flefleHn HaHocu

IrIcmparcuearc e nedeultx H,aHo ca, xoje cy ocmane xao ceedoraaH,cmlo o daeH,oulilqnrlutvt zneuepuna u nedenum MacaMa, donpunocu

omxpuearcy uufiopua4ujao moue u3enedao sa epeme xaxoje c6em nedenoe do6a.

q

oc,\e4rbe e4eHo ooa Aarvpa l,13enoxe flrrencrOqeHa rcoja E .9 je noueaa rtpe 2 000 000 roAVHA, a 3aBprIII,I a Ce npe OTfIpI4 rrKe t0 000 roAVHa.Y onoj enoxn cy ce BeAuKe ^e4eHe Mace cnopa4vqHo flpocEepoue, CeTnpale eehzNr leloM BepHe Aueprlrce z Asuje. 3a co6ortr cy ocTaBrr^e pa3^uqrzTe oorrune T a oA xojrzx cy HeKH Hacra H e4eHoM epo3AJOM,a HeKV TaAO?I(erbeM e4HlrKa. Kaza ce Be I{Ke e4eHe Mace notrHy cnyrurarn no4 yrurlajenr rpaeura4nje. oHe ca co6ou Hoce BeIrzKe Koluqr.rHe pas6r{enzx creHa, olnocHo MopeHcKor uarepaja,ra. Ynpaeo oeaj rraarepuja,r cTBapa c oJeBe e4eHrrx Hac^ara KoJrl MOfy orrTr,r 4eoe^rr 04 HeKoAnKo 40 400 r.a. ThrrolKeFbeM e4eHor uarepr.rja,na, xoju ce HeKa4a cMarpao 4oKa3oM 6rz6rrujcxor rrororra, wacrajy MHoru Br4rla yonrxre. 4onz uajn.no4ouocuujer flocroje ABaBvr4a Ae4eHvx Haclara xoMofeHe r4 xeTeporeHe.

.9

;
c q E l

r flyryiybe BerltKo HannaBrbeHo y Hoeou Bency. KaMerbe ) Mopencxn Mareplrian ce raKo Hacnare Hacraiy lr AenonpeHocl,r. BalbeMoronrbeHor reAa (cnhKa rope). Marepnjan Koir,r ie HeKaAa [cny]baBao yHyrpau]bocr rneHepa n nyryjyfie KaMelbecaga npeKplrBaiy AHo AonrHa (cnnra Aofle).

NPECEK .4O"/\UHCKOI I Oronreuu Keu repaca

EqEPA Jeaepoonnrueuo

MaY xopeny r eqepace MopeHcKrr repujarr o6z.rHo ra orxu raxo rxro Oee Hacr\are, rcoje ce nasrzeajy ^IlaAL4T o6pasyje 6pas4y v^v repMr4Ha^Hy II Be UKOHan aB,beHO MopeHy. Osu o6lzur o6u.rHouacrajy KaMeIbe, npezHasueajy Harpocropy rcojuHayeHt4ut4 ctasmajy MerrraBVHyczrHr4x qecrLrqa

XereporeHe

Haclare

T a r,rBelr,rKor HaHocaKaMerba. Mopeucrcn uarepujaa ce xpehe y3 AeA ntlzle.a cartroj noepurv]ts'v ^e4a.To voxe 6zru lrlr.r arepalHa MopeHa rcoja uacraje Ha HBHTIaMa ^.eAAr4Nr4 Melr4Ja Ha KOJa uacraje cnajarlelr ABe ^arepalHe MopeHe, frpr{ rreMyApyra MopeHa Kylru H AeAOBe e4eHOf T a. Berruxo HaHeceHo KaMerbe yHyrap AeAAI"I^nHa rbeMy MOIKe nyToBaTvrKrlOMeTprzMa,a Aa}te flpeTprla HzKaKBa orurehena. KaAa ce rrorrHy ra o)KLrrH oHr,r ce:ony nyryjyhrarra rauemervr,jep c oo3HpoM 4a ce Ta,\o)KeHa cTeHaMa pa3HqI4TOT nopeK a 14 CaCTaBa, nOHeKa4r.r Ha BeoMay3aHr4l|{ ocHoBaMa,oHrr npeActaymajy crpaHo re,to. Hajuozuaruju o6ruqu ru vrra cy 6eeo6rruvHu HaHocra rlrlHe uno je KapaKTeprzcrr{rrHo3a IzcroqHy EHrrrecxy, ceBepHy Heluravxy Lr AeloBe ceBepa CAA, rraaa 'tuturr MO?Ke UMaTV H HeKe rrpeno3HaT,br4Be KapaKTepucrr,rKe.

a6.larveHa 3oHa, oAHocHo 3oHa y xojoj Ce fIOqLIrf'y Tolll{"tvt I4BLIIIe ,,\ZHIIKa. Ilperr.ra roMe,. TepMrrHaIHe MopeHe e4a. o3HaqaBaJy HaJAaJbe noMeparl,e Aepo4r,rnarvrr4qHe Haclare rulura ce uaznuajy u Apyv'Alalarr.. Onn ce cacroje OZ HaIOMLIIaHO| TIi LITa KOJer OO I4xyje ,re4 nojr.r ce roMepa npeKo rbera.

HACIATE KOJE HACTAJv HAKOH IXTO CE AE-II OTOIIU

Keu repaca xa 6ovuoj crparz

Xouorene Haclare
fe,r.onamev Bole H Berpa MopeHcKr4 uareprlja,t ce pa3BpcraBarrpeMaBe^u.qvrHr Lr rexcllHn. Oeaxee Haclare ce pae,ruxyjy oA'tvtvrra, o6z.tro cy caojeBr.rreca JacHo H3pa)r(eHrzM Ae oBLrMa. llonperarleM eaa nacraje BelrrKrz 6poj xouoreHux Haclara. Thrco ce, Hnp., 03 ce cacroju oA y3aHnx 6pas4a rcojevecro lrory 6urz Ayrev rro HeKoALIKO CTOTIIHA KM I1 BTICOKC HCKO LIKO

croruHa M. YraaeuoNauacrajy 4e,roBarbeM ToKoBa rojrz ce rcpehy rtcrror, AeAa,Ha AeAy v^v y caMoM a,e4y.Oerz 97

HAHocr4 nEAEHr4
HACAATE KOJE HACTAJY OTAIIAIbEM AE4HE MACE
o.4BOleHt broK ^e.4a AEtrEE KEM Hacrao (PeTabeM ^e4a oTon5eHof meqep KoJE ce oTaua

at)iarEaEa

MoPeHa

nyryjyhe
(aMebe

ApyM^EE

AOItrEa ECnpaHa BOll,oM TePMEEUEa MOpeEa KOJa Kar4aJeAaH c^oJ.Eac^ara rorEcKyJe APym .

Eacrale

jerepcxov BapBe Hacru *Ba AEy 3axBMyJyntr KperaEEMa cy6naqnjlaxuv

tro43eMHa MopeHa

TOKOBIz HOCeCa COOOM Ce4UMeHTeKOJr.r KAAa AeA nor{He AaCeron}t, Ce KOHaqHO Ta^.O?fieHa r^y. osoee o6nquo .{zHe Hac^afe pa3BpcTaHor- [r,byHKa 14 cvrHOf KAMEII'A IIOMCilIAHO| CA MAAI4M KO-

Marep],|iannocne noBflaqe]ba rneqepa. Epasga repMlrHanHe yKa3yie Ha Aarbe Kperalbe MOpeHe neAa HanpeA.03 n ApyMnlrHyKa3yiy Ha nperxoAHo Kperalbe neAa. repuja.ranoju.cera -ox(utreru.{pyru,

v Ayx rneqepa ce nporexe rpar n1,|HeapHa noKpeTHr,rx ceAlrMeHaTa. 6parna nonyr oBe ce Ha3ltBaMeAHianHaMopeHau Hacraje KaAaAobe AOCnaialbaABe narepanHe MopeHe.

Llrrr,rHaMa rrecKau Z uy,oa. oHr, cy rcapaKTepvcrHr{HLr 3a rIeHTpa Hy tr4pcr<y, (Duuccy u zeloBe ceBepHe KaHaze. klwajy Be,tnKy rpnMeHy y v3pMV tryTeBa H )r(e e3HUrrKHX [pyra. Apyra Bpcra xoMoreHux e4eHrrx Haclara. KeMTepaca,Hacraje KperaneM e4a Kpo3 KOpuTOusrurely r^etrepa u 3AAa Aotlale'e. Kala ce r^eqep oronlI Ha o6pouqurra 6pAa ce o6paeyje xeu Tepaca KoJanoHeKaz Moxe v 4a ce oopylnv y no4HolKJe.

KoJv ce cacToJr{ o4 E}rHr4x ce4uMeHaTa, ce Ta o?Kr4ToKoM 3LIMCKIIXMeCeqV Ka4a HHCKe reMreparype ycnopaeajy KpeTarbe Bo4e.

Oron-rrerru ,re.4
Apyre Hac aFe uacrajy u3BaH eaeHe nrace. 3paxacro pacnopeleHz ce4aMeHTn vr^r4 AO^r4He,I,rcfrpaHe Bo4oM, uacr ajy 4eloBarbeM ororrJbeHor AeAarr. ro o6uqHo ralolxerbeM Hac ara noje Hocv BoAa.llpzuep cy Kenrep6epLl Ao^uHe roje saxearajy Burueoa l0 000 rcn2 Ha vcroKy Hoeor 3eaanza.

Hexu ,te4enr4 le'aHoc uacrajy Lr 3ayeanyjyhu Ae oBaFbyjarcr.rxBerpaoBa. Berap rcyr'w Quuw eleHIz rr.rarepuja,t, Kao My,4' r,r^u r HHa, rr ilpeHocn ra croruHaMa KM npe Ta^oxeba y BLrAy arropa. Aanop je noposnn, xpcKaB lrarepzjaa., o6uqno 3aracuro )r(yre, HapaHuacre zrrz. cuele 6oje yc,re4 4eoBarbano4e xoja caap)r(z rnoxle.

-Marepzjal

HorrreH BerpoM

Haieehe Ko HriHHe ezeHHX Haclara ce Mory sahulaa MopcKoM4uy.Hacra,te cy ol eleHr{x 6perona rcoju cy ce o4^aMa^rr c)4 f^elrepa v Apyfux AeAeHux Maca4yx o6a"re. Jesepa qecra nojaea y raauujaauau Ae4ene Haciare Ha MopcKoM aHy Jerepa cy o6"racrralaa o4 xojux ce HeKa o6pasyjy ca4plre eehe vecrnqe Hero Apyre BpIz3aTepMr4HaAHHX MOpeHar,rO3a. cre MopcKr.rxHac^afa. ThrceeHac^are, Bo4a, rcojaHoclr eaeHa nrareprajarr, rcojrluaje oxpyxeuJyxHn no , cy crape elteo425 MH^uoHaro4uHa.Me[yrzu, ce o6uqHo petrlaBaoBor repera yjeseceBeppuMavr na raj Havuu o6pa:yje Ayrytr,ac- Apyre Haclare Ha KoHTrlHeruMa Te.Hac^areHa AHyJe3epaKoJece Ha3Ll- He no^y^orlTe cBe4or{eo He TaKo 4a e= BaJyBapBe,ol KoJrlxcBaKaca4plKH4Ba noj npour,rocrv, :ra4a cy ne4ol.r 6uaa o o Bea.uxa rrpocrpaHcrea roja c oJa HaTa^oi+(eHor MaTeprrJ a.\a. eaxeaheHa hyAV. o Je4aH c"roj ce cacrojlr ua rpy6or rr,ra- AaHac Hace'/haBaJy 98

Mopcrco 4no

fle4eHn nei silKt4

CxoponemuHa,3eumuu,e noepwuue cecacmojuod mna xoje je sanefieno qenezoduua moKoM Ty cnadajyAumapxmux, ceeepuu Atuje u Ceeepne npedenu Eepone, Attepuxe,Kaou epxoeurucoKux
TULAHUHA HA CgAKOM K0HmUHeldm\.

ocroje cne 6pojnuju dona3vrAa ce 3euna 3arpeBa, a-trr cKopo 207o xonna je joru yBeK sapo6,reuo no43eMHrrM ae4ou. Je4an 4eo aa,r,efeuor ma 6rrnsy noBprrrrrHe ce Haq Aera, a U KOAIZ-o KpaTKOOTarraTOKOM l lrrrrHaoraflar+,a ce rcpehe 04 HeKo IzKo .9 MM r4o 4 u, y zasucHocrr{ 04 pernoHa. L E Trro rcojeocraje vcr'olBeqr4Tor eAa, Eo U ce 3oBenepuaQpocrHrac"roj,a y rlolapo sprrra o6"tacrrrMa oH o6yxnara u noBp- q (! onrvHy C.lojeerl AeAa Lr uepuaQpocra nonpraeajy qeo AHrapKrI4K, rrertrpz 6 lerrrHe fpenrraH4a rz ceBepHeAe oBe 5 c A-,racxe, Kana4e w Cu6wpa. (!

Yrnqaj Mpasa
flprapoauH QeuonaeHny oer,rv o6,nacruMa cy . vpeKTHe noc^e4Hrle yrvqaja rnrpaaa. C"roj ncno4 oHora xojz ce
eTU TOIIH, TOJeCT aKTLlBHrr CIOJ, OC-

raje sa"r.eleH,oH He Moxe aKo Aa ce oABOAtnaBa,rra oron,beHa floBpluuHa nocraje BeoMa6rrarbasa.

a flaruee[ Ha Anacqu, crapll 4 000 roguxa. 3axonaxn cy roKOM nocreAtber JreAeHorAo6a.

V Ha oBoM rra y npeceKy Cu6npyce BlrAr4 penaTxBHa nepAe6rbhHa maQpocra.

rpaQcxe cry6one. ExcrpeuHu o6aun ^eaeHor ys4uruyha crBapa Kynolacra 6p4aruua ca HarIyKHyrrrM BpxoBr'IMa. Th 6paaurua ce uasueajy ilvtHroctl LI krMa vx y Kaua4u, Ha lpeu,tan4y u y Cu6upy. MHoru rlrHrocn Ha Bpxy ce jaenajy y urr.rajy nparepe. KaKBLT roKoM ron"tr.rjr,rx By KaHnMa.Y .ts.uva Mecerlv HacraJyJe3epa. 3aroHerHuja o4tlalr.a oz oBrrx ne'orco u,tu y pur,naquja,ulzx (6ynnaruro 6tusuHu,te4a') o6,tacru je Hus npao6,traxa BLTAHT{x 6laruux r{,tu KaMeHI,Ix noju ce <popuupajyHa paBHnMAe oBuMa r a. Hajeehu o6"tuqu cy rrolllroHn, MHorocrpaHrao6auqu, atvvIMa L KpyroBa, a Ha naAvIIIaMa Id'fpaKa.

Tyrgpu
Ha ceeepuoj xeuracQepn ce ororlbeHe o6aacrz uaaanajy ryH4pe. Thuo ue oncraje HHKaKBozpnehe, a LI ToKoM KparKnx era rrpollBerajy rrra,tu x6yHOBrt,TpaBe, MaxoBrrHeu ^uuraJeBv. Tpaee 6pao pacry z nperpujy r,to japrcnu rlBeroBr,rMa. Ca 4o"tacxolr suMe, OHe yBeHy LI fIOCTaHy HeaKTI4BHe 4O nOHOBHOI AO aCKa rOrr Or BpeMeHa.Ty r{aK Lr ycpeg ^era reMfleparypa ce perKo nebe HsHaA l0oC. Y ryugpava )rcaBrr Ma-lo "byAy, a,lrvI ToKOM ^errbprx MecerIH lrMa MHoro r.IHcelrlara yr 6ecxrl.ruemarca.Y ryw4pu roKoM rle^e rolvHe )r(I{Be eMZH3I,I, apKTurrKe

Ca Jo,n,acrcoM 3r4Me arruruu c,l,oj noHoBo 3aMp3aBa,s6or qera oner Hacrajy oanaruyjyhenpoMeHe y nejsaxy. MelyrzM, ToKoMnepvo4a oranarba Bo4a reqe Kpo3 nyKoruHe a cnojeee y creHaMa.Ka4a ce Boaa 3aMp3He, rperBapa ce y,te4, xoju 3ayzvrMa cxopo l0o/o Br,rrue npocropa Hero no4a. Orpoltru flplrrvcaK nojra Hacraje e6or raKBor uuperr,a Mo)Ke4a pacqenu cTeEy v Aa

je pasupcrca Ha cvrHe KoMa4e. florrurbe 04 ttoBplrrvHe 3arr.rpsaname v Inu.vpvt ce Ka nepMaQpocrHorra c"r,ojy r.reuely Aea y ay6nwn. Kano ce l.z'eo1'a aaa,eleHac"nojasaupaaBa, oHa norrrcrcyje c,roj uctro4 ce6e xa rope (,te4euo ye4urnyhe), a vcroBpeMeHo rypa u uarepuja,t y crpaHy (,te4eHz norzcax). Ae4eno ya4nruyhe Molr(e aa lacqyna Jpoehe r,r3KopeHa n Aa v3Ba4v rete-

99

FflEr{EpcKA Epo3t4JA
HACTAHAK III4HIOCA
BoAa

MAKEH3I,I

AEJITA TI,IIIA

re4 na jesepy r ceAEMemE(oJn cy ce

cMP3^u Ea AEyJe3ePa

nEEroc KoJ[ sacTaJe Ea

le4 najeaepy

CE.4[MCETE

MorrrycHaroQorce,no,rapru MeABeAr4, BeAavrBo4eHexrzBoTr4rbe uonyr Qona H MOpCKIIX KpaBa.AeTrse )Kr.rBOTI'IIbe Cy napu6y, npBac r4pa3Henrrrrle.3unz ce oHe ce,te Ha rrarrrrbaKeHajyry. flyrannrrcKll IIpe4eIII 3a,teleurz rrpeae,ru ce He Ha a3e caMo Ha BHcoKrrM reorpaQcxzM rrrupr,rHaMa o6,tacrraua naj6auxralr rroloBr,rMa- Beh cy KapaKTepucTvr{Hr4 r,r 3a n,\aHHHe. Ae4euu noKpHBaqH nocroje qaK u Ha eKBaropy - Ha MayHr Kema rzcyce4HoM Krz,tzuan qa py y l4cr ounoj AQ purIra. Pas,\or HacraHKa AeaeHzx noxpnBaqa y ronlt,tM perHoHHMajeraj urro TeM[epaTypa na4a ca sucuHor\4. Ha cBaKI4 KH OMeTap BLrClrHe TeMlepaTypa orra4a sa 5-100C.{re ucrovHoaQprzqnen aHvHe cy BncoKenpexo 5 KM,
na Ha Ir,HMa TIOCTOJer eqepl4.

A llnhrxo ieee po Ha rny 6e3 neAa (1). KaAa reMneparypa naAHejeaepo ce 3afleAlr lr cnol nepMaQpocra ce npoufl,tp]t (2). 3anebena noA3eMHaBOAa Aeniye norlrcHoM clrnoM Ha rope (3). Heeanefiena BOAaCe KOHqeHTpl4uJe lrcnoA nnHroca (4). I Kapaxrepl,rcTHqHlr KynonacTll nllHrocll y KaHaAlr. o 5

Ha jyxHoj xeuzcQepu, nAaHVHe ca cHe)r(HrlM BpxoBVMa ce Ha^a3e y Aycrpa"nzju, Ha Hoeoj leuueju, HoeoNr 3e.ran4y u ua Aru4urvra y Jyxnoj Avepraqrl. Ha ceBepHojxeurEcQepzrunore rr,\aHHHeHMaJyBpxoBe KoJLr Cy no-

l\

,: 'l--'-I,

tt

|.r''

t):

c o o-

{ Ilonuroxn cy reoMerpxicKl,l 0) o6nuqu (rope), N Hacrajy y rny 6 E 360r u],|pe]ba 1,| atr cKynrbalba Kalqa (! ce rno ryHApe E o lr orana. T 3aMp3aBa 100

A Ao nyqalba cTeHaAona3x y xnaAHrM 06naCT]4Ma. OB],1 o6nyqr y CHoBAoHl,rixcy ocraqx nocneAlber neAeHor Ao6a.

KprrBeHu cHeroM ToKoM rle^e ro4uHe. Tyrtape Ha n aHuHaMa,3Balre a,rncKe TyH4pe, HeMaJy vAH r4MaJy BeoMa Ma^e nepMaQpocre. Oron,rena no4a HMa npH PIKyAa Ce oIIeAu. na rrro Huje To HKo 6rrarbaeo. Kao z y apKTuqKI,IM TyHApaMa, npeonaalyjyhe 6ra,rxe cy rpMoBrr, MaxoBlrHa u auurajenr,r.

flefleHo tro6a

nola r{ npeKpH H no oBHHyCenepHe Avrepzne z Eepone. Zaxo cy Hene ycnele 4a us6eruy o6"tacru, noje .cyAeAeHr4 3arp6aJ, oH e yr aBHoMx a4He, TpaBHaTeTyH4pe H CTere, rle^a nlaHera uuje 6uta oKoBaHa,re4or*,r. Ha eKBaropy cy nocrojarre o6rracrz rponcKopo cBaKoM KyTKy Harxe fl,\acKr4x flparuyMa v nyc:rvtba. Jb oase HeTe nocToJe ApeBHr4 nolceTHlrTorrlore cy 6a,re 04 Brzra Hor sHavaja rIH Ha ro xarco je 3elr,ra Hacrala. 3a npexuB,4,aBalbe MHorux CIuCApa, flraHraue, rcojecexy 4oae6a,6paa xoja peflTrr^a v ov.baKa. ce. npore)rcy no npajoluKy- n KaMeH Torou Ae4enor 4o6a r,lurr,ra Huje xoja vorerc Kopkrcrlr sa rpaleme rpayeer 6urra x^alHa. Irrevepra cy ca CeeepHor nola MH e ll xa jyry Herco4oaa, uuajy ceojy npuvy. Haru coer je HeK44aaaBHo 6uo npercUKOnyTa npe Hero rrrTo cy ce [popepr{BeH Ae6e,tull ca,ojernr ae4a rojz ce Aulv.Y uelyepeveny je y Hexau 4e,nor-IpoTe3ao04 no oBa 40 eKBaTopa. BUMa rr^aHeTe BpeMe orr.^o MHoro 3emraje 6ultaxlta4wa, cHBanlaHera y ronrrraje uero ruro je AalFlac. tr4sQocrz,rKaHuaMa AeleHof 4o6a, a laehane cy HHX OCTaraKa 3HaMO da Cy HI,''ACKIII eeja,reH ca ceBepa,w cajyra. Korbr4 H C OHOBLI HeKaAa/\yTaJ\u OOa aMa peKe Terrlse.

Sa,u,ucnumc do6au+mercuatuanadnohe, xadacy ca ceaepa eejanc nelnee, a tm,o npmpueanu npdenu nucposuu awwpt. Sa,Muuwnu do6a,rojeje novcnonpe 7,7 nu,ntona zodura,saepuntwcenpe 10 000 eohnu u 3alru) ceAedau do6a.

A Xnagxr 3arprbai H3 nocneAlber neAeHorAo6a ie ocraBlro rpara Ha 3eMrbl,rHoj noBpurxHr.GsyAano Eaponn n CeBepHoi Auepnqn ilMaMO Ha3y6rbeH[X OBaKBXX BpxoBa,KoiHcBeAo'{eo BHoi Mofix nega. AecrpyKrr,r HarHKaorznrepr,taqzjatl:r nepvo4vrcy rpaJaiu rro HeKo,\Ll Ko croruHa xvrfi'aAa tOAvIJa npe HerO [rro 6u IroHoBo Hacrynr{ a xrra4noha. I\aaa qt orpoMHtr eAeHH o^oKoBr,r rroHoBo KpeTa,\H Ka Jyry, oHu cy 3a coooM ocTaB,4,a H yHr4rnTeHe o6,nacrl,I. Kperatbe oBHx orpoMHHX rrrevepaje orrrTeTHo r o Ha ABa HaqHHa: nao epoouja z Kao Hac^are. Eposr,rja ce 4eruaBaia, lra4a 6u uaca ^e4a y noKpery ncrprla seu.ny no xojoj ce Kpera a. flotruue cy 6raae ororeHe 40 rrBpcror creHoBr4Tor AHa. AeAje o4no-

3aupsnyra maHera
Zs 4pennr,rx Hac ara H ocraraKa H3 ^e4eHor4o6a, reo,rosnnpouenyjy aaje, ycrBapn, nocrojaao ce4aM Ae. eHrlx 4o6a. flpeo e4eHo4o6aje noqe o npe 2 300 MnlrloHa ro4vrua y nperraM6przjcrou neprzoay. Bepyje ce 4a je HaJcKopr.rJe l.1HaJno3HarHJe e4eHoAoba norrelo npe 1.7 MH lroHa roAVHa vr rpajaao 40 npe l0 000 roAlrHa.Ono ce Aeclllro y ilepercAy noju reorroeu nasueajy nteucroqen. Ono ce je4nocranno Ha3r,rBa Ae4euo 4o6a.

Tu nepuo4u ronlor

BpeMeHa- rro3-

Torr-,rorrrn ra acn
Toxorvrror neppro4acy ce eZeHra rroKpoBr.r rrolaKo nrlzpvrtvr o4 Ceeepnor

) oooanxn ocraqll lr3 nocfleAlber reAeHor Ao6a cy HaMorKpunx ga ie y To BpeMe BeoMa ycneuHo xrBeo lr3HeHabyiyhe eennxr 6poj crBopelba.Mauyrr, na qaK 1{Hocopo3lt, cy 6nnn caMo HeKrl oA 3Bepnxojtt cy nyTanlr3anebeHlrM nycrapaMa.
c ! E J o .q I 6

AoEA E.nEAEHo TOKOM JII'.4EHOr 4OBA

Ona4arre rrrrBoa MoPa Ae.4em rrorPEBarr

r(A4A cE AEII OTOTTH

floaqsane HtrBoa florou,tena ,rgruja CrraPajy ce n"taxe

IIoCJIE JIF.4F'HOr40EA
Ye4urnyre n"taxe

Tencurra ,re.4a c"tell(e Tno Hueo ce cnezce mopa nod onada

o 4 Jleda ce eoda

meJtculro notumo

flocreueno rro4z3arbe r a Kpxomune cmeua xoje uocu ned ce od6au,yjy u ce cmeapajy Hoae ntlalce.

npemeapa

y ned.

T.ro 4o6uja cnoj xorraunu o6rux Bpaha ce yunpenuja KnlLMa u omK|usa nasy6n'eu,e epxoee xoje sa ned co6ou,

. = d

crro cBe ocrarKe, 3aje4Ho ca KaMeHHM rpoMMaMa.Ta r<orr,r6r,rHarIvja re4a noju ce Kpehe rr KpxorrrHa creHa ce rroHarlaAa Kao orpoMHa uIMLIprAa v ry I{Aa T o rro4 co6oM, ocraB/,ajyhu Be rzKeorpe6orrzrre xoje ce 3oBy crpzjaquje. Ha KpaJycy ce 4o^hHe npo4yorbhBa^eh nporrrHprrBa^e Aa 6z 4o6u,re cno.j
rle. AalHAtn]H,V O6Ar4K nOTKOB 14

Hac,rare cy ce aeruaBa e,na4a 6u r,reqep/ ocTaBJr'a H MaTeprjaa moju cy HOClrr,rnpez co6oM.To ce -recro AernaBaio, Ka4a ceJe eA Torrllo, a KapaKTepHcrHqHo- je no Hac^afaMa QraHe r^r,rHe, rpyoor rrrJbyHKav Be IZKHXrpouaga roje cy paurrpKaHe 6e3 vKaKBor pega.Thxoje Hacrao Behu Aeo npe4e^a ceBepHe Eepoue u CeBepHe Arrrepurce.

TrrrrKt4 oKeaH ocTao roToBo [oTfIyHo oKpyxeH KonHoM oxo Cenepuor rrola. 3a paa,rzny o4 curyaguje y npounocTV, CaAa Ce BOJe.ApXrzuXOr OKeaHa BeoMa Ma o MerrraJyca ron^rlHM Bo4aua ca jyra. To $ra.rz Aa ce Aeru oH HuKa,n, He 3arpeJe KaKo Tpeoa, rra Je je HerrpecraHo sa-teleH. A-nrapnrun 4a eKo n3BaH yrHr]aJa olz^o KaKBr{x Torrlrrx BoAa, ila je geo KoHTVHeHT HenpeKLIlHo sarrefeH.

flosparax Belrrror lei4a flocroje LrApyrvpa3^o3ri 3acnyrrrrarr,e

rr y3poKoBaio cMp3aBarbe 3erra,re. Henu nayvHr4rlr4 cy r.pe4Br44e^v Aa he noeu m.aquja,lHz neprro4 teacrarv 3a oKo 5 000 ro4zna. flpyruHyAe Apyratuju norle4 na Ae4eHo 4o6a.Ouuu rBp4e 4a ce oHo urzje:aepurH-rol AaJbe OHH raroeapajy resy Aa je, y cBer y qurbeHHrle4a ce floc^e4rba r aIIkIJa Ha Qasa as 4o6a nleucrorleHa 3aBpIuI4 a npe HeKvx I0 000 ro4r4na, uoryhe 4a Mu cMa )fivBprMoy nHTepr arIr4JaHoJ Qazww 4a he ce y HeKoMrpeHyrKy, y 6yayhuocrz, ea Bparr{T}r.

r,ro6a-rne reMileparype. Je4au <l4 Moryhux pas.r.ora je nenpecraHo Merrarre saru6a 3eutuHe oce. Y xorr,r6uuaguju ca quneHr4rIorra,4aje opbnra Harue nlaHere HenpaBH Ha. oHa je noHeKa4 36or.rera Hagrlje 6ar,rxa Cyruy, a rroHeK2,4 - Aatba oA J\e4eHo 4ooat nera. Ano ce cyHqeBa rorr,tora rrpoMeHayuuugu joru nzcy curypHz s6or Hu 3a caMoJelaH nporleHa! npoqetryJe rrera. Hacraje e4eHo Ao6a. Hexa ce ga 6v ro Mor o aa rrpolr3Be4e pa3BepyJy Aa Je y noc^e.4rbrlx HeKo rzKo nKy o/ qe,rorje4Hor crerreHa y reMneMH UOHa fOAIdIla TeMnepaTypa Ha paryprl Harle r( HMe. Ano ce cBLr rv 3elrnrzuou Ceeepnolr u Jyxnovr no,r.y yru4aju nou6uHyjy, ro 6u onu Mor H Hr4xa Hero y 6rz,r.onoje 4pyro 4o6a. Aa 6yLy 4oBo^H 14 aa unsosy joLl jeaHo Onu unc,re Aa 6u pa3lor Morao Ja e4eHO 406a. - npo6yae yAuuasan'e KoHTr4HeHara Thnofe, nepyje ce Aa 614 eaeHo ao6a rlec y KoMe cy ce ce4aM KoHTrrHeHara Morlo Za HacraHe g6or rouu,laea npaHatrle nlaHere nocreneHo oABaiala A rxr.rHe y 3eu.,ruuoj arlaoc<pepz, xao uef yco6uo yAa,ry,ar;a^a. pe3y^rar 3arabeba.. Melyrlrrra, Herr.r [lpe orco300 vu,trona ro4uHaje noc- HayqHr4rlu Mric e 4aJe HecTaHaK lrrHo- rojao calro je4aH cynep-KoHTr,rHeHl caypyca HacTylr4o, r.a/.aJe Harxy n^aHe- [o3Har no4 Ha3nBoMflanrea. Zano ce Ty noro4rlo BeAIlKn MeTeop r4 TaKo froc- o pas4eajamellauree Aecrrlo rrocrerreHo, ao y Ba34yx orpoMaH o6,ran npauruHe. ir je Apne6or norraepana KoHrr.rHenara Toje uoxq4a 3ax,roHu,to cyHqeBe 3paxe O

A[:/TT'HH 3AT"6AJ

Oeaj dujazpan npuxaeyje obnacm

BeLLuml? rleda 0K0 Ceee,bHoznoJla - maKa6

je dauac. o'nacmu rcarcaa Cuseoxonue npuxatljl dom,e cenednpomenoy Eeponu, Asuju u Ceeepnoj Amepw4u aa epene nocnedntez nedevo? do6a.

) l4axoce
3BAHhqHO HE

cMarpa Aa ie neAeHoAo6a neprog l,l3Meby 13. n 17.BeKa - 6nno BeoMaxIaAHo, qecTora 3oBy'Mano fleAeHoAo6a'. PeKa y noHgoHy Tennsa 3,rM14 Ce 6nna noTnyHo3a'|eAlr'|a, a Ha neAy cy ce oApxaBarll Bauaplt.on je 6no roflltKo jax ga je c Morao Aa lr3Apxl4 !c HeKOnHKO Xl,rrbaAa Ibyf,iu,Kao lr BaTpy o E Ha Kojoj je nnoraoga ce [cneqe Bo. =
l

102

ruopau oneatut y csemyce cnuulHo O6ane nercajy,jep nope un Henuhr Mecrnu,Ivte, a Ho ob?uM Mnrqcu'ar ilruPa 3eMJbwrme, cmaapafloel 3eMhuurne.Huao nopa ce, marofie,Mebao euwe n mn wrno cmeapa jow yneuammueuje nponeneo6wn ! cserry.

O6are oKeaHa
Art'#

6a-ila usr,re4a xao npaj KoHTv.1/-\ I lHeHra, Mecro r,4e ce KonHo r'r lrope cycpehy. A"r.z Ha MHorLrM \-, MecTHMa KOnHO Ce [pO4y]KaBA A flOA BOAOM, IXTO Je nO3HarO KaO KOHTTT- F' HeHTa Ha no,luua. Ko,tuno ce KoHTr4HeHTaAHa nOAlrrla npocTv pe no4 BO4OM 3aBHCu O4 HrzBOa MOpa - a TO F.*8":' 3aBI]CIl O4 AeAeHriX npeKpuBalra Ha F*' Ceeepnolr u JyxHou no,r.y. f:'.1 Ha rpajy nocle4rber ;re4eHor 4o6a, rrpe oro 10 000 ro4r4Ha, orpoMHa KollrarzHa eo4e 6z,ra je :apo6,teua y eZeHoM npenprrBarry. 36or rora, aHHBo Mopa je 6zo MHoro Hr4)nr4Hero AaIJac v cyBe KoilHeHe rroBprxr{He 6 r z , r e c y e e h e . H a n p r z n a e p .r < o n H oj e noBe3HBa o Enpony u EHr,recny, rao n Cu6np u Amacny. Kano ce "tre4

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t

-;*1=!
I

*t

) neuvaneguxe y 3anlrBy Banerc, Jyrosanagra A$pnxa.Jaxn

BeTpOBl,l, 6nafn naA o6ane n Ber14Ka o6nacr nnnMe cy naj6orura ycnoBr 3a crBaparbe oBaKBe o6ane. e

,,.;"eiat*2

{*i +.i

*Y

.,,s

A Tanacn oanruycxyjy naqnSnvry o6any Operora. flrruqe cy npunlrqHo Hr4cKo (oxo10rrrerapa),

a'lr tb}|xoB Bepr[KanHu npeceK yxaoyje xa eposujy, npoy3poKoBaHy Tanac!tMa.
TOnr4O, HriBO MOpa Ce nO4H3aO OKO

Tirau ro4aurrue. To. Hansr,ne4.Hrlje ,Qnnoro, a^H roKoM 10 000 roA:aHa, { y*yn.to noeeharbe ri3Hoctl 70 lrerapa. M o p e y 3y A a v a H u y o r e o fr4oeepcmrz E pno ce npe oKo 8 000 roAhHa. Y je 4y6orc c

o
6

A llpuo6anHauyMa MaHrpoBe y Tpnxn4agy. Oeo gpeehe qecro pacre y o6aacrrMa rge je orpaHhqeHo Aeicreo ranaca, Creapajy ce cegrMeHru xoin Qopunpajy ocHoBy3a HacraHaK ]br4xoBor Koperba.

Bepzuurnor Mopey3ausvely Cu5upa Io u A"nacne je orco 45 verapa ay6on. C,ruqHe rrpoMeHeo6a,ra 4eca,te cy ce ml{poM [ aHere 3eu,t,e MHoro rryra y ToKy neHe .4yre zcropzje. O6-nun o6a-ta je, rarole, rro4 y'tr4IIaJeM Kperarba TeKToHCKrrx fl orra

A OcraqranoronrbeHeuryMe y Ha nnaxu y Cacercy. nncxoj nrr,rMr4 llJyua je noronrbeHanpe HeKonr4Ko ]rM xwbaqa roA1,| Ha nocTeneH nopacToM H14Boa Mopa. 103

oEATE OKEAHA
KOJe Ce ilpocTrzpy r4ctroAoKeaHa H Ha Hanpzuep, nojuu,rexce KoHTHHeHTrr. naquQravxa nloqa npocrupe ce r4crro43arra4Hnxo6aaa Jyxcre Auepune. Ha roM M,ecry Haruazvr ce 4y6orc poB y oKeaHy, o^rr3y ooa,\e v cKopo 4a
He nocToJri KoHTHHeHTa Ha I]O rZr]4.

Tl,nauuse ce cnyurajy cKopo Ao uBrzrle Mopa u Ha HeKUM MecTrrMa rz HeMa paBHe o6a,te. Oee ser\uKe npoMeHe o6a,La4euranajy ce no^aKo, ToKoM MI4 HOHa rOAIdHa, a MOry 4a ce yTBp4e caMo reoIoIxKIzM

3err.t,ne, TaKo 4a ce rbr,rxoBa rpaBrzTaqrzja norrr6nnyje. Oea H3y3erHo BI4coKa rr,\IzMa [o3HaTa Je r,r Kao npo^enHa rr^riMa vr dernaBa ce oKo ABa tryTa y roKy KaleH4apcKor Meceqa. Ka4a je rpanzraquja CyHqa no4 npaBrrM yrloM y o4Hocy ua Meceu.4eLuaeajy ce ocKyAHe nlr4Me, noje cy c,ra6raje uero o6uquo. Oee ocnyzHe nlrrMe ce, rarofe, 4errraBaJy ABa ilyra MeceqHo, y fiepvo4y rrpBe v H rpehe vereprnue Meceqa. Ha eehHHU o6a,ta 4eruaeajy ce 4ee n , n a M e4 H e B H o .O u e c y n o a y r n q a j e v

{YTATIKU

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rrPo4yxETAK \ OEfu}E
fleur.rare.4use

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florpahaj

) npogyxerax o6ane Hacraie, KaAaranacu Aonnpy Ao o6ane noA yrnoM.Haxoc Aonnpe Ha nnax(y Cuep n AYX nraxe ll ---t rP()4y,(er(a *'*. noB'|aqnce ooare \ Tanaca, cl4rl,tHoM ocraBrbaiytn 3a co6()M1436aqeHh necaKy roMhnaMa u TpaKaMa. Meceqeee op6ure u 3eu,nuue pora-

\l

{ oguapanraurre Majamu, carpabeHo necKay Ha HaHOCy Mopy.Pacr HaHoca y o6nrKy rpaKa r roM],|na 3aBhc[ oA HaHOCa nph npoAyxerKy o6ane Ayx HenpaBnI|He nnHujeo6ane.

quje. Y HeKr.rM Ae oBHMa cBera, Ha nplrMep y jyroucrovuoj Aazjz, AetnaBa ce caMoje4ua n,tzua ZHeBHo.Bper're n^nMe Be3aHoJe 3a iyHapHr4 Meceq, nepvo4 04 JelHor 4o Apyror M^alor Meceqa. flepuo4 rpaje orco29,5 4ana. Jesepa r,r Mopa, onpy)fieHa KorIHoM, Kao rrrro cy Be,ruxa jeeepa Ceeepne Alaepzxe z Me4urepaHcno Mope, zvrajy eeorr,ra Ma-te nlr{Me. Ea"nru.rno MOpecKopo da u HeMan^r4My. nAIzMa r4ocexa,Mopcnrr Kaxo ce or,remyjy Tauacv yaapajy o o6a"ry u IIoBIar{e ce. Behu ra,racprnpoy3ponoBaHr4 cy BerpopoM cBera. Br,rMa KoJn AyBaJy rxr4 f ecrpynrunn v raruacvcy npoy3poKoBaBerpoHr^ypafaHuMa14Apyfr4M o^yJHr4M nurr,ra, noju cr4loBzro ys6ypxajy rraope.

oaseje

npo4yxeraK ca jyra, xa urra yKa3yjenecaK, HaHeT nopeA 6eroncxux

.9 o o o a
L d

{ecrpyrrnBHe

o^yje

IllTl,lTHtlKa l|r|l'| Hl4CKlrX3hAOBa.

npoyqaBarberrr. A,r.z HeKe npoMeHe Mory 4a ce nocMaTpaJy r43 ro4rrHe y ro4vHy. OHe cy nocle4zrla anTrzBHocrrz ra^aca.

) Tanacuce oA6rjaiy o Kei y noprMerlroHy y KopHBony. Til-racu n nlr.rMa Oeaxa[ Tarac[ Mopcnu raruacv. nacrajy no4 yrzqajevr rMaiy orpoMHy rrluMe r4 Berpa. IJ"gry, yr aRHoM, cHary - oKo r4sasuBarpaerlraqrzja Mecerla. Meceq 10rr no rroAr,rx(e Bo4y KoJace Ha a3rr 4vpeKTKBaAparHoM Ho Ac[o4 rbera, crBapajyhn rario Merpy - 14 Mory Br4coKynlriMy. Hzcna n VMa nojae- Aa h3a3oBy
BETilKE

,4,yJece y OHHM le oBHMa fr^aHeTe KoJlr Hr.rcy y AaTo BpeMe noA yrur_IaJeM Meceqeeerpaeurauaje. llsyserHo Br4coKer4 HHcKe frlr4Me 4euraeajy ce rta1a je uyn r4lrr M aA MecerJ, lraAacy CyHrle u Meceq na zcroj v^u Ha cynpoTHt4M crpaHaMa oA 104

npoMeHe o6ane 3a BeoMa KparKo BpeMe. ;

Hajaecrpynrusuujn ra^acu uacrajy o4 rro4BOAHrzx3eM,borpeca. UyHaruu je Ja[aHcKx Ha3r{B3a Taiace, npoy3poKoBaHe 3eM,borpecou.Axo rIyHaMHcrarHe Jo I,rHTKe npuoba,lue Bo4e, Nroxe Aa AocrurHe BucHHy o,4 2b Merapa, usasueajyhr4 yiriacHy rxrery npu y4apy o o6a,t,r,. Mope Ha KorrHy QyHnqzclHurue c HrrHo AerepueHTv sa Betu. Yuecro leTepueHTa, MoPe KopHcTrz necaK H [r,r,vHaK ca MopcKof 4Ha. oeurra a6pa3HBHHM cacrojqzlra Mope cnprpa 3eMrr,Hrule o6a,le z ocraje caMo KaMeH nojn je. raxol3e. na yaapy. Mere creue ce 6pxe rpoure. Aro .l.alacv npeceKy creH). ropFbn 4eo he nacru Ha rpajv. Arzrrlqa ce rpeceqa rroHOBo eehoM lyr+iuHoM. Kaxo ce Tatacu noBlaqe. oHA ca co6ov o4Hoce ycrzrlbeHe Je oBe cl'eHa. Kparnu, olxr p14TalacA. nojz Hacrajy 3v \4il Kao noc"le4hua oKa Hhx o,ryjnux BerpoBa, oaHoce HajBuue noBprxrzHcxor
flehnna Beprnxa,rnr,rornop

Her4e ilMa HaHoca ayx o6a,re uopa, a Her4e eposuje. llprEruep rora je jvxHa o6a,ra EHr,r.ecxe.Koz (Dep,tajra, 6,trlsy XejcruHrca, HeKo HKo Merapa AnrvL\a ce cBaKe ro4HHe obpyuaBaJy. O6ana, a, c Apyre crpaHe, HacraJy HoBe yBa^e. o CTgHOBl,lTl,lX e nyxoer, yrrIaBHoM, HacTajy Hexo,tHro Kr.rloMerapa Lan e Ha Ha MecrlMa rAe HCToKy uoA Aauuuuca. <-r4 ru,t,yHxaje le i Hacnara HacTaIo KonHo, r.rcTypeHo y Mope y i xopr,r3oHranHa o6,r.zxy uoca, noje v Aal,e 3alasn cBe $ xperruara rnx 6a3anrHe BerrlrKl,rM Burxe y uope. Kejn Kanaeepa,r y (D"to creHe npeceqeHa cnoieBuMa. pv4u Je c HqaH oBoMe. i eepruxanHnM ra"tacn ympajy o Yrao nt-r4 rcojrzr',r o6a,ny yruue Ha HaehH na xojrl ce ogsuja eposuja H HaHoc. Arco ra.taca Hcrr4M y4apaiy o o6a.ny yBeK rlol yr oM, oABvJa ce rpoqec no3HaT Kao 'npo4ylneraK o6a,re'. Mope nanocu necaK v rn.6y]laK nocTpaHqe Ay)r( o6a,ra, cnupajyhv rlx yje4uoj o6,racru rz Hanocehn zx y apyroj. Oeanae npo4ylr{eTaK [ a]fie noBenaBa Ay]r<r{Hy nlai+te Ha Kejn Ko4y y Macavycercy. Mope rrroxe 4a crBopH QacrlzuaurHe o6,tlrne creHa, crrr4parbeM MeKzx ri cla6vx noBprxuHa creHa. Hanpzlrep, Molre 4a HanpaBH nehuHe y cre:all U V BePTUKaIHe OTBOpe, Aa v3AyOV nehuny ca o6e crpaHe MopcKor pra H -p aa ce, Ha rpajy, crBopt{ KaMeHr{ ^yK.

