Philippine Normal University National Center for Teacher Education Taft Avenue, Manila College of Languages, Linguistics, and

Literature DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS, BILINGUAL EDUCATION, & LITERATURE

Process of Derivation and Inflection in Korean Language

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in Ling507 (Morphology and Syntax) 2nd Semester / SY 2012-2013

Submitted by: Bernard M. Paderes G2012132657

Submitted to: Ms. Russel Lomboy, Faculty

January 2013 Introduction

The Korean language has a rich morphology. It has the three major types of morphological structures of English, namely: compound, derivations, and inflections. It has a very productive derivational complex word formation. Most derivations are made through affixation. Suffixes are more important than prefixes and carry more syntactic functions (Sohn, 1999 as cited in Wang, Ko, and Choi; 2009). The Korean language is considered to be highly agglumentative language. It consists of more than 100 particles and more than 600 affixes which serve either derivational or inflectional purposes (Ford, 1999).

Derivational Morphology Derivational affixes occur mainly in nouns and predicates providing them with additional lexical meanings. Some are attached to both nouns and predicates.

A. Noun Derivations a. 1 -al naked, tiny, true al-mom naked body al-gemi very small ant al-puja - truly rich person a.2 nal- raw nal-gogi - raw meat nal- geran raw egg a.3 i person jorum- pal- i eku-nun-i - cripple - one-eyed person

B. Verb Derivations b.1 Verbs from Verbs -i, -hi, -li, -ki, etc. (causative and passive verbs) bo-i-da mok-i-da b.2 Verbs from Nouns bit (comb) b.3 Verbs from Adjectives -i, -hi, -chu, -iwu, etc. (causative suffixes) noph-i-da (high-) - heighten nak-chu-da (low) - to lower kop-i-da (narrow) - make narrow b.4 Verbs from Adverbs -ji (get characterized by) arong-ji-da erwuk-ji-da - get mottled - become stained - to comb (hair) - feed - be seen

C. Adjective Derivations Adjectives are derived mostly from nouns, verbs, and other adjectives. Adjectives deriving suffixes are mostly attached to either adjectives or nouns.When they are derived by prefixation, they are necessarily from adjectives because no prefix can change a word category. e.g. du- very du-noph-da (-high) very high du-seyda (-strong) very strong

c.1

Adjectives from Nouns

-ji-

be characterized by kap-ji-da (price-) - be expensive

c.2

Adjectives from Verbs -pu - in the state of a-pu-da (a-sick) - be sick, painful mip-pu-da (mit- trust) - be trustworthy

D. Adverb Derivations Most adverbs are derived from other adverbs, nouns, adjectives, or determiners by mean of suffixes. Only a few adverbs are derived through prefixation. d.1 Adverbs from Nouns hwak-shil-hi sok-hi (certainty-) - surely (speed-) - quickly - cleanly

gek-ku-shi (cleanliness) d.2 Adverbs from Adjectives gach-i (same-)

- together, like

seroun-i (new-) d.3

- newly

Adverbs from Determiners -li - direction i-li jel-i - this way - that way over there

Inflectional Morphology

The number of endings which can be attached to a base is said to be over 400. In finiteverb forms, there are seven sequence positions where different endings can be attached: honorific marker, aspect, modal, formal, aspect, and mood. The honorific maker shi (or ushi) is attached to the base to show respect to the subject of the sentence. (Kim as cited in Comrie, 1987) Like in English, tense-aspect could also be shown through inflections.

Present/Base Form dalyeoda (run) meokda (eat) eat) kongbuhada (study) study)

Past Tense daritda (ran) meokitda (ate)

Future Tense dalrigotida (will run) meokilkoida (will (will

kongbuhetda (studied) kongbuhalgeotida

Also, there are morphemes that indicate the mood, namely: declarative, interrogative, imperative, and propositive. These mood morphemes are ta, -ka, -la, and ja. They occur in the final position of the finite verbal forms.

Declarative Interrogative Imperative Propositive

kap-ni-da kap-ni-ka ka-ra-go ka-ja

- He is going. - Is he going? - Go. - Lets go.

References

Ford, Shawn. (1999). A Sketch of Korean. A Field Word Project. Kapiolini Community College, Honolulu, Hawaii Retrieved December 30, 2012 from www2.hawaii.edu/~sford/research/korean1/index.html Kim, Namkil. (1987). Korean. In Bernard Comrie, ed. The World's Major Languages. Oxford University Press Sohn, Ho Min. (1999). The Korean Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Torsten, Marck. (2003). The Korean Language. Academic paper. Retrieved December 31, 2012 from diotavelli.net/files/koreanlanguage.pdf Wang, Min; Ko, Inyeong, and Choi, Jaeho. (2009). The Importance of Morphological Awareness in Korean-English Biliteracy Acquisition. Contemporary Educational Psychology 34 (2009) 132-142

Bernard M. Paderes Ling507(Morphology and Syntax) Ms. Russel Lomboy

Onomatopoeic Words in Korean 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. dog cat duck pig bird frog ambulance shinning eraser water boiling cow mouse mong mong nyeow nyeow kwek kwek kul kul jek jek kegul kegul pipo pipo pajak pajak suk-sak suk-sak bugul bugul jik jik

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