0 0 0.07 0.56 15.27 32.85 27.14 14.03 6.16 4.18 100

Mi x fi

Mi x Pi

0 0 2.10 22.40 758.50 2284.10 2696.00 2021.30 1224.00 1245.00 10253.40

0 0 2.10 22.40 763.50 2299.50 2714.00 2034.35 1232.00 1254.00 10321.85

GFN = 10253.40 / 99. = 103.23

GFN = 10321.85 / 100 = 103.22

%RETAINED VS SIEVE NUMBER CUMULATIVE VS SIEVE NUMBER

DISCUSSIONS: Base on the experiment, the value of GFN obtained is 103.23. The higher the GFN number obtained the smaller the grain size. After the experiment being done, about 0.67g of silica sand is lost. It might be happened because of error due to sand sieve shaker during experiment. It is also might be lost on the surrounding during the transfer process. There is no special device to control the amount on each sieves and only used manually operated to pour it into measurement. It is learned that different GFN will be used for different application. For instance 40large casting, 70-small casting, 100-non-ferous alloy, 150-alunium alloy casting. Therefore base on the value GFN obtained, this type of sand is applied for small casting. The graphs shown are the graph plotted for Graph (i) sieve number versus percentage of mass retained in each graph. Graph (ii) sieve number versus cumulative percentage of mass left in sieves. For Graph (i), as the sieve number increase, the percentage of mass retained increase too. But as it reaches 100, it drops and at 200 it continues drop until 300 which is the pan itself. The percentage at last sieve number is 4.18 and is the finest of the sand.

CONCLUSION: The experiment that had been done was a success. We managed to determine the GFN of the sand which is 99.33. It is suitable for small casting. The shape and the size of the sand does affect significantly to the properties of molding sand. Small grain size provides a better surface finish on the cast part. However large size is more permeable.

SUGGESTIONS: To achieve or produce a high quality mould and casting, there are some properties of the sand need to be considered. Such properties are the cohesiveness, refractoriness, permeability and collapsibility.

REFERENCES: 1. P.N.Rao, Manufacturing Technology, Foundry, Forming and Welding, 2nd Edition, Institut Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. McGraw Hill, 1998. 2. Seropa Kalpakjian, Steven R.Schmid , Manufacturing Engineering And Technology, Prentice Hall International.