Ha { flprapogxl,r nyKoBr,r o6anu Anraepe y flopryranuju. Kao arpaKrxBHa KapaKTepucT],|Ka MHorlrx

noBpahaj 3eMrbr{rrrra * # I T p r z v o p u AB o a eH e n p e ( ' r a H6 yo p 6 y c A Ooxraxa BoAeu36ujaKpo3 MopeM, a Hajnehy ranny 6op6y cy BepT]4KanHr oTBopHa cTeHnHa nseojena,nz Xo,r,aHlanr,r. f['Izxosa ocrpBy Ecnaruonannlr XyA Ha H3peKa r,racu: 'Eor je cruoprzo ceel Fananarocy. Beprnxan xil orBoptl a I4 cv Xo,naufaHz crBoprzlrz Xo,raHHacraiy KaAace crBopl4nplrpoAHl,l 4rzj.y'. xolaH4cxe repaTo.9ereprr.rHa A[MrbaK oA nefilrHeAo Bpxa PrrJeJe vcfio4 HrzBoa Mopa, KoJa.Je creHe, Kaxo ranach HaB[py y nperIAaBAeHa Ha npajy AeaeHor 4o6a nefiHHy, Ba3Ayxce ca6rja, Hocefitl xa4a je Hacrao z Aauanru. Buure o4 MopcKyBoAy Kpo3Al4MrbaK 1900 nu naifiJbHBo Halr elaHr4xHacuo6uqHoy3 yx(acHojaxy 6yxy. na,6pana 14 AvHa sa4pxaeajv MopcKy uoAy r.r o6es6elyjy XoaaulaHzua

<.toja. nacrajy Kaope3y^!,yru ra^acH

Tar y4atbeHr4xo"nyjunx BerpoBa y roKy ,rera. Onu HaHoce Burue rtr,byHKoBrr-

II OAHO 3eMJr'IIlxTe.

Ora 6op6a ca MOpeM rpaje uajvarue 700 r o4r.rHa. Hene oa Hajrrace,t,eHHjrzx TOT HAHOCA H IICCKA I{A fIAA?fiE HCIO o6lacra oBe 3eMJbe, ynnyuyjyhn rxro o4Hoce. 36or rora 4ola3r,1 lo Aucrep4al.r rz Porepaalr, npocrlrpy ce nocreneHor rpalema nlai+{e. Ha. Be r.rKriMocTpBHMa,no^leprzMa, KoJacy oly3era ()4 Mopa. flehuna ncno4 { HeXe TUnUqHe je 1927.roauHajnehr.r npojerar no.reo KapaKrepr4crnKe He KaAa cy Xo,laHlaHu oAAy.vLrAu Aa ::H:I^-"oTBOPa creHoBilre o6ane, Bpare repr.t ropHJy orpoMHor 3a^rrBa flehuteHacraiy Ha 3yaep 3a. Carparyu,rucy 3arxrzrHy ,,, MecrHMa fAecy cTeHe 6pau1ayry 32 nv rray^a3yy ra-,rrzs. urzja jegnouxaAa cflaoe: ce KoMrrierHa rpa4rbasaBprxn,ta 1932-e pyny, MOpe npo6uje oHa ro4Lr He.3yaep 3uje nocra^o clarnoBo4flpnpo4nz ,tyrc ce cBeBHue noBefiaBa Hojerepo, rro4 Ha3rrBoM tr4jceauep. [Ier ep03ujoM. O6pyuaearue Be,tlrxr,rx no4 epa je sarurnheno HacHKpoBa nefixHe MoxeAa nvua v [cyrxeHo 4a 614ce crBophlo HanpaBn BepTlKaIrH14 HoBo3eMrbarxre. Xo,raulaHb cy vcnpacrv6acra 61 \:+.
f creHa

t: i ri 1
ll

I(APAKTEPHCTHKE CTEHOBHTEOBAJIE

.r',
Ocrarar crene

orBop. Ilyr uoxe ga HacraHe Hapry KoA Koier ie flouno Ao epo3uje c o6ecrpaHe. KaAa ce pr oABoix, roMlra creHa ocTaje y 6nnsuHu oABoieHa o6ane.

'AII 3eM,r,hUTe04 CO U V 3aCela II Ia. Apvrn Be^HKlr n pojer<ar noepahaja 3 e M r 6 n rru a I986. ro4uHe raepueH je h3rpa/noN{ rlrnra 04 o,nvjuux BerpoBa Ayr+i ncrorrHor Aela yurha pene lIIe,Me. Oez pa4oex cy roqelx 1953-e ro4uHe HaKoH pyrxr4^avrcor o.,ryjlror Betpa mojnje vHltIxrI,ro nperxolHo carpaleHlr 3arxrur)i.

105

oEAnE oKEAHA
Ocrpna
flocroje ABa ocHoBHa rvna ocrpBa. Hena o4 rbnx cy HeKa4arrrlr,u leloBa KoHTrrHeHTa, nonyr Be,rune EpzraHuje u tr4pcxe. llpocrvrpy ce Ha KoHrHHeHTaiHHM nolrzrlaMa tz, aKo 614Hrzeo MOpa olao, rbrrxoBa B_e3a ca cyceAIJLlM
KOHTIiHEHT}IMA OH A OA BLIA.bI4BA,

Apyra ocrpBa cy npou3Bo4 By KaHcKe aKTrzBHocru. OHa cy MopcKe nlaHuHe, BpxoBH rrlaHuHa xoje ce us4ra)Ky rrz Ay6nwa oKeaHa. Thrcea cy

:!1.:.dr.
.t::.{

ll!,lr!
' , . 1 '

[J' ffi !

Cuo.,rse rparrqe pacra xopa-rra O6nacr ca uajmremmrqiurr arcrmurpacrxolraJra pa,aa{err rpedera

4?

A MananoKa3yie pacnopeApa3Boja KopanHlrx o6ana. Befiuxa ce Hana3gl y l4xgrjcxona r IlaLuSrqxoilr oKeaHy.

o =9 I

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{ Kopannuaron y BoAaMa y Keuxcneuga, Aycrpanrjr, ]beroBecnorbHe nnaxe ll cTeHe, o6racr[ cy ca BereraqrjoM. ) tpra Anjarparrira noKa3yiyKaKo Hacraiy KopaflHlraronil. npB_ll je pacr KopanHorrpe6eHa KOpaK oKo ocrpBa. Kaxo ocrpBo noHxpe, TaKO Kopanr n3na3eHa noBputl4Hy, crBapaiyfiI,|3aur]rrH],trpe6eH. Kaga ocrpao Ha Kpaiy HecraHe, ocraie caMo KopanH[ aron t,l rberoBanaryHa. Xaeajcra ocrpBa na llaquQurcy u AsoprzHaceBepy Araanrcror oKeaHa.
Povranrvqun aroltr r4lr4 KoDa Ha ocrpBa rcoja ce Hala3e y ron,rnjur'.r deloBr4Ma llarluQurca cy noce6na Bpcra By KaHcKHx ocrpBa. Thnzqan aro,t Qoplrupa ce Ha o6o4y ByAKaHcKor Kparepa. rcoju ZonHpe 4o ulu je Ma O rzcno4 noBprxr,rHe Bo4e. Kopa,r Hacraje 04 Kpeqacror cKelera cuhyrrrssl MopcKHx crBoperba, no Hna, KoJHx vrMa Ha MH,\uoHe y Ton ?rM H n r.lTKrrMBOAa}'4A, YIjJa AyOIdr{aHe npe,rasz 30 Merapa. Ka4a no,rznn yrLrHy, ocraerajy ea co6ou Kpeqacru cKeler xojn ce raiox(u H crBapa rpe6ene. Ano rpe6eH HacraHe oKo By KaHcKor KpaTepa, rzMa o6,r.r.tnlpcreHa ca aryHoM lr cAaHrzMjesepou y cpe4vl:.vr. Kopa"rHr4 frpcTeH rrMa HeKo nKo npeKula, TaKo la je ,r,aryHa noBe3aHa ca oneaHoM KOJHoKpylrcyJerpeoeH. 04 r,rrrr,tpn.reHor Kopa^a Hacraje je4na Bpcra Kpeqtaqnor necKa. Cenre noje ce pa3Hocl4 crpyjarreu Ba34yxa v^v trrvr\aMa, ilaAa Ha oBo r o H npHMa ce. Ra4a 6umxe A3yMnpy noruaxy npa 106
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no3Hara Kao 3arxrr.rnru rpe6eu. Hacraje y BotaMa raKo ruro pazaeaja Ayfa\rKy aryHy o4 ocrarKa ooa^e. Kao z rpe6eHrz arola, TaKo I-t3aIIrrI,ITHu rpe6en r4Ma firyn.rrrue y ce6u, qecro Hacynpor yruhy pena. Hajnehu u uajnosuaruju je Be,turu 3arrrrnrHr.r rpe6eH nojra ce rpocrupe oro 2000 KM 4yll( IrcrorlHe o6a.ne KevucaeH4a y Aycrpa,luju. Cnonlr'tt rpe6eu ce npocrr4pe lr,ay4atbenocruor, a "taryna nojy o6arreo4 l6ru ao 240xNr, npaBr4rrMaoKo 700 ocrpna. Y rpe6euy lrMacaMoAecer Be^rrKlrxIxyn,br,rHa. BehzHa 3arrrrrlrHrzx rpe6eHa Qopurzpaua je oKo ocrpBa n rJr-tr4Tr4 vx oA oKeaHCKuxra aca. Cno,nnra rpe6en ayx o6aae qecro ce noeehaea. 3au'rLTrH:r' h cno,bHu rpebeH oxpyxyjy pe aTr'lBHO n^rzTKy ^aryHy. V Enarttaee paBHxqe no4 nrrMoM Ha jyxHoi o6ann Aeaoxa. Y gaurnfi exhM nplrMopcKlrM MecT[Ma rAe cy ranacu cna6n, HaHocl,rcy qeuth Hero epo3ria. Mope xaxocn 6naro lr necaK, a peKe HaHoce anyBlrianHn Tanor.
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llrnL'lllrla ,t" .j.' \Iar rra Iierr IIIII(',JH:r 0. 1 Irret()Bil\ ( tcH:t Il,\tr llit(.,\il l r : 1 , \ i ll \ t t ( ) - I r , , \ o B e r \ ( ) I I t i l H C l t a l t t . r i l ( r ' t , : t1 l ) e t i r ,l t ) { ) t ) t ) \ it.i 1 . 1 t ((, t . t . [ r ) (i l ( \ ( . n l ) ( ' H i , t i l i l i l e . i l t t j t r t : r l r t t j : l ()ticl ce:triot tic)trrlltrcurir cc Hit.\a:J(, r\rel)l. ori l r r o , l r r o ; t i J I :r ] (r r ( )I . HtrL]olr oi 2()0 Nrn.\ri()rra r 1 ) J l r H a . L l : r i c r t r l t n j l r . t e . \ r) B t t t . t r i r rt t . \ t i t , i l t o { i l \ i l j t : r j r ; 1 1 n , ' -' . \rol)ii..Jrc a \ r o . l c J t r ( )o . l \ r r r o f l \ r : ( l r _ 1 , - I \ O uI I l t r c HI l t , \ I l l t ( I e I t i t . r r e l - ; r r r r r . I:1.\ltcit. l:ll .Ie() cc rlit.iltRlt t\()lrfttrreilj c . l I u J r r X n o . 1 \ r o l ) c N r r \o r r i l t r r h a , 1 o r . o j l r r : c nLprrjtro: il9(j0 \l l.\tr()rra r )_lnHlr. l A , \ u : 1 I r o . \ r r r t a .I J c . r o ( l c e c P n o r r o P c - j i ' ce -r,()lll-\(.) \ no(.\c, ltbtrx 5() r.o-1rru:1. , le() eBl)( )n( tie li( )II r ilHt,t r I:1.\tte IIO,\l [qe, 3 l t r e l r . r j, r r l r r r \ r u J ( . 1 ) r t ,t ,t jr r r l \ ( , r n i r . KorrrurrerrralHa rronnrla .l l.',Hlllll( lllit.\ilit l|rr.\ilUil J\;t. r,tll.\:l . I a II l t c I I N l : l \ l)( I t l ) e u tI : J H C ] \ I aIte I l c . \ o r .J F t i l I I a r . o r r u ( ' K e c r c r r e r r : l . l r r v r r , r r r F t r r r \ 1 r r . t t , r | i , r.th ( . i l l t : tK . { r| ( . t t t i i r l r : rr.; r . i : r onellHa. Thtio cr HitvrlllrLIIr ca.]n:1,\nJrt \ t r ) l ) i t ( r : r 1 r i l j | r r . 1- l { l l } \ i l t . \ i l o H ; r t o . 1 1 1 p . , . . l I l , , t r l u co . q l 2 0 0 n r r \ \ r o D L ' . cL'.lr ro ( )Ketrr ra urrrltrr.-\ r.\alr lrcrir r oriealr. t e r l r o l t r r a u r r j ec r r t ' o , t o : l r r r i - r a c . r r c l r r r r . o - R e f t t t t r : L ri()Ht l r H e r t t : t . r , r r r1 a l ( ) . \ I I r [ Il t

r r a i l r l ) 1 1 \ r cc pc . r u i l l ) l t ( ) . 1 t l e l r r l ) a . \ r r ( ) r A lno oKeaHa ca pa3HuM t l t e ( l c r r : rN t r c l r ( ) . b a( i p l r r r r o r r , , . i 2 . i , , . r ' reorpascKHM oAnHKaMa KOje ce | ( ) .i l r u r r , (. I I l r r 1 i ) .r ,. t l ) \ | | r \ r ) ( . ( l erri l rerut. raMo Hara3e.ly6uxe cy I ru r rl ( r o r t r r o - r r a q t r r p r r , r r i o r j e j o r r r( r 1 t ; + . t ,1 r npHKa3aHe KaOAa Cy ocBeT.rbeHe, t|t lir111 n.i r r l l l \ r ( l r . , r 1 1 1 ; 1 t , f rr r r r t , , r r r4aKo rc j;1 y peanHocTl4 uMa MaIO r g l 2 - l b t u r o .l r i u r r r , e cBernocrytl4cnoAAy6uHeoA 200M r1 r . j , l l r lt ; l ( l r , l l r j t t r o t r , 1 , r r ],tHl4Mano rcnofl 1000m. ..1-.t,',,,,_ h a . o . 1 r ' 6 r rr r r ( . ) r i c l F r r( \()l Jr rir .l(' .r,lr

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AoAaJeHoBrl MarepaJa . Herca4a cy HayqHHuLl Mrrc,.Lrtu Aa ynpaBo TaJ yIIIITB HOBrrx cTeHa y3poKyJeo4BaJarr,e n^orra. llo4eo4ne nlaHrrHe nacrajy Ha raKo3BaHr,rMepyhzu rarrxaMa 3erra",r,e. Ha TrzM MecrlrMa ce 4erxaBajy no4eo4ne {y6oro oKeaucro 4rro Beha Aeo 4y6orcor oKeaHCKorepynur,rjeBy KaHau uacrajy n^aHhHe. 4na je paBaH u 6ez LTKaKBHX reorpaQcKr,rx Behuna ocrpBa y flaquQuxy z ArrrauoAAvKa. Ouo ce Ha,\a3u ua 4y6wuu o4 TuKy cy BpxoBr,rraKBux ey"rxana. Hexlr 4000-5000u v cacrojv ce oZ By KaH- cy yrarreHv, AoK cy Apyrv, nao TprzcCKHXOa3a THI4XCTeHa, npeKpHBeHrZX Tale.Aa Kyna z KaHapcna ocrpBa y c^ojeM HaHocaH3 noBprxzHcKrrx Boga. Arranrrzrcy u Xar,ajw u @u.tz'nuuu y By,uaHcre creHe cy Ha6opaHe n KBp- flaulQraxy aKTHBHH nnu npurajeau. raBe, a 14HaHocu cy nocTeneHoI,I3r aqa-^u noABo4HH [ej3a]K. IrcrpancnBarbe Tiz r'ranocu ce cacroje 04 ocraraKa Je4HocraeHa rzcrpaxuBarba oKeaHCKor orpoMHor 6poja 6u,raxa rr ?KlrBorrzrba. ZHa ce oasujajy croruHaMa roAHHa Behrz 4eo oezx 6wbaKa u x{r4Borr4}ba yua3a4. Ka4a cy n^oBulrr 6tuzy o6a,ra, cy cuhyurue, HeKe H Mr4xpocxoncKe MopHapri cy rpeKo na,ly6e 6po4a 6aqaBelurrrlHe, n npuna4ajy orponHoj n,ry- ,\rl O OBHT4 Tel nplrqBPlrrneH 3a KaHan, rajyhoj nonyaaqraju n aHKroHa. u rano cy Ao1vja er oKBrrpHy Af5wry Mnoro rrlaHKToHcKr{x )n14Borv ria MOpCKOT 4Ha. uuajy xpevmarrKe Kocrype ulpt trrKoJr,LIcru l"zcro4 ce Koprzcrrro Ha rryroBane o4 ra,rqzjyv xap6ouara, rarco 4aje mur,,ra6pzraHcKe KopBere Veneuqepy oiaTo ca oKeaHcKor AHa, ycTBapu, 19. eexy noja je Kpcrapr{^a rpr4 n no je4Ha npevmarrKaKaura.lllra ce ca rroM ro4zHe vr canynn aruaHayqHeranQopuaroAIlIJa Tia r,rreerur4ja cy caKynae4erxaBa HaKoHMHofo MutJ\rroHa ullje o r.aopy. Mo)Ke4a ce Br4Ar4, HanpnMep, na Ee"rau nn y 50 roMoBa. creHaMay fioeepy, vuja xpeaaje HeKaHajeehu Aeo oHora urro aaHac3HaMo, HaHoc Ha ca3Ha^Hcuo nouohy lnotv,aprlenenEepa, Aa 6vxa 4e6erru Kper{rbaqKr.r HeKOM 4aBHO HeCTa OM MOpCKOM 4Hy. npeQrameurzjer Hacle4HlrKa cBor r,rMeAy6oxo oKeaHcKo 4noje HCnpeceqa- maxa. Torov npojercra .HcxorraBarba no 6pojnzu pe"r,eQunruo4arznanaa. Ha AyooKor MopcKor AHa, KoJkr Je 3anoqeo cpeAuHu oreaHa cy rpe6eHa, r4e rro aje nroerzo no 1968, fnonap rleneruEep rco us6rzja HoBa aBa u crBp4rr,aBa ce. CBHM CBeTCKITM OKeaHLrMa, 6yrUZO UOpTo je ravrca y xojoj ce ceu,,uunojnopr,r cKo AHO 14 y3vMao y3opKe 3a aHa rr3y.
d/6oxa oxo 200M. Ha cnojravr crrorbarrrFbHMHBr4UaMa OHe Ce CTpMOC[yuTajy npeKo KoHTr'rHeHTa He fia4l.jHe Ka je 4y6orou oKeaHCKoM AHy Th r.a4:r^le.a cTBapHa vBu\a KoHTHHeHTa.

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Pag lnomap VeneuEepa Aanac leacraBtba lnou,apExcnnopep, eehz 6po4 xojz je

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Marrupame oKeaHcKor AHace HacraB,tuay3 rroMoh exo ,roxaropa Ba Ay6orca nropa, xoju ce Ha a3e ua 6po4oerzlra. Tia exo ^oKaroprz uepe 4y6zny Mopa. Je4aH uohnuju o6,rurc exo oKaropa ca HuxrrM QpexneHqujaMa MolKeAa \po4pe Kpo3 roprbe c"lojene Mopcxor 4Ha H Aa.HaM 4a anQopvaunjg o rnny creHa xoje ce Ha^ase vcno4. Joru je4au cr,rcreu je coHapHr,r cKeHep,rcojr,r cxeHzpa ucKoca H cHHMac"nojenecreHa ca oKeaHcKor 4ua. KonavHo, Bt43ye Ha r4crpa?Kr4Barba ce c[poBo4e norvrohycnequjaHux rro4MopHr,rrla 3a lyooKa Mopa, o4 KoJrrxHeKe HeMaJytby4cKyrocaZy, Ben caMo HoceTB rcavrepe.

{ Exo coHapr,r uarby 3ByqHerarace Ao AHa oKeaHalr Mepe BpeMe Koie ie norpe6Ho Aa 6u ce 3ByK Bparlro Ao 6pona. ) qprex oKeaHcKor AHa y onngnnu Kaxapcxnx ocrpBa Koil,l je ao6njex exo coHapoM.

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Ga nocaAoM ll ajpauuja ucrpalnaB arr,acy oKea- po6ora l)ejcona He Bu4e^a Kao npenpeKe Ha lJynuopa xaxo nyry Ka yAa,+>eHuM r,rjour He- 6n ucrpaxnnn rzcrpar(eHuMrrpocropHMa.I4axo orcea- onynilHy ura savsurraajy70% yKynHe roBprrr4Tutanuxa. lopet He 3eMrbe,vcTpa)KrlBarrvr cy y norreT- floguopxnqa Ky noKa3vBa^z MaJ\ovHTepecoBarbe3a Aneun HaKoH npocrpaHcrea xoje ce npvrjy vcno\racnyuTalba h ,r.aca.He usneHaf yje -uvle,e:anrr,a Aa cy OCBeTtbaBaHra npe 150 ro4vrle'a "bylv MaxoM BepoBa- ocrarKe Tntanuxa.

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BOAHa CaMOypaBaH 6es uxaxeux o6e,r.exja. npaartajyha n Hav.rrro IzcrDa)KlzBarr,e oKeaHcKLIx caMonoKpeTHa Ay6wuaje aanove,r.oroKoM 19. eerca, xamepaje og a rrpBo npaBo rrcTpaxr.rBarrKo[yTooneparopa y Barbe ce Aecrrlo y rrepwoAy zsuefy Auepuvrom nog- 1872. u 1876. roa, xa4a je cnequja.rqeHrpy BOAHOM Ho onpeMrben 6po4 XMC rlenerulepca HaAlrMaK Ao6nna IIOCa{OM, CaCTaBTI'eHOM04 HayIIHITKa Cnynu. flourro rr MopHapa, KpeHyo llavcfpaxduBaqKy cHHMKe luarbego encne4uqzjy. Pesy,trar ce or e4ao y 6poga Ha noorKp?TBarl,y Heno3Harax v snavaju Nx BprJJl,fHr,r, Cnynu zuQopuaqzja o caMoM oneaHy. MOXefla Ce KOp],rcT],r Ha Berufloa ra acrrMa KlrMnoBprunHa- Karo 6z rr3Meprrlr4 Ay5wwe oKeaHa, ma. flocroje jour iloca4a XMC VenenEepaje KoprrcrLrABa Mo4enaCny- a o oBHt4rIe xoje cy ce cacrojale 04 nnja ua xojnua oloBHrzx Kyr lr reruKux 9 x4 npr4qje ynorpe6ruex epruhenrzx Ha KoHorraq ol KoHorrJbe. KOHqenT noABOA- Onaj uero4 ce rroKa3aoHerrpeqrr3Hr.rM, Hlrx noKpeTHlrx Hapoqr4To xa4a je rpe6a"ro r43Mepr.rrrz ypefaja. eehe
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Onaj rpaipurcon npnrcasyje KPaJrbe 4oMeTe rrpu^nKoM rrcnrrTwB arba yrryTp arrrbo cru orceaaa. Ha nehuu Ayduuaua necraje ArreBrro cBerlo, rra4a 'reMuepaTyPa n Pacre nprrTwcarc. Ilpmrcasaua je ilpoceqwa oxe awa. Ayduna p altwurrrwx 110

suavajua Koa hcnHTHexocoHZt4, xa je Hapour,rro Oa 1920. ro4. ca uojaeorr.r parryHarr,e Ay5wue oxeaHa Ha ocHoBy eama HaQrHr4x flo"ba A rr rrpLt HKoM BpeMeHaKoJenporeKHe loK ny^c 3ByKa vcrpax(rrB arba olyrrl{Ha 6po4oea. o4cKoqr4 04 MopcKorzHaje rpaja,noceeEpo4oeu rcojrlcy xoflo4no4rur rrHcrpyMeHTrr ra je4ny ceKyHAy. flo4eo4nra AHcrpyMeHTu kr rro4Mopvc'rAAV exocoH4ecy Mor,la 4yx ceoje 3a OKeaHCKaIrCpHHIIe Cy VrAeaAIJVr flyrarbe za Mepe u 4y6uuy oKeaHa. Tpalr{vBarr,a, aALr ce uajeehzrra ge^oM Hala3e y BlacHrrrrrrny eojcrce. Crora Haj euavaj Hrrj a orKpr{ha I4spraearue oKeaHaje 4oxrleeao ceoj cy HayqHrzrlw 4wsajuupalrr corrcrBeHe 6po4oee rcoje xopzcre y ry cBpxy. Be r4Krr[porJBar HaKoHII ceercxor para. CasHarba o creHaMa Ha AHy oKeaHa IIperE nyr ce jan,najy 30-ux rz 40-rax n roKoM 50-vx z 60-ux ro4. 20. e. cy 4oee20. eexa, a 1960. cy rueajuapcKl{ HaOua yrrHr4KXtan fhaxap A rropyqHzx aMeAa ao rlpaBe peeo"ryuuje y le.aytl.,z'. cy 4oKa3a a Aa cy oKeaIrI.I pe,\arl4BHo pvrrKe eojcrce dowatt4 Bo.uu o6opz"r.z cBercKH peKop4 cnyrrrrarr,eM Ha Ao TaM,na4:a reorpaQcrcao6e"ne4jan norBprya re3y 4a ce reKcroHcKe fl orre, rrzJr4]r 4a HefIoJM,t'ABe AyOvIHey HaJAyOtbLrM KpeTaIbeMcy H.acTa.^.IIu AaLe noMepaJy BoAaMacBera y Maprajancnoj 6pas4u v TaKo no^aKo MerbaJy ooe^er{a 3eM6e. Tiaxor oKeaHa.Ceojou ro4MopHnIIoM YCC Tpcm cy ce cnycrra,xuwa 4y6uuy o4 Kperaneu renToHcxt4x rr,toqa aacrajy rr^aHrzHe, By KaHcKe epy[l0 917 rvr.Melyrzr.a, Mo)(Ja najHeee3eMrborpecr4, uraje. {pyre rauQopvaqaje o MopcKoM poearnuje 4ocrrzrnyl e 4anaurmuqe je vtctrLrru4e,to ozhyruHe aMepar{Keno4MopHuue Alay ce ao6ujajy ceLr3Mr.rqKVM Ansun rcojaje oa 1985. 4o 1986. roa. BarbvMa rrpr4lr.rKoMnojux ce Ha noBprrtr4H'rl yIIeCTBoBa a y ucTpa)$uBall'y o yIIIlrHe Bo4e cTBapaJyruoK Ta acu. 14 4pyrw r4HCTpyMeHTH ce Kopr,rcre Tumauurcawa4y6wuw oa 24 000 rr.r. KaKO orr ce loor't^t4 y3oprlr4 Bo4e Ha florueparre cBeroBa pa3lrrrrLrrt4M Ay5ulr'atraa, alrr v KaKo reMreparype z 6pIlyroearua 4dCpe4rueoKeaHcKor fpe6u ce rasN{epr4le szua crpyje Ha pa3lrlqvruv 4y6uua6ena r4e ce o6paayje HoBrr creHoBt4ua. 3Hauaj ce npz4,aje H BeurraqKrzM rrz ca,oj ycle4 noMeparta rexToHcxt4x carelrzruMa xojz ce Kopr4cre raro 6ra fl,\oqa cy yKa3a^a Ha Be"\vKy By KaHce. nparh^a reMneparypa rz crpyja cKy aKTLIBHocI a H.ayl{Ilv\r4 Cy oTKprz^n qvTaBe Ko oHrrJe oaKTepL\a noja yrzue Ha KlrrMarcre Qaxrope Ha 3eMrbr4.Oea ucrpaxunarca Aajy KoJe c.^yxce Kao xpaHa MHofoopoJHItM raBaJy CTBOperbraMa KOJa OOLI uuQopnauraje oa BrrralHor sHauaja MOpCKTTM sa npaheme K VMarcKr4x rrpoMeHa r,r oKo Ton Ltx MrrHepaiHlrx lz3Bopa Ha r,to6a,uror 3arpeBarba. Behe 4y6raue ce MopcKoM 4uy.Oeo cy je4wue rro3Hare Har.r3MeHr4rrHrzM noeehaeaII eN4 ?I{I,IBOTIIILCKe BpCTe aII'JLI OIICTaHaK He 4OCe}Ky
H CMarbVBarr,eM flpLlTI1ICKa. oea TeXHrr-

saBll'ckr OA CyHIIeBe CBeT ocTLI.

y noKpery OKeaHu
Hexe aau, y xon6uuan4uju, cnutnwo noxpehy oKearue. Y rcux cnadajy pomaquja 3etuae,eempoau, cuna zpaeumar4uje C)*no u Meceup,, u uejedunxo nodeodnu sem,nompecu qwtehu uexe c)tri4e6o saepeearce 3exuae, denoae tnoruutn, a dpyze mndnun.
pBo rrrro cBano nplrMehyje xo4 MOpa KpeTaJecTeHefrpecTaHo rbe Bole. Ta-nacu ce aynajy o o6a-ly. Y eehel,{ zely cBera rrluMa u oceKace cMerbyJy ABafiyra lHeBHo. floepuruncce crpyje rpo^a3e oKeaurzua. lo,r,QcKa z CesepHo-ar aHTcKa crpyja, Hnp., Hoce ronle Bo4e v3 Merccu.{rcor3a HBa H TaKo carpenajy o6a,ry 3ana4ne Eepone. Ilocroje u Hervr/bvBe Jy6uncxe crpyje y oKeaHuMa KOJe Cy Bax(He3a pa3yMeBarbe oKeaHa H noKpehy orporrrue BoAeHe Mace rrrHpoMnAaHeTe.

5 !

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Tilracu
Ano 6arluno xanen.rr,rhyjesepo, er.r4eher,,ro rcpyroee KaKo ce rrrHpe oKo Mecra r4e je xarraeu.ruh nao. To cy rtu\acv. Th,rac npe4craatba Kperarbe Bole ropeaole Ha noBpruuHrl. Th,tacz yrAaBHoM uacrajy y cyAapy Berpa u BoAe, rra4:a Berap 4yBa rro noBprrrlrHrz oneana. Thj y4ap norcpehe Bo4y Ha rroBpIrIvHI,i. Pas4annua.4o noje ce je4aH ra,rac rpehe, Ha3r4Ba ce zoMer, a oH Molne 4a 4OCerHe ga^eKo o4 Mecra HacraHKa. CHara ra aca ce cn,taruyie KaKo ce oH

A Torou onyje raraclr ce xpefiy

y pa3HHM 14 npaBr{HMa Aa floBegy 6pogoae y onacHocT. )' Kaxo ranacr xnrajy xa o6ann, BOAace Byqe o !r Ha AHOOKeaHa xpajy ce epx ranaca pao6uje. { Kaxo ce ranac yAarbaBa oA TaqKeHacTaHKa, on nocraje cee cna6uin.
yAa,r'aB,a 04 Mecra HacraHKa. Ha xpajy, rarrac nocraje I alaK Ha6op xojrz ce r<pehe rope - 4o,re. Epo4, noju n-lonrz no raKBLlM Ha6oprlrr,ra Bo4e araHo ce rro4v>rteLI cnyrura. Ha6oprz BoAe Mory 04 MecTaHacTaHKa Aa oncTaHy AuLAeKo Taruaca.Aytxuua ralaca vox<e 4a 6y4e nyryjy pa3tu.rnra. Ayru ratacv AyH<e Hero KpaTKH.
IIIITI.IM IPABIITIMA. CHAXTTO H XAOTI4I{-

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Axo rarrac HacraHe y o,ryjw, Ha,l.ern Berpa Mory Aa npe^oMe ralac Ha Hr,r3 Apyrrzx ra^aca rojra ce npehy y pa3 Lr-

HO Kperarr.e Mopa npe4cTaB,ba orracHocr 3a 6u,ro xojrz 6poa y roj o6,r.acrz. Tha.acralr.ory Aa Aocrr4rry rlacrtHy vr oA l0 ruerapa na qax u 4o 20 nrerapa. Y TaKBHM oKo HocrlrMa 6po4Mopa aa ce oKpeHe ri frloBrr y cycpeT BeTpy, TaKo 4a ce cyoqaBa ca Ta^acvMa ca cBoJr,rM npeZILzM 4eiOM. Behnna cHare Boze y oBoM TpeHyrKy ce Kopr,rcTrl Kao H3Bop Torr oTe II^rI cnvrpa o6a,ty y cyAapy ca rboM. Th-tacu Ha ooa^y HaHoce pacTpecvTrr MaTepuja , xao urro je necax rr rrubyHax. 11'l

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lourl,tame ra aca Ha o6alu [por.r3Bo4lr joru 4na eQeKTa. Behuna BoZe cBaKor Ta aca ce Bpaha y Mope ]y|crroA Taiaca Kojz 4ola3v. Oeo ce Ha3r4Ba 4orba Bytra - BO4a MO}Ite 4a nOByrIe Ir^rzBarre Ha oTBopeHo Mope. HaKo je noepuruucr<o KpeTarr,e Bo4e ycMepeHo Ka o6a u. Bo4a ce epaha Aortr4M rroBlaqerbeM. Bpsa noepul14HCKa crpyja noqllrbe, xpehyhra ce v3BaH 3oHe r4e ce ra acLI pas6rzjajy. Hacryna qenarbe crpyje n ro lpe/CTaB/ra OIaCHOCT 3a n HBarIe. flo4eo4nu 3eMrborpecz ri By KaHcKe epynuuje Mory Za v3a3oBy eeorraa6pee H Ct4 OBl4Te Ta ace mojn ce Hasneajy UyHaMV (vecro HX norperuHo Ha3hBajy n raMcKHM TalacrzMa). Owu uvajy orpoMHy Ay;r\laHy u 4o l60xla o4jetHor Zo lpyror ra^aca. Kpehy ce Qauoeuorvr 6psrzHorrr, ao 800xv/-r. Ka4a raxae Ta^ac y4apl1l o o6a,r.y, H3a3LlBa pa3opHe noc^e4rzrle. crzrxe 40 o6a^e Kao Bo4errr4 3r4A, Brrcox w 4o 25v KojH -rncrn npe4 co6oM 3eMJr,urrrTeHlzlr{er HHBoa.

KoA ranaca BOAaCe noKpefie y ennncacroi op6rrn Koja ce cMarbyieoA noBprrHHe na Ha AOre.6nnxe o6anu, Tpebe o AHOAOBOAH AO 3apaBrbetba op6lrre, a npeAlbHAeo ranaca ce 3aourpaBa.

)Cyp$ep npo$eciloHanaq
KOp14Crl,l Kperarbe HanpeA

pa36rieHor raraca Aa6n ruao y npaBqy o6ane.

T E ;i t
rrAVMe Ha cBery sacryn renje y 3anuey @au4tr A3Meby Hoee IIIKorcKe rz ceBepHe o6a.te MejHay CAfl-y. Y npoceKy n^r4Ma 14oceKa y oBoM 3a^vBy IIo prx{e v cryrxra HrrBo Bole 3a 10 rraerapa. 3a pas,r.uny 04 oBor Ba''r4.Ba,y HeKHM BoAeHuM [o4pyqJvMa KoJa cy Bnrue 3arnrvheHa KorrHoM, fronyr Ea,Lruxa z Cpe4osel.ruor Mopa, roroBo Aa A lueMa frAHMe. o4CyCreo rr HMe y oBrlM MoprlMa vvHr4 r4x oce-trolz'Br4ir4r Ha 3araberr'a Koja Aorupy ca o6a e. Ha 4pyrurr.r uecTr4MA, JAKa fr^r4Ma rroMalr(e KOA Cfrprparr,a r.r qrzruheea lrlallta.

fI",rIrua
flturra uacraje Kao nocle4trua cvrue rpaeuraquje Meceqa v cyHua. Oxeanz cy ca3AaHV04 TeqHocru r.r pearyjy Ha oBy cH y. Mece.ree yrwlajvrpa r^aBHy y,tory. Meceq npr4B,tairu Boly oKeaHa Ha oHoj crpaHh Koja Myje u3^o}treHa. a Bo4ace noBlaqH ua cynporHoj crpaHh 3eu,r'e, rcoja rrayuuje zeaoncena. Karco 3eu,ra pornpa y o4Hocy Ha Meceq cBaxvx 24 qaca 14 50 rr.rranyra,Br.rcoKa rr^vMa ce nojaenyje na sehzHr.r N{ecra Ha cBanr,rx12 -racoea u 25 vvmyra. CyHuee yrnr;LajHa nlraMy je c,ra6nju

04 Mece-reBoqjepje Cynqe cxopo 400 vyra y1atr,enuje. Melyrula, cynqe je oKo 8800 rryra Behe 04 Meceqa, TaKo 4a rberoBa cr4ta r43Hocrr46"h rpaywrarJrzoHe clrle Meceqa. Ha cBaKVX 28
AAHa tpaBIdTarIIzOHa Cl1lAA cylF.qa v

Meceqa ce y4pyr{yjy. Bucora rrllrMa Hacraje Kaga nocrojz Hajeeha pa3^rrKa r.r:rrrelgy HajHHlKer u uajenurer HVBoa BOZe. Ka4a Cy rpaBHTarlproHe crz^e Cyuqa z Meceqa cyrporcraB,beHe, JaBJbaJy ce Ma e rr^rzMe, r4e ce HrlBo n HMe H oceKe Bo4e MaJ\o pa:rrrzxyje. flrrzua je paa,r.avzra y pa3lnqrrrnM o6,lacruua oKeaHa. Haieehz o6arr,r

flonpurnncxe crpyje
lIope4 Kperarba, rrpoy3poKoBaHor Ta,\acuMa I1 n,\uMoM, Boza oKeaHa ce xpehe n no4yrn4ajeM MopcKHX crpyja. flonpurr.rHcre crpyje cy H3a3BaHe BerpoBnMa u porarlajolr 3emne. Zua sexrzx pefuoHa Ha cBery rae BeTpoBLlyBelt AyBaJyy HCTOM npaBrly. Hazusajy ce ilpeoB^abyjyhu eerpoea. O6.,racr oxo l000xru ca o6e crpaHe eKBaropaje Mecro 6e3 Berpa..CeBepHo r1 rrcTorrHo04 eKBaTopaAyBaJyfracaTr{ y rpaBrly eKBaropa. Burue uupnux nepho a pas,r,uxyjy

{ Kaga ie qyxaura yaap}to y Cneapg flopr xa Anacqn 1964., orpoMHa cHara TaIaca ncKupiana je eenuxe 6pogoee ca ]bHxoBHx npuqBpufielba,oAHera Hx Ha KOnHO U OCTaBt4r|a TaMO.

{Tanacn, npoy3poKoBaHr
BynKaHcKlrM n epynqnjartrta xonQnnxronrt BoAeHHx crpyja, MOryAa r43a3oBy nonflaBe nonyr oBe y EaxrnaAeuy 1988.rog. )Mopcxa eoga ce noBIaq14 npertna oxoj crpaHn 3ervtrue xoja je xa cynporxoj crpaHlr y oAHocy na Meceq.
nacare lpyrlzx peruoHa npeoe,talyjyhlrx ee fpoBa.mojrz o6rzvHo ayeajy varro AarbeoA eKBaropa. Onn npeoe,rabyjyhu eerpoerl nonpehy noBprxHHCKe Bole cBera. Ceeepuo 04 eKBaropa BoAa ce xpehe y ilpaBrry cKa3abKeHa cary, aJyxtHo - cyrporHo. flope4 yruqaja Ha rrpaBarr Berpa, 3eu,nrlua porarlnja yrnrre H Ha oKeaHcrce crpvje. Cea eo4a. rcoja ue rere napa^e^Ho (a eKBalopoM.cKpehe 4ecHo y ceBepHyxeuncQepy t,tAeBo y jyxry xeuzcQepy. Cuara noja raxo Hacraje Ha3vBace Kopuo,loea cz,ra (no <ppaHrlvcKoM HHi+ielbepv r,re19.e., lacnapv Koprlo,ty). Oua je noc,le4urla rora ruro 3erotuua rroBprxuHa porrrpa 6pxe 6,,rrlsy. eKBaTopa, r4eJe HaJyAa,r,eHI-jJa 04 cBoJeoce. flrune usasunajy crpyje. Je4ua o4 Hajnoeuarnjux je lo,lQcna crpyj_a.Hacraje no4 TponcKHMcyHrIeMy KapzncKoM Mopy,ue nacaru noxpehy ron^y Bo,4y y Mexcra.{Kz 3aIHB. O4ar,ne ce roaQcna crpyja npehe Ka AcrorrHH\,r V Kaga ce BoAa roKoM nnlrMe orpaHuqr,r Ha yufiy pyKaBqa, Moxe Aa ce noAlrrHe 14oQopMl,r BogeH]4 KOih Ce Ha3nBa n3HeHaAHa 31,tA, BICOKa n'|hMa. o6a,lana ceBepHeAuepune. Y eo4aua ttyQayua,reH4a Aeo crpi'je ce nperBapa y ceBepHoal\aHTcKv H npe^a3lj Ar,ranrcnrl oKeaH4o Eeporre, I4cxau4a crpyja je crort4u fpeu,rau4a. lt-r,rQcr<a HaMaro+ riHa KopHcTv a noMoprIHMay npelarrierby npeKo Ar,naHrcxor oKeaHa ca 3anaaa Ha HcToK.

KAKO HACTAJE
UAI4MA Bnco(a r r,rMa

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no4a ce xpehe y npaBrly Meceqa

Meceq

BI4COKA IIAI4MA
M^aA Meceq

,4y6uHcne crpyje oKeaHa uacrajy s6or pa3 HKa y reMneparvpv H ca^HHr,rrery (caapxtajy co,r.r.r) oKeaHCKHX Bo4a. Ton,ra BoAa ce noluxie, a >L aAHa na4a Hlr;+ie,Aon ie eo4a eeher ca,l.rzHr.rrera BI4COKA IIAI4MA rvruha oa eo4e Mar+erca,tI,IHI,ITera. Befrrlua BoJe oKeaHa vwa r,r3HeHa- N b yjyh. yje4HavenyreMrreparypy.Brzrue ol\ Tp:z qerBp'rr,rHeBo4e, yr$vrryjyhw w )\ Hajay6ne te^oBe, je usvelv -1'C u cyHrIe 5'C. Ca4pxaj co,r.u Baprzpa rzsuelv 34,4 u 35 xuna4urr{x Je^oBa.

{y6nncre

crpyje oreaHa

t"":O

IyHaPHa

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^yHaPIIa
TIAIIMA

Beyrure Bor,erre Mace

Hajay6,rse Bo4er{e Mace norr.rqy u3 xlazHrrx o6,nacrrl oKo noloBa. Ha ceBepv xla4rra rvcra eo4a nacraje v Hopeerurcoll r,r lpeH,rau4cKoM Mopy. Cnyurra ce Hucxo rz raKo o6pasyje lly6one ceBepHoarlaHrcxe so4e. Ona x aAHa Bo/a crpyJl4 KaJyI-y,AylI\ 3anaA-

coJraPIIa
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A Kaga yrhqaj Cyxqa lt Meceqa ce Aenyiy y r4croMnpaBqy,oH14 noiaqaBaiy lr AoBoAe Ao HacraHKa jare n cnabnie nrrMe. Kaaa cy cynporcraBrbeHlr iegaH ApyroM Hacraje HaiHux(anrruMa.
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OKEAH]4 Y NOKPETY
He xBrrrfe Ar-,lau lcrctr- oriellrra. I I r j r r r . \ r i t (l t \ . \ t J H c B ( ) J c r r l r tr e j e r Bege",roe<tlr \,rop)' Ha AHrzrltrirrt r'. Hasrrua ce AHrapriru.rr.o Bogeuo ;lLro u Teqe Ka ceBep\,, J\rr,ri 3aIaJHc f palrrrllc Ar\zrrrrcrr{ol' oxeaHa, H:r rrcroh .'r,c) llngHjcnol orie:rrr:r u Ilaqrrr{l_rrria, a 3:lrr{N,r Ha creBel)ilo 3aI:UHrJNr ()Oa-\aNla. Ka4a oec x,\a,4rre N,racre BoJe crnrFr\' luPA. ()Hc ( e vr nOurr t.\itjr Il Jr) eKBA frocTarrV Jeo noBl)txrJr{c]te BoJcHc l,tace. f[o.1'fou,\o'ro\r c]vrr(reBr,rx 3pana. ()rre cre r\pehv roHOBo rra ceuep r,r -jYr. i t . \ r r r r A I r o l J P r x H Hrl. Jpr re nulB' uHtt t r1rr.ja re're 'J Cpe.lrioerrHor Nropa, Kpo:l \rol)e\'3 l ir6pa,rrapa rr.1' Ar.lar r-r'cnrrr)Kcan. C)ea B()JeHa Nlacra.Je pe,\aTrrBr{o'Iolt_\a.a,\H je c,raHa (ono itb xu,'br4rirnx i1e,\otsa)rl rvcra. I'Irura je .1:i,,lenci v Ar,\aHrctrioNr oneaHl n Ha 4r,6Hrra-rrao;1 2000 nr.

) Y Arnanrcxolr xnaAHa oKeaHy BOAanoMepa BoAy ca AHa oBor oKeaHa,

Cenepnu uo,r Apxruvxu Z^ "% -'ou^ oxeau A'masrcxr oxeas

JYx<nu no Auraprru

To[^a Bo4a rr3 Tporrcxr.rx npe.4e^a ^-<r,1st Cp"ar*n, ArrtuYc.roj eoAeca ^ s$, - cbseplror4',\aHT'nfia

- Nrrrap*r**o$!" V Ha xennuBoAacaNrr'*' c$epaMa Bo.qeHe crpyje ce Kpefiy y pa3flur{}rTrM qkrPKyAAqkrJA BO4E y ATAAHTmKy npaBquMa.

OKEAHCKECTPyJE

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E-r Hurro
-\iraJna etiga je 6olala Fuceorrnnoi\r lr l p e J C l l r t s . b :l l ( , 6 ; r r c 1r e : n H \ . r : r l ) r t i e . C ) 6 . r l t r L l o r a r a 1 r H ( - x r vI t f t . \ i t J t |( ( \ r-lcr'r olrHo\'r flaqn<pr rrl: CBarux Herio,\rrlio ro.lilHll |()n \il ( r1lrje. r-,!l rrJt' t tr 3anaJa H:l IICTOIi nPeIiO lrlaca x-\aJHe B{).te J l e u l r q ) H r . irli rj a t e r t o - rtr; K \ .H : r i l { } cir rrrrerv pr,r6aprrlra J\rrfiHe r\Nreplr Ne rr JOROJU JO rpo\{eHa BpeMeHcrifix nprJ.\rril na ulrl)e\r rtu-Lpr,rjr. ()ea 'rorr,ra crpl'ja no3Hala je nao E,r Hut lri, rxro I Ia [rIlaHCKo]\I :lI Ia(IIr':j,cre'. C).1rrcicu ce Ha Xprrcra riao Je're,jep E,r Hun,o o6rlqHo rracraje ono Eo;'rintta. llpen rrvr'-je nprr\refieH 1726. r flojar-,b\Je ce oTnpu"\rrrie V rrpocer\\i cBaRe LrcrBl)Te foJr,rHe. A"ru nrciaie Ja ce jaRrr u HaKoH JBe t'oJr,rHe Lr,\rr Ja ce Vor[rTe H C 1 ; j, i r e r r \ n l l ) e l H i l \ J c , e r ' , i t ' r H l t . Je4aH o;1 Hajropnx r';1ap:r E.r Fluma, 1982-83. nr'rao .je 4a"leriocei+iHe r(xr-\eJrJrle rra Bpe-\{eHcKe npulrr}ie V cBeT\. Ter,rrreparvpe rroBpruuHcKHx BOJa

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./tauoenarcpcxa . -.4uJa "__

N 61' gt.t

E,

serPa KperaneranaJ'Hor

Kperane aara4uor rerpa

TOIJ\E|l

x,na4rruju

flatlttQrrna rropac,\e 3a orio 10'Cl, a rort,,\etso4ecv ce paurJpr{le ono Ill00()

KirI OKO eIiRaTOl)a. leullie C\'[Ie C\' [OfO-

r l 2 1 r r r r\.rrt. r p r r r r j \ .l l r u n - r r r t ' - j r , + . H\r rluvna oclpBa. lIH3rrlr' rr IIIpu ,\aunr'. i3a par"vrrl oJ oBe cnn-aq4je. Re.,\rlrie
RI'ILlreil ltolt_\aBe iloto,4l.L,\e (]\' 3ara,ltre r r l l : r r c( . e e e p r r e\ r r e t , r r r - c r r N l e r . ltl r r i r r 3a.\rrB. LLIrcra Ha vc'esrrrta n rr\,rtLbrrNra urrpo\r cBcla nporlerberra je na 8.65 r,rr"\HJaPJrJ,'[o,\al)4.

V Yrnryna capgerraHa o6naMa flepya. Xnagne crpyje noMaxy pa3MHOXaBarby pH6e,a noMeparbe BoAenMa pa3apajyfihyrlrLlaj.

* A HaAonasehann[Ma Moxe Aa ce nonHe Ao npena3a,Koi14 noBe3yje Monr CenrMuurer,BefioM6psrxorvt oA Korba y Kacy. 114

-* A Xna4na crpyja fla6pagopa noAcrl4qepa3Boj314M3eneHor pacrurba,AoK ronna rofl+cKa crpyja noAcruqe pacr nonyrponcKnx 6u|baKa y fleBoHy.

'T*15.4*,
-9 o U

XuBor y oKeaHuMa
jeduy od Kt)Nffinc Oxeanunpedcmaaaajy Jrcusotnnu)t cpedutuy npupodu,eornolo jow cy nzucmpatrcenu, na je ocmaao tnoeawmo mpe6a Mrroeo omxpumu. Hayunut4u cl omxprnu 1977. zodune wusornutbexoje crcuee xa 2,5 xn ucnod noapunnu Tuxoz oxeaua.
HBor y Mopy rocroJH y c^oJeeHN{a. Ha Bpxy ce Hala3e CTBOPeE a KoJa )I(I'I Be y ropr6eM Ae^y oKeaHa,o^uT3y noBprur,rHe (ne,rarujcna crropema). Ha 4ny cy 6eHTocHe )KuBouame. Ocraaa crBoperba xI4Be Ha pa3.^ralruTLrM 4yovrlIaMa usuely mux. CyHveea ceer,rocr je o4
BVTa HOf 3HaqaJa 3a )KUBOT CBIIX CTBO-

perua y oKeaHHMa, ocuM oHrrx noja ce Ha a3e y Ay6oxwt'r. avr6ucuua. AaHaq rdcxpaHe y oKeaHy, xo-xora-je4e y
tKt4BOTy, noqHrbe Ha IpBLIX HeKO IIKO

Merapa Ay6ute oKeaHa. To je caer cktBo-3eleHe Marle. Ha ,4y6uuu 04 ner MeTapa, IOIOBHHa CeerrrOCrUrcOjy BIdAr4TeHa rrOBpr[UHV Ce a[COpOyJe, AoK Ha 25 v'erapa upeocraje caMo rplr uocTo I4AI4 Matbe oz Te cBeT ocTtr. Y roj rr.ryrHoj Mar ur )KlrBu Maca cllhyruunx 6unarca H xuBorr4rba, xoje ce s6upHo waswuajy u,raHxroH. Osa perr Je rpqKor nopeK a H oyKBa Ho
3HaqkI ,,oHo IIITO l'yTa VIAI4 U,tyra'i flrannroHpl ntyrajy Aylr( oKeaHcKHX crpyja. Kao u Ha KorrHy, Ha noqerKy AaHIIa HcxpaHe cy 6unxe rcoje ce nasu-

najy rpuronaaHKroHr,r. Te 6ra,'rxe cyjarco

CHTHe, HaiLIK TpyHrII4IIaMa upalul,IHe KoJece BHAey Ba34yxy KaKo rr eury Ha TparrKy cBerlocrr4. To urro cy cuhyruHe HaaorcHalyjy cnojorvr Hrvra -6pojuourhy, HX Ha MH r,rJapAe. r\ao r4 KorrHeHe o 6u,rrce, u Qurorr,ranxToH caM crBapa xpaHy uouohy cyHrreBe cBerlocrkt H ;i MHHepa^an3 Boae y npouecy nojn ce 6 Ha3uBa Qorocuuresa, =

A Y pequ KoHro, OeEN.{cuhyruHnu 6unxaua ce xpaHe 6yjna aereraqnja ua uurrrajap4e cuhyruHax }rr,rBorLrrba, npyxa xpaHyu xoje ce e6rlpuo Hasranajy3oorrlaHKro3aKnoHMOpCKl,tM nu. Y mux cua4ajy ,lbycnapu, rlpBa, BpcTaMa. MeAy3e,MopcKH [y)r{eBkr r{ aPBe pa3Hr4X MOpCKI4X NCIIBOTnIba.

{ 3oonnaxKToH}l r ce y3gl,txy Ao Q noBpuJr,rHcKor .$ cnoja uopa ! roxorvr xofiu ga

E HOBOSannXe

F 6n ncxopuacrnnu
F xpaHe.

flnanxroncKu opra2Kr.rBorHI6cKr4 Hr43Mr4 Cy rrpenyrrrreHr4 MopcKlrM cTpyJaMa,uL\r.rMory 4oHeK e 4a KoHrpo^uury roje he zx crpyje Hocr4rrr. Hohy yeex HMa MHoro Blrrue 3oorraHKTOHa y UOBprUr{HCXrarvr CrrOjenrarrra BoAe Hero 4arcy. Ka4a cyHqe rneafe, cuhyruue xrzBornrbe ce upelreunajy ua

115

xuBor y oKEAHI4MA
ay6wwy oa 300 ao 4OOMerapa. Aanaq rzcxpaHe y oKeaHy Baprzpa 04 MecTa40 .' Mecra. Ha najnehrzu 4y6wuaua y oKeaHI4Ma aHaII 3aIIOqnEe Ca CI.I I4KaTHUM H 3e eHuM a raMa (Bpcre a^rl,4). a HacTaBtba ce 3oofrIaHKToHHMa, oA uajvrarr,zx 4o uajnehux, 6ecKzvlrenarIrzMa KoJrr ce xpaHe rr aHKToHoM 14 puiava xoje a.oee apyre pz6e.

flyxt xonrzneHTa Hor nojaca - y pelart4BHo uurxoj eo4z xoja oxpyxyje - AaHarI llcxpaHe je crrrzKoHTHHeHTe qaH, a,rlr MHoro xpahz, a alre ry He 6yja1y.Mefyrur,r, ltruzy o6a,te nocrojn AOBOJbHO Apyrr4x )Kr4BoTrlrba, yKJLy(y xgje cna4ajy uopyjyhwr4 MeK).rrrrJe qpBe, Kopa^e, cKH nyx(eBrz t4 rxKo,4,Ke), ,bycKape, MopcKejexeee, Mopcxe cace, MOpCKe 3Be34eIz MHOrelpyre, a orrcTaHaK CBIrX Ibr4X 3aBVCH 04 rr aHKTOHa.

i\arulr

ucxpiue

lrqrr Ha npa3Hy Kecy Ir vMa rrllrrKe oKo xpcKaBlrqe yMecTo KocTr4Jy y cKe eTy. ycra. OHaje onacHa rpa6nueuqa xoja Ilocrojrz cKopo 1000 epcra oerax pu6a. xBaTa u npo)K4r4pe Apyra cTBopeba. Y mrzx cna4ajy ajxy,te u pare. XpcxaCeaKz ru4rraK je HaopyxaH )KapHuM BrzqaBepH6e neuajy Mexyp. Melyrrar'r he,r.ujavra xoje ce 3oBy HeMarorlr4re. uuajy npucrojuy rcourpoly rr^yrarba, Ceaxa he;rraja ca4plcy gyraqKo, myrl"be Jep rbr.rxoBa JeTpa ca4plr{v Be r.rKy BAaKHOKOJevcna-byJe Kao xaprryH Ha KolrlqvHy y,ra. Oue. He Mory Aa ruthn,ten. Hajonaatuja oJ cBtrx Me4y3a ce BaJy yHa3:4 r4 MopaJy Aa Lrny Hanpe4 eone llopryra^cKa Kpcrapzqa. HajcraKaKO He OH nOTOHy e. puja u najneha no3Hara Bpcra r,rMa Pu6e ce HaAaBe y pa3lvqrrrrzM rrlrrrKe.4yrarrKeao 30 Merapa, a r+eH Hr4BouMaoKeaHa n saysnrtajy pa3lr4quorpon je oracaH v za tby4e.I4ua nexyp Te eKolorrrKe Hvrue. OcuoeHa notela je Ha pu6e noje rrcuee y ropruer'r caojy KOJ|4 Je ozpntaBa llaBo4vr.
BOAe V Ha OHe KOJe )filrBe Ha BeJ\I4KHM Ay5uuaua. Pra6.ise apBe cy yrAaBHoM flocroje aBe ocHoBHe Bpcre pw6a y Aeo rrIaHKToHa, Kao v naj-uaale Mopy. Cxopo cBe cy Meco)KZepH. je4uune. Crapnje pn6e >rolee Ha MHoFo Hajeehu 6poj mux, cKopo 24 000 passehzN{ oKeaHcnrrM 4y6w.oat m. ,tr4qr4Tr4x Bpcra, cila4a y rcoumoprz6e flocrojz Br4rxe pa3lvrrrr4Tr4x Bpcra pz6e ca KoruraHrrMcneaerolr. TiarrzrrHa pr.roa KoJe ?r(LrBe y TponcKr4M H cryilnournopz6a vrMa pw6mw Mexyp TponcKHM BoAaMa Hero y x,tta4yujuu vcryrreH Ba3ayxoM, urro joj 4aje cnojyry.Z xour,r,opuMopr4Ma Ka ceBepy " co6Hocr aa n yra y Mecry. lloce4yje oe v xpcKaBHqaBe pnoe rrMajy Br4Ir4rJe. BeAr4Ky cnoco6Hocr aa MaHeBpurrre. Tpeh_a epcra pu6a, rro3Hara. rrog r,rMeMnore 04 rr,?txrutunajy lz'ylr'as4. HOM oe3Br4^r4rrHe pvoe HeMaJy But^vrle. Y oey rpyny cfi /r,a Bvrrre o4 100 epcra Apyry Be^AKy_rpyny prl6a uuue xpcKaBvqaBe prroe, oHe KoJe rrMaJy v AeAe ce Ha c enyJbe u sv,ujymuqe.

Pu6e

Me4y3e
Kpoe jara r^aHKToHa Kpcraprr o4peleHz 6poj 6ecxavnaeruana xoje yoflrrrreHo 3oBeMo Meay3e. Me4ysa

) Ilopryrancxa Kpcraplrqa je MeAy3a rpa6rblrBHr{a. Oxa je crpyqlbaK 3a xBaTalbe cntnnxpu6a cBojlrM AyrltM B14Ceh]rM nltnLlltMa,nocle qera rx napanuure
OTpOBHI,IM

Cranurura KorrrJboptzifia
Xapunre, cap4e-Ae u cap4rlHe npoBoae )KrzBor y 3oHt4o^t43y noBprrrnHe Bo4e, xpanehu ce fl.l,aHKToHrzMa.[pyre noBprxl4Hcxe pu6e oBe oHe rcoje ce xpaHe rr aHKToHraMa. One lero npoBo4e y yMepeHVM BoaaMa, o4.nasehu y TOnIr4JeBO4ey 3r4My. Hene pu6e npoBo4e ceoje 4aHe wa 300-400 Merapa lz'crro4 rroBprrrrrHe eo4e, nemyhu ce nohy 4a6uce xpaHz,te rrlaHxTonurraa.Ty cna4ajy pu6a-cer"upvnla z ceeraeha prz6a, xoje Hlrajy cpe6pnacre Kprbyrrrrrr H KpyrrHe orrr't. Pz6e noje )KlrBe Ha AHy yMepeHzx

E -9 o
(J o E

hepujaua. : V Jecruea Kpa6a (Cancer pagurus) cnaAa y rpyny rbycKapa Kojlr ce Ha3nBaiy AeKanoAe,uTo 3Haqu .qeceToHotxqx.

E f
o

) Ilnaea neraBa par(a, Koja Moxe Aa Hapacre Ao 2 M y Apl(],tHy,>KuBu y nplro6arHl,tMBoAaMa14ngrajcxor u Tuxor oKeaHa.Oee xueorhlbe ce yrnaBHoMxpaHe 6ecxnqueruaqltMa.

=
B

E -c
o o
J 6
d

c 6

E 'E
c

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c G -g

o 6

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6

E -9 o m

I E o

A Mopcre suuje, xoje xuee y l4xgujcxoru u Tuxona oKeaHy, cy HexeoA runx lr3y3erHo orpoBHe. nnitajy orpoB ia.rr og xo6puxor.Ox
napanlll|le HepBHtl CxCTeM)KpTBe

xoja yrunpe oA ryuelba.

Mopa y nauhaqrzua KoHTHHeHTa Hutx roJaceBa yrwyqyJy rr"4,ocHaTvrle Kao rrrTo cy Be VKa n^oqa, uBepaK, MopcKt4 Arzct rrlar (polr6). One ce xpane 6ecKI,ItIMeII'aqUMa.

A Cnfiyuxr nnaBuq],|cTag neuaq, lrcnpeA

ycl4caBa MOpyHe, napa3[Te l,l3 ycra Behlrx p9t6a. { Benrxa nraBa

fy6oxoeo4ne pz6e xune ua 4y6uHaMa o4 Krr^oMeTap v^u Burue l-Jcrro4 noBprxlrHe. \ cnaAajy jery.,ne, pu6aleqarr, pvoa Kpna, puoa Meceu u Tpanacra prz6a. xpcxanurraBr4x pu6a, .04 .eehuna aJKy a }KlrBH y roprbeM c^oJy Bo4e, I 6 .^oeehu 4pyre pz6e rz,rpraurrle. Kur T ajr<.y,ra,Hajeeha 04 cBlrx pu6a, je4e
II AHKTOHC, KAO V TOACMA fICI4HA.
o

aixynaieee

yrflaBHoM xaplrHre,cKyl|le 14 ryHe.

cBr4M Mopr{Ma Ha crery. Hajeehu cy MopcKH c oHoBH. Hern uyxjau.u cry Ay)r{r4o4 urecr Merapa rr rerxKlr Br,rrue oa 3600xn Cee npcre v3la3e ra3Mopa 4a 6u ce napzle r.rcyHqa e. Tpeha rpyra Mopcrcux cucapa o6yxBara Mopcre KpaBe H AyroHre. Onz cy 6unoje4n xoju xr.rae Ayx< o6atv u y yurhurtra pena. IlosHaro je Aa lHvlKa4a
He v3^a3e Ha KOnHO.

HercoanrcoBelltKllx palxa, Kao ruro je palxa MaHTa,rarcole je4y nnaHrcroHe. Mopcrcn cracapu I .leTHpH rpyne Hexe o4 mzx ur'rajy pacnoH ,,rcpu.xa"u cHcapa cy ce npH^ar-oAo ce4a}{ Merapa. 4H e ?KuBory y oKeaHzMa. Ibzxoen [per]r4 cy ce [peceNu^r4 ca KonHa Ha MopcKrr perrrn"'rrr Mope H Tra MopcKrr cvcapv jour yeex ^ Ocau epcra Kopbaqa cy T aBHH npe4yAr4uryBa34yx. Hajeehu MopcKrr cucacraBHlrrllr MopcKHx perrrula. ?Itzne y pr4 cy KHToBu,4etQlar'ra H MopcKa rrpaTon r4M MopuMa. Oue npoeoae eehz ca4, uuja cy rela pa6o.rr.rxa. 4eo BpeMeHaHa oTBopeHoMMopy,aIV ,\sauaecr Bpcra KriroBa ycana o6yxjaja xeHKe H3,ta3ena o6a,ry 4a no,to>rce sarajy ra Hajeehe KriroBe: n^aBot npaHa nofo4HrzM rr alKaMay [ecKy. eor ra rp6aeor-Kr4Ta, rca-ruQopurzjcrcor Je4Ha Bpcra KpoKoaula npoBogr'l cvBor KHTa a opa34eHe KrrToBe (popxra-re). XpaHe ce raKo rrrro HarryHe Aeo BpeMeHaHa Mopy.Toje ecryapcxu Kporo4lrl, xoju rxunz na yruhulra pena orpoMHa ycra Bo4oM, rroroM Qulrpuy Mope H rlecTo ce Mo)KeilpuMeTuTr4 14 pajy xpu,t usayuanajyhrr Bo4y Kpo3 nlorre ycajy (xuroee nocru) xoje c,tyxe Af6ne y3BoAHo. Ecryapcnra KpoKollra npaBv cnoje rHes4o Ha KonHy. KAO CIITO. flocrojrz HeKo,rLtKoBpcra MopcKrrx Cru 4pyru KuroBrr uuajy sy6e u suzja. One xriee y rponcKr,rM BoZaMa xpaHe ce prz6oru v ltrubaMa. flocroju Zrl4ujcxor n Tizxor oKeaHa rr cKopo rxecr [opo4v\a, ca Br.r[re 04 60 epcra, cBe BpeMe npoBo4e Ha oTBopeHoM yxnyuyjyhu u 4e.r.Qune rz MopcKy ilpauopy. I,IsyserHo cy 4o6pu nlr4Baqv, a ca4. BehzHa KuroBa sy6ana u4e y jarwHeKv cy nplrMeneHv 4a nra, rrrefyco6Ho xouynu4upajyhw ys .nplrMeprlv [ LIBaJy nol BOAOM 14 AO OCaM CaIId. nouoh ..necarr,ra'j )Kenne MopcKxx snrzja ua"r,ase A3 Bo4e C"reaeha BeInKa rpyna MopcKt4x cTeHo- cucapa cy Qorce, MopcKrliaBoBrr ri Mop4a rro olKe JaJa Ha Lr3ABoJeHuM BrITrIM ocTpBvMa. xeeu. llocroje 34 Bpcre. Cpehy ce y

9errpra Bpcra Mopcxux cucapa je MopcKa Blrl\pa, 6"nucrcz polax pearHe Br44pe. Oea rpcra )r;.zrII y3 o6ale A.racre, vaxo HeKo LlKo Bpcra )KLrBr,r yo o6a,ty Herrrro jyxnuje. Mopcxa Br.{4pace xpaHrz MeKyrurlzMa,MopcKrrM jexenzua, a noHeKagIz prl6oru. Mnore epcre prz6a v MopcKHx cncapa peloBHO Ce Ce e, IZ,\LI y IIOTpa3H 3a

xpaHoM rz,ru e6o.r uperuhen a. HajnosHarrzJeMr.rrpaqrzJe cy Be3aHe3a xapr'rHfe, Jep npare npaBI4,\aH oopa3au ToKoM rrele ro4lrHe. Kraroeu ce rcpehy usrtaefy rro^oBa n eKBaropa. I4oepax xojn xunu Ha Arry Mopa ol^a3v 04 MecTar4e ce xpaHu 40 MpecTu^vrrrrTau Ha3al cBaKe roauHe. Pu6e rpa6murl'z.117

X]4BOTY OKEAHHMA
rIe, Kao ruroje ryHa, ce^e ce [paTehll pr4oe KoJr4Ma ce xpaHe.

Mpecrnrnrrrra
fpcra pu6a ce Mpecru H Herco,u.rxo yMHpey peKaMa, a [poBo4e ]Kr4Bor Q4 polema ao cMprn y Mopy.Hajuoeuaruja ruref je ,rococxoja ce yBeK y mraua Bpana y peKe4a Ou rlo o]rfl4oHKpy14 yMpo. Mopcxe srrazjynuue raxole ?KUBe y MoPy, a u ce Mpecrey caarreoj ao4r,r.Jecerpa ranole 04 a3uy peKeAa or4ce MpecTr{Aa. C.narrcono4llejeryne Enpoue u CeaepueAuepnne ce Mpecrey CapracKoM Mopy. Karco pacry, nolaKo ce Kpely npeKo oKeaHa n rra xpajy, naunajyhn ysBo4Ho,errrxy go peKa r4e lpoBo4e eehu 4eo xcr,rBora. O4pacrre jery,ne, Myxjarlu rroele qarc12 ro4rzHa, a )KeHKerrocle 24 roAuue,ce apahajy y CapracnoMopeAa ce Mpecrerr yMpy.

E -9
0 dv

E o
'6

6 T

A A Ecryapcru Mopy. oH ie HaiEefi}| x}|Bu KpoKogun,

le cTlnA,bl,tB KpoKoAl,|nx]tBl,l Ha KOnHylr y

Hafrnsuu cy 70-ix r 20,nlSapouartr y auQu6uju Anaun ua 4y6uuy o4 2,5xu y lalanarocnnnpoqerr, oreaHcrr{ poB
3alradgo oa E$sagopa, Xretu cy Aa I4cnuraJy xur4porePMa^He r43Bope Ha AHy MopcKor rroHopa, MecTaHa KoJHMa MAa3eBI4 Bpe^e no4e uuxnajy y Mope. Thuo ry laaurrrruu ua xo.nourajy xrrBorana unjn je AaHag r4expaHesacHoBau na euepraja as 3eM/be,yMecro Ha cyH.reaoj eneprnju, Ty cy ce HrL^a3He IIIKO/bKe K eUaBI4IJe BeII4rII4He TaIbUpa, 4arne, rpa6e, pu6e, xo6oTHHIIe, crrr4pa He IuKo6Ke, onapl4, Ha uouerxy aHrJa r4cxpaHe cy 6arcrepr.rje, noje ce pasnujajy y r{3aopuMa repMaiHe Bo4e. Hexo"nuno Bpcra x{}rBorr4rbace xpaHu rzu 6axrepnjarrla, a oHe caMe cy xpaHa Apyrwx crBoperba,

Xunor y rroHopy

Kpaaa I Mopexa Onnojea Kolr4 ce cnopoKpefie,

{Jyxnr.r MopcKu cnoH xxBll y

B0gaMa

Anraprrnra, Jege pu6e n HanaAa KpynHuie BpcTeKao uro je 6aranap.

ArMoC$epa
je dy amnocfupe, B*W xojuyduweruo. Meura,Buw zacoea xojuuefurcyjy Seumy.
Oeu zacoeudajy xueom car,Mxtculu,tyl 6uhwauufinurrp nnc od wrwrnriltx rynwetn tpaxa. TJ^aH.era 3eu,ta je oKpvxeHa

I l*?"[#:ff"ffi#d:J:'dt;
uarvr o6es6efyje eas41x nojrz 4raurelro z urrHTH Hac 04 urerHor yrwlaja cyHqeB|4X 3paKa. IIreHa e"\acrvTa TetKvtHa vl rrphBAaqHa cH a rpaB/rauhjejoj noNaa)Ky Aa He orrr yra y ceenrup. Ibeua 4e6muua - HeKrlx 480 r<u - Hac raxole utrtATA o4 6ov6ap4oBaba Mereopa xojrz npo a3e nopez Hac Ha cBoM nyToBarby
flO CBCMI4DV.

Mrz-tnoura JbyAn cBaRoAHeBHo nyryjy Kpo3 arMoc<pepy, ua cBe HarrnHe, oA 6a-rona ca rorrluM BasgyxoM Ao raag3BfrHLfx M a3HHX aBHoHa.AcrpoHayra ce paKeraMa npo6r{ajy lr"po3 r$y Lr r4Ay AatL,ey cBeMrip.

IIIra je arrvrocQepa

ArnrocQepy caqHFbaBaMertaBHHa oa l0 f npBeHCTBeHO aoOra ] Pa3IH.{HTHX raCOBa, (78%) u KrzceoHuxa (21%).llpeocra,uzx ! je4an nocroje yraaenovr aproH v eeoN{a 5 Ma,\e Ko^r,rqrrHe yrJbeH 4uoKcvAa, 'unepruz' xeru{yua z neona. To cy racoea. To 3*asv Aa oura xenrvrjcnn He pearyjy ca ocra^r4M cyncraHuaMa. Ty cy jonr Lr BeoMa Ma e Ko r.lqUHe CyMnOp 4r4OKcr44a, aMoHnjaxa, yf"beH MoHoKcHZa, oeoHa (rac clrrrraH rcr,rceonzny) :aBoAeHa Hcnaperla. KoHa.rHo, nocroje jour z nequcrohe Ba34yxa, Kao rxro cy racoBlr zaralTuvauv, qecrurle Avvra, rrparnvlr'a 14 By KaHCKTT rre[eo.

Y nas4yxy
Oea N,{eruaeznaracoea'u cuhylnuux, qBpcrl4x vecrzrla je caqzrbeHao,4rrerprpz rAaBHacroja: rponoc<pepe,crparocQepe, uesocQepe z repuoc<pepe.flpez oA rr,r4x,rponoc0epa, je najramz crroj,

rcojz ce npore)r(e 40 orrrpr{ r4ne 12 rcru usua43etrmuHe noBprnuHe.lla unan, ro je cyerzure BlrcoKo 4a 6u ce HeKuaBnoH xojrz ,terz Ha craHAap4uoj rucurtu o49 11 nrvr npo6uo r43HaZrr,e. To je Hajron HJri c oJ 3aTo rxTo ce cyHareBe 3paKe oa5ujajy 04 noBprxzHe 3elrne rr 3arpeeajy eas4yx. l[ro ce Buxrey4ar,r,auaMo oa 3eune, TeMrreparypaBr4rue na4a 40 ono -55"C na epxy rponocQepe. C"te4hr.r c,roj je crparocQepa, noja AocelKe Brrckrry o4 50 nrvrusna4 3eu,rr,rHe noBprrrraHe. Ha epxy crparocQepe ce
Ha,^.a3ll KOHrIeHTparIzJa O3OHa no3Hara 'o3oHcKrz noa Ha3rrBoM ouoraq'. Or4e je reMneparypa Brirua Hero y rponoc<pepu jep oson 6,tonupa Be uKr'r Zeo rurerHor y tvpany1uuacror 3parrerba noje elrrlryje

A Eoje ceBepHe nonapHe cBernocrrl (aypopa6opeannc)r3mef,aiy 3acnenrbyiyfie nacynpor qpHoM He6y Aruacre npouapaHoM 3Be3AaMa. OBai Kao nocne,quqa ce $enouen iaBrba y joxoc$epn. HaeneKrprcalba rypu oA -?25:C, ce Ha^a3rrMe3rray3a, HaJxa4Hr4Ja aTMocgepu. oo^acr}/ ue"to3 Onaje ro HKox aJHaAace y n oj creapajy o6,raqraoA AeAa, a^r4 Mory Za ce
Bvle caMo nohy, xa4a lrx ocBeraaBa cyHrle Ha 3a acKy. Mereopu xoju naaajy Ka 3eMrblr yr aBHOM Carope AoK rrpo,\a3e Kpo3 Me3oc<pepy.tr4axoje Ba341x oB4e BeoMa pe4aK, BapHr4qer6e KoJe ce crBapa AoK MeTeop frorala .Mo eKy e KrzceoHzKa cTBapa orpoMHy Tofr^oTy.

gnr1e. Hayuuuqu cy,uelyruu, sa6pznyrz 4a heuo aKo HacraBprruo 4a aarafyjeuo aruoc(pepy,orxrerlrrkt o3oHcKrroMoraq u uzry5vrz rai sarurzrHrr oMorarl. LIsua4 crparocQ"epe,Ha orco 50-?0 rcu usna4 3eu"wrHe noBprnuHe, Ha a3H ce ruesocQepa. Y rraesocQepz, Ha reMrrepa{ Oea QororpaQnja, cnnuruexa ca aMepnqKor cBeM[pcKor 6poga Anono 8, npnxasyje 3eurunxy armocSepy y o6nnxy Bprno)KHor S o6naxa. Oxa o46nja cyHqeBe 3paKe { nasa4 y cBeM}rp }r o4roBopHa je ea ! ro uro ie nnaxera cBerna.

floca.e4rlrE r aBHr4caoj arruocQepenpe cBeMnpa ce Ha3uBa replroc<pepa. Oruj c oJ ce Ha a3v Ha Bvrcullvr oA oTIIpv^r4ne 100 KM u3Ha43eu"oe u cacrojn ce o4 jouocQepe u lrarrerocQepe. Y jouoc<peprz cyHqeBo3paqerberpoy3polyJe 'jouuza4ujy'. Ty vecrnqe ao6ujajy ceoje uaerrenrpr{carbe. Ka4a re Hae eKqecrrrrle nyryiy xpos aruocQepy, rpr4caHe MOlr{eMo BncoKa aypopa' cBeAa BLTAI/MO ma.Jonoc<pepa o46ujau p4kro ra^ace 3a
npeHOC Ha Be I,IKI4M AanuHaMa.

,\o py6a cBeMrrpa

'119

EATMocoEPA
IIETNPH CAOJA TACOBA
3eumuua amtvocfiepace npomme od mna xa reeuupyzdcce ona ema*'yje u nermaje. Ona ce cacmojuod uemupu znaenacnoja. TEPMOC@EPA Oeaj u.ajmantu cnojuva camo0.001Vo aasdyu.ue nace 1 amuoc$epu.Y jonocfiepau mepmocSepu ce ruuase Tbu"nepamypa nazuemocfiepa. cenoeehaea 1200 "C Ha auculru u Mute da docmuzue od 480 xn. MATHETOC<DEPA cnajyce deuaea eeoma 6panad Y oeotvt je MHo?o Basdyx maH)u, mennepamrype. nada na -90"C 1 u meMnepanrypa
M8 OnAy 3U, 3 O17U MU',HIilvLOJL'He

ff U

ro-Db

meunepamype y amnoc$epu.
CTPATOC@EPA Tbnnepamypa ) nutcuM denoeutfia oeoz cnojaje oxo -55"C.Y euu,tu,t cnojeetaaace oua nodutte do meunepamype xoja je u Ha mn), s6oz morutome xojy ucnyulma oaou, rcoju unnurnu 3e*uuy od ynmpa.n'y 6uuacmoz spauerca. Cmpamonaya, aucume 50 xtvr,, paedeaja cmpamocfelry od cnedeltez cnoia. TPONOC@EPA Oeaj cnoj je uaj1nwru 3eumu, a maxoje je u je najqu,hu.T rceu,y cadpctcauo80Vo rwnoKloHeeasdyu.tue nace. Oede ce Hatla3e uautu epe*tencttu cltcmeMu u 6uoc$epa. Tbmnepamlpa ce no KULOMeTW Cn)UmA sa no 6.5"C cee do Ona m.pononayse. denyje xao npena3Hn.3oHa. us*tefi1

Io
o I

I I

A Hajronnnjeuecro Ha3eMrbu ie nycr[]ba caxapa.Hajeuua roAxur]ba reMneparypa oA 34.4"Cie y Aanyny,y Eruonxju, 3a6enexeHa y 6aceHy116merapa Koir,r ce Hana3x
HCnOA HIBOa MOpa. tr4saa4jouocQepece Ha a3lr MarHerocQepa.To je cno^arxba rpaHnlla 3err,r.rzHOI MATHCTHOI [IO,4,A. OI{A CC NOHAIIIA

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Kao orpoMHH MarHer 14 urrvTr4 3eury TaKo ruTo 3apo6JbaBa qecrrzue Koje noceAyJy Be^LIKy Ko^IaqrrHy eHeprLIJe. Tepr'rocQepa je najpelra 04 CBHXc^ojeea. lycrohaje 6,rurnHa Mo eKyAa.y Heroj cyfrcTaHrIll, a KaKo ce o4arbyJeTe 04 To 3eu,oe, rycroha arlrocQepe -onala. srjar{v Aa ce pa3Atur,r4l{a v3Mefy MoieKynoBprxtlHr4 cy a raca noeehaea. Ha Mo eKy H eeolra 6rrnry je4aH apyror're, atu Ha py6y arrrlocQepe, Mo eKy^rI cy BeoMa y4aJbeHv. Ha cauor,r Bpxy repMoc- Mo eQepe rro4 Ha3uBoM ereocQepa r4 nocTaJy r,rKo Ky To yAuhellu Aa ce arrrroclpepa Ha xpajy pa3^alKe y cBeMnpy.

Berap rr BpeMe
Bperueucnu cvcreMr ce Hala3e yHyrap rponocQepe. OHra cy pe3y^rar rcou6uHoBaHor yrwqaja cyHqeBor 3paareba u 3err,mnueporaqr.rje Ha arrvrocQepy. KpeTar6eBa3lyxa KoJeMr43HaMoKao BeTap HacTaJeKala ce Torl z Ba34yx no4r4x<e, ornroryhyjyhu raKo x,/\a4HoM BasAyxy Aa na4He vcnoA mera. Bas4yx je uajrontuju na eKBaropy, %e ce cyHr1er,arua3u TaqHo v3H^11,, a nocraje xta4uujn xa Ceeepuou u Jyxnolr llo,ry. Jour je4aH 4eo rponocQepe, u 4eo aruocQepe nojr.r no4pxaaa xnuol je rro3Har no4 Ha3nBoM6zocQepa. Ona ce npoTe)r{e y BIlcvIJy 4orc^e Moxe 4a ce
BIIHe nTlIUa, ZO nOBpIxI'tHe 3eMJbe Ll

mponocfiepeu cnedehez cnoja.

Iy6ne Io 4na oKeaHa.Y orconpy 6zocQepe nocrojrr Aelr{KarHa paBHore)Ka usuefy 6r.luror u xr.rBorrrlbcKor cBera.

120

.( Ocrpeo Penrnep, je y HaApKTl,rKy, cr6rpcKe 3uMe. 3arprbajy Tenaneparypa ce y Cu6upy cnyurra ,l Ao -70"C,uro cnaAay HajHu)|q reMneparypy. 3a6enexeHy
Kojy HaM rrpylria og6u,tuo yrpoxeH s6or y'rr4\aJa KOJH qoBeKoRe aKTHBHocTpI auajv Ha arrr.rocQepy. To no4pasyrr.reea eQenar craK eHe 6aurre, rno6a,lno 3arpeBar6e, aaraleme Ba34yxa, cMarbr,rYawe gelm:aHe o3oHcnor oMoraqa a
KIZCC E KI,ITUC.

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}I{zeon4rbe yarauajy KHceoHr.rK u3 Ba34,yxa KoJr,r AWry v 3aMeEyJy fa vf,beH lr{oKcrr4oM rcojla ns4uul. 3e,leue 6H,rxe v3HMaJy Vf,beH AnoKcLlA v, nyTeM rrporleca 3BaHor'<porocuHresa] nopucre eueprajy nojy ao6wjajy 04 cvHua 4a oc,ro6o4e KLrceoHHK y Ba3Jyx. Jhro ce o<popwnyje Kpyr. y KoMe cBe r{vBorlzlbe H 0r,r,t,Ke saurzceje4ue 04 Apyrvx 4a 6r,r oncra-le.

tr4u4ycrpuja,ruzagvja noja je npacyrHa y cBery y rocleabr4x 200 ro4uua je Hapyilri^a nponopur.uy racoBa KoJa Je Heonxo4Ha 3a ypaBHoTe;KeHy aTMoc<pepv. CaropeBarbe Qocu,lHux ropt4Ba, Kao trlro cv yraJb, HaQra rz rac. je 4oee,ro yf.6eH dvoKcvAa v 40 OrpoMHe eMr4cr,rJe Apyt'r4x ra('oBa. Hapoquro o4 r<a4a je Hacrao MoropHr,r ayrouo6z,r, rcpajem 19or BeKa. Harrpe4ax y norborrpaBpeaHnM rr.rero4alraje raxole AoBeo ao noeehalba KOAT49HHMeTaHa V OK.CI"]AA HVTpaTa xojn ce oc,r,o6alajy y arlrocQepy.

Etfercar craxleHe 6arrrre

OeH racoea, nojn cy.eeh nprzcyrHrzy rorr^ory cyHqearMocqepu,3a4p?+BaJy BHx 3paKa xoje ce oa6uiaiy o4 3erra,rrlHe noBDrrlriHe.Eeg roux. 3eru,na6u 6u"xa roalrxo )L\aAHaAa6v,ce oKeaHH 3:a:'eAt4H, a cBa xuua 6nha 6r,ryruuy,u. Nlefr lav. KaJace pa3N4epa raK()3oBHX, 'racosa sanux H3 cralL\eHe6aure' nogeha e6or :ar-alema Ba34\'xa,rpeBrltue l'oulore 6rzoasapcl6,t'eHo il cBer nocraje rontujrl. Kao noc,re4rlua. Tora, npoceqrra r^ooa Ha reMneparypaJe caMo y oBoM BeKy ilopac^a sa nola crerreHa IJe,rsujycoeor,HayvHr41r4 ca4anpeaeulajy AodalHu nopacl' reMrreparype u:rr,refy1.5"C rz 4.5"C ao cpe4uHe uena. c,ne4eher llpoqerbyje ce 4a Bnrxe o4 uu,rujapay ,tyan (oxcljeaHenerr,rHe yKvrrHorcraHoBHurrrBa rt,nauere) Auue Ba34yxxoju je ueoua saraleH orpoBHlrMracoguva. To cv yr aBHoMyfaeH MoHoKcHA ,1 cyMnop vHryycduoxcuA, a oHn cy Hycrrpor.t3Bo4 rpujcxrax npoueca. fioc,te4nua rora je se,rrano nosehaFbe npo6,reva ca n,tyhir-

6awme' us Omnadnu ?acoau'cmawlene denaNnwaeajy undycmltuj e u nononpuepe paenomexy amuocfiepe. Ouusapo1naeajy uufipaqpeeno clemrrlu od6ujajt eauand ua noapwuu\ 3eune.Tb utm ru nocnedur4y pam)p e. no eehaneyxynue me Mne je u noeehame 6poja A,raprr.raHrHo myAu rcojunare ()4 paxa noxe. Toje nocrrrrerHor- y npany1ntacror 3paAe4lzr\a qerba KoJe npo4rzpe Kpo3 orxTenerrH
o3OHcKH OMOTaq.

ffperrra ro arMocQepy
AruocQepa oZp)KaBa ry npr4po4HypauHOTei+iv cToTHHaMa XVJbMa tOAIjHa, aALr je ca4a onaj rzseop ?KnBora v 3auJ'raTa

OaoHcre pyue
Osoucxu oMoraq y crparocQepr4 r'ac rlrr4rH raKo rrrToancopoyJe v^Tpa.byovqacre 3paKe. Melyrnla, s6or ynorpe6e uopo-Q,ropo xap6onara(CFC),y cnpejeeaua, Qprzxtz?IiepvMa, MHoTHM npoa3BoAuMa3a quilrnerbe r.rcrnponopy, y aTMocQepy o4uerz Brr[re rax racoBa Hero rrrro oHa Molrie4a ancop6yje.Kaxo ce rbrzxoBa xoHqeurparlujanonehana, oHrrce pa3rpafyjy z creapa ce x^op. OH orua lean4av yHrrrxTaBa o3oHcKuoMoTalr. Irlcrpaxneauz ua AnrapnrvKy cy rrpBr,r nyr sa6errexr.r"nu oeaj yrn4aj 1985.,Kaga ce noJaBrz,\a pyila y o3oHcKoMoMoTaqy AsHad Ae oBajyxne xerr.ructpepe. Havul:lzr\u cy 3a6pvHyrr,t g6or rora ruro 6pr oBo Mon\oaa ylponyje crabr,rBaFbe o3oHcKor oMorarrav y Apyfr4M rr^a4e^oBr.rMa uere. Axo ce ro aoro4r4, noeehahe ce u
Harxa rz3^olr{eHocT IUTeTHI,IM cyHqeBHM

o E f !o

E Ma, Hapoqr4ro KoA 4eue u crapvJux thyLLl.

A Snqxunucrl,t cy orKp],|nu Aa Aerbe]be nyra ca ayToMo6unxMa Kojll eMhryjyorpoBHe racoBeqIHH]bxxoBo nyToBalbe HenoAHolJrrbr,rBuM. Mxoru npH6eraBajy HouerbyMacKH Aa 6!l ce 3auT]4Trnr oA l.r3AyBHr,rx racoBa.

3parIVMa.3a6przrnaeajyheje ro rxro cy 1995. uayvurzrln 3a6elexu,rz nojaey pyre y o3oHcKoM oMorar{yzeHagApnrnKa r4AeloBa ceBepHe Eepone. , i K"..,n.
a a3oTHa 6

Kncele Kr{r[e Kprrxe (cyMnopHa Krzcel:zHa A

Kr4ce LlHa) Ce CTBapaJy Kala Ce

ne61u $ -[ { HaaMexcrro Cr,lrr,ljeu noxpneav oAorpoBHxx racoBa. ce oKo20mrnuoraruygn { Tanao g 6opr 3axlrBor,a eMxct,tja orpoBH],rx fi racoea ce cBeBxuenoBehaBa.
121

IATMocoEPA
KOMbHHyJy cyMnop AIdOKCT4A u a3oTHrr oKcv4- o6a cy un4ycrplrjcnrzsaraluoava - ca BogeHVM rrcnaperbrrMa y aruocQepu. Thuo r4e na4He Kacela Kr,rrrra, oHa y6nje cee 6HnKe 147r{t4 BorhFbe,pu6a n croia yruHe,a 6n,rne u gpeehe ranole. Kuce,ra KLIIxaMo}te Aa yHl{rilt|l u qe,\e IxyMe. Joruje rope ro [rro KHce a Kurxa npo4upe yje:epa H peKeH raKo ce 3arpoBaHocr ruripu v Ha roM rryry y5ujauuajcuhynrHrzja x.uBa 6uha. 9ax u lr;a1a ce 2 0 1 0 . a r - r ch rr H e n l a H u p a u a e v r z o a j a . npoqerryje ce 4a he 25o/ojezepa y Ceeepuoj Anepvqu ocraru 6uo,r,ouxr.r
orxreReHo H H qaK MDTBO. Ceo ro HapyuaBarbe rrpr4po4He paBHoreifie y aruocQepu caMo HaHocH rrrrerv cBery y KoMe ,r*iBr4Mo. Ovenyje ce 4a he nopacra Hr,iBo Mopa s6or rlo6a,tHor 3arpeBaria, na he nuxrz Ze oBH cBera ocrarl4 norolrreHa. lpa4oeu nao txro cy AoH4oH rz Fbyjopr< 6n rv,or'.xu 4a 6y4y noron,nenu. Mome 6u 4a ycte4e cMpr, enH4elrvje z os6r.r,aHe 6onecru, norxlo 6n la,rn xe Bo4e n()craie rarafeKonurluua omnaduux zacoea xoju ceaxodueeuo je odnasey amnoc@epy ozponua. Hexada cy ottu 6wtu ozpauuueuu Ha obnacmu ca meluKoM undycmpuj on ) nenuKlt-vL zpadcxult o1nacmwa. Anu cae uHmeH3lr+ruuje uemode uumopadt+'e ulupoM csema maxoje donpunoce ew,ucuju oaux zacola, xao u dqryzux aazajueaua, Kao rumo c) necmut4udu. l4zdyenu zacoau u3 aymoitto1una xoje, rcada cadprce u.ecmurye ce yduury, nozopuaeajy npo6nemeca rutyhutza, xao
lUmO Cj ACTWLA U

6ponxumuc. tr4 CFC zacoeu ou,mettyjy B oncKu oMomaLr u ottozyftyjl da utmemuo tpauex>ecynqa npofe do 3emtuue noeptuune.

V Oea uyMa HaqeuKo-norbcKoj rpaHuqlr lr3ileAa KaoxprBa HanaAa aroMcKoM 6om6our. Vcreapu,3a rbeHo je ogroeopxaKxcenaK[ua yHl,rurerbe y3poKoBaHa t,|H4ycrpHjcK!rM racoB14Ma He. llpolaeHnhe ce u perfiuM Kurla, na y 6xBUeM KoMyHr,rcrnqKoM 6noKy. 6rz ee,\aKe o6,racru Morle 4a 6y4y noro-

colapHa eHeprraja. Mefyrnrrl, npohrz he MHO|O npe Hero uITo oHIrI BpeMeHa JOrx r,r,a4. 6yZy r.ror,rnaa 3aMeHe f eHecyLuov.ra KojoM6u yc,re4una Qocz"rua ropr{Ba IJeHa, y nor edy ,,by4cxnxxrleora, 6n y Be^rzKoJ MepH. Morla za 6y4e orpovna. /peehe, Kao H lpyre 6v,tre, ilperBapa yrrbeH 4HoKCVA y KrrceoHnK 14 l"jfpa IIIra uoxceMo4a ypa4r.rMo? BarrGy y^ofy y KoHrpo^hcarby nporopfaHac nocrojr.rcee eeha cBecr o npo6,re- urzje racona crarc eHe 6arure y arlrocQeML{May Be3V Ca 3arXTr4TOM }I(LIBOTHe OKO- pr't.Y Jyxnoj Anrepurlrz ce noceqe orpo'ge,teua' IrHe, a nI4TaIbace noMHo rrpare y uan 6poj ApBehaH3 npauyMa 4a 6u ce MHoTHM 11po6,revu rao urojb 3eMJbaMa. KopHcrrzlo nao rpala latr4 Aa 6v ce oqyBabe eHeprlrJece pasuarpajy uhpoM ucKparula fiywa Aa 6rz ce zo6u,rn rrarucsera. Axo KoprrcraMo Mabe elenTprrr{He rballrr 3a croxy. YuururaBarbe Mr.t HoHa
eueprr,rje r.r Bo3uMo ce Marbe KuloMerapa, cMarbyJeMo Ko urrHHy (Pocrr^Hr{x ropuBa KOJa Ce KOpilCre 3a npoL43Bo4rny e eKrpr4irHe eHepruje, 6eHsr.rHa v Avse^a. Y uelyopeueHy ce y MHorriM 3eM,baMa paTunjajy alrepHarrzBHlr r{3toppr eHepfrrJe, Kao [rTo cy eHepruJa BeTpa r4 KBa4paTHHx KHIOMeTapa flparxyMe 3Ha-ur4 da ce Marr,e KrrceoHzKa oc,to6ala y arnoc<pepy n Aa ce BH[re yr,beH ArzoKcr44a cryn.ba u sapo6,r'ana rorrlory.

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d I E o ! o t

Kaunarre rurlpoM cBera lllzporra cBera ce opraHusyjyKaMrrarbe

ca qurbeM 4ay6e4e BAaAe Aa npecraHy ca yHr4rxraBarbeM nparxyMa. Jaeuocr uoxe 4a rroMorHe raKo rrrro he o\1nrn Aa nynyje rponcro rr eMeHaro .4pBehe, Te Za ce raKo cMalbn rrorpatnrba. HeKe 3eMibe.rr.relyTlaivr. noxyuraeajy 4a noBpaTe paBHoTelKy TaKo rxTo no4cTrzrry er cyoeenqzoHupaj y ca4rrJyzpBeha. Ocraje qLtbeHurra Aa Bntne He Mo)KeMo AaBas4yx KOJrz 4nrueMo y3HMaMo 34paBo 3a roroBo. Ynorpe6a rrrrerHrix racoBa y rrporr3Bolrba cra Ho ona4a saxr,anyjyhu rrpr4TucKy jaenocru rz yMecro rbrrx ce Kopncre alTepHa I A BHe xevrzr<a,ruje. A,ru znar arMocQepa, rra raMe rz i(rzBorHO OKpy)(erbe,JorrrHHCyBaH onacHocTu. Mopahe la ce cnpoBolu crpora KoHrpona 4a6u ce o6e36ezr.r^o 4ay 6y4yhnocru ue 6yAe onacHocrrr ea arnocipepy.

y3poKyie o36rrbHe noreuKohe ca AilcalbeM. y rpyAHMa. Cuunrouucy 3Blrxnalbe x cre3arbe 3a cagaHenocroj[ cxrypaH AoKa3 Aa 3arabelbe Ba3gyxa npoy3poKyje acrMy,arx oHonoropuaBa c}|MnToMe. JhaaxrKp],tBqn cy n3AyBHrr racoB[ l/|racoBuKoiuce crBapaiyKaopeaKq[ia cyHqeBe cBernocrr lr3u3AyBH],tx racoBa. Cupynult [HxanaropltMoryfla noMorHy a npeBeHTuBH]l Aa ce y6naxe HanaA[, reKoBlrMoryfla ]|x cnpe'{e, MebyTrrM, HacTaBrba ce rcTpax]|Balbey qtuby y3poKa oTKpl{Barba oBoranapMaHTHor noBefialba oBeHenp]tiarHe 6onecru.

je cBaKo 1995. ceAmo Aerey Benr,rroj geqe, Spnaurjr, ro iecr Mtrnt,toH narlno oA y n'|yfi],|Ma acrMe. 3ananene 6poxnnja

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Ba3tryuHunpurucaK
u BeTpoBu
B*dy* y dorcu,m cnojeeu,mn 3eruaune je Koncrundrnruo amnocSepe y noxpemy. Oeu norcpema, rcoje oceltnnoxao eemap, npeuoce monnorn!ca erceamopa do nonapruux odturcrnu u mparcnopmyjy eodenn, ucnapetmca nopa do xonnenux o6nacmu, cmaapajyhu mru,y.
pajt+,u t4 3Bop eHeprnje rcoja

{ PacnoAena nplrTucaKa,t BeTpoBa Ha uAeafl[3oBaHol poraquouoj

jegxonnvxe noBprul,rHe. llacarn AyBaiy

KOHCTAHTHOCA

3eMtbl,l

noBprxrzHe, rcoje sarpeea aruocQepy, cTBapa paS vKe y Ba34yrrrHoM nprzTtlcry. 3arpejauu Bas4yx ce uuppr vr rro4uxe, creapajyhu o6,tacu4 pelarrzBHo HHcKor npHTHcKa. X,n4un easayx je ryurhr.r a s6or rora roHe, creapajyhz BrlcoKt4 Ba34yrrrnr4 npvrvcaK. Berap je Kperarr,e Bas1yxa raarraelyo6,tacrz ca
pa3ILIqIzTIIM Ba3AyIIIHI,IM IIpI,ITLICKoM.

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xeunc$epe. V Mnasxtarox u3HaA[peexor Mopa.oBn BeTpoBuce jaeruajy y cynrponcKlrM o6nacrurtla.

fpa4ujenru

rrpuTrrcxa

Hayuuug:a Mepe Ba34yurHt4rrprrrucaK y v'ur6apwna (mb). Ha Hueoy lropa, rae ce oceha yxynHa rerfivHa arMocQepe, eas4yrrrHr4 rrpt4Tt4caKlocrt4xe npoceK oa 1013 mb, 4ono,r,Ho 4a cry6 xtrce 6y4e Ha Bvrcrrlar oa 760 MM Ha 6apouerpy. lycruHa v npvlv caK Ba34)xa onaaajy ca BHcrrHoM.oea nporr.reHarrprlTr{cKa ueuefy je4we w Apyre raqKe, 6pr"to
XOpII3OHTa Ho I4 LI BepTVKa HO, Ce

lea3ve,a rpa4rzjenr [p]rrr{cKa. Berap rroMalr(ey o4prr(aBarr,y pa3ALrKa

y Ba34yruHoM npvTt4cKy, Jep Ae^VMr.rrrHO npeHocH Ba34yx pa3^LItrrlTr,rx TeMneparypa v npvrvcana uz je4ue o6,tacrw y Apyry. Berpoeu yspoxyjy'uaroltlaBarr,e' BaSArr'a y HeKrzM o6,tacrzna. To noeehaea tycrLrHy Ba34yxa a crBapa HoBe rpa4LrJeHTe rrpt{Tt{cKa. Berpoea ayyajy no ue,roj noBpr-rrzHu 3ell,ne u rrpnBlaqHa cvlta 3ev,rzne .poraunje crpehe FbHXoB rox. Th cr,na E

rroBErAPArr "Tff* HTPCKH

"#.

x"*Itl,Ji

ce 3eMtba sazpeea 6ptre 1\at"y He?o Mope, yspoxyjyhu uusax npumucax. Basdy ca mopa cmeapa uopcxu noeemapar4. Hohy ce sem.maxnadu 6ptrce uezo mope, ysporcyjyhu xpemau'e easdyxa ca Konlra xa u,opy, cmeapajyhu noeemapatq c KonHa. I Ana1amuuuu eempoeu ce jaenajy darc1, xada easdy je monnuju od easdyxa usnad donune.Tonnu easdyx ce usdutce u npenasu npexo nadune. Holty je clnpomHo, maKo HacmaJ) xama,6amurl"wu eemp oeu.
KATAEATIiqHI{ ' BETAP noh qa aehe re4i*re ire

123

14 BETpoBr4 BA3AvrxHr4 np[Tr4cAK

{ fipeo y Jocerrlnrn
Har{}roHanHoM napKy y KannQopnnju ce caBlrro 360r npeoBnabyjyfinx 3ana4Hlrx BeTpoBa. 3anaAxn
BeTpOBl,l Bl,llUe

Baplrpaiy y cHa3lr x npaBqy Hero nacarlt.

crperarr,a ce Ha3rzBaKopr4oluc. EQerTz KOpHO T4Ca MOfy AaceBIlIAe Ha BpeMeHCKITM ManaMaHa nojuua cy npuKasaHe zso6ape (,r.uuraje xoje cuajajy Mecra HCTor Ba34yurHor npnrucna). Ka4a ce raso6ape Ha a3e 6;trzeyje4na 4pyfe, rpa4njeur npuracKa je crpv u eerap je jax.Kaaa cy uso6ape paur4pene, eerap je 6,tan flpenpexe Ha KorrHy,Kao rrrro cy 3rp?Ae, yTIdlIy Ha frpaBarl Berpa n cMalbyJy meroey javraHy.Tpeme ca rroBprurzHoM yrrlqe caMo Ha uajnurxrzx HeKo r4Ko Ha eehuN{ crorvHa Merapa arrvlocQepeBrlcr'rHaMaBeTpoBrr HeMaJy Be3e ca oHr.rMa 6,ruxe froBplxuHa. VIsea:a rporrcnr4x o6,tacrz, r aBHkl npeon"tafyjyhz eerpoez cy saila4lar. OHa ce creapajy oABa3Arxa r<ojn4yea
04 3OHa BTTCOKOTrrppITZCKa Ka fIOIOBII-

na uopy Hohy. oKa,rHLIBerpoBrr ce jan,najy Apyr. Ha rra4uHarra. Oe4e ce rpa4ujenrrz flpr4rrrcna jaunajy rrzg:a Aatuy.Ba34yx Lr3IdaAfraAldl{.a nocTaHe Torr I4JI4Hero BA3Ayx rCOjzCe Ha a3rr LL3P,?g ,4or'.vllla. Hohy, uefyruM, ra34yx ul3uag ila4tllaa ce x a4r4 oplKe Hero Ba34yx y Ao IrI{ava. Thj eQexar crBapa- aHa6arrz.+re BerpoBe l{loJw4YBaJy y3op4o AaH,y u nara6arra.tre BerpoBe rcojz nohy Aysajy nzs6pao.

Peruorrarrrrn BerpoBrr
BerpoBIz perrroHalHlz Cuerlzja"uru yrr4-uy Ha HeKe 4eloBe cBera. TTlrapoxo, Hnp., je Bpelu, npauFbaBV eerap rcojvr AyBa vs Caxape, o6,r.acra ca BvcoKrIM Ba34yruHr.rM rrprlTLlCKOM rAe Ba34yx rone. HaxoH rrrro ruLrpoKo npele Cpe4oeeuno Mope, oH 4oHocu B alKHo Eepony. Oeaj eperz BpeMe y jynHy eerapje rro3Har Kao KaMcvH y Erunry H eBeqe y IIInaHrzjr,r. Maecrpa-r je x azHrr nerap xojrl 4yea yr aBHoM slaMz. OH ce jae,ra y rreur4e je Ba3r4yIuHI4 rpa"a,noj Eeponu, frpprTzcaK Br4coK ra nua ronrrrajy cpeao3eMHy o6a,ty, rye je nae4yluHl4 rIpI4Tt4caK Hr4)KlI. Maecrpa-t nyryje ao LIHoM pexe Poue u y menoj Ae^Trr Molre Aa yceeava. Y HaHece Be vKy rlrrery eBponcKr4M Arrnuua eerap noju c",r.a6ra z rcojraje eeorraa clvqaH Berap, aII4HyK, AyBa ca IrcroqHe crpaHe Crenoezrl4x rrlaHr{Ha y CAA-y.

ua. Tonara BerpoBH ce cpehy ca nolapHIIM IICTOAIHI4M BCTPOBIIMA 4YiK TPAHI{-

rIe, Ha3BaHerrolapHrr Qponr. Bperr,rencKr,r cprcTeMv ca H'{cr{t4M Ba3AyIrrHIzM

IIpIITI4CKOM, Ha3BaHLI qLIKIOHII, Ce

creapajyAylrc oBor QpoHra. -A.orca-nrruBerpoBH BerpoBHuuajy eerrrarcn yrugaj Crra6ra

Ha BpeMeHcKe frpt4lr4xe. Konnenz u Mopcxr4 noBerapqv y6,raacaeajy epeMeHcKe rrpu,tvKe 4yx o6arra. Oun ce 30or rora rrrro ce KorrHo 3arpeJaBtbaJy ea 6pxe, a'nu ce v xruar4vt6pxe o4 rr,ropa. To crBapa rpMujenre nplzrr.IcKa, noju ysporyjy AyBal*,ex a4Hvx BerpoBa Ca MOpa Ka KOIIHy AAII'y, a Ca KOnHa

flpeon"rafi yj yhr BerpoBrr

Y cezN{aeloBr,rMacBera, HeKHBerpoBrl cy yo6rauajewwjwo4 lpyrnx. floeHaearle rrpeoBlalyjyhax BerpoBa je 6zao Ba)KHoy.ao6a je4pemana. Ono enBaroPa, fAe Je. cyHlreBo 3arpeBarbe HaJvHTeH3r.rBHrAJe, Bpe^r4 Ba3Ar'( Ce rro4rrxre, creapajyhra soHy Hr4cKor Ba34yrxHor flpLITHCKa, OH Ce x aILI u rlTupvrKa CeBepy Iz Jyry npe Hero rrrTo rloHoBo noToHe Ha rroBpruuHy y cyflTporlcKoM noapyvjy. Oee o6,\acrra ear4yxa, rcoju
TOHe, Cy 3OHe B}ICOKOT IpLITVCKa, a Ha

eHr ecKoM ce wazuuajy u Korbcxe AylcvrHe.04 rr,rax Ba34yx ce npaha na noJacy no yTapcKe Tzrrrr4He,cTBapaJyhw 4nauojaca racara. Cra,r.uo Kperarbe Ba3Arxa 04 eKBaTopa Ka 3oHaMaBr4coKor rrprlTlzcna vI lg'asl/t, ce HasrznaXa4,rejeea herrrzja.

Berap {Jaxre KopucrepecK}r OBr 6nnsy MajaunjaHaOnopr,rAx. noBerapllu rpaiy caMo cBe)|c,r
HeKOrfl,rKO Carn u AyBaiy Ha KparKoM noApy.riy. Y ao6a jegperuaxa, MopHapucy rpa>l(lrnll noy3aaHlrieBerpoBe.

A l-naaHucl,rcreMuBerpoBa. Ha oBoi ManHeoeKrr KonHalr Mopa u ycnoBa cy y3erlr y noKanHr,rx o63[p. V nexnu AenoB]rMacBera, cneqlrianHx noKarHlr ycnoBx crBapaiy perroHarHe BerpoBe Kao lllTO Cy lul,lpOKO U ilaeGTpan.

Bpewuot, Attntzv{u o6ee6efiyjy deo Krwn4lrntcK.tx, npoqeca roju rwuncrcy da runanraunvma onwnu rumw ua xoucie wzyhc tannru. Oru c1,ynrnapu,natnu Mlnuuu xaienpawce mmuww u stut"'lca jedne *unin na dpyzo. T^obt cymaiohrc u sa ozpou,ru atmnnsuje aupzuje.
J) l\ r.

BpeMeHcKu cucTeMu
) Onyju o6naqn, xojr,lce creapajy KaAace nogltrHe BnaxHl,r Ba3Ayx, Mory Aa nyryjy n 6psunona oA 30 ru Ha car.

peueucnr.rcticreMh cy o6,nacra V Carennrcxlr ycrcoear,raHor Ba34vxaKpvrr(Hor cH14MaK cn14panHe ,ob^HKa, nperrHnKa usuely 150 rz SopuaqnjeyparaHa 4 000 xNr. Fbnxose BncnHe napapajy. flenQuxnjansxag Hercn cy Brzconpr 12-15 ru - mro ie 14rgujcror oKeaHa. je4Haxo BVCVHV rponocQepe(najH rzn6r {upycxa xana 4e,r,a aruoclpepe). [,pyru Hr{cKtr, a H npeKprBa opsu BpeMeHcKrd cr4cTeMucy BvtcoKl/r cpeA],|ure.

#
'-.-*F-'i

lra;,;=r

E
6

i%*
.4e$

{ Tanacn xojeje jaxaonyja nognrna HaMopy ce pas6ujajy o

ueTaI1,|uTe. Ilocneguqe onyja Ha MOpyMOry Aa

MHOrO y ilePilo4y

04 HeKO,\HKO 4aHa.

'=
!

Berpoea y aHrutl4ttoay ayeajy y cMepy Ka3aJbKe Ha caTy oKo rIeHTpa Ha ceeepuoj xeuucQepz, a y cyrrporHoM jyxuoj xeuucQepz. Ha npecMepy-Ha

o I a
c

MeHCKTIM KapTaMa, aHTHrIr4KiOHr4 Ce JaBJr,aJyKao Hu3oBpr KoHrIeHTpzqHax 6ygy raracrpoaao6apa (,runzje noje cuajajy rr.recra vtcror Ba34ytuHoF npurHcxa). ca HajeeQanxe 3a 3eMrbe xoje unaajy HncKe nI,IM IIpLITHCKOM y I-IeHTpy. o6ane. AHrrzqzrc,lorr4 cy o6aacru ctra6ux BerpoBa v Bezpor ne6a. He4ocraran usuefy I rz3 rcrrl. BpelaeHcnrl cprcreMr,r ce JyrrrHor rpr4rrzcra, y xojnua ce Ba34yx o6rraxa 3HaqJ Aa Ton oTa noja ucujana onncyJy y oAHocy ua eapujaqr{e Ba3- no4l,Ixte. O6rraqra cecrnapajyy o6rracrr,iltra y ca 3eu-nzne rroBprrrriHe oI a3v y cBe4yrxHor nplrTrrcKaa y o4IJocyHa pa3He KoJuMa ce Ba3alx nogrixe. Crora ce cucre- nap. 36or rora ce r^o H Ba34yx dnpenBerpoBe xoju 4yoajy oKo rbrax. Mr.rHr4cKor fipr,rrncKa noneeyjyca o6,ta.r- rHo a3Haa ua nohy BeoMa 6pso x,ra4e. Lnaeura BpeMeHcKI,r cprcreMrr ltlrr cr{creMrz HuM, Kr,rruHuM r.ro,tyjnuu BpeMeHoM. 3HMu oeo xaaheme qecro v3a3uBa [pr,ITrrcKa cy BI4coKr.r LrHr,rcltl,r. BucoKu, ra,nu - H3Mar^rrrly u Mpas, y BAaIKHOJrCAr4Mr4 aHTr4Ur{K OHr{,Cy O6rracrz BI,ICOKOT Ba3Arrrnunrrnonn rraarrry. c,r.a6u BeTpoBH y aHTHrIrrK OHy lyluHor rtpnrucKa, y nojrr'aa ce Ba3Ap( AurnrlurcloHkr r4tr4 o6aacrrz BHcoKor nod,cruey pareoj oBaKBlrx BpeMeHcKux cnyrxra.HucKu,xojz cejour 3oByr4rlr,txlo- Ba3ayruHor npuracKa o6lr.ruo AoHoce KapaKrepucrnt<a. la cy eerpoeu javrl, 'JLltr,/\u4enpecr.rje, cy o6rracru Hr.rc(orBa3- cra6uauo BpeMe roje ce He Meba Ba3ayx 6u ce ueruao, a x-laflerae 6-rzsy

125

BPEMEHcKH cr4crEMr4
noBprxr{Heor4ce nporxHpLl^o Ha MHoro Brirxrl cAoJBa34yxa. Hexpr anrur]nK^oHh ce jaenajy y x aZHHM o6.racrraua. Thuo je Ba3dyx a To cTBapaBHcoKBa3rycT (Telr{aK), AyrrtHr4npvracaK 6,r,u:y r,a,a.Thrceu
u3HaA aHTHTITZKIOHH Ce pa3BrrJaJy3LLMI/ Mecra Kao rxro cy rreHTpa-\Ha KaHa4a utv Cu6vp. Ouz cy o6zvuo Hr4cKLt, BLrcrTHe cano oxo 3 xn.

) KyrvrynycHra o6naq[ Ha nnaBoM He6y n3Hag jeAxe $apue y Vnnnojc, CAE AOKa3 Lll,lKnOHa
o o

Ieorpa$cre 4yx{rrHe
aHrhunK"\oHr.I crBapaJy ce /\pyrlj z:vref y 20" do 30" reorpaQcxr4x AylnvHa Ka ceBepy v iyry.Onu cucrelru cy Br4uru u cta"tuuju. Bas4yruHrz npvrvcar Ha OBHM ny')r\r4HaMa 3bor fora Je BHCOK uro ce ynpaBo raMo Ba34yx nojrz-ce no4Hrao y rponcK|4M ob^acrnMa. 3bor HHTeH3TTBHOI 3arpeBalba T a, cnyrxTa Halad Ha noBprxrzHy. Ha rny, KolbcKe

unu HAcKor nphrl4cKa, KojH saueruyje aHTl4quKnoH tAnn cncTeM

B14COKOT

,',.,,i.{t:i:

,"t&.

o !

= =
o o

npxTHcKa. Ba34yxa yMecro 4a ce X-ragnrl Ba3zyx ce 3arHM rpehe uea ronlor Ba34yxa. Ha raj HaqHH ce pabajy qr{K oHIr. Y runu,rnoNt nojary urzx oHa nocroje 4na Qpoura. Tontn QpoHr je rpauuqa usuely rorllor u x alHor Ba3ayxa.On4e ce ronlrr Ba3-

flo,lapur.r QpoHr Hzje npana tvruuja. Kpuey,oe ce o6paoyjy zoK x aAHLIBa34yx rypa Ka eKBaropy,a ron^H Ba34vx rypa Ka noloBr{Ma.Oez nonperu crBapaJy Bpr ol oH ce IzHreH3vBIjpa y3 norvroh6psrzx BerpoBa. nojr.rce eoey Ha Bpxy rpoo^yJHHHa-^erHv AyBaJy nocQepe. Berpoeu y urrx^oHy AyBajyy cyrrporHoM cMepy 04 oHHx y allTl.lryr4ruoHy, rojecr y o6pnyron cMepy oa Ha cary na ceeepHoj xevzcQeKasaibKr,r a PV, Y CMepy Ka3arbKriHa caTy Ha jyxHoj. Ha BpeMeHcKuMKapraMa
KaO HH3OBrl TIT4K,\OHH Cy fIpI{Ka3aHH vtro6apa. ca HajHr.rKoHueHTpl.rqr-lax Ba3AyIIIHLIM npIzTHcKoM Y UeHrpy. *tt

oKJrr4SlrJA
Baayx

ffi,)-

.*"*
Jas myc&ia

u,uwtouu u Tunuu,x,o epe,v,e xaxeodouoce aHmuquwloltu, ununofryujanucxoz rae HacTaJy rIHK^oHH npumucax u npumucxa.I anmur4ut{,r,0}r) eucox ! i Tou,ru 14x-\MHr4 Ba3ayx ce He rraeruajy aatdyx xoju cecn)ulmadonoce nupno,eedpo fr ,tano. Kao noc,re4uua rofa ronlrz Ba3- epeme I-l,ut<,tou douocu u Maery ) donuuaua. uecmabunuo epene. 3. ayx rojn ce y ra^aclzMarcpeheKa roloP BrrMa npe^a3ri npeKo x^agHor rycTor
,
>-

TOIIAAOI$Lq,I4IA
X^a,48 ry'T

xr-'lr'*aw.t

A ) Craaparue onyjxnx o6naKa HaroBeuTaBa AOna3aK qvrKnoHa. Fycrn xna4xn Ba3AyX r,r3axrraAHor Sponra norncxyje TOnIlr Ba3Ayx l43a Tonnor Spoxra, y3poKyjyhh o6naKe x Klrury.Tonnn $poxr AoHocyl ynopHy Klilry, ann xnagHyr $ponr xajeehe AoHOCl,l nrbycKoBe. oxpyNyjy Hajron,rzje nycrr.rbe Ay?r(r-rHe Ha cBery,rcaoruro je Caxapa. Y ruur cncrerr.tllMa BLIcoKor npr4Tr4c(a Ha KOrbcKrzM rporrcKr4 BeTpoBr4 AyA\vHaMa, Ka eKBaropy,AoK ron^H 3aila/.Hr4 AyRaJy BerpoBr.r Ha npajv ce ayeajyna no^oBuMa. 3aila4}]r4 BerpoBu cpeny ca r{cTorrHrrM BerpoBr4Ma uoju 4ynajyca ^e4eHr.rx no^apuux o6a,acrz.fpanr.rqar.rsuefy rorrior rr x a4HorBa34yxa ce 3oBeno,,rapHu <ppour. IJux,touu u,ru 4enpecaje, xojr.r npo4oHoce qecToo.\yJHo MeHJblrBo, BpeMe Hacpe4lr,r4M reorpa<pcxuu ce oOpasyjy Ayir\uHaMa, ayx oror <pponra. 126
Tunuuuoepene xaxeodouoce u uul'vx9Hu allmuqumollu, ltl.u nodpyuja nucxoe npumucxa.I aHmuuuwlqlq6uc0K npumucaxu aaiy Kolu cecnjwme donoce xupno, aedpo BpeMe u Mazn)J donuuana. lJ,un'tou donocu uecma|unuo 6peMe.

rycror x aAHoFBa3e' .4yx y34lirfie },13Ha4 Hcnpe4 ruera. [1pra Z ay*u rojrz ce HaAa3H HcnapaBaBoZa,Ba3lyx S rona ys4vrsaFby (npe_reapa xoju ce xla4r,r ce 3ryruFbaBa ! '3 y revHo crarue) z creapajy ce o6,naqn. ! Vta ronlor QpoHra Aota3r4 x azH?I Ba3oeor QpoHra. x-^24HH E Qpo"t' fyx 6 ay ce Kpene Hcno4 Ton^of Ba3AYa n E TaKo ra no4lrlxe. 36or rora je x,raaHrz

Mat';ra.roja ce crlapa 3bor BJrllrKEOr Ba34yxa y KoHTanTy ca x a.AEoM

rroBPmurroM T a.

-* *

;B

Bpmnoxacmu o6nau,u rcoju ceoxpehy oxonupuoz cpeduwma lpazara ce npomnq KpBuren) mponocfiepy. Ity cnuo1naqu nynonun6y pelajyy nojaceeuua oxo ce cpeduwma. Kala ce cpeduwme ucnyuu - obuquo usual o1utquua xnadue aode u,Lu mta onyja ocna6u.
" _.i,ro" :. liii.i]X.

..

--F*Fo+5r
co pflrrl"-*uoJaceBIl
KNIIIE

r\yMy.AoEEuIlvcEE Kyuy,tonr*6yc*--\P-

--

o6.riqn na nfxy

flpeon"'rafyjyhu
TPOIICrCII BeTPOBA

llcro.rnn

(npexo 160xu/car) ) JaxnBerpoBr,r yparaHa I'lxeoxojr,r 6ecxey o6nacrr,l je Majaunja HaOnopugr{. Yparax rpaiaoAyxe oA HeAerby a AaHa, je npenasuo n no 500KM. AHeBHo V onyia r3HaA ieaxorrpaAa. Begaxe onyjeuory na rpajy r 10no 12catu,a npecraHy reK KaAa ce ocno6oAx caaxecra6[rHocr.

TpaJyv no HeKoArrKo caTr,r HenpecTaHo rpe Hero urro npofe ronau Qponr. I,Iea rorulor QpoHra je ronllr ceKrop, rojr,r je o6uqno o6,taqan H B alKaH. 3arzrr,rAota3vxltag.HLl Qponr, y KoMece crnapajy onyje s6or rora ruro ce Ba34yx no4u)r<e. fyx xra4nor QpoHra o6zqno rr4ajy o6u,rue nuure, rcoje o6uqno He rpajy ayro Kao y ronloM QpoHry. Hanon rrrro x,l.aaHr4Qpour npofe,

QpoHr joru je4Ha aona o6,ravHor; KurxoBrzTor BpeMeHa.X.ta4Hn Ba34yx ce rcpehe6pxe Hero ror Iz QpoHr Kao frocle4lrqa Tora x aAHlr tr Ton^n Qponr ce na rcpajy cpehy, a ronlu Ba3r{3HM x alHor Bas4yxa Ayx ce y3dLrl}{e Ha noBprxuHz. To ce 3oBe oru,ysuja. Haxon rxro ce crBopn orc,lyauja,
TJHK OH yCKOpO HeCTaHe.

A flonnaerbeHrayronyr nocneAuqa rerlbe onyje y Epuraxuju.Oae netbe onyie ce 360r Tora uro ce Tonnlr!l AeujaBaiy BnaxHu Ba3gyx6pao narouunaea.
BpeMenocTaHe Be4po u npox a4Ho. Orryjece 4ewayajycBy4aBaHnolapHr4x o6,racru.HayuHnrlz npoqerbyjyAa ce y cBaKoM rpeHyrry AerrraBa oxo 2000 o,tyja Herae y ceery. MHore ce jaenajy Ayx x alHor QpoHra, r4e ce crnapajy raMHu o6aaqu rcyuy,roHr,rrra6ycn a6or rora rrrro ce ronlu u Bia?KHrr Ba34)x 6pro no4uxe z npela3lz npeKox alHor Ba34yxa. Hajuu-

Mereopo,noru npoyvasajy npoMeHe BpeMeHcKHX npH HKa, nOBe3aHe CanpoacKoM rlr,rx oHa.To suare je 04 Be uKe BaxHocTH 3a BpeMeHcKenporHo3e. Hanprzr'aep, nojaea BacoKr{x qupycnlrx o6,laxa vecro ynasyjena npu6,uxaaarae rILtK oHa. Yccopo ce nojasnyjy ryurhu a^ocrparyo{. o6aaqr cpegtter a 9,loja, ra
H,HMa C/\eAe HUCKL, CUBU HHMbOCTpaTy-

cu. Ti.r o6rraqHqecro , oHoce xurue noje

IIPOTTA3AK {EIIPECI{E
" *Fh,Fe %;3,.;'1'

Bncoxu
Tonrr Ba3r4yx

{-\.g*qb

%;,.
X,ra4un Ba34yx

-"*

.t

,Tonnr ceKToP
X,ragEE aa34yx

:::'v,

Ton,ru

'

Kvr,rvlvcxn 'o6,rix

n::r.rgl"

BPEMEHcKTA cvlcrEur
rensunHrlje o,nyje ce 4euraeajy y rporcKIiM OO aCTIIMa KaOpe3yATaTZHTeH3ZBHOr 3arpeBali,a T^a v Hr,rcKor Ba3dyxa. Thxee o,ryje Mory Aa AoHecy u 4o 600 uu Kurre AHeBHo. C,vr.rHe o,ryje. npoyrponoBaHe 3arpeBarbeM TAa ce 4euranajy o6u.rHo KacHo flonolHe, na4 je apyh, cyHqaH ZaH y yMepeHrau o6.,racruva. Ka4a cy rrpBlr caTeAIiTlI IIocAa H Ha3a4 c^r4Ke 3elrne, Mereopolo3u cy npnMervlrl rpyne Bpl orlracrux o6,rara 6"ruay erearopa.Tiz Bpe\4eHcKH cucrer\4H ce aeuanajy Kala CeTOTT OTar{ B^ara noArix(y ca T a y roprbe c,tojeee Ba34yxa. llouena4 ce

u3HaA ) Topnago Ornaxoue,CAfl. Topra4oce qecro cnycrH1,r3 onyjHor o6naKa; H[3aK npilrxcaKy neBKy y3poKyje vuxefiu KoHAeH3aqxjy BprnorBHArb]lB11M. y KoMe Topnago, BerpoBl,r AocTl,txy 6psnry oA 320KM/car KparKo rpaie,aflil ie BeoMa AecrpyKruBaH.

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:
c

V ) Morcyxcxe y uaKaprx nonnaBe y hxgoxesnjr. He nocroi14 nornyHo o6jauruerue KaKo H 3auro ce jaBrbaiy
MOHCyHCKI,T BeTpOBl{,

Bprrroxcrrn BerpoBrr
H IIEIIFIAHE HAIIACTZ uarae nojaee ce 3oBy Bpr o)ltHu Joru BerpoBr{,nojz cejoru uazuyajy n f ano,rlr Ha seMrbu. Onn ycxu cry6oerzBa34yxace pas,lunyjy 04 ropH4a no roMe lrlro ce qecro ZerraBajy xa je Aar' Be4apu cfr'uarr. Bpr,roxHu BerpoBrzce creapajy
Ka4a Ce Ba34yx rIoAIilI(e H norIHEe Ja Ce

i porupa. llonexa4 no4r4rHyu npamuHy z,rrzceHo u,nz cvehe ca ytilrJa. lleruqaf, ce y ; He Hanacrh cy c HqHeA AernaBaJy epyhzu nycrr.rrbaMa. cenrr.r E "rodnrxFbe i Pev "uoHcyH",xoja ruavrz j e H a 3 H B s a n a j nosHaruje ! ao6a". nzruy. eerpoee noju OHz ce 4oHoce f; 7 jaenajy y o6,racrr,rva Kao ruro je tr tr4u4vja r4e nocroje auauajue pa3 VKe Mory y Ba34yrrrHoM rrplrTrzcKy 3riMri rr ^eTrr. Jarur eerponu u o5utvte Kr4rrre xaOCKa4a noro4e OCTpBa 3ulrn ce nsna4 A:uje crBapa orpoMaH Aa IfSaSOBy z,lz o6a,re. Mory Za rrorrlaBe Be VKe aHrriuHK^oH. tr4c tlera ayeajy ceeepoo6.nacrz, no.rynajy apsehe lr rpeBpHy 3an4Hu BerpoBrr xoju Lln4r4u Aonoce nyhe. Y npoceKy cBaKeroar4He11 ypa- pelarzBHo x alHo 14 cyBoBpeMe. Y npo,ne! raHa rcojrzce Qopurapajy y ceBepHoM ne 3eMEa IIOqVH, 4a Ce 3afpeBa V I43}l?{ Arnaurrzny y4ape y o6a.ry Cesepue Th6erancxeBrrcopaBHrr y Anrauncrany ce I Anepune. Yparauu nocreneno ry6e pawuja orpoMHa Ba34yfir'a Maca Hucxor ! U cHary goK npela3e npeKo nonua. Ha rrprrrrrcxa.B,taxsn Ba3alx ce y344xe r43 p KorrHy HeMaJy ToAt'IKoB^are v ycKopo I4H4rzjcxor oneaHa u yta3u y onaj cncrer'r ! jauzHy. zsrybe Hrrcnor Ba34yrrrHor fiprrrrrcxa. One eas4yur= o Topuagoje *runn onyja,xoja ulra npevHe crpyJe crBapaJy Jyro-sarMHe BerpoBe 04 cBeraHeKo r4Ko MeTapa. xojz aern I4u4ujn 4oHoce cToTr4Ha o6aanerczure. a HrzK A,tz, y o4Hocy.Ha ceojyee,r,uvrzHy,oHVcy o BepoBarHoHaJ4ecrpyKrr.rBHaJe o^yJe. cnoJrrro HeKo rrKo rpyna u noBpeMeHo 1970. je rporrcKu rILtK oH (yparan) ce noMepeoa eKBaropalr pasnnjy cncreflycroru \4eca h3y3eTHo noro4Ho ocTpBa y Aer\Tu lanra y HHcKl4\4 npzrncxol.t.xoju bp"uao o6nqso KparKo rpaje, cavo jyxnou Eaurrra4eury. floralry"ro je ce 3oBy rporrcxr4 rIuK oHu. Y Cenepnoj je4aH car. Ha ceoN.r nyry, npu 6pslrHalra Anepzqn rrx 3oByypatanr4, oKo Mr4 r{oH "6y4H. y Aycrpa,rnjz o4 l0 4o 560 rcu r.acar, sa co6ou ocraBBr4Ar4-Br4^r4, a y zcrovuoj Asujrl - rajQyHz. najy nycrour. Oee o,ryje cy qecre. KaKo Y anrycry 2005. je yparaH KarpuHa y Auepnurz, raKo H y Ayctpatuju. noro4rro J\yuzujany, Mucucunu u Yparann Y:pon ropHa4a uuje jacan. Yecro ce Yparaun cy MHoroeehu o4 o,ryja u ycrA,ra6ar"ryy CAA-y. llpexo MH rroH noneeyjy ca o.nyjarr.ra, ry6e npr,roxacror BapI4,O yJe Cy qecTo cacTaBHrr hyry Je paceJbHo, xrubah4.e cy norr,rHyo6,rana, 4e^oBrz Bas4yxace cnyurrajy ze o,ryjHrzx yparaHa.Yparanw vecro uuajy npev- a ronlu Ba34yx e, a MaTeprrJaIHa rrrreTa ce flpoqece troAH]Ke rzoxpeheoxo nun rzsrraefy je nyje na npeno 100 rr.rz,rujapara Y rleHrpy je rurzx.BarAyuHH npHTHcaK 200 z 500 rcrra. y ,neeny Aolapa. MIzpHO Cpe4vrxTe,rAe ce Ba34yx cnymeKcrpeMHo Hrr3aK. 3na ce 4a 3rpa4e excra. Ty je He6o Be4po, a earayx je 1989. Topuaao je ycrrrprero 1300 n,a,o4rzpajy s6or pas,ruxa y ilpu'tvcty Mr,rpaH. A-nlr ono cpe4Hrrrra ce Ba3alx rbyALr y Earra.a4enry. ri3Mely Ba3Ayxay ropHa4y v Ba34yxay yz4r4lxe BeoMa BeIriKoM 6peranou u rr,r,rMa. Cnupa,ura BerpoBrr Mory 4a npr4 ToMycvcaBaB^ary ca noBprrrHHe Hajerzura rro3Hara 6peuna Berpa y 14 noAI4IHytby4eu 4a LI3KopeHauunynajy crBapa porarlr4oHLr cr4creM o6,nana z ropHa4y je 450ru'/car. 3a6eaexena BeAuKo Apeehe. Bo4enu Bpr o3r4 cy je y Bavnra Oo,rcy y Tercacy 1958. excrpeMHo janux nerpoea. Yparaucnn c LlrrHHoeuu nojaeaua, creapajy ce BerpoBH, no 4eQzuuqrzjrz, npe"r.ase H3HaAMopa u jerepa. Onn npr,roxHz 6psuHe o4 119 KM Ha car, a noHexal eBUrrcy yr aBHoM Marr,err,rHTeH3vTeTa IpaJ rexzne 1.02 nr je y6no 92 n 6pszHe oa 300 KM Ha car. Eann AII ,'rv 1986. oA'topHa4a. Aocrvrx<y
F

aIr4Henocrojx y urery Koiy cyMrba HaHOCe. onn naory nagxHy Aa nperBope y HeKe nnaHnHe no6ecHeny 6yirqy (gone).

128

O6nau;u

ntacyeodeObnaqu npedcmaenajy ne nape xoja ce xpehexpos aasdyx u xoja Jaxnama50Vo easdyutu,e noepu.tuue 3eMtbe y 6uto xoll 'eodeu,oz mpenymxy. Ou,ucy deo u,uxnyca', npoureca rcojunpyxa BumanHe cnamxoeodrue 3anuxe BaicHe3a icuqom ua 3eu,mu.

A OcxoeH[ TlrnoBlt o6rara, rojn ce hgeHrlr-

Snxyiynouofiy

o6nhKan B'ncnHeHaKoioice Hara3e.o6naqn

Bl,tCOKOr H}tBOa

ce Hana3eHa
BHCl,lHl,lOA 6 AO

18 rnrt; o6naqu cpeAlberHlrBoa

Cy Ha BUCl,lHl,l

p^o Man'oHoBLrxKo uarurHa Bo4e Hacraje. Krzrua rcojana4a je ona HCTa na4a^a MHOrO KOJaJe [yTa paunje. Cyuqe 3arpeBa oneaHe rajesepa H MLIIT4OHI4r{Tapa BOAeOA a3n y ' Ba34yx y o6,rzrty BoAeHerape. Kaxo ce BoAeHa napa no4r,rlKe, oHa @ ce x a4H u noHoBo nocraje reqHa v H E o qBpcra (no4a rarrurre4). 04 rora ce Qop- o CE rr,rupajy Br44tbvBerr.race noje 3HaMo Kao t o6aarce.Ha sev,ny ce npaha y o6rrurcy (5 na4aBuHa - Klrrue, ,\e4eHe Kprure, cHera, rpa4a, poce z,rn jaKor Mpa3a. Merr,aBo4eHy napy y TeqHo r.r H rrBpcTo cTarbeu AernaBaceK,aAa ce Ba34yx KoJpr Karco rracraiy o6rraqu caAplril{ ucnaperba pacx}.aAv r4 nocTaO6aarrra Hacra.jy oai6ae .z.A:l- eAaLIAA ne upesacuheH. o4 rcovr6zHaqrajeo6e uojane. Bo4eua napa xoja HcrrapaBav3 Mopa r4 oKeaX;tafeme Bas4yxa Ha npucyrHa je cBy4a y aruocQepu. Xrraleme Mox(e Aa HacraHe Ka4a ce Ko.nz.rzHa nape roja je npHcyrHa y Ba34yrrrHaMaca flo4urHe y Brzrue3oHe, o4pef enoj KolrzrrlrHr4Ba3Ayxa, Ha3HB Ha rrpuMep, y 6p4onurwM rpe4e^uMa. a Baa4yx ce ra4a turvpvt e6or Hr.rxer arce'anco.nyrna saaxHoc:l'. I{..a4a Yaz4yx ca4px(u MaKcr4Ma^Hy rraocQepcrornpurzclca. Y rporJecy I]IuKoALtrrHHy r4cnaperba 3a o4peleHy pema ('a4uja6arcxo ruupeme') Ba34yx TeMneparypy, KalKe ce 4a je Ba34yx rroTporxH lr3BecHyKoAUqvHyrorr^oTe. npeeacraheu B aroM u 4a'petralurla Ka4a rerr.rneparypa rragHe goBo"TbHo BlaxHocr' r,r3Hocu100%. Oea reNane- Hr,rcKo, pacnpocTpabeHa Bo4eHanapa parypaje rro3Hara Kao rarrKa crBapan,a ce KoH4eH3yJeV IIpeTBapa y KanJLI{IIe xanu. KoH4ensaquja je npoqec rcojra - TaKo HACraJyOo arIu.

oA 2-6 xm,a o6naqnHucKor

HUBOaCy Ha BlrCl,lHl,lAO 2 xtt y oAHOCy Ha HI|BO MOpa.

{ [r,rpyc o6naK, roce, je rnn o6naKaHaHaiBehoi

B1,lCtlH1,l. HAT}IK HA BTAC}I

flocroje qervplr r aBHa HarrltHa KaKo ce Ba3Ayx no4tz)Ke,xoju 4oeo4e u Hacrau4o xaaferra, KoHaeH3arrr.rje rca o6aaxa. flpeu je ryp6yaenqzja. Hacraje Har r4MrrpoMeHaMacMe.paz ycop3rrHe Berpa, Te ce raKo cTBapaJy 'oporpaQcrco noApyru ce Ha3IrBa Aldsarbe, rrrTo 3Haqlz 4a ce no4l43arbe Ba34yxa npoysoxyje KperalbeM Ba3Ayxa vsHa+ reorpaQcrux Qopuz rcao ruTo cy 6p4a u n aHuHe. .noYo4u 4o HacraHKaHeKo t,|Koepcra o6rraxa. Marrra y 6pauua Hacraje KaAa ce BeoMa BAalKaH Ba34yx pacX aJLI 4o cra4rajyva poce rrpe Hero rrrro crr.rrHe Ao Bpxa 6paa. Taj Ba34yx ce 3aKarra 129
OBI,I 3A HACTAHAK OO AKA.

oEnAr.p4
3a crpaHy opAa y npaBrly Berpa Lr Ha Bpxy, TaKo Aa v3t^e,4a Kao Mar^a Kaza ce HeKo nafe y ruer,ay. Iln,reyc Hacraje na4aje Ba3lyx npHrrr{Ho cyB v RaAace pacx^a4rz Ao cTa4vjytra poce i{HM ce noav rHe 40 Bpxa 6paa. Thrcae o6,tar ocraje Ha Bpxy 6paa u ovurae4no je craralraH ynpxoc Berpy. 3anpaeo ro uzje rlcru o6.nax rruraBo BpeMe,oH ce.HerrpecraHo QopMrrpa Ha BeTpoBnToJ cTpaHn u pI3HoBa ucrrapaBa sa aaurruheuoj crpaHu. O6,rar1u 3acraBe ce nojae"oyjy ua

V Kyruynyc nnn roMuna HaHrCKl,lM Bl,lCllHaMa

) flrajarpaun npuxaeyjyrpn
HAqIHA KAKO

rrPorlEclr HACTAHKA oEAAKA

oporpafcxa
o6lar

1t / SE'BO

Hacraie KaAace KOHBeKT{}tOHe crpyje noAlrxy ca rna. Ea3a o6naKaje xneo Ha KOieM Ce BoAeHanapa KoHAeH3yje y Klrury.
.o 6 6

o6naqu nacrajy. flpeu je noAH3abe Ba3Ayxah npena3aKnpeKo nflaH!rHe. O6nax xacraje KaAace
Hl,IBO HACTAHKA

'.
---j BAatl Ba3l4)x

/, t.

.'/-----\
IIa/larme

\--:

.I.oEAeEaaq4le

-: - -'-'

.4
KOmercqEoEz o6a*

poce AocTlrrHell BoAa KoHAexeyje. To cy opora$cru o6naqn. flpyru gnjarpau npuxasyje HacraHaK
KOHBeKqHOHI,TX

mmcgBeEaq

o6naxa KaAace ronle Ba3AyuHe crpyje no4lrrHy ca noBplxl,rHe epyfierrna. Tpefiu4njarpan npuxasyje cycper ABeBa3gyuHe Mace- ronne n xraAHe.BasAyx ce noAnxe c npeAlbecTpaHe nsuefy TeABe Mace, a o6nar ce $oprunpaxaxo y ycce Ba3Ayx noHyxflaAlr.
IT aHAHCKIIM BpXOBTZMa KaO TaHaHe

!i$ii
III lll tll

a\ I /-*.,
nonrexqnore crpyje

v \/-\ '. \ .: / -.-f--

r'A

rfpoura-urr o6"rar
roo troEq,eE3aqule

: -::

TOtraO Ba3AyX

3acraBe nolnrHyre y BvrcvtHy. Hacrajy KAAACe Ba3AyXnOle,LKO n aHrrHcKor Bpxa. Thrconacraje KoBLrr arI Ha saurrzheHoj crpaHu H goBo,bFro ryp6yaeuquja noje no4umy Ba34yx o4 rcojer HacTaJy oo,\aqu y B alr{HuM Ba34yrrrnr.rrra crpyjanulra. Haxon HacraHKa r.r3a
n aHZHCKOT Bpxa, BeTap fa HOCI,T V Ha

KpaJy4o^a3rr 40 nclaperba. Porop o6,ran Molre 4a HacraHe y KoBnrlarly Ha sarurrahenoj crpaHLl n,l.aHltHcKof BeHrra.ThKae o6,r.an ur,ra o6"rrzrc 4yravKor uuluH4pa u croju napa^.e^Ho y3 rI aHr,rHcKu BeHarI. '{enpecuje'

> O6nax gacraBa Blropll ca ieAHor Bpxa Ha xnManaj!tMa. Ba3Ayx je AocTlrrao H!lBo Ha KOieM Ce BOAeHa napa roxgexeyje r Hacraie o6naK.

E
o
l c E '-

c O

Cnaiame
HacraJy oA rro4usaft,a rorr^or Ba34yxa y npe4e^nMa r{ Brl[re Hero cTo nyTa 6pxe o4 urrvracrrzx o6"taxa, a npoqec rcoju ro H3a3HBaHa3rrBace 'rconnexqr.rja'. To je verepra Merola roAw3arbaBa34yxa H HacTaHKaoo^aKa. HayuHuqra cy orKpH r{ Aa ra34yx KoA crBapaba oBe Bpcre o6,laxa Moxte 4a ce xpehe 6pszuou ao 100 KM Ha car. flo4nruyru Ba3ayx y o6,r,axy ce xla4u sa no je4au creneH Ha cBaKr4x100 u. Ano relaneparypa oKo Hor Ba3lyxa na4He Hprx(e04 noMeHyTe,Ba34yruHa crpyja he uacraeurr Aa ce nolvlre u TaKBo crarbe ce Ha3HBa 'c.ra6z,tHIzlt'. Axo ce oKo HH Ba34yxcnoprzje xtaAr4. on4a he Ba34yrrr:aa crpyja xoja ce rcpehe Ha rope y6pso 4ocruhu ry reMneparypy 14npecrarv. Aa ce noln)Ke. Thxeo 'necra6z,tHo'. crame je no3Haro xao

npe}crae,rajy rpehn pa3^or noAu3arba Ba34yxa y oKBrrpy Be TTKUXMeTeOpO,\OrrrKLlX CuCTeMa. OrpouHe rpyne o6"raxa Hacrajy rca4a ce x^a4He H TOIr e, B,\a)I(HeMaCe r.a34yxa'cnoje' nlr.r cycperHy a 6ope aa repuroprlj y. X.xa4nujv, ryurhu nasAyx ceLle oAo34o u norucxyje AaKrxu, ron,r.rajv Ba34yx. Eojuo no,be ce Ha3r4Ba 'Qponr'. u 9ecro 4oHocrro6zane na4aBvrHev 4yfe KuurHe nepHo4e. O6azqrl o6"laxa cy ycKo rroBe3aHrr Ca [pupolHIIM y3 a3HLIMKpeTaII'eM rasdyxa o4 xojer uacrajy. O6,taqn rrrrvracror H3rle4a o6uqno Hacrajy oA Ba3dyxa noju ce cnopo nolu)Ke (5-10 cu/cerc). Ipy4eacrn o6,,raqz 130

Oti,raqu ce.jaenajy y pa3^la.rtrrlz,M Eopu 6ojarr.ra ruro je MaMa, BeALrrruHaMa npol13Bo4pa3lil rrHTHXnpoqeca xojr,r yvecreyjy y rbaxoBoMHacraHKy.HayvIJurukr cy noKyrxaBain 4a orrHrxy rr K,\acraQuxyjy o6-rare xoje cy nocMarpa 14 npe Hefo rrrTocy pa3yMe^r4 pa3MHOrO ore rblrxoBor HacraHKa.Maby rrpBnua je 1802. n QpanrlycnIznpvpo4lbaK v r'lzoHLrp y reopzjz eeoryuzje }KaH Earacr Aauapn r<.tacuQuKoBao o6,rare y rpt4 HuBoa u neT TrrIroBa.

^ _K"'tacuQuraquj a o6"rtarca

v ) flegeKT4IIIA
xoje ,4P,ICEy3^iulEa Ba3l4lmHa (m

H14Kpl4CTaI14

xralinujr' BA3&yx

Hacrajyy o6nar{nMa caMo, aKo je reuneparypa ]4cnoA 0'c. Ka4anocrany

BerlrAOBOTbHO Ke, naxyrbl4qe naAaiy Ha rflo. Cnexnu Kpl,rcranH hMaiy 14AeHTn9Hy uecroKpaKy crpyKrypy, anu pa3n14quror 143rneAa.

Orru ce cacroje oz MerxaBlzHe Kanlr BOAeCa eAeHVM KphcTaAvr\4a. O6,taqz Hr.rrrtef HVBoa (ua evcr.rur.r

, (ali

: : a..a: :::,::::

4o 2 xu) o6yxearajy nyuy,tyce (Cu), crparoKyMy,ryce (Sc), crparyce (St), nuu6ocrparyce (Ns) u nyuy,nour'rlr6yce (Cb). llpea rpu cy oA BoAeHHxKanu, a Apyra ABa oz MerxaBlzHeBo4e rr AeAa. Crparonyvy^yc. rzcrparyc cejae,tajy y Br.rly cr'rBorc^oJa.

roieioJd' rcxapabajl y Torrnqtes Be&yxy

o rq c l T

A ) flaAaerHe cy y o6nnKy Kytule, cHera,reUnU AeHeK]4lUe rpaAa. Knua naAa KaAace BOAeHa napa n3 Ba3AyXa KOHAeH3yje.KaAa je xan Klrrue
AOBO'bHO Be-

rPA4

nnKa, oHa naAa, MaAa MOXeAa lrcnaplr npe Hero uTo crhrHe Ao rra. l-pygee rpaAa Hacraiy KaAaiaKe crpyie noAlrxy Kan14
KHIIJE TO.rI}IKO BHCOKO Aa Ce oHe 3aMp3Hy 14 naAaiy Ha 3eMrby Kao KoMaAlrfi,l fleAa. 1802. r eHrlecKr4 xerr.tr.rap Ayx Xayap A,rrpe4craBv o je r<.racu<pnxaq;jy Tpr4r aBHaruna o6aana, ca ,,rarzHcKtrM Ha3r,rBrzMa noju cy vMaAV rrae[ynapo4ny ynorpe6y. To cy 6raau: qupyc (',roxua xoce' z,l.pro6,Lan Helr(Hor rasr,te4a),nyMylyc ('roun"r.a' LIl.:z Maca o6,r.ana saUK Ha rolrrz,ty), crparyc ('c,toj' a,tu xopH3oHTaiHu, HaclaraHrr o6,tar1u). Oeu
AaHaC. 'MefyHapo4Hu llpeu ar ac o6;taxa' o6jannenje 1896. r CeercKa MereopololrKa vpraHrr3aqzja (WMO) ca4a pas,rzxyje l0 r,taeHIzx rr4rroBa o6,taxa, npeMa rr,r.rxoeoj rrrcnHvr u o6,lrzry. Hasue ceaKor o6"l.aKa r.rMa crpaheHrlqy xojy rcoprzcre Mereopo^osu. ocHoBHII IJasIlIBr4 Ce KOpVCTe V

flaa,anune
Bo4a rzs o6raxa crrixre Ha 3eMJbyy pa3lur{rrrHM o6.tuquua, rrrely xojrzua cy f aBHlr lr'r4.'ua u cnen Curne xanu BoaeHe rrape y o6,raxy He :re64e, neh ce noAn;.Ky n cnyurrajy Kpo3 Fbera. Ka4a na4ajy, cnajajy. ce ca 4pyrr.rM Karrr4Ma,4oKHe ore)r{aJyro^r4Ko 4a rrpoZpy Kpo3 Ba34yx y ycrroHy o4 nojer cy Hacrale. Oeaj nporlec ce Ha3rzBa 'xoa,tecqenqzja'. Axo Karru locrrzrHy 1 uu npeuHzxa, nocrojz noryhnocr Ano cy Marr,e pa3Aa r'adlr'y Ha 3eMJby. 6zhe ce s6or eas4yruHor nplrrncKa u nporJec he npenyru rr3HoBa.30-zx r 20. e uree4cKu Mereopo,tor EeprepoH H3HOCT{ npeTfrocTaBKytra cy Kr4rxa H cHef rrporr3Boa'cynep pacx,,r,afenzx' Kt4rrrHr4x Kanv KoJeqrzHe e4eHeKpr4cra^e y o6rraxy.Oez rpucra,rvt na4ajy Ha 3eMJr,y6z,Lo xao Kvrxa, 6rz,ro Xao

na4aBrrHe Ha 3eMnrr. Ilvpycu uwajy <Popery He)fiHprx, pasylenzx 6e,rvx rpyra. Uzpoxyuy,r,ycw ce jar,najy y oo^rrKy oe,\ux KoMa4a LI uyrrrbr,rKaBrrx c,rojeea. IJnpocrparyc n usr,re4ajy rcao rrpo3upaH eeo ua He6y. O6rra4racpe4ber HhBoajaenajy ce Ha BVCAHV oa2 ao 6 nr',r r,ryrcnyyjy atroKyMy^yce (Ac) z a^rocrparyce (As).

),Qyra lt3Hag Jlyxe6ypr Xnra y HeMaqKoj. flyre nacrajy KaAaje nrbycaK KUUJe 14CnpeA nocMaTpaqa, a cyHqeB[ spaqr t43a]bera. K14uBucorca rroar{rlria He Kann npenaUrtpyc (Ci), qnpocrparyc (es) n urz- MaiycyHqeBe (Cc) cy o6,nar1ra poKyMy^yc xojn cy Ha 3paKe,Te TaKo Be,IUKLIM ezcunaua.Jaumajy ce Ha BvoA 6ene cBercvHalr.a o4 6 4o 18 nu. Cacroje ce o4 nocrl,r Hacraie eAeH rrx KpHC rala, ocrajy Ha Be,ttzKt4 M nyH cneKrap s BrrcvHaMa H He npoLr3BoAe HvKaKBe 6oja. 'q
131

osnAqr,l
{ Ilpocevna roAHrrlba pacnoAefla naflaBlrHay cBery. HajenaxHlrilr perlroHl,l cy rponcKlt,
vBvrual,$Ia 4oHoce o yJHe Kurrre roKoM ^era u rpaa roxoM ezrrae.Jyrapmtue6o npouapaHo JapKnMrIpBeHfiM oo aIIvMa HaJaBhyJy o^yJI{IdAaH. IJupor<yrnry,ryc ce noHeKaA rra3vBa Kp^yrur prz6e, jep eQexar cBer yIIaMOHCyHCKI4ll 3parlr4Ma Bocru o6,tarcanol cyHrreBVM oHu cpeAbe reo- 3avcra ^r4qLrHa pz6,ry xp"nyun Oeaxeu rpaQcKe urlrpxHe o6,naua o6H.rHo najaunyjy npaj ycra,terAe cy qecre Hr,rxBpeMeHcKr4x rrplrlrrxa. Ilupvc utrtt 'morucnu Aenpeclrie. pen' Ha ue6y vecro aoHocu rrpoMeHe BpeMeHa. Kyuy,ronuna6yc ) Bogena napa o6uqno 4oHocLr rpM,r,aBuHe ca fiJbyce KoHAeH3yie cKoBrrMa, Kr{Ixy Ll^ri rpaA. !r3 Ba3Ayxa
"ll oa 250- 500uu
ucuo4 250 uv 4 100 uu = 4 ssga

KaAace rno oxnaAlr ToKoM Hofin, TaKO Aa ce crBapa poca Ha 6nJbKaMa.

cHel y 3aBrrcHocTH 04 Tofa 4a ,\H ce Tone v roKy naga. la 6r.r nacra"ta AeAeHa KHura, J\e4eHH KphcTa H axyuy Ltupajy HOBe HaC are Ae4a AOK Ce flO4ldlr\y Vl cnyrurajy xpos o6,rax. Onaj upoqec ce 'anpeqzja'. Ha3uBa Ha xpajy AeteHu KpHcTa u nOCTaHy TO LIKO TeIxKIz la naAaJy Ha 3eM"4,yy BLrAy rpa4a. CHer na4a KaAace BoleHa napa KoHaeHsyje y o6.rany Ha reMneparypvr rr3rraely -4"C rz l5"C;ae4eHrz KpHcra Iz ce

Bezpo ne6o 6es o6,rana. Mereopo^o3rr KoApyra ruepa xojy '6asa pvcre Ha3uBace o6,raxa', ruro je najHuxa rarrKa nosuquje o6,laxa, noja ce o6H.{uo nporlerbyje npeMa meroeoj
Br4CI"]Hr4 y O4HOCy Ha HUBO T a.

=
6 c o

xoja oplwrwpajy oKo Careazrz, ua4nt e4ajy uHQpaqpeeHy pa3err,r.,re, aujauujy noja ce enaHryjeca r a, rroBprrruHe Mopa r.r o6,rarca.Taxae rro4aran Morre 4a ce o6pa4u y ronlorHy clr{Ky

O o o
l

co

{ Begpo ne6o
HOfiyAO3BOrbaBa Aa TOnroTa ca noBpr!HHe 3paqu y arMocQepy.Marna Hacraie KaAa BnaxaH Ba3Ayx naAa lrcnoA HHBOa TeMneparype Ha Koioi ce napa KoHgeH3yie. { Bnaxax ronao Ba3AyxKoil,l crpyil4 npeKo xraAHe noBpl!],tHeMoxe Aa ce oxnaAll .qo TaqKeKoHAeH3aqlrje. Oeaxea Bpcra Marr|e Ha3lrBa ce aABeKlll,ricKa Marna.
TaKo Za rou,tuje noBprurrHe rzarae4ajy Qopuupajy u cnajajy re raKo uacrajy cHe)KHenaxylhv\e. llonerca4 cy rroMe- rarrrHuje, a x,r.a4Hrzjeceer,r.uje y oAHorrraHeca KurxoM rcojanacraje y AeloBlrcy Ha c^r4Ky KoJa ce AoovJa oourrHoM rua o6r.axa noju Hlrcy roluKo xla4Hv, BeoMa QororpaQujorra.O6,r.aqu ce B:z.Ae s6or .{era ce Qoplrupa eAeHaKrzrxa. JacHor4MeTeopoio3H Mor-y4a KopHCTe lo,,rzlr oKoM Moxe aa ce nporleHrr oBe c HKe 4a 6u vu4en,n Ba?KHy KoMKolt4rrrrHa o6aara. Ibuxoea Kolulrr4Ha 6uwa\wjy o6,r.arca. ce Mepn oa 0-8. npeMa Onrac cKalrz. IJpeeura o6"taqu Ha zailaqy y Bpe8 Orcraca = nOT[yHa npeKpHBeHocT Me 3alacKa cyHua uecro yxaeyjy aa o6rraqrzua, 4 Oxraca = flo^oBrzqHa he Hape4nor AaHaBpeMe 6rzrraaeno. lpexprzBeHocr o6,laqnua, 0 Orcraca = EanapHlr o6,r.aqu ca cpe6pnrcacrlrM 132
I Mopnapn xojn 6n censry6ntn ua uopy raeAa]in cy y o6,rare xaro 6n Aolr^rr Ao I(onna. Tasasn o6.raqn ra xopreonry o6nruo ce Qopurpajy n3HaA ocrpta.

Kyuy,roxrnr6yc ie o6lax na uainnmoi uosu4uin. Morce 4a Aocrnrne n 4o l8 rnr, mro ie 4na rryra rume o4 Monr Erepecra n
ldo)r(e aa Eoc[ Iloaa il[]|toEa I rorra Boae. !,a 6n ce rrpotrsBeaa BertrTalrKa rcnma, xprcra,ra cpe6puor io4x4a ce ncna,syjyyo6aaRe rr3 aBtroHa. Bo4a y o6,raquMa ce cMPsEe I rraAa rra TAo y o6,rrry I xrue n tn cxera.

[BpeKaMa o DpeMeEy:

O6aar{n cy yBeK dua tr Baxtgy y ory y 'Axo rexacrn o6rr"\n

npouapaiyne6ecKe rryre, yaerErr A,rE x.trrua 'Ka4a nehe naxsacntr{ geMarbcKe cKyre'; o6aaqtr [r crexe na xe6y crany, rrarerraAErr r 'Ye,rryrro ne6o, iaxn u.sycxoruhe 4a na4ry.'; r'o pn6e Kp6yrur, 6peo 4o!e, rrtycEe E oAe qrs nyt'. r Haisaartraie uecro ie Kayan raXarainma. Krma na4ayupocexy 335 4ana roArrlrEe, a uoIIeKaA, rIaK n 350 4ana. Kanu y o6,raqnMa Mory Aa ocraEy y retrEoM crany n KaAa ie reweparnra flptrAFrso ucro4 0"C, rar r lo - 15"C. Kautr cy oEAa y 'cyrep pacx,ra| exonr' cra6niyrry. KaAa ce o6,raqn r,re4aiy oAooro rrecro ce Taxo ner,re4aiy 'y,uqe o6.l,axa'.

arilre rra rpaKe rrarr ralace. s6or nerpoaa r rasmaiy

BpeMeHcKa nporHosa
fi H+opMaquj { flaxcupane a Carcyn-'rane paAliocoHAe. Hayuue nporHo3e 3aBVCe o4 6psor H3BeIxTaJa o BpeMeHcKIIM Houen CaKyrlbarr'a ypetaj ycloBlrMa ca craHrrrla, pacnopeleHzx 6anoHotvr, MephBa3AytxH14 fio qe^oM ceery. To je uocra,lo rr.roryhe
np14T14caK,

reMnepaTypy l,i BnaxHocry

AOFbUM

cnojeanua arMocsepe. PaEuo curHanu uarbyBpeAHOCT}I HA TRO.

E E

l-beroe peQnexropee nparlr nomofiy paAapa, TaKo Aa H cMep 6psnHa Berpace nspavyxanajy. flago6pax epaha lrHcTpyMeHTe.

je JwrroeoMe Ynompe1a rconnjymepa noeenuwrnaqHocrn speMehcKu)c npozt+ola. Anu nt+oze cmsapuu daae nozy da ucnndnydpyzauuje, a eehuru nydu unjdyne naw'tnuouecnytu,jeee xada cy e/eMevcrvnpozuose, ut neroz pasnoza, npemepano oMavyne.

4a ynasyjy 4a he 4ohrl 40 rrpoMeHe BpeMeHa rrtrt 4ahe uauhu orryja. Hanpuuep, nyan saajy 4a yKo^hKoje He6o y cyMpax rIpBeHo,cyrpa4aH BpeMe he 6urw ^eno, a yKoIr{Ko je qpeeno y 3opy, BpeMe he ce npoMeHkrrr4. Hayvno o6jaurrseme ce cacrojr.r y rolae 4a je y3poK rlpBeHa^a y cyMpaK rr^rr y 3opy

Dil'lii;.'Jll,f X"rff i:::; J Hayevtt4 npeno3Hajy suare xoju

7f

yAA A3 ceoc.Knxr.r pa6apcrlax

nparrruHa rcoja ce Hala3u y Ba3Ayxy. nparuzHe je uajeeha xa4a je Ko"r,rz-rzna Ba34yx MHpaH v cyB. Ka4a je ne6o rIpBeHo y cyMpaK (ua zana4y), cyau Ba34yxloHoca eno BpeMe.Melytrzu, je He6o upBeHo yjyrpo. earyKo r4Ko Ayx Ha HcroKy uopa 4aje cyB r{ MvpaH. 36or rora nocroju repoearuoha 4a je enoM BpeMeHy Aoruao KpaJ Ir Aa or4 ycKopo Morle 4a Hacryne tpyrauuje BpeMeHCKe npullrKe rcoje crr,rxy ca 3anaAa.Ma4aro He ynercje crzrypHo. Mo4epHe BpeMeHCKerrporHo3e ce ocnaroajy Ha caxyn"barbe Mrl HoHa Meper+,a BpeMeHcKHx yc^oBa y rIe oM ceery. Ti.r no/:ar\A ce aHa^r,r3H paiy vI npeBole y c HKe BpeMeHcKI{xnpv,\I4Ka y LIe OM CBeTy, a Ta aHa.^.Lr3a Ce KaCnzje rtopncrr 3a rrpe4r.vrlame epeuencKIlx yc^oBa y Hape4HoMrlepvo4y.

ren HaKoH urro je Ceujye,t Mopse usyMr.ro eieKTpLrqHt4 reaerpaQ 1844. {auac je orco 7 000 3BaHVrrHuxBpeMeHcKrrx craHr.rqa pacnopeleuo rxHpoMcBera.Hexe ce Ha a3e y rpaAoBr4Mar4Nr4 Ha aepo4poMHMa, 4pyfe cy na 6po4oerlMa Ha Mopy.9ax z aBlzoH:a ycloBe .4oK ere ca 6e,rexe BpeMeHcKe Je4Hor Mecra Ha zpyro. Ha Mereopo,torrrKi'4M craHVrIaMa, Mereopo^o3v (HayrrHrrrlz KOJH nporraeajy arraocQepy.H BpeMencxe yc,r.oee) pe4oBHo y3nuaJy no4arKe o BpeMeHcnr.rM ycloBrzrvra. Onz Mepe reMnepaTypy, Ba34yfiHtt rrprtrrrcaK, B^alr(Hocr Ba34yxa.Berap, [a4aBuHe (xrar-uy. cHer, fpaA, pocy rr Mpa3), Bpcre cycHe?Kuqy, BLrcvHyrl3Ha4 T a. o6,rarcaA FbHXoBy Ha ayrotr,rarcKlrM Mereopolorrtxl.lM craHr.ruaMa oquraBana ce 6e,rexe Ha MarHernoj TparIu r.r,tu ce rrpeHoce 40 UeHTapay yHanpe4o4peleuo BpeMe. Oea rnrepema ce o6aenajy Ha Hr,iBoy r,ta. A-tu norpe6He cy u unQopuaqzje earo yc^oBl4Ma y roprbr,rM c.,rojeennaa 4yxa. One ce yr aBHoM ao6wjajy rroMohy paauo con4e xojy nocz 6a,ton. Orra ce cacrojH 04 ayroMarcKor rzHcrpyMeHra r<ojz 6e,rexu Ba34yrnlnlz r'pLrrkrcalr", TeMneparypy, B^alr{Hocr rr Op3rrHy
Berpa Ha pa3^uqfiTrrM 40 CTaHHIIC H?IBOAMa Ha TAy. y

aruocQeprz, lox rzx pa4uo o4anrvr,aq

IJIa.nre HaSM

{Oororpa$nja
CHHONTIqKE

KapTe BpeMeHa. BrAnce

KOnUqIHa

4eraruaxojr,r nnopajy f,a ce anannonpajy. )Trnuqsamana reneeusnju. Cnu6onn .. floMaxy Aace pa3yMe. # Mana
BpeMeHa KaKBy Bl,tAuMo Ha

eeeuEHcKA nPorHo3A
N{NBNH DAPOMETAP

nocy4A sA
IIEB

KAIIY

BaKyM

ar(o ce rrPHTrrcar( noneha '(EBa nopacTe aRo rrprrTrrcaK orrag,Ile

,rc[Ba ona,4,a

{ Basgyurnra npnrucaK ce Mepx noMofiy Ha 6apomerpa. AHjarpaMy

CTy6a Bl,rCHHa x(l,|Be y

6apouerpy, lxro ie Befia re)KlrHa Ba3Ayxa,ro ie

)KTBA B}IUE.

BrrcuEa x{rrBe y Mr.rIEMeTpr{Ma (nllra ce c^rrBa y nocy4y roja ce cl(u.4,4 Ba34yxa

ill
Mereopo"rorrrxrr carelrrrrr
MAKCAMYM A MNHNMYM TEPMOMETAP Oa 60-ux rporxlor BeKa KoplrcHe uHQopvauzje o arvocQepcnnMnpHAHKaMa cTuxy ca MeTeopo^orrrKrzxcaTeAlaTay cBeMHpy.flocroje ABe r aBHe Bpcre carelzra. leocraqvoHapHa carer.rrr.rce Hala3e y op6urn oxo 36 000 KM r43HaaeKBaropa. OHz ce xpehy y rano 66:rMI Ca 3eu"ruruoruporaunj^ona. 4a yBeK ua4rte4ajy vcrv Aeo 3er,,r.rune noBprxnHe. 36or eucplHe na nojoj ce Hala3e, oHH Mory 4a na4rtte4aeajy 'cnlruKe' Be uKe noBpruvHe v Aa Lrrar,y qe,r,exernrucQepe Ha cBaKlrx ro a caTa. Care,lnru, xojrz rcpyxe Ha rtoloBvMa, ce Haia3e MHoro Hr4xe - Ha oxo 850 rra v3HM noBprxuHe - TaKo AaIlaAfJ\eAaeajy cartro oxo 2"/" 3errryl,unefloBprxurre. Oeu caretr4Tr4ce Hala3e na op6rzrz ceoep-jyr Lr roKoM HeKo HKo y3acTOnHHX AaHA OHId MOfy Aa Br44e rIe^y

{ flaAaenxe ce caKynrbaiy y lt36axAapeHy nocyAy l,r Mepe cBaKor AaHa.y Epnrannjn cBaKor AaHa BOIOHTeplt, BefirHoMbaqn, oqrraBaiy npeKo 7 000 lt36ax(AapeHlrx nocylla.
rluje ce caxyn,najy y Mereopo orrrKt4M r4e ce npvnpeMaJy npofHocTaHur]aMa se. Hajeehe raKBe craHurIe, Ha3BaHe cBeTcKr.rnporHo3epcKr4 rIeHTap, cy Mereopo,toruKa KaHrle aphja y BparHe,l.y y Yje4umenorrl Kpa"neBcrBy LI HaqraoHa,tnu BpeMeHCKpr cepBrrc y BaurranrroHy. Oea JBa IIeHTpa caKynnajy uuQopuarlnje rr3 rlelor cBera v npaBe r,lo6a,rue nporHo3e. 3a ceercre aBvoKoMnaHuJe oHH. npunpeMaJy DporHo3e3a ropEe c oJeBeBa3lyxa.

A Hajnuxe lr HaiBgtuJe reMneparype roKoM ieAnor AaHa ce 6enexe noMofiy MerarHlrx MapKepa Ha cneqHian Ho HanpaBrbeHoM MaKCUMyM/M1,rH1,rMyM repMOMerpy. Ea-ron ce nerbe z o6zqno nparz rryreM paAapa. To. noruaxe Mereopolo3nMa Aa oTKpr,rJy rpaBarl BeTpa y aruocQeprz. Hexe cranzrle Bprrre Meperba cBaKVx rrola cara, yo5uuajewwjw uHTepBzrlr4cy I wtrw3 cana.{pyre craHHue caKyrubajynnQopuaqaje Ha ceaKr4xruecr uttu 12 caru. 134

3erra,rr,rHy noBprxHHyy nojaceezua 4on ce oHa onpehe ucrro4 r6ux. flpoo6urHo care HTHcy clurlu c r.rKe 3erra,,le H rrpoMeneHux H3rleaa o6,raxa, KoJe cy froKa3rzBae KaKo ce pa3BnJaJy yparaHu. llyrame yparaHa ce ralrlr,HBo npoyqaBaJy v u3AaJy ce yno3operba Ka4a ce oayja npu6,rlrlxrz KorrHy. Kacnnju carelzTr,r HHcy caMo cla H c,r.lrre 3err,r,re, eeh cy orrpeM eHa H ypefajnua xojz rr.repe reMreparypy Ha
T y H Ha pa3 UrrHTr4M BLICIIIHaMA y

arrr.rocQepu. Onz opure raxole Meperbe

B aXHOCTH BA3Ayxa.

Care,nurcre rzHQoprvraquje cy HapoquTO BaXHe 3a [poyr{aBarbe BpeMeHcKHx npu.,rnKan3HM oKeaHanjyxHe xeMr,icQepe. Cne 3eMrbepasuenyjy unQopuaqnje o BpeMeHyrrpeKo CeercKe Mereopo oIIrKe opraur.rsarlaje. Te raHQoprnra)CarennrcKlr cHuMaK ycnOBa X3HaA BpeMeHCKl,lX

Arnaxrnra y no4He8. 06. 1973.

{ vTopsaflo, onyle y o6nnKy reBKa,ce yBpfie

xyuy"'rourru6yc
xyMy oEEM6yc

jaxx ropnu BerpoBr A.ube 04 o^yje

o4Bo4e Ba34yx -'-"o

;e

AOK Ce Bpyfill Ba3Ayx Bprlo)t(],| HaBHlue, oHr,l nocKaKyjy no 3eMrb14HOi nOBplUl,lHl,l' y3poKyiyfiu BenlrKy urTeTy cBaKH nyT KaAa AOraKHy r'|O.

Ma u yla3arc rorr
E

or B^a)rcEor Bas4yxa

o 6

x.nzltrfH BasAyX TOEe rr rro4B^aq[ cTpyJy ftoJa Byrre Fa rope

ce rlo4

{ Cnuxa HaKoH yparaHa. CpeAnurre yparaHa,MlrpHa o6nacr ycpe4 xaoca ce orKplBa

CATET14TCKI4M CH14MKOM.

Onpeuruenn
aBllOHl,l nOHeKaA

ynere y cpeAlrure
yparaHa ll

6enexe npunuKe,
paaeujajy BpeMeHcKe npz,rrzne. Zs flpunpervrarbe rrporHose oBHX aHaiv3a cy v3B^arru^u nporHocZrrQopr,,rarlzje ca Mereopolorrrxt4x craTprrrKe Kapre Ha xojzrra cy npvKa3l{BaHr{ua ce urzQpoeano npeHoce40 npor,l.u rrrra MLtc e o roMe KaKBe he 6zrz HOCTr4qapCKr.rx ueHTapa. oue ce npeo AemwQpyjy, a 3arlzM y6aqe y rcorr,rnjy- BpeMeHcKe rrplrlr,IKe y uape4lr'vx 24, repe xoju rlx o6pa4e r4 HarrpaBe 36 utv 48 caru. rrporLraeHn Qanrop KoA BpeMeHCKe cltHorrrlrqKe Kapre. One rapre 4ajy je epeue, jep 4a 6w 6utta KopvcHa, cr.rHoncvc II,\II calKeTaK cTa[54 aTMoc- Hoae 6pso 4a ce flpllnpeMr{. rrporHo3a rr,ropa Qepe/ o4pelenorra rpeHyrxy. Ha muua cy. ooe^e)KeHe r{3ooape v^rz ,\rlHHJe Korranjyrepz, xoju ypMe Ha MrzAIzoHe KoJecnaJaJy MecTa Je4HaKor Ba34yrrrHor parryHcKHx oneparlrrJa y ce}tyH4ld, cy rrpBv nyr yBe4et{u Aa ou yop3a^!r rpr.rrrrcKa. O6aaqu, rcoje zeo6ape HanpaBe,orxpraeajy noeuurlje uultngo6paly nozaraKa. Ca4a xovnjyreph rzuajy rr,troro eehrz xauarlzrer. HanpzHa rAe ce Ba34yx r434vtx<e, a BpeMe Je necra6u,Lso, Kao vr aHTrzrIuK oHa nep, xovnjyrep y BpaxHe,ry je Morao (o6rtacrn BHCoKor Ba3AyIIIHof IIpITTLIConepaqrlja y AaoqpaAv 400 pavyncrcrax rca) rye Ba3ayx roHe r{ r4e je ne6o ceKylf4v! KacHL\e ra Je 3aMeHI4o Apyfw Beapo. Ha cnHonrr,rqny Kapry ce KOJI4Mo}rte Aa oApaAu Ha Mr4 AJap4e AoAajy z zuQoprr.raqzje o x a4HIM LI oreparlHJa y ceI{yHAr4. Berrrzrcnnonrnjyrepra Aerre 3ev",urzH;r Torr t4MQponroerzua, 6psunrz u ilpaBqy Berpa, 3aJe4Ho ca fro4arlrrMa o naAanoBpuruHy Haje4r,tuzqe o4 no 150 xruz, BI4HaMa u o6,ta.trocrra. )60-rax npounor BeKa orKpl,rBeHe florpe6a 3a KoMrrjyreprrMa cy ayToMaTcKe MereoporouKe llpe epe rconnjyrepa, Mereopolo3t4 cy craHlrqe Aa 6u BpuJl4re vcflvfuBa^vr HaJHoBVJe cvHoflTnirKe noBplul4HcKa onaxalba Ao TaAa cfla6o nocMarpaHnx o6r|acTlr Ha Kapre Lr ynopeluea-r.r4 ux ca npelaruMOpy. rbr,lM KapTaMa Aa ov Br44eNu KaKo ce 3eMrbll 1,1

a cBaKa oZ oBt4x je4uuvqa ce 4e Iz Ha 15 nzeoa oZ rroBplrrl4He Ao crparocQepe. flo4auz 3a cBaKyje4unnuy na Ht4Boyr a r4^rl foprbrlx c oJeBace yoaHa uyiy. y rcouujyrep v anau\A3?rpajy. KpaJy KoMnJyrep z3parryHa nporHo3e ao 140 carr4 ylaanpe4 3a cBaKy 04 oBLtx je4unuga. Teopercrtz. rcorranjyrep npe4erzla BpeMeHcKeycloBe 6one oz Mereopo^or-a. AL]'ur"a/.acepa+r4o npvfrpeMn 24-qacoeue ilporHo3e, Mereoy ory. po^o3Lr vrpaJy BeoMa Ba?KHy

eeennEHcKA nPorHo3A
{ npr,rmepax
chHoriTltqKe Kapfc yKa3yie Ha npueyctBo o6tlaKa, K1,|ute, Befpa 1,1 BpeilicHcKl,lx cucreMa.

V Cranrynaqrlia rnooa'|HcMahe noBpiiiiiHcKor (y nBlrfl4cKa YI u3o6apallia) o6naKa(6eno) je ypafieHa KoMnjyTepoil,|.

P 3

&
.9
o E o
! .E

s
I 6

o c

gl F o o

=
co_ c E 4 Ho_oPMArlr4E yTIPTABAJy
CTAHI,ITIHI4
Bdeokt TeMqebai.Vba a@mocT trp6 PocmiE TdCllvftsOM uiteui ity --..--,/ v npa*aq BeTpa / \ / dc{E o6liu

.9 E

MOAEA

24-.racoelra upofiio3a
Kaga ce rpr4rrpeMa 24-vacoeua nporHo3a 3a Becrr4 y 6 yjyrpo, Ha ocHoBy rro4araka zsMepeHr.rx 6 carrl panzje, Mereopolo3u Molx/,a urtajy n ceexuje unQopuaqzje. Haupe4oBarr,e rorlor Qpoura je rraoxi4a ycnopu o, na he nurua xoja ce noeesyje ca ruM Qponrorvr BepoBarHocrnhn rcacur,rje rrero ruro je N c ro rcorrrnjyrepcKa nporHo3a npvKa3a a. c Mereopo,tosn ce oclarr,ajy na ceoje Jo HcKycrBoH He 3aHeMapyjy unmenuqy o 4a HeKr{ oKa Hrr Qarcropz yrvtqy Ha I npoMeHy BpeMeHCKpix cr{creMa. I4s ror o pa3lora Haj6o,te 24-qacoene nporHo3e he n 4ane 6firn oHe rcoje Hacrajy r<ao o pesy rar capMrr,e rasuely Mereopo ora v KoMnjyrepa.

t clid+itDh o6eie \ .i rtrabc t trd'4abe BFcMe trPinecka

trPetxo4rio

o"riir*t'tt

"t""

ro
remepatypa Bd.46iBocr REEA l0oC l5 M

v
rptFiiea( fiItEiucaft

)'33

9!i6 M6 otr:r.4,L de ce ycTaJtE aaiy

KEtra y npaxoJifioii pd8ffie l0 C Ha / t .'.. '\y \ ,l

trortiliHaooKpmbnocTFrlcrdr o6raia ocddBa EEcRor o6,tdka ga lo0-2oo M ddetihe

/crparyc (mcxil

o6^ax)

fpeurrce y rpornostl
Ynprcoc ynorpe6ra Mo4epHe rexHoloruje, nporuo3e Mory v Aa oV'o:Hy. Y poxy oA 24 cara Mory Aa ce flpoMerie MHoi'u Qanroprz, ria je 6yxeaa.i{o HeMoryhe nparuru zx. Je4alr'Be^vKrr uenpujaran 4oralaj sa 6praTaHcKeMeTeopoiore ce 4ecrzo 16. je oxro6pa 1987.,HarcoH noHoha, r<a4a H3y3erHo jarca o,tyja 3a4ecata jyrozcrouHy Enra.ecxy. Ko4 lereorta y Cacency6psana eerpaje 4ocrurna l5B
KV Ha car, Mlz^AnoHvt craOarra cy l,t3qlrfia-

c3 Bcrap 23-27 dopoba (ytoepcfin trdBcrapaq)

A Pa4aperi,i cHuniaK nagaB[Ha. 'BilEvi'naAaBt{He y PaAapltitoxe 4a FberoB rrpriieMHuK o6naqnMa. perlierpyjeexo,,{iljajaquHa 3aBileir oA 14HTeH3i4TeTa Klilfie.
cy flpelera z Araanrcxr4 oKeaH Hr'tcy cTprr^v 40 nporHocTr4rrKrrxrJeHTapaHa BpeMeAa 6n 6uttn yK/bf{eHLry uovnjyTepcxe Mo4ele. Kacuraje, rroHoBHo flpopar{yHaBa}r,e nporHose uouohy oBptx rro4arana je uoxasa-nopa3l[rrrr4Ty pr rorfryHo Ap.yra'ruiy frporHo3y cHare Lr rpaBqa o yJe. Ynpxoc oeorur 4oralajy, eperrreucxa rrpofHo3aJe y noc^e4FbeBpeMenocraAa npeqv3Hraja. llope4 MopHapa vl onux rcojz opraHusyjy cnoprcKe 4oralaje u ocra a aerrraBalr,a Ha orBopeHOM,BpeMeHCKe[pOrHO3e Cy H3y3eTHO Ba?KHe v Mi4HrrcrapcrBrrMa o46paHe rz xouepqzjaaHzM KoMnauujarr.ta. llporHocrrrqapu nau,tahyjy reaeezszjclti4M r<yhanaa t'1 pay.lz,o craHhuaMa sa ceoje yclyre, a ao 20"/" r6t4xoBt4x npvxo4a Ao Aasv oA aav ou H4ycrp nj e.

3a6enexeHa Ha cHl,lM4l,l l,l paAapeKa MeTeoponouKoi cT.tH],till,t, ocMaTpaBa ce flpl4Ka3aHa Ha cdaiaiy Ea6u ce
MOAeny. Ao6ilfia Mana.

A ocuarparua, V earennrcxr

d a

a
o

HIz H3 KopeHa.a 19 nyan je nonzuyrro. Hrzje4an nounjyrep na ceery nuje ra6e,nexrlo HHKaKBe Hasnaice 4a je rarna o.r,yjalroryha. IIIra ce 4eczrro? Zcnocraealo ce Aa je r,raeHrz pa3lor 6tro rte4oeo.,buo nuQoprvrarlvjaas o6rracrn r4e ce orryja pa3BrrJa^a u doovJa}.a Ha cIJa3I1I, je4HocraeHo s6or rora urro je Ha roM 4e^y Mopa 6zro npeMa"ro 6po4ona. Thrcofe, HeKh ro4auu ua aeuoua nojn

KnuMe cBeTa
Kada xenttno da casnamo da nu he 6umu epyhe u cyso! nenoM rnypucmuuxotw Mecrn) odpefieno ) rreKo epeu,e y iydyhnocmu,zoaopu*to o Kwthru - yobuu,ajeruw wr,unpoceurutr+t epemewarun nputuxana, xoje ce 0asupajyua npoytaearcyepetv,eucxux ycnosatnoKoM dyxez nepuoda.
aBHH Qarcropn, noju oapelvjy r(^HMy,cy TeMnepaTy pa A naAaBIlne (nuura, cHet cycHelr<vr\a vr rpaa). Bapzjaquje reMrreparvpe u r'a,4aelzlaa s6or ro4uurr'ax 4o6a, ranofe, yruvy Ha K HMy.tr4 4pyrw Qanropu, rronyr reorpaQcxe rrr.rpr,rHe,pe,neQa, reorpaQcne Ayx(HHe r4^A 6"nngr-rne uopa, o4pelyjy rctuvy HeKor Mecra.

IeorpaQcra urrrpuna n pe"'reQ

leorpaQcnarxrzpuHa oapelyje Ko urruHy cvHrreBe ronlore y HeKoM uecry. llosHaTO Je 4a Ce KoiHrrr,rHa TOTTIOTe KOJV

ancop6yje 3ewurzua noBprxhHa vvarsvje 04 eKBaTOpa Ka rro^oBlrMa. Y 6,nz3zHn rroloBa cyHrreBr,r 3paun uopajy aa npoly xpor ryruhvarlrocQepv Hero Ha eKBaropy. 36or rora arvrocQepa ynrzjaeehe colapHo 3paqelbe. Ha4nropcna Br.rcr.rHa Mecra, rar<ole, yruqe Ha reMneparypy. Ilpocevne reurreparype ce cuamyjy sa 7"C Ha cBaKHX 1000 uerapa HaAMopcKe ezclrFre.Kao
pe3y TaT TOra BHCOpaBHU H fr aHHHcKlr pefHoHn y TponcKHM npeze^uMa cy MHofo x,la4uraju uero npr.ro6a,te, 4on je Ha BpxoBriMa saa,eleHzx nlaHriHa 3acTynrbeHa e4eHa no^apHa K VMa. flnasuHe yrvqy Ha KolLrrruHy nalaeuna. Ka4a ce Blara oKeaHa no4r,rrHe v3HaA nlaHuHcnor BeHrIa, Qopuupajy ce o6,naqu vr Aoi'a3:r. 4o o6u",r.Hux na4aezHa. Ka4a BerpoBr,r npeby npeKo nlaHtaHa n noqHy 4a ce cnyurajv. nocrajv ronaujr ra o6hqHo caxyn-,tajr n,rarv. Crora cy n aHhHcKe crpaHe noje r,tedaJy Ha oKeaH B axiHnJe, 4oK cy cynpoTHe qecro cyBe. Krnna rrprzMopcKnx uecra je o6u.rHo 6aaxa oz K HMe KoHTHHeH'raIHlrx. Hanpuuep, KonHeHr,r r.i MopcKH eerpnh yrurre Ha rc r,rMy. Konnenn npeaelH ce Bnrue sarpeeajy 04 Mopa. Tonor,r.4aua, epyh eaa4vx ce rro4uxre, a cBe?r{ruu Ba3Jvx ca Mopa Joflupe Ha o6an,v. Hohy ce 4eruaBa o6puyro. Kano

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A Jecex y eHrnecKomflejx fincrpnxry. Vvau flncronagHor h qerr,rHapcKor ApBefia 36tlr noy3AaHuxKorl,rqhHana4aBnHan yjegxavexux reMneparypa. ce Mopecnopzjeyaar. o/ KorrHa,araHprBeTpoBuAfvaly ca KonHa Ha Mope. OxeaHcxe crpyje yrw,uy Ha reMneparype. Ton,ra lo,rQcna crpyja xpehe ns Memcuqrcor 3a hBa 4rajaroua,lut-r npeKo Aryrauruna Ha ceBepo3ana4 Eepone. Berpoez rcojrzayeajy rpos ro,tQcty crpyjy Ka KonHy qHHe r( rrMy Eepone MHoro 6"ramou ceBepo3aua4He Hefo ruTo cy ceBepoucTorrHrr 4e,\oBH Ceeepne Arraeprarce Ha racroj HazMopcxoj encunu. X,ra4HeoKeaHCKe crpyje. rarcofe, y-tr4sy Ha r{ HMy. Hanpl.ruep, EeHrye,tcna crpyje y BozaMa jyroaana4ue AQpaxe u flepyaHcna (u,ru Xyu6orr4roea) crpyja y 3anaAH:aM BoaaMa JyxHe Auepzne pacx;talyjy { Aneepcxa Anrapxrnxy reMneparypa cnpeqaBaiyfi ocrpBa Ha 3aflebeHoM - HaK n nern cpeglba ocraie HcnoA Hyre, n pacr 6nnara. 137

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KTUME CBETA
r,a4arlr.Hecy o6zrrne v y rpoceKy cy oa I 800-2 500vu roanrutle, BIalKHocr 3pa\w cy a cyHtIeBI-t eas4yxa je Br4coKa, jaxu. Ooaxea crrapvlna noro4na je sa KwIIHt4x IxyMa. OyJaIr'e y MoucyHcrca KII4Ma je -racryn,teua
HKO IIKO TpOIIcKIzX OO aCTIZ, yK/,y-

z jyroucrouuy Aswjy, u uyjyhw jy*ry ceBepHyAycrpa.,rujy.Y kIu4ujw, ro3Haroj no uoncyncxoj K,tr4MLr,3I4Me cy BeTpoBI4,4yBaJy cyBe,a ceBepoucToqHl,I v3 yHyrpaurbocru Aazje. Y npo"tehe 3eM.bace yrpeje. Bpyh eaeayx ceilo4rxe, crnapajyhr.r se"urKu cHcreM HI4cKor Ba34yruHor npHTLIcKa y rcoju yrrace BerpoBr,r ca jyrosana4a. Oeu BerpoBLI zoHoce o6h,nne KHLue,noje noro4yjy
MOHCVHCKHM IIIYMAMA,

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Cyee x,ruve cy 3acryn'beHe y Hajronarzjrlu TpofICKLIM nycrlrrr'aMa, Kao ruTo cy Caxapa, Haruu6 u Ka"raxapu yA<Pperqz. IlpocevHe ro4I4IIrIbe na4aBr4me y nycTvrbaMa H3HOCe Malr'e OA 25 rtau. Mnora Mecra cy H3y3erHo cyBa, a n?,4aBHHe cy noBpeMeHe, 6es uKalceor npa- euaa. HaKoH Hpr3a cyIxHI4x roAvna Mo)r{e za 4ole 4o }r3HeHazHHx n,bycKoea xojra [orrlaBe nycrnn y. Terr,rfleparype cy rrpoMeH^vtBe, aAV cy qecro Bt4coKe ca

V Ernxe, nonyr KaKryca caryapo

lr qBeTa 3IaTHor MaKa, 3axTeBaly A Tunuqxa eKBaropcKa KuuJHa uyMa. oaAaune 6uruxe cy oTnopHe Ha B,rcoKe TeMnepaType, Brary KpaTKe r iaKe nrbycKoBe.

Knuuarcra

rro4e a

Behr.rna x,racrlQraxauuja KArrMe ce 6azupa Ha pa4oBlrMa pycKor Mereopo.rora B.taduuzpa Koneua (1846-1940.). On je no4e,Luo cBer Ha ruecr r(Ir.rMarA, B, C, D, E w H, A rrpe4TporrcKe peruoHe, xojn 6u, y cy[porcxrax o6,nacrrz': B^a)KHYK^IIMY,B'ry'Y uottl, 6r.rrruMHoro ron tujr,r. CTAB,/6A TPONCKY IJenrpaauu Ae oBH KoHTzHeHara, IilLrMy, Cje xar,Irura ca rorr oM TeMrlepayAa^elrv oA yMepeHux MopcKr.rx TypoM, Dje xrra4na K I4Ma,E je norrap4ejcrasa, uuajy ourrpy rrlrr KoHTraHeH- ua w H je rrlaHr,rHcxar(Ar4Ma. Ta Hy ralrMy, ca epyhlrv err4Ma r.r Kyneuje u3Bprrr4ov Aarbyno4eny A, B, Ha no4rpyne Ha ocHoBy MHOIO x/\a4Hr'l|LrM 3rrMaMa Ol OHe y C, D, E r{.Ar4Ma npHo6arrunu o6rracrnua na ncroj reorpupo4e u tapujaquja reMreparypa u rpaQcxoj rrupvlavl n4ar,vr:na y roKy ro4r4rrrEr,rx 4o6a. Kol o4pefunama rpaHurla zsuely K^uMa, Kyneu je ysuuao y o6azp pacnpocrparbeHocr rrpHpo4He eereraquje H r o. Oee oco6uHe rroMalry aa ce yKar(e Ha KlraMarcKe eQenre ra qecro npe4craBnajy 6one noKa3are,be oz K I,IMarcKe
CTATHCTHKC.

noce6Hy aAanraqniy Aa 6n npexnBerlr y eKcTpeMHllM

ycnoBhMa nycTl,ltbcKe K'| hMe.

Tponcxa KHruHa K rrMa y xojoj rczrua Tponcna Kr4rrrHa KiI,rMa,

rla4a cBaKor Meceqa y roAvr}IIiI, AoBoAvI 40 CTBaparba ooraTLIX KLrrrrHHx rlyN[a, MaAa q ruyMaprr u Qapruepz yHvrwrvtraBe prKpr Aeo oBrrx o6lacrl4. Hajnehe KrlrrrHe ruyMe Ha-^a3ece y oo^acTpr peKe Auagon yJpxHoj Auepuqra, y o6tracrw pexe 3arap yjyxtuoj A<ppraquu y eeher'a 4etry jy r oucrou He Aarlj e. Y onuu o6,tacrraua reMreparype cy orco 25-27"C roKoM qvraBe roAvHe,

o6naqu}r3HaA { MoncyncK}r go oA Maia 6axxoxa. Y nepnogy mu Krue. raMonaAa1390 oKro6pa

d q o o

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KnuMe cBeTa
Kada xeruun da catnnu,oda nu he 6umu epyhe u c)so) HeKoM mypucrnuuxotr, Mecrn) y HeKo odpefreno epeney 1ydyhxocmu, eoeoPtnoo Krw,rvru - yofuuajenun uru npoceuuu,*t epemeucmtn nputuxama, xoje ce fiasupajyun npoyuaearcy epenencxux yctlosarnonoM dyrcee nepuoda.
aBHU Qarroprz, nojz oapelyjy r{^r,rMy, cy TeMnepaTypav naAaBvne (xrlrua, cHerl cycHelcv\a vl rpaa). BapujarJrzje reMneparype H n?AaBr4Ha s6or ro4nurmzx 4o6a, raxof e, yruvy Ha r(^HMy.tr4 4pyru Qaxropv, noryr reorpaQcne rrrupuHe, pe,reQa, reorpaQcxe,4y)r<vre vtr4 6.\HsrzHe uopa, o4pelyjy rctnuy HeKor Mecra.

IeorpaQcra urnpnna u pe"'reQ

leorpaQcnarrlr,'lpv Haoapelyie KolrzrrzHy cyHqeBeronlore y HeKoMrr.recry. llo:HaTO Je 4a Ce KO TZTTHHa TOniOTe KOJy

yje ancop6yje 3err,r,ruqa noBprxrrHayrr,ran 04 eKBaTOpa Ka fro oBHMa. Y 1trusuHu noloBa cyHrreBr4 3parlu uopajy aa npoly xpos ryLuhyaruocQepy Hero Ha eKBaropy.36or rora arrraocQepa ynuja nehe colapHo 3par{ebe. Ha4rraopcxa Blz'cvna Mecra, rarcofe, yrvare Ha reMreparypy. flpocevne reuneparype ce cuamyjy sa 7'C Ha cBaKrrx 1000 uerapa HMMopcKe erzczHe.Kao
pe3y TaT TOra BT4COpaBIlId14 nIaHrzHcKri perHoHH y TponcKHM npe4e^r.rMa cy MHoro xlta4uuju Hero npao6a,ne, 4ox je Ha BpxoBr4Ma sarelenr,rx nlaHuHa 3acTynbeHa eleHa no apHa K,\uMa. flraHune yrv.uy Ha Ko,nrrqvHy na4auuua. Ra4a ce Blafa oKeaHa noalrrHe usHaA rrlaHltHcKof BeHrIa, <popruzpajy ce o6"naqu 14 Aorua3r44o o6utruux na4aerlua. Ka4a BerpoBH npeby npeKo rr ar.laHa A oorrHy 4a ce cny[rrajy, nocrajv rontzjr.r r.r o6rz-{Ho caxynnajy e,rary.

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A Jecex y eHrnecKor'r Crora cy nIaHHHcKe crpaHe rcoje r,reflejx AaJy Ha oKeaH BIa)+(HHJe,4oK cy flucrpnxry. lAvam nucronaAHor r '{er[ HapcKorgpeefi a s6or cynporHe qecTo cyBe. je o6rl.ruo K-nalra [paMopcKLrx rr,recra noy3AaHux Konuq],|HanaAaBuHa u 6,tarxa oz K uMe KoHTt4HeHTa,tHLlx. yiegHa,{eHt,tx reMneparypa. Hanpuuep, KorrHeHlr 14 MopcKn eerpuh yrr4rre Ha K rrMy. Konsenu ceMopecnopujeyua" oAKonHa, aranpe4elu ce Brrrueaarpeeajy 04 Mopa. HV BerpoBr{ AyBaJy ca KonHa Ha Mope. Torcon.4ana,Bpyh Ba34yxce noguxte, a OxeaHcr<ecrpyje yrll.uy Ha reMnepaCBe)KHJH Ba3Ayx ca Mopa AonHpe Ha rype. Ton,na lo,r<pcxa crpyja xpehe us o6a,ry. Hohy ce AeruaBao6pnyro. Kaxo MeKcuqror 3a r,tBa 4ajaroHa,rHo npeKo Araanruxa Ha ceBepo3ana4 Eepoue. Berponz xojz 4yeajy npos roaQcxy crpyjy Ka KonHy qHHe KAnMy ceBepo3an24HeEepone MHoro 6,rarnou Hero rxro cy ceBeponcTorrHu .4e oBH CeeepHe Aveplrne Ha ucroj HalMopcxoj nzczHu. X-r.Mne oKeaHcKecrpyje, ranofe, yrvrsy Ha rar{My. Hanprzuep, Benryeacxa BozaMa crpyje y jyrosana4ne AQpzxe ra flepyancrca (rz,ru Xyu6orr4roea) crpyja y 3ana4.HLlM BoaaMa Jyxne Arraeprzne pacx,lalyjy
{ Aneepcra ocrpBa Ha 3anebeHoM - qaK n nern cpeAlba Axrapxrnry

o o

reMneparypa ocraie lrcnoAHyre, cnpeqaBaiyfi n pacr 6uruaxa.

137

KflnMECBETA
fiad,aBld}{ecy oolr^He r.ry npoceKy cy 04 I 800-2 500uu roAl4ulrbe, B alKHocr a cyHqeBu3paIIH cy nas4yxaje BHcoKa, jarcn. OeaxBa crapltHa noro4na je sa ruyMa. 6yjame KprrrrHrD< MoHcyHcra K IzMa je sacryn"teua y
HeKO I4KO TpOrrcKr4X OO aCTT.I, yK,6y-

vyjyha jy*"y u jyrorzcrovwy Atujy, w Y l4u4ujw, no3HaceBepHy Aycrpa"tujyTOJ IIO MOHCyHCKOJ K.^r{MI'I, 3HMe Cy

cyBe,a ceBepor4crorrHzBerpoBt4 AyBaJy t43 yHyrpaunocrlz Aeuje. Y npoaehe 3eMrba ce yrpeje. Bpyh nasayx ce no4rrxe, creapajyhr4 Be IIKI-IcllcreM HIicKor Ba3lyruHor nphrllcKa y xojra y.tase BerpoBrr ca jyrosana4a. OeIa BerpoBrl . oHoce o6uane KI,Irre, xoje noro4yjy
MOHCVHCKHM IIIVMAMA.

o q ql

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Cyne x,tuue cy 3acryn.bene y najron,tulrarrr TporrcKraMflycrrrrbaMa, Kao IuTo cy Caxapa, Haura6 z Ka-taxapz yA<Dpuqn. llpoceuHe ro4lzurrbe [aaaBI4He y rrycrrrrbaMa I,I3Hoce Marbe 04 25 urtr. Mnora Mecra cy rz3y3erHocyBa,a n4a6es zKaKeot npa- Br.rHe cy noBpeMeHe. euaa. HaKoH HLI3a cyruHrlx ro4vHa rr,TbycKoMoxe la 4ole 4o pr3HeH24Hrrx ea nojz norrlaBe nycrzny. Ternrneparype ca cy IIpoMeH"buBe, a^u cy qecro BI4coKe

A rnnnqra eKBaropcKa KHUHa uyMa. oeAaurbe 6uruxe cy ornopHe Ha Br4coKe TeMnepaType, Brary, KpaTKen jaKe nrbycKoBe. TporcKe perr{oHe,rcoju.6u, y cyrrporHOM, OH I4 MHOIO TOII LIJII.

Kruuvrarcxa rro4e a

IJenrpa,r.uz KoHTHHeHara, AeloBr{ yAatbeHv oA yMepeHvx MopcKLlx 4ejcraya, nrrrajy orurpy urlt4 KoHTUHeHTaiHy K,rr4My, ca epvhalr erHMa a MHOrO X a4HT,TJHM 3r,rMaMa 04 OHe y frpuoorL HHM oo^acTlrMa Ha HcToJ reorpaQcxoj rnrnprllvl

Behrzna rcrracraQrarcaqrzja KlHMe ce ycIoBl,rMa nycTl,ltbcKe KnHMe. 6aslrpa Ha pa4oBrrMa pycKor Mereopoaora B.ra4raunpaKoneua ( I846- 1940.). OH je uo4erruo cBer Ha Irrecr K.nI,IMarcrcux o6"racru: A, B, C, D, E u H. A rrpe4B cysy craB"ibarpoflcKy B^DKHy KAraMy, r$r,rMy,Cje x.rrzua ca rorr oM TeMrlepaTypoM, D je xaa4na K uMa, E je no,,rapu a u H j e r r a H V H c K a Kv M a . Kyneuje r,r3Bpruo v Aatbyno4etryA,B, C, D, E rclr,rMaHa no4rpyre Ha ocHoBy npnpo4e u yapujaguja reMreparypa H rrzgaBvHa y roKy ro4nrrrrblrx ao6a. Koa o4peluearu rpaHlrqa usuely rcAHMa, Kynen je ysuvrao y o6enp pacnpocrparbeHocT nprrpo4He BererarII,IJe rr TAo. Oee oco6uHe rroMzuKy 4a ce yKalKe Ha r( LrMarcKeeQenre r4 qecro npe4craBnajy 6one noKa3are,be oz KlrzMarcKe
CTATHCTI,IKC.

V Enruxe,nonyr KaKryca caryapo MaKa,3axTeBaly u qBeTa 3naTHor noce6Hy aAanraqujy Aa 6n npexuBenlry eKcrpeMHllM

Tponcra KrrrrrHa r( rrMa

Tpoucxa KvruHa K^I,IMa,y rojoj xraura fra4a cBaKor Meceqa y ro4uIIpL,4oBo4IlI 40 crBaparba 6orarux KrzruHl4xruyMa, v.aAa q rryMapv u Qapuepn yHuIurI4LI BeALIKI,I Hajnehe AeOOBt4xO6rraCrU. KrzrrrHe rrryMeHaia3e ce y oo^acru peKe AvrasoH yJyxuoj Auepraqa, y o6,racrz pere 3azp y jyxnoj A<ppwqww y eeheu 4e.nyjyrozcrovne Aszj e. Y oszla o6aacrrzua reMneparype cy o:ro 25-27"C roKoM rrrrraBe ro4LIHe, { MoxcyncKil o6rar4}r l,r3Hag

d q o .ol

6anroxa. Y nepuogyoA MaiaAo oKro6pa raMonaAa1390 un Kl,rue.

npoMeHaMay ToI{y AaHa. Be LrKrrM flo,LvnvcnrmcKa ulu crerrcxa K I,IMa je napixrepucruqHa 3a npepuje Cenepne AuephKe, eBponcKerzasujcrce crerre u BncopaBHrr jyxue AQpzne. Oee rpanHare o6rracra rcoje ry MHoro
caBaH.A, qeCTO ca CyBrr,e 04 TpoIICKIIx x^azHrlM 3VMaMa V CHetOM, Cy AOCTa Belzu3Merr,eHe rroBeKoBrzM yrarlajeu.

Ke o6^acrr4 npeo6pahene cy y paHqeBe n Qapue 3a npor43Bo4lbyceMelr,a.

Yrueperro rorl^e o6.'racrn

Yvepeno rorrle o6,tacru o6yxearajy perzoHe ca epyhuu, cyBuM IerHMa (ue4rzrepaHcrca r,rava); BialKHe cyr-

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A flycrnrua y Araxanaa qnney ceBepHoM je nrtecro ca HaiBefioM cyrxoM HacBery.BagAyx je aeouacyB,a je 6e3 He6o lrjeAHor o6na,{Ka. 36or yjegxareno cyBornpeAera craHor
3eMrbl,rrllTapeTKo

6nnxe ycneBajy. { JaApaxcra o6anaXpearcxe

nMaT[nhqHy MeAlrrepaHcKy KnlrMy.oBe o6racrr cy no3HaTe no npolr3BoAlbl,l
BltHa lt3 TOKANHHX B1,|HOrpaAa.

TpoilcKe oo^acTr4 ca TonArlM eTuMa, Kao rrrro je jyroucrovHa Ruua, jyroucrouna CAI xao ra o6rracr rraMrle yJyxuoj Auepuqrz. Y yuepeno rorr^e oo^acTr4 urad.aJy ut frpt4ooa-\Hv pervoHL' Ca npox MHwM :reTHMa rCaO rUrOje o6,lacr 3ana4He n rIeHTpa He Eepone. llpocevue MeceqHe reMreparype perKo Kal npela3e 27'C, MaAa cy u3MepeHe u Bhrue. 3rzua je ceexuja. Toxornr najx,ragnujux Mecequ reMrrepaTypa rraAa vcrro4 10'C. Torcorur roanHe HMa Ma o IIaAaBl1lrH:a, zsrr.nely 350 u 900uu. Beha rcorv.rlz':g'a lrrvrvfie flaAa ToKoM szve. BererauvJy, yr aBHoM, vuHa x6yrse ra 4peehe, nonyr Mac HHa, KOJe MOXe4a V3,4pir<r4 CyrXHa ieTa. B,r.arrne cynrponcKe o6tracrw urv'ajy cIHqHe reMneparype, a-lHje KolrzrrnHa fia4aevrrra roKoM rolaHe seha, najerzu-rea6or yruqaja necra6s,nnnx TporrcKlrx Ba3zyruHr4x crpyja. Baaxt-

HocT Ba34yxaJe BHCOKa v AeTrbIl AaHvr Mory Aa 6yay nenpwjarHo cnapHu. 3zue cy 6.rare, ca perxurM Mpa3eBHMa, ocriM y ucrovnoj Kuuu, r4e BerpoBrr rr3 yHyTpaurbocTn Mory Aa r43a3oBy Har^r4 ra4 TeMnepaType. YuepeHo x alHa r( rrMa 3acryn,beHa je y sana4w.rrra o6,r.acruMaKoHTuHeHaTa Ca CpeArr'OM HMMOpCKOM BHCLIHOM.

rnLIpvIHrI, KoJa cy yAaI'eHa oZ Mopa' Crora cy flpoceilHe MecerrHereMrleparype o6uuuo v3era4 Hy.te. tr4narc,nonpeMeHo,x^a4He no^apHe rr KOHTUHeHTa^He Ba34yrxHe crpyJe cnyruraJy reMnepaType v AoHoce cHelI{Hefl?,'IaBvIIIe ToKoM HeKo t'tKo Heae"6a. IIpocerc rra4aBnHaaocra Rapr{pa. Ha npuo6alB a?KHO, Hr4M.[ aHVHaMaJe r,I3y3eTHO Ha ncroKy, MHofo AOKJey paBHHrIaMa, Marbena4aBr4Ha. Arzcrona4ne ilryMe cy Henaga [peKpt4Ba^e oBe yMepeHo x a4He rrpe4e^e. je noceMelyrnr'a, eehuua oeux uryrrra rreHa, a Be vKI4 4eo oBrrx oo^acTrr Je Y 4pyrutu o6aacrrzrnra, rycro HaceJbea. rorryr Cw6wpa n eeher AeAa ceBepHe Kana4e, 3acrynrbeHa je cy6apnruuna I( uMa Ca KpaTKLIM, CBeXvM leTI4Ma L onzu upey)KacHo)L 24HrrM 3vrMaMa.Y Ae^r4Ma llepuo4vt oe3 Mpa3a rpaJy npahe og 150 4ana. OrpoMHa rrpocTpaHcTBa r{eTuHapcKt4xIxyMa KoJa ce Haszeajy rajre, npercpneajy eehra 4eo cy6apnruvrce o6,nacru. 9erznapu, nonyTJe^e, apHrrra,oopa v oMopI{Ke cy npnnarolleun TaKo Aa oncrajy roKoM Ayrvrx, orurpnx ezlra. Oczu apkrIJlfa, qerr,rHapu cy 3uM3eIeHo 4peehe, xoje je cuperranoAa r:,acraBu pacr y rlpo^ehe, uzru reMrreparype nopacry. Ha jyxHoj xeuacQepu HeMa oBaKButx qerr,rHapcKux lrryMa, 3aro rxTo HeMa

Oearceaje ru.nua y sana4noj Enpourl, Ha EpuraucKlrM ocrpBLrMa,Ha gailaAHoj o6a.ul Kau4e, y jyxHou 9H-rey u na HoeoNa3e"rau4y.

Yrnqaj Mopa
flpocevHe reMrreparype roKoM uajron.uljux Mecequcy o6u-rHo asuely 15 u 20'C, v'4aje uecro ron,nrzje y KoHTLTHeHTa HoM 4e^y r4e je yruuaj N{opa cxa6wjw.3urracxereMrreparype cy Heyo6uvajeHo BHcoKey nopeleroy ca Apyrrzrr,r o6,racrrzMa Ha rlcroj reorpaQcrcoj

r Hajeuua reMreparyp^ y x^My oa 5B'C zsuepeHaje yA,rAsrasujaxy y -\u6wju. o Hajnu:ra reMreparypa y 3aKAoHy o4 -89,2'C nsuepeua je y crannrlu Conjer Bocron na Anrapxrrarcy. o Hajauure ro4rrrrrrbtrx rla4aBrdHa oA26 461 MM HsMepeHoje y rleparryHurn y l4n4uju. r HajnrraxnHje rnrecro Ha cBery Ha ocHOBy ro4nlunl4x na4anuna Og,lL 770 ur'aje \ryue4o y Ko,ryrra6aja. o Hajcyn,oH rpeaelkr Ha cBery cy y ceBepHoM 9z"rey. Y neruu AeloBrurMa r,aaar;z.He Hlrcy ga6eaexene rrocleAlr,rlx 400 ro4rana. 139

KfinME cBETA

Be UKHX

npOCTpaHCTaBa

Ha

OZfOBa-

urHpHrraMa. pajyhau reorpaQcrcr.rM flo"tapna K rrMa

CenepHo 04 qervHapcKvx rxyMa Ha ceeepHoj xevncQeprz je oro,re,ra ryuapa. llpocevHe reMrreparype y ryH4pH ToKOM3nMe cy ono -5oC, aon ce y roKy KparKor- era rro4urHy ao 5"C. fIa4aBuHe, yr aBHoM v ob HKy cHera, cV Ma^e H yKynHo H3rroce Marr,e oa 350uu folulxrbe. Torcou KparKor lera, Ka4 ce cHer TOIIH, TyH4pa rrocTaJe Be lrKa MorrBapua o6,lacr %e ce MHo)Ke nncercru. 36or TOra MHOre nTHrIe Ce^r,iqe lo^a3e 'fy. Aerroa eereraqzja, rarcole, o6es6elyje x p a H y ) K t 4 B o r H F b a M ar o j e c e c e l e . rrolryr aMeplrrrKor ceeepuor jeaeua. Hajx,ra4Huja Mecra Ha 3enr,rra cv

no^apHe Kane H ofpoMHe ,\e4eHe noBprxaHe oKo noloBa. Aerme reMreparype, yr aBHoM,He rpela3e 5'C, aox npoceqHe Mecer{He TeMnepaType 3r,rMH, 6yay' w Hut{ie oJ -5'C. Koar.r.ILrHafi?t4,aurzHaje. rano[e. va,ra. jep xla/au Ba3He 3a4pr'KaBa MHoro B^afe. 4yx ToKoM cHelrHr,rx Nrehaea Melyrrzlr, ?+iecToKr,r BeTpoBrz pa3Hoce pacTpecvT ( Her npeKo e4eHl,.rx rroBprxl4Ha bp3HHoM cl4 160 rcv Ha ca'r. Bncoxe rrlarruHe cy o6,lacrrl ca pa3HHM r( HMaTCKHM3OHaMa KOJeCe pa3,rHxyjy npe\4a Ha4naopcnoj BVcvHtl. Ileman'e Ha Bpx n,taHHHe Ha eKBaropy je c,r.uvno nyroBarby ol eKBaropa Jo rro oBa,3aro rxro ce [po,\a3H Kpo3 HH3 3OHa pas^uril4Te HMMOpCKe BuCuHe 04 rponcKhx y noauoxjy Ao tyHKnTTJHHX Ape H cra,\Hol',\e4a Ha Bpxy.

A PacnpocrpalbeHocr Bereraquie cy KaAa H 3eMrbr4urapa3MaTpaHlr KrhMarcKnx cy rpaH[r{e r43Meby pernoHa6nne xenpoMerbilBe.

{ Ha Aruacqra xnaAHe ceBepHe

3hMe

noApa3yMeBajy npyrcycrBo qeTuHapa.

I
o o n !q

) Kunr,truaxuapo
Ce y3A],l)l(e 1,|3HaA caBaHa rcToqHe

-3
pt .9 I !q

AQpnxeu je
noKpHBeH cHeroM.

KnuMarcKenpoMeHe
q!'-.

,fr

@ocz,r.nu AoKaa4 r<ojrz urraajy Be3e ca KAHMaTcKHMnpoMeHaMa noapxaeajy Teoprly o yAa,r,aBaw,y KoHTHHeHaTa r,rlu rerToHHrlr,r rrlor{a. HayvHarll.r 4auac eepyjy aa ce K^rzMa Merba KaZa ce noeuquje KoHTr4HeHara na 3eu,nr,rnoj rroBpruriHr4 npoMeHe. A,rn yAanaeaFbe KoHTHH.enaraje cr rop je povqaBabe creHa H npouec H He Mo)iie Aa ooJacHr4 noc^elQocn.na T-T orxpulo MHoro raHQopuaunja rr'e e4eHo 4o6a noje je rroue,ro npe | | I Io K^HMH y npoulocrn. Hac,ra- caMo 1,8 vH,rrlona ro4aHa.Kperarie re yrlba Ha AurapmruKy HaM noxasyjy nor{TrrHeHara.He o6jaruriaBa I( prMar:;aupruyrclj nycrono,t rzHu cxe eapujaqvrje y nocle4nLlx 10000 4a je ua clet.rj HeKa4acr{fypHo 6rzaa ron,na rctrzua.To rtJAVHa 04 3aBprilerxa ,le4enor' 4o6a. sax,,ryvyjeno s6or ror-a ruro yrans HacY gunauanse KoHTHHeHara Hapoqlrro raje oa ocraraKa 6umarcaxoje pacrv y HeMa Hr{KaKBe 4HpeKTHe Be3e C: Ily,ATponcKHM ycaoerzua..f py rA AoKa3v^ Lr3 HHM BpeMeHCKrrM yO\OBHMa 3aoe^ei(creHa AoKazyjy aa je, npe oxo 300 eHuM y LIe oM ceery 80-Hx n 90-ux Mr4 pIOHa fOAI.jHa, OTpOMHH e4eHH roluHe nporulor serca.Y HeKHM o6,tacnoKpHBaq rrpexprzojyro-ncron JyxHe TVMa Cy Ce 4eruaBair4 TOn OTHH'ra aCH jyr AQpzne, l4uaujy 14 AeA- H 4yre cyre, aoK cy y Apyrr4wa 6ecre.re Arr,repr.rrce,

4ydueapeu,encrce nputuxe 80-tn u 90-ux npouno?eeKacy Mr,seue nyde da eepyjl da cMoc)ot4ewu ca ato6o,nno*t xamacm.poSom. Anu rnurua nuxad nuje 6u,na xoucma,Hrn +a.Merco,na, ceMwozo nyma rcpoe Seruauuy ucmopujy.

A CarennrcKlr cHr,rMaK npafierua pyna y o3oHcKoMoMoraqy roKoM neplroAa 1979-90.Orxpnfie pyna je HaBenoMHoreBnage Aa 3a6paHe npolr3Boglby CFC xerun xan nja. je Marbe. nx cee fiaxac

oee Aycrpa"ruje.

VIC }I BC

IiI{E

KIjIUC.

Ha3BaHrr r arlr4Ja r{, Kala Je rrocraJa_Ao xna4nuje, a eZeHr4 norpzBaq ce cnyuTaoJylr(HP\e, KOJL cy ce cMerbHBar{ ca TOfI HM rrepHo4l{Ma, Ha3BaHHM rlHrepr,rarlujatr4, tr.aga ce ,le4 orarrao pr noB^aqHo Ka ceBepy. Ae4eHo 4o6a je 3aBprxLl^o rpe l0 000 ro4laHa. llpoyuaeajyhz creapr,r norryT fo4oBa Ha lpBeTy H r.r ocraraKa noleHa pa3lzrruror Zpeeha, HayvFrHUHcv orKpn,lH 4a je rcrr,rua nocre-

floc"ne le4eHor 4o6a Tonol.rrroc e4rber eZeHor4o6a eperr.re Ha ceeepuoj xervracQepra Haje yeerc 6u,ro x,ralno. llocroja,rv .cy ilepvo4r4

141

KfluMATcKE nPoMEHE
{ 3araferse npoy3poKoBaHo narbebeM xyeajrcxnx naQrnux 6yuornna na xpajy 3anlrBcKor para je lrMaro enavajne nocneAHqe no xHBorHy cpeAhHy. X,r.a4nrzja ycloBrz cy ce Bparrzlr.r Ha 3en,ry y 13. u 14. nercy.{yrras z Tenrsa cy ce 3aMp3aBatw roKoM srave, jyrozana4CAfl-a je nocrao HaporruTocyB, 4ox je I4n4wja rrarLrla oA cyuta xa4a 6u
n3OCTa e ,\eTILe MoHCyHCKe KI't[Ie.

Her4e zsuely 1550.z 1880.je ceBepo3analHy.Eepony saxearulo'N{a o e4eHo Aooa, KMa cy TeMnepaType 6zne uzrxe uero y 6rz"no KoM rrepr4oay HaKOH e4eHOr 4OOa.

o .9 o o o a
d I

floc"re4mnx 120 ro4urra

Haxos 1880. cy ce reMrreparype KoHcraHTHo roeehaea,te ao 40.+x v. 50-wx r, 20-or B. KaAaje npoce.rua reMrrepaTypa ona a 3a oKo 0,2"C - 0,3"C. flapale,tno ca reMrreparypHrzM npoMeHaMace Aecu^a u ilpoMeHa Y Aucrpu5yywju rl:aAaBvrle.a y cBery, 4our,to je
40 noMepalr,a I{ IIMaTCKI'IX 3OHa CeBep-

p o z

jy.

Ma,r.o rroMeparbe cyilTporrcKor

{ Ha epxyxqy MaIOr neAeHor Ao6a Y 17.eexY TeMsace cMp3na npeKo 2O nyra n Ha lboi cy ce oApxaBan!l neAeHlr Bauaplr. Crapn loxgox
O'|AKIUABAO cMp3aBalbe, ycnopaBaiyfill nnnMHlr roK ll oMeraiyfill

Epnuie

nporoKneAa xns pexy.To je y 3a6enexeHo AHeBHlrKy iegnor 'E IonAona no $ nrvreny F Po6eprXyx.
neno nocraja,r.a ron"r.rzja. Hueo rraopa Ce fIO4Z3aOAOKCe,\eZ TOTII4O LI MHOIII KorlHeHH MocroBrr cy 6ur.a.xu nofrlaB,rr'eHra. Epurawuja je o4cerreHa04 KoHTzHeHTarrpe ono 7 500 ro4wwa. je ruunaa y flpe ono 7 000 ro4,z.Ha sana4uoj Eeponz 6r.r,raron,nrlja Hero AaHac.flpoceune errbe reMneparype cy 6z,te 3a 4Ba vtr4 Tpr4 crerreHa ronaaje,4oK cy 3HMCKe reMreparype orr^e ToIIAr,rJe 3a oKoJelaH cTerreH. flpe orco 5 000 roAHHaje epene y ceBepo3arra4uoj Eeponz nocra^o cyruunje u x"ta4uuje. lorc je rycrrrrba Caxapa 6u,r.arpaeHara o6,r.acrca pexaMa v Je3epHMa. 142
CTaHOBHl,lKa

Cra-rne rpoMeue
flpe ono 3 000 roA:aHaje ceeepHy Eepony 3axBarulo x,ragrrr,rje tz B aIKHr.rjeepeue. Lreuepu cy ce nojawnu v jerepa Ha a,lncKnv AoAHr,aMa, a Haeora cy ce noAuraz, creapajyhn orporraue MotrBape,Caxapa je nocraia rrycrvrt'a. [,oxazu xoja ce rrzqy rpoMeHa BpeMeHcKt4xycloBa y rrporer{"l.nx 2 000 florrzrry ns wcropwjcr<ax 6e,r.eruxn a y cKopHJe BpeMe Lrs MopcKHx AyovrHa vl e4eHor rroxpr4Baqa. Tia 4oxasrz nau orxprleajy 4a je cenepo3aila4Ha Eepona ylrtaBata y ronloM. cyruHrzjen r:epr4o4y y KoMe cxopo 4a nuje 6uLto o,ryja, rzsvrely 400. r,H.er4 1200 ru.e.

pefHoHa BrrcoKor rrpt4THCKav3a3r4Ba cee os6v,bHzje cyrue y Caxely. Y eesu ca oBrzMos6n,bHuNrcyralra je 14rroBehar+,ena4aewua y aQpwrrKuM3eMJbaMa ono eKBaropa. Hrleo y jesepy Buxropuja ce dvlne, uperehz aa norrlaBr.r HeKo rlKo naceo6zna na o6arrz. frro6a.rHo x-raleme je Haee,noMHore HayrrHvKe xpajeu 70-wx ro4. rrpou or BeKa 4a rrpe4Br.r4e HeMr{HoBHr,r Ao^a3aK,te4eHor 4o6a. OHrz cy cMarpatr Aa 6z noc"re4rrax 10 000 roA:,l'lg'a Mor o ta 6y4e unrepmaqzja,rHz rreprroa, r43Me\V anaiy r,raquja.r.a. lo rpaja 80-rzx r: 20-or e. je nocra^o jacuo 4aje oa 1880. rpocerrHa reMne-

parypa, ycrBapv, nopac^a 3a oKo 0,5'C. Ore rerraneparype npaheHe cy neyo6uvajenvM BpeMeHcKutMyc oBLtrua, yr,ryvyjyhz nucorce ,l.errbe reMrreparype, 6,nare eraN{e u paHu AoAaBaK npo,reha, cyfie v nepr,lo4Hvne jaxe oayje. Ceu ru QenorrreHzyxasyjy na ro 4a ce 3eu,na 3arpeBa. Mnoru cy raxBe npoMeHe BpeMeHcKr4xycloBa rrpnnl,tcrlBaa,usaralemy.

)Tenrrneparype y flonAony. Bpe4xocrnce npoqebyiy l,r3

llCTOpl,licKl,lx

TEMIIEPATvPE v IIEHTPA

IIOJ EHI

ECKOJ 04 900.40

1900' rc.4

6eneurxn. VAoMoeny
HanylllTecTeH1,|, Hlr y 13. n 14. e.

BapnjarTnje Harn6a
Apyre reopuje ce o.4HoceHa rroHarrrarle 3eu,ne AoK ce orcpehe oxo CyHqa. oca je HarHyra Ha npurrlep, 3em,,r,uHa 3a oKo 23",aLrwje rro3Haro 4arajuaru6 Bapr4pa. Kaga je saru6 aehrz, pasrrzxe rzslrely Aera A 3aMe cy najeehe. Bapprjaqnje uarn6a, y xou6nnaqwju ca 3elrnunopr op6zrortr orco Cyuqa 6u MOf e, npeMa cKoparxrbr4M.HarrHHM npoparryHHMa,4a rpoy3poKyJy Be^rzKe npoMeHe. K r,rMaTcKe 9oeexoeo yn^vrarr.e y npupoay je r aBHLrQaxrop r{ vMarcxr'tx npoMeHa, HapoarnTo oa rroqerKa l4u4ycrpujcrce peeo,ryuzje ca noqerKa 18. eexa.

facosu craxleHe 6arrrre

laaeHra Qanrop je cra,r.uo uosehalbe yrlbeH II4oKcvAa y aruocQepu. Yrmert
Ce Ha3VBa raCOM CTar{IeHe AVTOK.CI{A 6arure, jep 4eayje Ha clr4rraH HaqHH Kao uJTo craK o ae,lyje Ha craKleHy 6arury - rojecl losRorbaBa Cynueeurl 3paqlrMa 4a aarpenajy arruocQepy, a-r.n cnpeqaBa IbI4xoB v3^a3aK. EQenar craK^eHe 6arute Hnje Hnrura noeo. Ou je-yBeK noMarao aa ce o4pxrd TOTIJ\OTHTI Oa aHC Ha HarrrOJ rr aHeTr4. A-Lz arco ce uoeeha Ko IrrrLrHa oBr4x racoBa, cse eehe u eehe Ko kIr{HHe paaujaauje he 6zru sapo6neHe r.r reMneparype he l'ropaul 4a ce noeehanajy. floseharbe yrJbeH ,4vtonc:z'4a je yr aBHoM froc^e4r,rqa cllatbuBalna ApBera z Qocurrnux ropLrBa: yr./ba, naQre z rprrpoaHor raca. flope4 rora,

=
o E Y o

Bynrcancra rrparrruHa
IIIra yspoxyje x,rrzlrarcce nporraeue? LIeHere cy MHore reoprEje, a,'.la:aay't:r.uuu ce clalKy 4a uujegna noje4uHavHo He MOlKe.AA OoJaCHVT CBe rrO3HaTe Bapr.rJarlr.rJe BpeMeHcKrrxyc^oBa. Zaxo norraepalbe KoHTr,IHeHaraHe MOXe 4a yTvrr4eHa BpeMeHcKeyc^oBe noc^e4zrle floMeparba KoHTr4HeHaTa,
Kao IIITOJe By KaHCKa aKTLIBHOCT, 3acz-

tu, o6tta4u aKyMylrdpaHe nparuvHe yspoxyjy x,raf eme noBprxuHe. Apyre reopuje noryruaeajy 4a o6jacHe K VMaTCKellporlreHe rroHarrrarbeM cyHr{a, vr.rja eHepraja uoxpehe Ba34yx orco 3euyl'e I'r KoHTpoIHIxe K rrMy. Hercz Hayrnuqu sacryrrajy rcopwjy aa VHLIIUTABAIbC IIVMA 3HAqU AA I-jliIA npoMeHe npoy3poKoBacy rt^r.rMaTcKe uatse 6nmaxa nbje 6u ancop6ona-le He BapnJaqaJaMa co^apHe KoHcTaHTe. yr,beH AuoKcIl'4 a3 Ba3Ayxa.

rypHo r'rory Ha npHMepJHaKoHM?91!ue epyuquje ByAKaHaKpaxaray 1883. ) nonynycre y iyroce Beo By KaHcKenparuvHe parrrr4pHo o6nacrn, rro rIe oM cBery. To je cuarrnlo rcoanr- 3anaAHlrM lrr{Hy cyHrreBor 3parrerba noje je 4onunpeAenrMa pal o 40 3eu,rzne noBprrrr4He. CAA-a. He4aaua epynqzja MeKcurrKorBy Ka- llagaennecy na E,r 9rExon 1982. je y aruocQepy maBHll us6aqurraorpoMHuto6aax npauruHe,3a KOHrpOnop pacra ApBef,a. roju ce npouemyje 4a je 6uo rexan 16 Mr.tlr4oHaroua. Meperba reMneparype Ilpoyvaearue 6tusy o6aarca rpaur4He ornprauajy KOpenaLllrle 6pso earpeearr,e.Marce rorr oreje crr4- n3Meby roAoBa 3a o Ha noBpnrraHy, r.raro je nejacHo Aaje Ko HKo uarse. MefyrvrM,qvr*r4 ce 4a je rHsopi,taqltje o jacuo 4a xa4a 3euma npole xpos roAlilrlbl,tM
leplro4 Be HKe By KaHCKe aKTITBHOC-

o G E

naAaBlrHaMa.

xnrannATcKE nPoMEHE
HATI,IE
BapEPa TOr 41 000 roa

'@'
\r'ZE.s"
,/ tujey cpaMepu

NPEI]ECI{A

\ 2l oooroa,r

#?',
i31*":":!f***'
{Cyuray 1973. Cenerany g6o16naror noMepalba
Kn]4MaTCKl,rX 3OHa Ka eKBaropy.

c o c I

AHaru6 3ennrunxe oce y3poKyie npoMeHerulrpl,rHe

rpOnCK]rX 1,1 nonapHllx KpyroBa.

: I
o

IIIra 6n Mor o 4a ce aec*r

IIIra he ce Aecvru axo Ko,trzaruHa yrJrreH AVoRcilAa y Ba34yxy IlacTaBr4 Aa ce noeehaea? Je4na nporHosaje 4a 6z AyilAa KO,\r{qvHa yfJt,eH AvroKcv4a Morla aa ZoBeZe 4o noeehama npoceqHe reMneparype Ha 3errttrz sa 6"C. Yr,nen4r.roxcu4 je eeporarHo oaroBopaH 3a 4ee rpehuHe noeeharba mo6a.tHe TeMrlepaType y nocrte46rzx 100 roAAHa. ALtr.t u ApyrL4 racoyu nuajy ceojy y,rory. Ha npauep, Mer aH, r<ojrz ce 4o6uja pa3lafalbeM 6rj,sFror rraa'repraja,ta, sapo6u rorrlory ono 25 nyra eQrzxacnuje Hero. yubeH Avroncv4. Hay.rHzr-Iv npoqeEyJy Aa Je MeraH olr-oBopaH 3a oKo 157o noeehana reMneparype, 4orcje rpyna BeruTar{Kzx facoBa, Ha3Ba-

Hrrx x,ropoQ,ryopoxap6ona o4foBopHa za 4o4aruux 8o/".

(CFC)

CFC
CFC cy racoBll nojr.rce Koprrcre y Qpt4)Kr.r4epHMa, cnpeJeBuMa H cpelcrBrlMa sa qurxheee. OHlt ce KoDHcre H 3a uexyprzhay H3ocrBapabe cnhyurHrzx ^aropcKy neny. CFC cejae,aa y BeoMa Ma rrM KO rirMaMa, a^r4 rbvxoBo 4ejcreo je snavajuo jep oHu sapo6"'naeajy ron.tory ono 25 000 nyra_eQurcacnr.rje n_ero yr/,eH4uoKcz4. ILuxoea ynoTpeoa y noc,\eArr,eBpeMe cBe Brrrxe ce cMarbvle. CFC cyburrerutu rz o3oHCKrr oMorarr, c,roj raca 15 ao 35 KzloMerapa vsHaA 3eu,ne. Kpxxu o3oHcKrroMorarr rrrrrrr4 raKo rrro Qa,r.rpupa rehu 4eo 3erra,ny y rpaBzolerHor 3paqerra ca Cyrrrla, a,rz oc,ro6alamerra CFC y aruocQepy o3oHCKt4 o\4oraqce crarsyje. flo.rerKol4 80-ux r, 20-or e. cy HayrrHrrrIH oTKprz I4 pyny y o3oHcKoMoMo-

Tavy v3HaA Aurapr<rrana. a npajeu 80-ux ce nojanz,ta u je4ua Marba pyna usna4 Apnurr{Kor oKeaHa.Crarlueart'e o3oHCKor oMorarra He caMo Aa he aorrpuHerrl r,ro6a-nnolr sarpeearr'y, eeh rr noBenaHoJorracHocTri 04 orreKorvHa ri ylTpaBnolerHor 3paqeba. To 6z MOrAO Aa IdMa CTpauHe noc^e4rrlfe Ha cBa )fiuBa 6uha na 3enr"nu.

Ey+yhnoct
lloeeharre r,to6a,tre reMneparype 3a 120 ro4ulua Mo?fi4a 0,5'C y rroclelrtnx He 3Byqr4 rranoro. A-trz MHorrz HayqHnllrz Bepyjy Aa Apyrv Qar<roprz. rcao ruro je npailrvHa 04 By KaHcKHx epynqrla L'LA]II LI3 IlyCTVlr'a KoJe cy HaCTaie {e OBalbeM qoBeKa, rr,racrczpajy eQexre r,to6a"rsor 3arpeBaHra raro urro cvarr'yjy TeMneparype. Rehusa HayLrHrrxa ce C ?)I{ 4a IIOCTOJIi /oBo/,HO {OKa3a O r,ro6annou 3arpeBarr,y 14Aa luo_paMoAa npe4y3MeMo xHTHe Mepe 4a oH H3oer,tz rr,roryhy xaracrpoQy no 3eu,ay.

E
c o N

o E o c

A Kpserue TponcKlrx luyMa Aa6n ce Ao6uro o6paArBo

3gMrbl,lUTe, TO AOnpnHoc14 rno6anHoM 3arpeBalby. 144

)3araberue Ba3Ayxa y floc Anfenecy. Iloeefiarre yrrbeHAlroKcnAa AoBoAl,r Ao Befi14x reMneparypa.

E
6

.= = o
E

qprarbe ManecBera
Y nocnedrcux 40 eodwu Wnunbe Marut ce aeoM,a nporueruato,saxeaoyjyhu ynompe6u u,odepne euje, anu .mexr+ono Jour JeeK ne nocmoju nomn)Ho nper4wau Mtlturr da ce npuxatre eaxpuemetn 3etv,mun noeptutu x,a paenou, nucnx, rutnupa. !
ManaMa

Ma-\I'IX nOBpIrrUHa, nocrao claBan a6or npojenquje rcojyje KaO Marre rpa4cKHX y^u\a. Ayropn Mana ce cyocMHc uo 1569. Haeuraropuua je npojenuraja 6u"na oA Kopzcrpr, vaeajy ca npo6rreuoM, Kala 2Ke e 4a I+ergla jep je jeana npaBa nwwvja nsr.,rely 6u,ro npr.rxar(y qeo cBer latLr Aa u,ryclpyjy BeAr{Ke4e^oBe Tor cBeTa Ha paBHoM KOJUX ABeJy TaqaKa Ha rberoRoJ Mafrr{ ncry nanupa. {a 6u Ha4oMec- AaBa.^a rrpeur,r3aH yfao H3MeIJy rbr{x. ^fr4AI1I 3aKpUBAeHOCT OHU KOpHCTe Mepxaropoea npojenquja je noKa3unpoJeKrIHJe. Ba,ta raqaH o6,rur rla rr MopcKHX Y noBprxvHa. A"ru KapaKTepricrr4Ke le4ne'u npaBH Haq14H.Ha roju je 3eu,ua Mo){e nonyr o6,racru ceBepHo rz jyxno oa ce Haqpra, [pojerqnje 4a | exBaropa, cy 6nae rrcKprrBJbeHe. . I xopnruherue rao6yca rojrz je cQep- ilpojerquje cy ocMrzur-teHeraKo l,a ce Hrr MoZe Harue rrlaHere. l,lo6ycr,r, perrpo4yKyJyrrerupH r aBHe ocoouHe, Haj"lanrrru Har{}rH A? ce pa3yMe rr.refyrurr.r, He Mory Za rrpnKalr(y AeraJbe HauMe - IIpaBe rroBprur4He,o6,ruqn, rrpoJeKrluJaHa MafraMa Je Aa ce 3aMldc3epr,re u lbeHtrx rr.rHoro6pojrurxKapaK- npaBrln (rz"lrl o4Hocu yr oBa zsvely ,tu mo6yc Kao Mpelra vcnpeceqaHnx TepvcruKa. OHu cy r oMa3HH u reurKo ravaxa) v pasAaJr>vne. ,A.,tu 6rz,lo rcoja "ruuuja. Jeana rpyna laa3vrBace reonpeHocnBn.Y npanrzvne cBpxe,by4r,r- Marra cBeTa Mo?fie npeqvsHo-Aa fipvrpaQcxa ruHpHHarrlrr napalele. Ma cy uorpe6He uane xoje Mory Aa Ka)+(e CaMO HeKe O4 OBrzx OCOOr.rHa je4aH Q,lauaHcKn HOCC V UCNV. Harrpurraep, rrruprrHa v 1ylrilaria ayrop IeorpaQcxa je Auuuje reorpaQcr<e rxzpr.rHe cy napa3axpne,r'euocr 3em,oe je HeBalKHa Ha vana, Iepxap4Mepxarop ( 15I2-94.),

Mepxarop, reorpaQ ns 76. e.

A3HMvTAIHA nPOJEKTJT4JA

I a

) Aen*yrra npojex4uja. Cee napanene ce ucxpuanyjy y o4Hocy Ha 4eHTap.

i 3 z

Y 4ununApHqHa

TEPXAPA

MEPKATOP

flaparre.ita, luuuje reorpaQcxe rxupune

npojex4uja. Axo ce cBerno ) Konycna npojexryje na rno6yc, ceHKe npojex4nja. flapanena u Mepugujanu rwepugnjaxa cy cy npaBe Ha uunuH4py nunuje, a oxo rcera. One napanene ce ucxpuanyjy KOHqeHTpnqHU Ka nonoBuMa. KpyroBn. uH vtH4PvrrrHArrPoJEKrJr4JA

.-

uoseharce 4ncropruje

145

qPTArbE MAnEcBErA
) Ha oaoj Manlr, sacnoeanoj xa y qeHrap xpuufiancxojAoKrpl,rHr,r, cBeraje craener Jepycanru, xa ruoj cy H MHora6u6nnicra Mecra.
,\e,\He ca ,,rzuujorr.reKBaropa, noja ce Hala3r4 TarrHo Ha cpear{Hlr raeuely Ceneprror raJyxnor norra.One ce Mepe crerreHzMa, npu qeMy je ennarop 0o ruupr4He,CeeepHlr no ce Ha a3n Ha 90" ceeepno, a JyxHu norr je 90o jyxno. leorpaQcxa urrp^LrHa Hexor ruecraje yrao no cpe4vrlar 3eM,re risNrely ror Mecra H eKBaropa. llo4 npaelzlr yr oM y o4Hocy Ha oBe ,rzrruje, Ha^a3e ce ar.rnzje reorpaQcrce utu laepu4ujaurl. Auuuje reoAyivclzrre rpaQcne Ayx<uue ce Mepe 04 Hy Tor rrepu4wjaua pr.lu 0o reorpaQcrce Ay)rrvrHe. Oea,r.rauuja Ay)trvne,rcojaje uelyHapo4Ho AoroBopeHa, rlpo a3H Kpo3 fpunzu y Aon4oHy. Creneuu reorpaQcKe Ay)rorHe ce Mepe 180" Hcro.rHo r.r o 180" sana4no 04 Hy Tor uepu4ujana. a

flpan.nene

npojerrlnj a na

E q

MAIII{ Haj,ranuru HaqrrH Aa ce 3aMvclt4 npojexqzja Ha Marrv je 4a ce o 3enr,rrE pa3Mr4rrrba Kao o craK eHoj cQepn Ha rojoj ,r,rauuje reorpa<pcKe ,4yxr4He y

6 E

g
crrr o j e4an \r4 Ar4H Aap oA narwlpa oMoTarr oKo rao6yca, aoaupyjyhu ra ayllc eKBaropa- To sHaqrz 6u truuuja na .Aa Manu KoJa npr4Ka3yJe eKBaTop or4^a rrcra Kao H oHa Ha r,no6ycy. A-rn cenxe twuuja reorpaQcxzx uupvHa u Ay)r<vHa onBaJy cBe Br,rlre ucKplrB,beHeKaKo I"r4eMo Aa"r,eoA eKBaTopa. Tpehy epcry npojexqraje 4o6zjauo nor r,ro6yca craBkrtr nanvpHt4 Qzuren, 4oaupyjyhu ra Ay)r<je4ne ,u,rHuje reorpaQcrce ayx(vHe. OHa ce Ha3rlBa
E o

rleHrpy r,ro6yca 6quajy ceHKy y g6aurcy Mper(e na paenoj rroBprru4Hu. 3aruzcuMo 4a r ooyc AoAIlIpyJe r4cTnanupa /j9a1o1 rarrKLI.Cenxa y o6,r'uxy Mpe)Ke KOJyOaUaHa flafrr4p ce 3oBe a3uMyTHa npojercqrlja. Thxea npojercquja ce
KOpncTI.I 3a MaIIe nO apHHX OOJ\aCTIZ, a

Tarrna KoHTaxra je o6z.*ro Ceeepnrz rza.rz Jyxnrl rorr. Meprarop je sa ceojy Many cBera Kopr4crr,rounlnH4plrrrHy npojeKrlzjy. ,\a .6wclro pa3yMelr{ rlt4lnH4pr.trrHy rpoJeKqzJy MopaMo Aa 3aMuc.^IdMo 4a

KoHycHanpoJeKrlu\4. Y npaucu, ayropr4 Mana He KgpHCTe oee je4nocranue npojexuHje. Yuecro . IbHX KoprlcTe [poJeKrIlrJe KoJecy y rrorrryHocrt4 ocMlac^r4^rr MareMaTnqapu. flpojercqzja 3aBucvt04 KapaKrepr'tcrlr)KeAeAa npr.rKa)l(yHa ManI{. Ka KOJe fiawac ce cBe Blrrrre Kopucre carelvrcrce QororpaQuje aa 6ra ce Ao6n'te znQopruaquje 3a Aerubuuje u cnequja"lusoeanzje uane. Ose c LrKe npnKasyjy xano arrrrocQepcxerpLI IzKeyrtrrry Ha cBeT r{ MerbaJy ra.

{ Y Cpegrber,l BeKy ce BepoBano ga ie o E paBaH. cBeT -Kpajem16. e. nplrxBafieHaie xAeia o z coepnqHoMcBery x ayropu Mana cy E T noqenlr Aa npaBe rno6yce.
N 'a
!

o 6

) Ilronollej, rpqK[ MaTeMaTltr{ap, ll. e.H.e.Y Aeny reorpa$nia oH o6pabyie reMy o upTalby Mane,
3ACHOBAHOM HA KOHyCHoj

npoieKqrjr. flpoqeruyjyce n reorpascKe 8000 Ayxr,tHe

MecTa.

Kaprupatte
Hajpanuja nnlunna xapma, anuttstut rulo't4,uw, damuparc 2250. n.n.e. Od madac1ce nr,emruKe npaenerca nana npomenme,nxeaayjyhu tnnpemrcy mexnonozuje. nponeuecy Cxopawtoe napouumodpau,amuuue,
ce BeoMa pasraryjy no Irnapre oHorr.re rrrra nplrKa3yjy vt rco.ruJ( I \yqranu AeraJLa.Kapre Be^rrKlzx cpa3Mepa, yrc,ryvyjyhu H nlaHoBe, npuKa3yJy Ma e ooAacTH. AeTa,4,HO Kapre Malr,rx cpa3vepa norcpneajy qe^y 3eM,by. a^rz npr4Ka3yjy canaor,raeHe KapaKTepHcTriKe. r,raeTonorpaQcrce. Kapre n przrcasyjy He o4^r,rKeKpaJo riKa v BerilTarrKefpa'feeuue, HaKo He ca roluKo Aera",ba.
N

:j::

i.:

Mepeme 3eMJbe flpna Qasa y Kaprvpa.\by nperxo4Ho HenprzKa3aHe oo^acTrzJe Aa ce yTBpArt Mpex(a ucTpalr(uBarrKux cTaHVrIa v^r4 KoHTpo Hnx raqaKa. uuje nosnunje rz Blrcr.rHe Llaecy [peuu3Ho r{3MepeHe. -nLl Merol rrpr4 cnponofemy oBor ocHoBHor ucTpair(HBarba ce Ha3rrBa TpnaHry^ar]r\a. Orra ce 3acHIzBa Ha qvueHrruvt aa ano je nosuara ayxuua jerytor KpaKa rpoyf^a v cBH yr oBtt y rbeMy, oH4a ce AyjrrvrHeApyrr4x 4eejy crpaunua Mory lz,3pa'vyr.arlr,. Y veperuy nosurlrzja croTr,rHa KoHTpo HUX CTaHHrIa, qeCTO pa3-

i o

'l

6yaeAyrauxau 10-20nu. Oz re ocHoB- A Crepeonnorepr creapajy

He riHrrJe,ncTpa)KuBaqr4olpeAe pa3AaJbuHy r.r3Mely Apyfr4x TarraKa y Mpelxrr nouohy MeperbayrloBa, KopncTeo4olrtr. rehu onrrz-rKrzr,rHcrpyMeHT

lrcnpaBrbeHe cnlrKe TepeHa ca TpoAl,rMeH3lroHanHor Hexn QororpaQnjans eaagyxa.

npaBe KapTe AlrpeKTHo ca oBllx

4eojeHrzxno 50 xlr, norpe6uo je 4a ce je4Ha pa3Aa.bvHaHa r y. n3Mepr4carr.ro To je ocuoeua ,xuwuja, xoja uoxe 4a V flpeo ocHoBHo r,rcrpax(lrBalbe nngr rplraHrynaqnjy je cnpoeeo cep

Bnruem Poj.To je ycramoenno penaruBHy noanqnjy Bennxe y oAHocy Epuraxuje xa Eepony.

OcuoeHy Mpelxy KoHTpo Hrrx raqana hcrpalKnBaqu lonyruaBajy Aeramurta rcojrzce Ha a3e nsuefy rlIzx. Panrlje ce pa4nlo Qzsrlvrcn, Ha r y, noruohy npzHrrHoc[oplrx Meroza. One Hanopne, Tpa4r.rr]t4oHa^HeMeTo4e cy yr aBHoM 3aMelbeHeAVTHTa^rlaMQororpaQajaMa rr3 Ba34yxa noje ce y6aqyjy y pa.rynap. fia 6rz ce rcaprupa a HeKa o6a,ac1 KoHTpo He ravxe_vo_pajy 4a ce o6eelKe Ha T y KaKO oU bH e BIdnJbI"jBe Ha

{era"rrno

Kaprrrparbe

SororpaQnja.
npaBe y AyfarrKuM TpaKaMa, a cBaKa QororpaQnja ce nperaana ca nperxo4HoM rz c,le4ehepr. O6,lacra npeK anarba Mofy 4'a ce nocMaTpaJy crepeocKorroM, rrnMe rle4a aq 4o6uja rpo4nMeH3lroHzr Hy clrlxy. 36or rora ce QororpaQr.rje v3 Ba34yxa Kopvcre He caMo 4a 6u ce Haupra v Aertu'bLl na r,ry, eeh u 4a 6n ce HBMepH a rlrc:,z,lua.

QororpaQzj aMav3 Ba3Ayxa. @ororpaQuje o4peleue o6,racln ce

Crepeo n oroBarbe Behuua QororpaQuja rB r,a34yxa cy rIcKprIB,beHec pIKe r a. tr4cxpzn.,r'ema cejan,rajy s6or narHyrocrz erelurle y rpeHyrr(y cHvMarba. 36or rora Huje npeuprajy ca voryhe Aa ce Aera,ry,H QororpaQzja, atr ce ro Mo;rte vcilpaeuru noN{ohvcreDeo nloroBarba. Kaaa ce nap qoiorpaQzja crae.,r,aHa KOHBeHrIrzOHa,\Hr,r CTepeO n OTep, oneparepoB aa4arax je Aa ce rz.spa'uyr'a HafHyTocT eTe^rrrle Aa ov c LrKa lr3rleza,ta oHaKo xano 6u r.r3r e4ala, ano je aBrroH ereo [apa e,tHo ca r,r,ou. Ka4a je roroeo, oreparep ce rcpehe oKo Ma e rar{Ke ulf.r rurrrrKe y onTriqKoM crrcTeMy, cleAenrr nyTeBe, peKe prlr4 ,r.uuuje ucre Bucr4He. KonTpo He raqxe ce noeesyjy MexaHur{KoM
O OBKOM, KOJa rrpeHOCH ^r4Ht4Je Ha [{CT

147

KAPn4PAt-bE

w,rj -rA
ry uapor :-+-+4..* 4r3 EIu

I ayroryr l0 *m*oyt
Ko^oceK, Bqme Merpa ronocer acrlarrpu IO(UHA cT4a neEaqE cT4a UyT

ncuo4 4,3- vepa, w Eeac(pMTEpaE

nailvpa H,\r4 rr^acTuKe. AaHac ce To o6ae,ryje floMohy aHalr,rrr.rirxor coQTBepa 3a cTepeo [IoToBarr'e. Ao 80% rzHQopMarlzja,norpe6Hux 3a HeKy Kapry, zo6vjaMo ca QororpaQvja vB B,A3Ayxa. A-tu zcrpa-ncr4P,alq.u Ha T y Mopajy Za caKyne u rzHQopMarlraje noje ce TVqy uMeHa KapaKTepvcTvKa v THnoBa BereTauHje,r.ao v Aa pa3jacHe cKpr4BeHe Ha QoTofpaQvjaMa. AeTarbe, Ynorpe6a QororpaQr{ a wz vaz4yxa je HaporrHToKoplrcHa y yAa,r,e}ll,'M oblacTvMa. To je u 6ps Har{rrHAa ce a}Kypkrpajy nocrojehe rcapre. l{o bU-rzx r 20. e. xaprorpaQu - tbyAL4 xojz npaee v 4prajy Kapre - cy p4wr4 caMo ca nanvpoM a,tr.r Qra"nvou u rycrtrM rIpHr4M Macrrr oM. KaprorpaQ je ypesraeao,lzHuje y c,roj n.racrzqHor ura'repnja-na. a rexHurrKo nepo je 4aeao MHoro 6omu u yjeanaveHrzjr4 KBa,tHTer Hero o oBKa r{ Macrrrlo. lltacruna je rarcole 6z,r.a unoro cra6n,r.nuju uarepraja,t oA rrar'upa. Y 4aHaurrr'e BpeMecy paqyHapil npey3e^v a nojea-

rbeHa Ha vereopo6ojne Qu,r.uone npe rrrraMne v H nperBopeHa y PDF sa

IIITAMNAq.

Ynorpe6a parryHapa
Oa rcpaja50-rzx r. 20. e. pavyHapa ce cBe BHrxe KopvcTe y KapTrrparbyu caAa cy craHAap4.Hanpzvep, zuQopuaquj e o KapTaMa,Kao rrrTo cy ,\oKarIHJanyTeBa, Mory Ia ce Avrrunaxzeyjy (npereope y opoJKe,l: ^vHVJe ce noxparbyJy Kao noHaB;saHH nap Koop4vtHara- rojecr,
Mepelba To IzKo I,I TOit4KO MM IICTOr{HO H TO I4KO LI TO IZKO MM CeBepHO 04

A Oororpa$uja lr3 Ba3Ayxa. Kapra BefllrKl,rx cpa3Mepa npnKa3yie Aerarbe; Kapra

Malbltx

-?s?!*4JaEacraa

*onc(E \r:# -{F PeKa rpyra

[yT

ca

KOIOCe(a

-ft-'.11ffi*'-f i*#-

to"t yKpmr@e sacm

cpa3Mepa KOplrcTl,l cltM6ore, a He r{pTexe.

-A AA rererboscxa roBopslqa FF:--.,::! naor --:/a ' jerepo ' - - k"-l-'1-v*a a qpKBa ca ropbeM * raueaa MeTaPKosT,'Ira 4.; '::-...,a :.,'.a'a:::ucropujcra ryha
ilyr

ce Kopncre 4a 6u ce anQoprr.raqraje ca 3 usruefiy crapujzx Kaprr,r u QororpaQuja uz saz- ! nocuarpannx o6 uK 5 raqara. .4yxa ilperBopz^e y [trvralr.ur pa4H qyBarba.Ka7:ace Arrtratnsa4nja 3aBpuJH, HoBe Kapre ce npaBe y bn,no KoJoJ cpa3Mepr4, yK,byqyJynw v cBe KapaKrepHCrlrKe xoje xaprorpaQ )fielrz, norr,rohy acepcxor rrrraMrraira. A4enearHo nporpaMnpaua xounjyTepil Mory 4a ri3BpuaBajy sa4arxe rcoju ce o6u.ruo noeesyjy ca KaprorpaQujou, 'Ko,tzno Kao rrrro je rpalenzna lz.Ma y HOCTaBLT T4 CTBap. oeoj o6rracrn?' 14HcrpynaeHra.rcoje Cula6ona Ha KapraMa ce crnapajy KoHrpo^HUry paqyHapt, creapajy nor<peTHe c^r4Ke r43 rro4aTaKa ca KapTe. Avrrvratlao y Be VKoM Qopuary, a 3arHM ce. cnramyjy.!,oaajy ce Ha3'.rBh Ycxopo 6rz uorro 4a ce overcyje 4ahe Mecra, eaje4uo ca cBvM zuQopuaqrajavH)rcerbeprrKopr4cTr,rTr4 re c.trane4a 6u ua, norpe6HzM 3a o4peleHy epcry v3pa'4ylr.atr uoryhe pyre 3a HoBe Kapre. 3aepruena rcapraje uAV noAe- rryTeBer4 xe^e3Hprrle.

KaprorpaQuja

$ vteoaonilrlr ce E Kopl,lcTe3a jyrosanagnor yr a Ha ManH. Crceuepu F Mepelbe yHoBa

1110,000 ---

y(pmr6e

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148

ux Kapara Ynorpe6areorpa$cK
Toxotw ucmopuje,nydu cy xapme npaeu,tr,u ee oepaficxe da 6u npurcasanu u npenenu o uu,Sopu,araujenoepwuuu Sem,ne. {anac c, Manecacnur*rru deomodepnoe Haq.ruwr Jtcusonur u pedoauo u,tc MoiceMo eudemu y u,osururMa, eoduutntara nyrnosaba u tur rneilerusuju.

ajnosnaraje reorpaQcxexapre cy .onrrrre peQepenrue xapre KoJe npnKa3yJy pa3Ha

r4AL16 o6eaexja 3eM,be. Tevrarcxe fioJe4uHaqHe KoHr-IenTyaiHe Mane, c o o Apyre crpaHe. Qorycnpajy ce Ha jeauo 6 E ooe^ei{ge, Kao rrrro cy reMneparypa c
I4AIII TIANABII'IIC.
E

je4tauuqa aAMVHr4crparrzBHHx v I4MeHIIMa V O3HaKaMa T aBHLIX fpaloBa Kao rr ocra,l.vx Ba)KHr'rx Mecra. Eoje ce Be HKe peBI43UJe CBI4X Mafra ZCTO!rHe Koprrcre xarco 6z ce pa3lrzKoBale Fepone n 6nsruer CoejercrcorcaBe3a, 3eM/be 14 14 Apyfe aAMr4Hr4cfpaTHBHe Jep cy HarJr4JeH3^a3u^e JeAHa 3a Je4vHr4r\e, Kao rrrTo cy 4p?fiaBe. (Dusu.rKe u,tu pe,reQne Mane c 4pyre Tlaua roju je osuavno ZpyroM l.r3KoBt4 KpaJ KOMyHr.rCTr4rrKe B a,4aBlrHe. wa npnKa3 crpaHe ce Qonycupajy 3eMnnrrrHlrx Qopmauuja. na 6u ce ro Arnac nocTrrr^o, Marra rroHeKa4 upTaalll je Ar,tacu cagprr(e reHepa^He peQeKopllcre rexHHKe Kao lrrro peHTHe Mane CBeTa 14 pa3AvrIlITLIx Hr,rJaHcr{parrre c oJeBa Lr^pr ynoTpeoa rrecTo pervoHa y cBeTy, rr4culr.a. ca 6oja 4a 6r.l ce npvKa3ala HeKO HUT.THOM TeMaTCKLTX Mafla xoje Apyre rexHHKe, Kao uJTo je ceHverse

fa 6w uMale Bpe4Hocr,ruaner..ropajyc 4a ce cra^Ho peBn4upaJy KaKo brz npoMeHe roje o4plKaBale ce HenpecraHo 4euasajy, Kao ruro cy HOBH rryreBV, yK^arnarbe cTapux 3rpa4a, urA. OA cyrxrHHCKor cy sHauaja sa 4eQuuucalbe fpaHrzrla, 04 Malvx rroce4a Ao qrrraBkrx le'apo4a. KaJa ce rpaHrtuenpoMeHeH Manevopajy Za ce uemajy. flo.rernorra 90-ux r 20. e. rlpTaqu Marra cy Mopa.\H 4a HafrpaBe
6

uoxpueajy

enouorr.rzjy H r{ pacnpo-

CTpaIr,eHOCT CTaHOBHIZIITBa.

Marre npzrcasyjy lloazrra.rxe fpaHzr]e - HarIHoHaIHe r4 perlroHa He

Ca Ha3LIBLIMa IIOIIiT'iTIKIIX 14

A flperneg reorpa$cxe Kapre cBera npeKoo6raKa. Kapre npurl,rKa BpeMeHcKl4x ce xajveufie Kopl,rcre ua reneeuanju.

Kapra VTonorpa$cKa ng 1951. 9enucQopAa, Exrnecxa roAI4He. TaxaeKapreAaiy H3y3erHo BpeAHe nogarKe Hcrop}|qapnMa.

t t

{ Tonorpa$cKa Kapra llJeajqapcxe. PerueQ je ca rcupraHlrM creHaMa lt oceHrteHltM naAltHaMa.

149

ynorPEEA rEorPAocKr4x KAPATA

BOAaMa Ayln oorl a. tr4soa,rzHrzjcrce reorpaQcKe .Kapre Mecra vcre BHcuHe.3eaHrzqHra npeMep ca4p)Ke r{}rLrJe, [orryr. KoHTypa,KoJHMa raxole npaBpr Nraue sehux pa3Mepa, ce noBe3yJyMecra o4JezHaKof 3HaqaJa. Tono,rpaQcrce yxnyuyjyhw fl aHoBe rpaAa Ha rcojuua 14 floce6no cy KopHcHe y K uMarcKr.rM reorPagcKe KaPTe cy yqpraHe 3rpa4e, xyhe z 6aurre. vHHJe BpeMeHcKkrM KapraMa fae lonorpaQcrce Mane cy KoprrcHe 3a leorpaQcrce Kapre onrrrre peQepenqe noKa3yJy reMreparype (n3orepMe), rryTHvKe, KaKo rreuraKe raKo v r,rruajyeeorr.ra ulrpoKy ynorpe6y. Je4na Ba3Aytnlrla rrpvrrvcar. (uso6apra) vr 6uurlx,Llrcre u nvrHr,rKe v Bo3rrrlr,rMa, Je peKpearHBHe cBpxe PaAu yKynHe nad.aBulIe (A3oxr{Te/. ! Thxole ca4px(e'o.por"L Kolr4r{uHe opr,rjeHrarIvJe KoJa yK,byrryJe rpKe, Y n,tauosuMa rpaAa noHeKaA ce an<popuaquja rcoje cy Ba^uAHe 3a qecTo Kpo3 ruyMoBprTe rrpe4e^e, Koplrcre usoauuzjcxe Kapre. Ha reorpaQe ur rlaHepe. MHore B aZe nouohy KoMrracaz uane.flaouu46a je rrpuMep, Aa 6w ce og yqu-no Ha KoM zuajy o4cexe 3a npaBrerbe Marra, Kao Apyra peKpearzBHa aKrrzBHocr y xojoj MecTy carpa4lrTu HoBr4 cynepMapKel urro je 3eaHu.rHr.r lpeMep y Berruxoj ce Kopr4cre reorpaQcrce Kapre. floca4e npojercraHrw uopajy sHajy - aa Epuranujrz xoju upaBr.r fpyre uopajy 4a suajy KaKo Za Kopt4cre oTnpH^rrKe Ko r{Ko ou fa tbyAr4 rouorpaQcxux reorpaQcKzx Kapara HaBHrar{HoHe raO HUe y Bo4aMaO,\l,r3y nocehusa,\o. IIpane Kapry rcoja rrI4TaBe 3eM,be. O6rruqu pe,oeQa ce o6arre rcaxo 6ra 6es6e4uo rrloBrllr,r y npnxaayje rpe4 ore Mecra Kopncrehz
rpHKa3yJy KoHTypaMa AvtIJuJaMa,

6paa lztLl ynorpe6a <pororpaQnja pe,reQHnx Molela seurnuurra, 4ajy Tpo4LrMeH3uOHa Hr4yTucaK.

o6u.+ro y 6paon 6oju, xoju noeesyjy

pa3geea

y qamja

MYXAPAK

{Kapra ceBepHor Aera Eaxpenna ca

(,
o3HaqeH}|M Typl,lCTtlt{K1,lM MecTuMa.

rpd{qe FraJ6

owsa monq6a

Benuquxa
cTaBKX Ha Kaprl,

Kao urro ie url,rpl,rHa nyTeBa, cy yBefiaHe. )Kounjyrepu MOryAa Kopl,rcre 6nox gnjarpame ca nepcneKTl,rBoM. oBai AlrjarpaM npuKa3yie rycrl,rHy nonyraqltie Koia E ce meAa Ha iyr npeMa flongoxy. llJro je Blttrr,rBpx E ro ie nonyra$nia E ryuf,a. 6
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I&sapcm . MAAE3HJA U TOEAIO

{TonorpaQcxa Kapra 9enmc$opga, Exrnecxa u3 1951. TaxaeKapre Aaiy lr3y3erHo BpeAHe noAarKe
l,rcrophqaphMa.

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{Kapra HaBlrraqlrie Koia noKa3yie nyK

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natrya Hosa

BOAaMa OCrpBa

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nvrIJt

Bajr. Ilpuraaane cy Ay6hHe, Bpcre

MOpCKOT AHa, CMep MarHeTHOr CeBepa lr no3lrquie craBKll

r HOBI,T 3EAAM

CBETCKErrofry AUIJATPAM
150

ArIL\E

1 rru2 = 800 000 craHoBEEKa

Kao uro cy paAap lr onynlrHe.

3EMJbA N.NAHETA

Lisbolq ^T?6@ ^*\Setribah ced-o_

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Krbyq >Aeo KoHrypHeKapre 14 Arnarrnx. Oaa xapra 3a ncroqH14 ce 6a3lrpa Ha craBKn oKpyxelba, je caaxa npoBepeHa oA Kojr4x oA oKeaHorpa$a. ceaxo oKpyx(elbe je osnareno qpHoMraqKoM.
HJoxpoHe -.ruHnje xoje noeeryjy MecTa Ha KoJa ce crr4rKe 3a Hcro BpeMe
_ 'TCIIDTAHC OKO IbI,IX.

,
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Pr ffiurcegr

,,t".r

{i,,rr,,,r. SiioVirrr'rutc

Y MHorvM TeMarcKuM KaDTaMa Kopr4cre ce cuu6o,rH H pa3lLrqLrre 6oje Ko I,Ir{use. Y Aa 6u ce flpuxa3aie HeKI:IN,{KapTaN,Ia CTaHOBHI{IITBa, Ha npH\4ep. KopLrcre c e r a q K h u er a 6 h c e YKA3A-AOHA DA3AVqUTV TVCTLIHY CTAHOBHLTTUTBa y OApeIJeHr{MOO aCTnMa.

Tono,nourxe Kapre cy H3y3erHo crrr,\u3oBaHe. Hanpulrep, Kapra Mpe'(e ,rnunja He ;Ae e3HHuau,uz ayro6ycmnx rl Mop_a 4a 6yae y npeunrHoj pa3Mepr.r Aa oy4e reorpaEcriu ucnpaBHa,Jep To Mo?fie qecro 4a s6ltww nYTHr{Ke. OHo rrrro je rryrHuu.HMa norpebHo jecre Je4HocraBaH 4rJarpaM KOJLInoKa3yJe pyre rr craHrrrle. MareMarI4rrKH Kaprorpauz cy r4 n plr Ka3yJyreorpaqcKe paMr4KoJ Ar4Jar r4rre Ha no4arKe u. s6or rora reorpaQcxe Kapre. Upraurl Mafla, Ha npHMep,Mory 4a rrprrKall(yrony^allaJy
CBI4X 3CMAlbA HA CBCTV HA TAKAB HAqIZH

Ja Je oo^acr cBaKe 3eMlbe Ha Mailv KopecnoH4eHrHa nofly^agwju. O6,r.ux

ynorPEEA rEorPAocKr4x KAPATA

)YMerxr,{Kr,r yrucaK Haecrap Enoxa 2P caTeluTcKor rno6anHor clrcreMa 3a n03urll,toHl,rpalbe. Oeaxen carenlrrr,r cy npBlr nyr naHclrpaHx 1955.,oHlr oMoryhyiy Boicqn Aa QuKchpaiy MeTyAO npeqlr3HocTl,l lt Malbe oA 30 Merapa. Onn cy raKobe x 3a AOCTynHlr ynorpe6y ltl,rBlrnHy UITO ie AO CaAa HaiBehe rpxr,illre a'|x ce clrrHa'| oA caTeIuTa Melba KaKo 6n gao MaKcHManHy npeqlr3HocToA 100 Merapa. llocroju Brue oA24 oBaKBHx carenlrra, vnja je qexa 5,6 nnnnnjapAu Aonapa 3a nocTaBrbabe u 750 uunnoHa roAnuJlbe 3a oAp)KaBalbe.
Ha KapTofpaMHMa He Mo)Ke 4a leM"be oyAe Kopec[oHAeHTaH cBoM cTBapHOM oo IzKy, a^r,r KapTofpaMr.r Mory 4a ocMVc e raKo za roHruHeHru 6yay HalVK cBoM crBapHoM o6,tzrsy. Y KaprorpaMuMa, rrperlu3Hocr o6aranaje MHoro MarbeBaxHa oAcrarvcrvrxe rcoja ce npzxaayje. leoaorure Kapre rroKa3yjy^creneroje ce jan,rajy Ha roBpruuHz. Kopucre rzx rpalenrznqra npu rpalerry nyha, nyreBa v )Kele3Hvqa. IJprava Kapara npaBe reo^orrrKe KapTe y pa3MepH 04 orco l:10 000 so 1: 250 000. ,{pyre gox Kapre rroKasyjy npcre 3eM,6r.rrrrra, reoxeluajcxe xapre 4ajy .KoHqeHrpaUuje eaeueuara Kao urro je ypauujyrr,r, Ha ocHoByy3opaKace4uMeHaraxojrz ce Ha a3e Ha AHyroKoBa. Herce reo,rourxe KapTe ce KopracTe y norpa3r.r sapy4aMa.
cKpeTarba
fI AHHHCKIIM

noBprrrnHcKe, peH;uKe y xzruoeraroj oo^acrH MorKe4a yKaxe Ha KpeqrbaqKr,r cAoJ,rAe B^ara ca noBpIuI,He o,n^a3v y [o43eMHrr ceer nehnHa r4 rrpola3a.

Hosa cagHarba
Ynorpe6a xounjyrepa yvuurlrra je BeJ^|KH yTIlI'UaJ Ha npaBiberse reorpaQcxzx Kapara. Iloce6rro je BaxHo y [poI{3BoZIbLI cleqlrJa }I3oBaHr4xreorpaQcnnx Kapara noje 9e He rIPOAaJy rr KOJe y Be nKOJKOAr{rrLlHu MOry Ha ce [ocMarpaJy Aa xouujyrepcxoM expaHy. Kol.rujyrepv Mory ga ce Koplrcre rr 3a r{yBarbe no4araKa reorpaQcrux Kapara. lloelrquja KaHalrz3arJr4oHzx oABoAa, cTpyJHrrx Kaoa^a H Apyrnx jaauux cepBzca, HanprrMep, cy ce HeKMa o6errexasa^v Ha KapraMa.Arrpt KaKO Ce [paBe AOAa\V, Uaue nocrajy rperpnaHe. Ou4a uopajy Aa ce noHoBo uprajy, a y raKBoM rrpouecy Mory la ce npaBe rperuKe. sannc toAaraKa Kapre {ururatnu 4a MOXe Aa Ce 4op4vr r4AH vrclrpaBu MHOrO aKrue Lr OpXCe HefO ruro Je ro rr,roryhe Ko4 ocTa r{x Tpa4vrIproHa Hilx reorpaQcxux Kapara.

e o
o vt o
o
d

U o

rryTeBa
TI2 ^VIIIAI/|A.

Ha

cTpMr4M

IJaxHo oTKpHne y oo acTHKapTHpafba flpeqnsnocr rr 4eraJr;la rrpe4craB"ba ynoleme Dro6aanor Koa,H-{trHarzHQopMarruja noje c4p}Ke cr4creMa rro3zqrroHt4pama zau I[IC. reorpaQcxe Kapre npe4craa,ra joru Llo6a,nnra cvcreM no3r,rqrzoHLrpalba je4uo orpaHzqerbe. TonorpaQcne 3Haqra QrExcrlpame je4ue nosuqurje napre 3nanvrrHor npeMepa y pa3Mepra 3ena,re, LrcroBpeMeHo, cKopo oA 1: 50 000 He Mory MHoro aa xopuruheneM cr{rHala oA carelura npvKalKy o ToMe KaKo ce 3eM"br4ruTe xoju op6rarupa y cBeMr.rpy. O"y KOpUtCTt4, OCHM rpa4n r4rrrTa n rrryMa, TexHuKy Kopt4cTe HaBr4raropt4 HHTH MOry 4a IIpHKa?Ky rrO43eMHe 6po4oea r4 aBHoHaKao u reoMerpra. KapaKTeprrcTraKe, Kao rxTo cy no43eMHe C je4He crpaHe je xopucro 3uarlr ?Ke e3HVrIelr KaHa^r.r3aurroHLt cvcTeM. TaqHy nosuqrajy Heirera, a^u tyAvl Bpurancre reolorrrKe Kapre, BLIUIeBO.te 4a Ce CHa.laeerCOpnCrehu o6jaa.nene y pa3Mepra o4 l:50 000, 3HaKoBe r{ rryroKa3e na seM6r.r. 36or npHrcasyjy Qnazvxe KapaKrepr{cruKe rora je BarKaH upeo6pxaj reorpaQcrrzx creHa 14 crpyKType creHa, xoje uuHe rrolaraKa y xounjyrepn3oBaHy pe.,reQ, yuorpe6ou 6oja w cravr6orra. Avrrvrrarulay .Popory. To je Aoeerro 4o Acno4 6oja ronorpaQcxa Kapra nopacTa HoBe r4HAycTpHJeKoJe ce 3eaHpr'{Hor npeMepa ce rrrraM[a y Ha3lrBa reorpaQcxz zHQopuaquourE I(opuruherre crznoj 6ojz. cepBr'tcwvll4C. leo.rosu Mory aa ynope4e KoHrype - _reorpagcKr{x KaPaTa Aa on ce KapTe npaBra^HoKopHct-H e, 3eaHz.rHor lpeMepa ca rpaHvqaMa _ Crrap 6y4yhnocru hyAw fipno Mopajy Aa cxBare rbr.rxoBa uerraef y pa3Hr4x BpcTa cTeHa, raKole cy 04 noMonH y KoMnJyTepcKoJ orpaHlrrrerba, oA rojnx ce MHora orrcpznajyhra He caMo r4e ce re Hanuraquju Bo3r4la, .ruue D,o6arrrrr,r oAHoce Ha pa3Mepy. rpaHzrle Ha a3e y ny, neh w rAe cy cucreM no3nrluoHrlpama - IIIC, eeaan flyreez, ?Kele3Hr,rqe 14peKe qecro He cTeHe cTBapHo prcKorueHe ucrlo4 3a 6azy rro4araxa Avrrvratlalzx Mory 4a ygprajy y npanoj pa3Mepkr froBprrruHe T a. reorpaQcrux Kapara r'aohu he ycxopo 9e He caMo 4a o6aeeruraeajy eosaue rye Jep aKo Ov OH e nornyHo rrperIr43He, .rzuuje rcoje ax npznasyjy ruropa.re6u 9nrane cy, neh u 4a npeBo4e HMeHa Mecra 14 'rAHId.e or{ bLro reorPa+cKrrx KaPara 4a ofAf To rlKO a4peca y reorpaQcre Aylr.rzlee vl -AA 'lHTarbe KapTe noTpeoaH Mr4KpocKon Bpe4Ha uruplnue , 4a 6u yrlpralu cneqr,rQr,rvne Aa ov ce BvAe e. Je Her,r3MepHo (Darropz pa3Mepe upuuopanajy BerurrrHa. Ona uo4pa3yMeBa uoryhTpace r,r3Mely eosaveee noeuqr,rje n IIpTa.re KapaTa Aa paAe Ha KapTaMa HOCT 4a Ce yCIOCTaB]I C r,rKa HeKe Ka KoJoJ r44e. AecTr.rHarIHJe Ma.\e pa3Mepe,4a r43MeHe HeKe 04 raKe o6,tacrz y r aBU npeeolenela cNu6orra Ca sacranxoM TexHolorrrnor pasooja, KaKo 6rz rrpeHelr,r rbr.rxoBrcapaxrep. Ha KapTe y cTBapHo oKpylKebe. un4ycrpujatvlra cy eeh npoueeea.rl Car reorpaQcnuM KapraMa ca pa3MepoM Pasyueearue czu6o.ra Kapre, rcojz ce Hae cucreMe nojra cy AoBo,tHo Ma,ltr4 Aa MarboM o4 l:50 000, qpra.rr4 Mana Koprrcre Ha roflorpaQcxuu KapraMa, Mory 4a ce yrpage y o6ntny aKroBKy 14 r{ecro HHcy y voryhHocrvr-Aa npvtair\y or'aoryhyje reorpaQzua Aa ryMaare AoBo,irHojeQruua 4a Mory Aa AolKvBe TO,\r.rKy Ko^r4qr4Hy KpLTBHHa Lr pe,reQ. Ha fipuMep, He4ocraraK ycnerrrHy rrupoKy ynorpe6y. 152

- HuQopMarluorrn cepBr.rcn

nopacT cTaHoBHt4UJTB
Ceaxe zodune ce cnerncKanonynar4uja donynu ca jou.t cxopo 85 MunuowtrHoaux cntnruoavuK& u seh uluocu euu,e od 6,3 r*tutujapde. To je ucmo xao xada 6u ce ceaxezodurue ceem"t dodaeano cnramo*lruuffneo Yxpajune u Ilomcxe.

V {Ceercxa ce nonynaquja 3a caAayBehaBa 85 unnnona

tltyAh roAlll|l}be.

l-pa$uxon norasyjenopacr
CBETCKE

poJ cTaHoBHnKa Ha cBeTy HLrKa4a wuje 6uo eehra Hero 4aHac. Ca4aurma encnaHauja cBercKe

oA nonynaquje 6000roAuxe
n.H.e. Kao ll

nony,raquje noeehaea [prrrrzcax Ha pecypce n^aHere. ofpaHr,rr{eHe flony,r,aqr.rja ce noeehaea xa4a je crona palana, rojecr 6poj.6e6a noje ce Io{ulurbe po{e y Je/HoJ 3eMrr,II Ha xurr,aAyny\u, seha o4 cTone cMpTHocrr.r, 6poja mylu rcoju npeMuHy ro4rzrxrbe Ha xv,r,aAy myAu. Paz"tur<auslrely oBe aBe qvQpe 4aje crony npupo4Hor rpupaurzua nony^aunJe. Crpyvmarlu npoqem,vjy Aa 6,3 vrl,rujapAe ny au 2003. cy npezcraBrba,tu usnrely 7.-.8% rreloKynHor craHoBHUrrrTBa KOJe Je 04 CBOrnocraHKa }ItuBe o Ha naruoj rrlaHerli._ ^F^Ilpuutro, nporleHe nony,r.aqr.rje npe 1800. ro4uHe Mory caMo za 6yay rrpu6,rvxHe. Tpe6a 3rrarv Aa je u 4alnac 6poj craHOBHhKA V HCKPIM OO ACTHMA LICCTO

npojeKr{r,riy 6ygyfierpacra. Epojxece na 6aanpajy npoieKqrirYH npeMa Koioj

TpeHyTHacTona

pafiarua n
cMalbelbe crone rpe6a cMprHocr14 Aa ce HacraBe. Kao raxea, npoieKroBaHa 6pojxa cBercKe n3 nonynaqr,rje

Henpeqv3aH. Melyruru, crpyqrbar1u cy V V non'onphBpeAHnM ApyurrBnMa 3eMarbay paseojy, Aeqa ce npoqeruyjy n Kao AoAarHa paAHa cHara.Og xajpaxnjer gerurrcrea nMalby. Aeua paAe Ha nopoAl,rqHoM

2000.os Z5 uunniapgn, Aocra ie oAcrynlrnaoA peanHor 6poja.

PACT CBETCKE IIOIyIAII?IJE

6000 r.lr.q.e. - 2000. r:u.e.

aE

<'F
;E

h? E>
X

lt"sf

lQ?do

yr anEolr aeMJte y parnojy yr aBrroid seMJbe y Pa3BoJy

)H:O*ea+*la

ri!ile'""it"
3aJe4HoOnHcaAHpacT nony^aqrrJe Ha 3ev,r,rz. Je4au o4 aBHrrx ileprroAa .r nopacra nonv,raquje Aecvo ce 8000 o .4 r,n.H.e.floeesaH je ca orr<pzheu norbocTaiHHx HacenprrBpe4e u ocHr.rBarbeM i o6una. 8000 nn.n.e o4 nonynaqzje, It noja je 6poju;ra ono 5 ,rau,ruona, 6pojxe cy nocTeneHo pac^e, yzBocTpyquBrxlr ! a ce cBaKHx 1500 roauna, aa 6v 1650. U d nH.e.AocrLrr e 500 uu,r,uoua.llpupo4It HV npnparrrraj npoce.ruo je rzeHocuo

oxo 0,04 u 0,06"h ro4urrne, o4pa)Kaeajyhr.r qIzrbeHrlqy 4a je xraeor 6uo Te)KaK v Aa ct\t cMprHocr uoeopof eHvaAr4, rAaA,6oaecl npupo4He KaracrpoQe ra paroeu, y3ele os6*rmas Aanr.aty nonv,raqvjz. Zsuely 1650. u 1850. ro4hHe, cBercKa nony,nauujace y4Bocrpyqu^a 14 AocTvf^a opoJKy 04 Je4He [1oeeharbe nony,rauuje rrar.r,rr.rjapae. HaKoH 1800. rozune je 6n,r.oeehuHoNa r43a3BaHO HanperKoM y rrpuBpe4u,, 153

noencrcrAHoBHl4 lurBA
rcojz. nra,LoaorrplrHoce exonorurljra, a zuajy norpe6y sa cKyfILIM oOpasoeayc,tyraua. HacyrbeM rr Me4HrlrrHcKlrrvr ce rpor oBoMe,y pasnnjeullM 3eMJbaMa AOCTAv3ABAJa 3a ra34pr(aBarbe cBe neher 6poja rreH3voHepa.

< YlAu4uiurnaKucraHy Ceygajy MraAe n B,ennKa AeBOiKe

BilKHOCT Ce npuAaie BenlrKoM
.s
I o

ca 6poiy Aeqe.V rpagoeuMa

Hll M qeTBpTl,lMa'nonyT Cl,lpOMaU

o ! E

Kan ryre, n peAcraBrba orpouaH npo6neM npexpaHurx l,l uJKonoearlrBeruKl,r6poi geqe.

sApaBJbyrz ulrcrohu, Kao v 4pyrrrrBeHeroy paserajeuurvr 3eMJbaMa. O.rexueaHUMnpOMeHaMaKOJe Cy rro4r4r^e CTaH- Hlr xt4BorHv BeK ce rcpehe oxo 52,2 Ha Br4rrl Hr.rBO, TTOCeOHOrozr4Hey AQpzqz, 63,4 y Asujrz w 71,9 AapA }$r4BOTa y Eeponrz u ceeepnoj Arnrepzqu. y jyxnoj Ar'repvIqr,r. y Hzxa crorra cMprHocru y 3eMJbaMa He4anrre npoMeHe paseojy, rcoja ce norrerKoM 21. eexa frraeHla nepHOA pacTa nony,taqr,rje o4Hoclr^.aHa oKo 757o csercxe flouy^aqr{e, je raKBa Brz[re s6or NaeavrlzHu3BaHoKBr4pa Eepone a ceeepne ArreplrKe noqeo je rex 20-ux ro4. 20. e. cKr,rx 4ocrlrrnyha uero s6or eKoHoMcKr4x r't apyrxrBeHr4x [poMeHa. Crona !,ecwo ce r{croBpeMeHo ca ycnopaBalbeM pacTa eBponcKe r.r ceBepHoaMe- pafama je w 4ane Br.rcoxa,Hapoqprro pr{rrKe uony,raqnje. Oa 1950. crorra y norbonpHBpe4Hr,rMcaje4Hnqava. pacra rroly aguje y 6orarzjurvr 3eM/ba- Croua cMprHocrur y Keuajz , Harrpr4I'la ce npehe ono 1,57o I-o4IzIIII6e,AoKy Mep, Je on^a yno^a Marba y rlepvoAy HeKfiM CUlpOMarrrHr4M 3ewbaMa r.r3HOCrI uauely 1965.ra 1989.s6or N{eAvrInHcKe rlrl:.e o42"/o. Here, a crona npvpau,rraja je pacaa Y noc,re4rux 200 roAI4Ha4oruao je rrotrerKoM 80-r.rx ro4. 20. y. y npoceKy npoMeHa sa EeponnaHe ra sa 3,8"/o ro4rrrlrEe. 4O Be rAKr.rx oHe eBporrcKor nopeK-Aa,.flpoceuna Bpoj nylu y 3eMrbaMa y paseojy rcojvt nopoArrrla ce flpeno^oBr4^a, a xvBoTcy rra"nalra o4 15 ro4.je oxo 35"/o,a caMo HH BeK qoBeKaje ca 35 roausa 1750. 4,8o/onytu je crapuje o465 ro4. flopero4. nopacrao sa75 to4rarra AaHac. I1erca pMu, y paser,rjeHlrM 3eM-/baMa myAw,v,-,rat1w o4 15 ro4rana o6yxnarajy I9,3"/o, 4ox je 13,6% craHoBHt4rrrrBa 3eu"'re y paaBojy lr\HBoTHH BeK Ce npo4ylKr,ro a y Benhcrapuje o465 ro4wua.3aro y 3eMJbaMa HH 3eMarba y pasnojy, a"ru je r<pahz y pasrojyje Be HKH 6pojwt:a4wxmyau

ca MalboM croY pasnujenzM 3eMrr,aMa noM pacra nony,raqzje, nehzna rrapoBa vrua najeaure 4noje 4eqe. MHore seMrbe y pa3BoJy rroAcTvtsy ,by4e 4a Kopt4cre Mero,4e 3a KoHTpo y palarm y pasnojy, w y 14 najeehux 3eMa-/ba yunyyjyhu Kuuy u tr4w4njy, crona rr o4HocTI,I, MepeHa rrpocerrHHM 6pojer,a4eqe no je4uoj xenra, oua-naje 3a cKopo 4ee rpehraHe roKoM 70-ux u 80-ux ro4HHa 20. eera. Krlrra je cnerra crory rpr4pa[rraja ua 0,6o/oro4prlurbe, r4aKo Hr4JerrocTrzr a cBoJe qHJbeBe y frornyHocrra, yr aBHoMsaro ruro eehldHa KHHecKktxnapoBa xeaz czHa xojz 6w 6puwyo o EnMa y crapocrvl rJeloYnpxoc, ona4arby .rrlo4Ho-crl4, KyrraH TpeH4 yKa3yJeHa yop3aHo noseharbe cBercKe nony-larlr,rje y Hape4Hvx HeKo utKo AerleHuja. (DoH4 sa nonya,aunjy npra YH npoqenr,roje 4a he 6poj craHoBHnKa y cBery o4 6,3 vrz"r.zjap4e vs 2003. aocruhw 9,2 uwt.wjapAe 2075. r. Melyrurvr, axo [IAO4ca4anfinvr noK).rxaJl44a CeCMarbLr HOCTOy4y HeycnerrrHn, cBercKa rronytaqlaja Mox(e 40 2300. r Aa Aocrvrne 6poj oa 36,4 uu-xujap4e. Mox4a he 95"h oeor noseharla Aa ce ceera, Kao rrrro Aeckryaerr.r-,rauaTpeher cy AQpuxa, Asuja u Jyxua Arvreprzrca. Melyrzu, oBe 3eMiberexe r43la3e Ha xpaj ca noeehaHoN{ nony.raqujon xojy rpe6a npexpaHr4Tn. fia 6u ce cra6u;lu3OBaIa nony arlvJa, rr^o4Hocr KoJa ce MepH a Kao lrervprl Aerera no Je4HoJ xeHlr y 3eM.baMa y pasnojy 90-zx ro4uua 20.8., Mopa Aa ce cBeAeHa 4eoje 4erle no )KeHkr. fla 6u ce oBo rrocrr4r o Hnje 4ono.rHo caMo uoeeharu yrorpe6y cpe4craea 3a KoHrpoly pafarm, eeh r,r yBecrr,r Apy_rrrrBeHev eKoHoMcKe rrpoMeHe KoJeora noArrf e craHAap4 .

Byayhla PasBoi

)flrjarpauu nona lr crapocrl,ry raH],| (eeurtn y pa3Boiy) u UJeencroj (aucoxo pasanjenoj 3eMrbr)Aaiy nopetelbe nonynaqnjcxe crpyKrype x
l,lHAl,lpeKTHy

rnSopnaaunjy o paHlril,rM cronaMa

pabalba 9l CMprHOCTl,l. KarO crona pababa ll cMpTHOCT14. 154
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. I4cran6v-rt ' Texeparr .. Ea;ga-4 Ptjaa KanPo

rueg .tnir cer.i**l..fro*'o Ocaxa

Kaxo mydu xanyu.tmajyceocxe cpedut+e rna,Koce zpadcrca nonynan4uja noeehaea.flo 2005. 6tmoje 46 epadoaa ca npexo nem
MIULUOHA

3":1j 'Xoirr Korrr

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cm,a,uoeuuxa . Od mux epadoea3 j cy y 3eMrbaMa y parcojy. Kaxo oee 6pojxe noxaayjl, 6omu lCU6onnru cmaudapdje camo jedau paenoz3aurnxo ue6eznuqe Han)umaJ) 3ewbe ) paseojy Kao rumo c) a$puwee u aaujcxe u npenueajl ce y Eepony u Ceeepuy Anepuxy.

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. i

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craHoBrruqE [o (Bagparsoj uurM

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(2005.)

c o .q t Ipa4orx ca nonylarqnjou o'4 ner Mn^uoHa (2005.) rehou

c E o

P acnpocmpab e?do cm cI emlKoz crnaruol?duurnxea xpot ucmopujy ce MelbaJLA rnoKoMceo6a.Var u danac, aenuKanpocrnpaHcnxaa u moeyhuocm euu,ez cmaudapdanpuanauu nyde da ocnueajy do*roee y daneru.r*3eM,tbaM&. \ /nepnr ('raHoBHiltIlTBO I rr nrrrel3r 11,80. a 1990

A AOPI4KA A3TZJA CEBEPHA AMEPI4KA AATHHCKA AMEPI4KA EBPOIIA ETIBIIIH CCCP OKEAHT\A

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A nonynaqraja- cpeguHoM2005. (rvrrnnorn) 6 npojexroaaxa nonynaquja - 2015. (uunroxn) (cuprra B cuprxocr HoBopobeHqa4ra '1000 xneopobexrx)

flporvreHe rreMa
Hat e,ueHot i npeAc rae,t,a 6poj c raroBHnrie. nojr.r ;t.HBH \' -ra roj r,6.racr n Hao . \ o B u l r - (A N \ n . b a , r H n , r j n ( \ ' - + l H B e . \ l r lxr().leJeJHa aJ\,rHrrrrcrparllBHa ob,\acT HONratlCrJr\{HarrLrHO\Ii+iHBOTa.HenpeH H 4 p ; + i a B r . M a I : lr H r \ r H . Ao e a j H : r . n l H ( raH() riperarse 6u,r,, .je cr rurr.rHixr.r ce 4o6uja He rano npeuu3Ha c,\Hria o 6rlrno ga onci'aHan. A,ru raxeo noeTO\le rJe -b\/II,I, 3anpaBO, ;Al.IBe. i a F b e3 a \ r e B a r o j e r l r ' . r e t H \ ' \ \ r e l r H u ( 1 . llpee ,r'1,rlcrie sa-je;1Hur1c qHHfi n cy Jep c)' rby4lr MopaIH /[a Hayrre Ja ce

(6poj pabalba l- yxynxa crona nnoAHocrra no xern) fl % nonynaqraje< 15 ro4uHa/ > 65 rograxa ! % yp6axo craHoBHl.rurBo E npraxoano craHoBHr,,rKy 2005. (CYC) X oq yxynxe norporllbe cBercKe exeprraje

aganrapajv Ha HOBe i+iuBorHe cpe,4r.rHe - l,remajvf'ul HaqLrHe HcxpaHe, Nrarepuja-,re sa o4ehv H cli^oHaurre. Aurponolo3l4 (oHn nojr npor vauajr .b\.4cF.\ pac)') npoqemrjr'4a je npe oFio l0 000 fo-lHHa \'r(vnHa ( BetcKa rrony,rarlrlja

155

pAcn pocrpAr+EHocr crAHoBHt4 uJTBA

{Toxorvr 19. n 20. BeKaAouno ie AO Mrrpaqnie ,by+n n3 EBpone, KaAaie npeKo 50 unnnona KpeHyno y AMepHKyn Aycrpanuiy y norpa3u 3a oHlrMruTocy cMarpann 6orunu xl,lBoToM. zujy u flaxucrau, a jout 24"h y Hcrorrnoj Aozjz, ywsyyjyhwKwwy wJanaw. Y ceeepnoj Avepuqu rz Eeponrl nocroje orpoMHeyp6ane nonyrrarlraje.
Ilruxoe Br4coKH c.TaHdap4 )r(rrBora npe4cTaB,baKoHTpacr cr aH4apay KoJr4 uttn.azujcrca nony,r.aquja, ocr.rM Jauana, rle Je yrAaBHoMceocKo cTaHoBHt4rrrTBo KOJe IIOJLOflpI,IBpe4oM. CeOaBLI Hace,renocr yHyrap oBr.rx rlaBHrzx rpynaqr{a Aocra Bapvrpa. Hene rnra,re vMaJy rr3y3erHo BrlcoKy 4pxaBe HacereHocr. Xonr Kouq Hnp., ^rrMa yKynHy reparopnjy oa 692 M2, ? Kao rrpou3Bo4 c,ro6o4ne eo,re. HanpzHace,beHocr oa 6 484 hyAV no KBaMep, 12,3o/o nony,taqrzje CAfl-a aparHoM Krr^oMerpy. 04 eehzx 3eMAa, (2005.) qrrHe rroroMqrz AQpuxanaqa Eanr,ta4eur je uuao najeehy Hace,r,ercojz cy AoBe4erlz y ceBepHy Auepuny nocr 2005. n rcao po6oeu. C jeaue crpaHe je ponYourureno, uelyrnu, uajeeha CTBO rroBenaBa^o ceBepHoaMepzrrKy HacereHocr je nprlcyrHa y nn4ycrpwjanonyaarlrajy.a c 4pyre crpaHe. ono je I-r3OBaHI,IM3eMibaMa, a OHe Ce yt^aBI4MaIo Apacrv'uaH yrnyaj Ha Be r4Ke HoM Ha^a3e y Eeponrl. Xo,r.an4rlja je o6.nacrz 3arralHe AQpzrce xoja je 2005. ro4raHe HMa a najeehy HaceJbeHocr oz 397 crauonnprxa no nlrZ. Aolxr4Belaor6n t'au naa nony,laqr,rje.

opoJaia freT MH HOHatby+Lr. I4Hoeaqrzjey rexHoaonrjh, noqeBrrr,r o4 ornpr.rha KaKo Aa ce xpaHa npor.r3ee4e ysrajaneM yceBa, ZoBe e cy 40 noeeharu,a cBercKe nony,narlr.rje A Hace,r'eHocTu y o6,racrnva rcoje cy HMa e u4ealHe ycloBe sa pasnoj noJboilpaBpe4e. To je 4oee,lo, raxole, 4o pacTa rpMoBa Me cy "lby4uMor H la ce 6aee 4pyrrzu 3aHr{MarbrrMa,a Aa ce xpanou cna64eeajy us o6,tuxmrzx rro,bonpr.rB pelHr.rx o6,r.acru.

l4e ny4u )r(HBe

,4ty4cr<a Hacerba nocroje cKopo y cBr4M AeloBriMa cBera, MMa y Henzir.r o6.r.acruMa, xao urro je Anrapxrrzx, He Mory Apyfa xacHuje v r4Marua c,rIzrraH a no4je4naxo tra oncrary cra He Haceo6r,rue. y ApycyrurrrHcKrl yrw4aj Ha pacnpocrparteft4M HertptlcrynauHHM npajeezva, Hocr nony,taqzje, 6r,r,ta je 'rsAyMa,\e fpyne JbyAu, nonyT cror{apa-Hocrpujcna peeo"ryuuja roja je noqela y MaAa, )$LrBe raxo rrrro cy ycsoju,v. nsyBpzranrzjn lB. eexa. Oea nojaeerno cneqzja rr3oBaH Harrr.rH)ru4Bora. .Kpajena Ba 4OBe a Je 4O MaCOBHO| froBenarba Karo rurzpoM cBera nocrojrz MHoro nonyrrarlrzjera no 6pojy. l,1no KoHUeH- TaKBLIX OO aCTII, HeIIOIO4HIZX 3a rpa\vJLr, Hapollr4To y r4HAycTprlJCI{.wM )t(riBo! eehzHa cBercxor craHoBHurrrrpagoBzMa. Hoeo uH4ycrpzjcro 4o6a rea je KoHrleHTprzcaHa Ha rbrrxoBtrM AoHelo je eea,nxa Kperarba .lby4vr, pe aTLIBHOMa I{M 4e OBI{Ma. yx,ryuyjyhu u HacerbaBarbe ceBepHe Ono 33% cBercKe nony,raqzje je Aruepzxe Eepon,ranr.rua. KoHueHrpucaHo Ha jyry ^ jyror,rcrorcy

cpa peBo^yqnj a !l^ ay.lpnj noJaBa. KoJa ce Aecv^a MHofo

JanaH, aarzjcta 3eM,rba ca uajjauorr.r rzu4ycrprajovr, He raocraje MHoro ca cKoDo 337 cranoeHuna no xuZ.

Hlrcy ce cBe Murpaur,rje 4euraea,re

Asuje, yxnyuyjyhu tr4u4ujy,klu4oue-

A Behn Aeo l43paeraquHu nycTl4lba, anlr HanpeAH}r clrcTeMll HaBOArbaBaba oMoryfiyjy paaeoj norbonpnBpeAe }| Hacerbay oB]rM HerocTonplrMrbl,rBlrM o6nacTnMa. { Tproeuna po6rbeM uMafla je Apacr['{aH yTl,rqaiHa nonyraq}rjy Befier Aena ASp[Ke. Mun]4oHr.l y ,bytr],r cy rpaHcnopToBaHr4 Auepuxy nna ncnaucKe 3eMrbe.

rrony^aqlrJa HH4ycrpHJcKHx/pxaBa KoHIIeHTpucaHa je y r.paAoBvrua u ypoaHvM cpe4prHaMa r4eJe Hace,beHocT MHofo eeha Hero rrrro ce Moll(e 3aK"6yrrrrTH frpeMa cTaTHcTIlrI[r Ha HHBoy ApxaBe. Hanpzrraep,897o nony,tauzje Be"tnre Epuranrzje x\LrBvry yp6auurnr o6rracrulura.Y nexrau 4ea.onnlra Aouje eeha oJ 25 000 ZoHa Hace,boenocr
,6y4r4 IIO KM..

, l

firaa u ce,ro

Y geu"raua ca npeon,talyjyhorrr ceocKoM nouyaaqujoM, Hace,ibeHocrje yje4uavenuja. Y klu4ujn 72"h nyaw )r<uBVy ceocKlrM cpe4uHaMa, a yKylHa HaceJbeHocr2005. ro4une zeuocurra ie 333 craHoeHr.rKano r<ira2. llpocevHa Hace.?beHocr y A<ppzqu rajpruoj Auepzqu je MHoro Marba. Y A<ppraqu, Hurepraja Hn,ra Hajeehy^Hace,teHocr ca 328 craHosFruKa no nprZ.

Jyxroj Uopuuiu
Ha AHrapKrlrKy.

) CraHrqa ga HayqHa ncrpaxlrBalba y

A Bpyfiau cyBaKruMaApnsoxe je y npegxocr rpaHcoopMncaHa

OHa CaAa npl,lBnaql| ,byAe n3 xraAHlrx ceBepHlrx Ap)KaBa Koiu Tpax(e MecTa 3a reToBabe lr Aoi,l HaKOHOAnaCKa y neH3lriy.

V Cxopo 99o/o erunaTcKe nonynaqrie oA 78 uunnona ,byAn x(uBl,l nopeA Hnna u y ]beroBoi AenTn.

Knnrvra H rony

aqrja

K-rraua je neh .Ayro r aBHz Qaxrop KOJI4yTUare Ha MeCTO)r<vrBoTAtby4vr. Mecra ca excrpeMuoM K rrMoM cy peTKo HaceJbeHaIz H [oTfryHo HeHacerbeHa. To cy o6"tacrv e4eHvx rro^apHax perr4oHa v Be VKe repzropuje Cw6wpav ceBepHe Kana4e xoje ce rpaHr,rireca Aprcruxoll, Y rrzu o6aacruua 3vMe cy Ayrc v MpaqHe, 4orcje lerrbr,r nepno4 KparaK u s6or rora je rerrrKo yerajaru npexpar'a6ene xya.rype. C lpyle cTpaHe, BHcoKe TeM[epaType H oou^He KHrxe y TpofrcKllM oo^acTr4Ma cy noro4He 3a rroJbonpr{BpeAy.Ellir,rce pacry 6pso vyceBvr MoryAa cey6upajy HeKo rrKo rryra ro.4r,rrutle. Oeaxea K HMa [o4cTuqe yceB.e, arru I4 nOro4yje
TIHCeKTAMa, OaKTepHJaMa U I].thVrButqa-

rrra,xoje cy y3por{Hnrlu o6o,nerla 6ut av JbyAvr. Ka, xtr{Borr4r+;a O6turge xurue rnrory6p:o 4a rr o4Ha-3eM/br{rrrTa yrruHe HerrlogHrrM, cnnpajyhz cBe xparb,rluBe cacrojxe. Crora, KpirerbeM TporrcKrzx ruyruanoeeh aBa ce rr,roryhuocr Aa ce.baqra 6eseM"[,arura 4oly 40 Hexor rrocega, a r4 ce u y6paano. ry6ra nlo4Hocr rc241 ce 3arrrrr4THzc,roj pacrzrba yrc,lonu. Y TponcKHMr<pajeeuuarzrua 4errona xojn I4MaJy HaJMarby Hace/beHocT Kao u oHHx rcoju cy Hajryruhe HacerbeHr't Ha cBery.

Bo4a rr repeu
Mecra xoja zrnlajyHepe4oBHeu 14 Ma^e KoJ\HqHHe n?,^,aBy,}j.a Kao urro cy jyrosarra4HaAQpuxa, Caxapa H r-IeHrpa^Hvr Aeo Aycrpa,uje cy oeonra crra6o HacerbeHe. Cauo oxo oa}a v 6ywapa u peqHHX Aotlar;,ar4e BoAa nocroju . Aylx R Ha seM/bLrHoJ [oBpruHHr.r nocroJe 157

pAcnpocrpArbEHocr crAHoBHr4uJTBA
{ Xour Koxr je jegno oA HaiHacerbeHyrixx Mecra Ha cBery. CraxosHr,rqlr yHaBHOM )(HBey
B14COKl,lM

u
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con1,|Tep]rMa. ) flonynaunje VnAnie n KrHe npeAcraBrbaiy

37o/olKlrJ.He CBETCKE

nonynaqxie. V Epaeuncxa BnaAaie orBopnna ieaea HacerbeH

aMa30HcKl4

5
o .=

6acen, lr3rpaAlrBrxnAyfn ayronyr Ayx KOrace npore)Ke o6paAuBo 3eMrbltuTe.

E
6 I E o ! o E

e
@ I v

l;.acena. Apyru Qaxrop je repeH. xtrzeor je "tarcruu ua paenoj uuswju nero ruro je y frlaHrlHcxlru o6,tacrrlua. ?Itzeorje yonrrrre rexan Ha Be r{KrzM HagMopcKLlMBr4cr.rHaMa s6or paepeleHor- Ba34yxa, jaxvx BerpoBa r4 HrzcKHx TeMneparypa xoje qtrHe )r{trBor BeoMa
HeflpvJaTHVM.

Bpe4ue Haclare pyaa uwajy Belrrxrr yTwIaJ Ha pacflpocTparr.eHocTnorry^ac-nyvajeezua, hyAn cy uuje. Y HeKr4M
3aHeMapvBaIH oTe?KaHe K VMaTCKe

Exonoucxz Qarropr.r

ycloBe rz MHoro rprrelrr xa4a 6u uv ce yKasa a lroryhnocr Aa AofJy y roce4 HeKor n eMeHHTorMeraia xao ruro je 3laro. Ka4a je 3laro orKprzBeHo y Aycrpatujw- 185 1. ro4rzue, ua-nz 6poj tbyAw ce oooraTHo, zl rr MHoro HeycrrelrHllx rparaqa aa snarou je ocralo y Aycrpa"r.zja. Y nporurrocrrz eHeprercKe pe3epBe cy y Be VKOJ Mepv yTLrrIzL e Ha nonyaaqzjy. Hace,ta cy nocreneHo
pac a oKo KoIIoBa yfJLa v v Ha a3IzI[-

yc^oBr4 y rrporrr^ocrr4 cfrperraBa^rl paseoj Be HKrrx Hace,ba. Haeo4naBarbe oMoryhyje no,rronpuBpe4nvtr\uIMa aaysrajajy yceBe y o6"nacruua Kao rlrro je nycrama Heree y jyxnou tr4spaetty rcoja je HeKaaa 6nta caMo rola
IyCTLIIT'4.

Cenepne Alurepzxe.Top.u rora, y r4eJerrorbotlpvBpe3eMrbaMa y pa3BoJy

4a ocHoBHo 3aHuMarbe,Kperarbe cTaHoBHr.rrrrrBa noeehaea nace,renocr seh cpe4r4Ka u npeHace/r,eHux yp'aunx Ibr{xoBe oKo^rrHe 4oK ce Hace,beHocry pypalHkrM o6aacrurra cBe Bvlrre crr.ranyje.Crora ce rueMa xoja ce neh Aecvua y Eeponz Ir oBle noHaB,6a.

Hajea;rcuzja Qaxrop nojr.r yruve Ha pacnpocTparr,eHocT nony^arJzJe y

MHOTVM Ae OBr{Ma CBeTa rrriHrr MHIpa-

ra reoxfa, Hapoqrrro lra4a ce yraJb Ha a3vo y Henocpe4noj oxoaranll. C gpyre crpaHe, rpvcycrBo uaQre tafiputpo4Hor faca Ilucy AoBeALr 40 HacTaHKa
Be I{KI4X Hacena.

-/ HanpeleHa TexHo^ofr4Ja14KA]1MaTTT- cTaBHO 3aTO ruTO Ce nOIIy arIVJe OBI,X zagvja oruoryhntn cy .rr,y4LrMa Aalr<LrBe perraoHaMHoro 6pxe noeehanajy Hero y MHorrzMo6.lacrqvra r4e cy npprpo4Hz y paseujenuM seMJbaMaEnpone z 158

Mo4epnu -'.Ir.

rpeHgoBn

4lzja nyAu H3 ceocKr.rxy rpa4cce o6"lacrr4. Karco rpa4oBr.r pacry- TaKo rI HaceJbeHocTy pypaJ\HL'rMoo acTI4Ma ofiMa. Ynprcoc BarrcHocrrz yp6auvzaqraje, o6pnyrr.r rpoqec je zw4nwn y r4e Ce HeKvM IIHAyCTpLTJCKIIM 3eM,,F,aMa, L13 rpa/oBa v o{Aase y tr,yAu uce.lbaBaJy npe4rpala u,tra pypa^He o6aacru. Ceaxor 4alaarryryjy y rpa,4 Ha rrocao. llpocevHa Hace,r'eHocrje cre y l._hu 3eMrbaMa y paaeojy, noce6no y A.Ppuqu, JyxHoj Ar'aepzqrz u Azuju,j.atto-

Erconoucre Mrrrpaquje
Paroeu v penpeclrBHe B a4e u Aatbe
yTwsy Ha KpeTalba CTaHOBHLIIIITBa 11

rberoBy pacnpocrparbeHocr. Hanpzv'ep, 1972. ro4vHe MHoru craHoBHHqrI Yraw4e asrljcxor roper a 6u.xwcy rtpwMopaHrzAa ce ucele r,rsucro-rue AQprarce r.r nafy cnoje 4onoBe y apyrl4M rpajeezua cBera, noce6no y pasnzjeHrrM 3eMrbaMa Kouonnerrra, yr.ly3eM6aMa uyjyhu u Bpzranujy. Y nercrzrra Kao ruro je. Aycrpa,,ruja, xoja wrr.a noTpeoy 4a Joru BlzIIIe pa3BI4JecBoJe pecypce, AoceJbeHvuvt v13 t4cTorrHe Eepone ra Aanje cy Ao6po4our.r.z.

14 turBo u pecypct4 CraHoBH

{ 3arafierueBa3gyxa je ie4HaoA
MHOTUXMaHa CBe

eefieceercxe norpe6esa ereprujou. Yraru rojn je norpe6ax 3a noKperalbe

eHepreTCKl,lX qeH-

rpana je pecypc xojn ce HeMox(e

HaAOKHaAurl,l.

flpupo4nn rac y lr3 Hara3lruTa je saueMopr,rMa Hro rac xojn ce go6riao caropeBabeMyrrba y
d c d] c

racHltM noroHlrMa lrl,rpoM 3eMrbe.

je \ozamoatnadurame y 3eM,baMay paaeojy. flpzpo4nrz pe3emna rIorIyT pecypca xoju omoeyftyjy cypcvr cy rpvpo4He cnpoBl4He r{tl4Bonpupodnux MI4Hepa a, or4JbaKa,
nocmoj amte Jtulon'La.Hexu tr&yq'utul4u cmpaxyjyda lte ceemcxo cnnarr,o Blrurtrmeo ycxoponpepacmu 3a sadoeo3 ennuu,eKa,nar4unleme rbalab e uaj ocuoeuujux nompe6a.
3eM,brlr[Ta,

e4Ha 04 r aBHvx oI vKa tby4cKor x(LrBora,uoce6uo y pasnzjeHvM 3eMJbaMa,je creapan,e orpoMHI4X Ko^r4rrr,rHaOTrr2lHOr MaTepr.rJa^a.

Tr4r\a,Bo4e r{ Ba3ryxa xojz cy norpe6Hr43a OrrcTaHaK "by4cKepace. Marepzjarrz Hrrcy cIapoBI4He,aKo I{ucy r43Bop 3a4oBo,ber6a '6y4cKLlx norpe6a 11 aKo uu nuje Aara Bpeanocr. Y KaueHol't 4o6y, xperureuje 6uo 6uo rorr aBHrrpecypc,jepje try4vrMa pe6aH za w3pa4y opyba: Mefyruu, ca HanpeTKoM TexHo^orr4Je KpeMeH Je u:ry6uo cnojy cyurrlrHcKy BpegHocr.

Iberoeo Mecro 3ay3eln cy 6axap, xaraj r,r xacnuje rnoxle, rlocraBrul4 T aBHIz Mr4HepalHrr pecypcu y Eponsano ra feoe4eHo 4o6a. Y 18. rr rloqerKoM 19. e., naQra xoja je Aonvpa a I,I3 creHa y peKe flencz.neaHraje, npe4crae"ila,la je npaBy Hanacr 3a craHoBHr.IlrrrBo. I{.:a4acy orKpr4^t4 Aa oBy cyrrcTaHlly Mory 4a KaO ropr{Bo 3a aMrre rr Kao KOpr4CTe Lr3BopnapaQrlua, 4o6u.naje Ha BpegHocrn. Beh 4yro r.IHlrerbepu upane 6yrrrorr.rue n qpile uaQry.

Hgue'pacuruuvxo' Apyurrao cne 6pxe v op)Ke Tporrrkt rrpprpo4He pecypce. Hayvnzqz npoqerbyjy 4a rrpoceqHa oco6a y CAA-y roKoM cBor )rcr4Bora rroTpompr Ar4peKTHo vr^vt vrIJ I,IpeI{THo oKo 1 600 roHa Marepzja,ta noje ce qpne us 3eN{"be. To je oxo 50 nyra Br,rue 04 KolrarrrrHexojy uorporupr rrpocerrHa oco6a y tr4u4uju. Crora ce norpe6a 3a pecypcvMa noeehasa Kao pe3y^Tar 4ejcrna 4ua r,l'aBHaQaxropa: noeeharba cBercKor craHoBHnurrea u nosehana craH4ap4a )rcfiBoraKaKo y pa:eujeHuna raKo u

) Pufiaje rnaexa HaMnpHuqa y HcxpaHlrnoBqa lr3 nreMeHaAcuar y Hoeoj Fennejn.TaKBa nneMeHa )crBe y cKna4y ca ceojou >tffBorE HOM 1,r KOpnCre CpeAnHOM AuBrbe o y lrcxpaHlr ll ; 6nnxe H )Kl,rBorl,rlbe '6 3a npaBrbese o4efie lr cKnoHr,rura.
(d

159

14 PEcvPcr4 crAHoBHr,rurBo
O6nan-rrarbe pecypca
Hayunngu 4ele pecypce Ha ZBe rpyne: one xoju Mory Za ce o6uoee z oHe xojn ce He Mory o6nae,baru. Y pecypce xojz ce o6uae",uajycnaAa eoaa rcojace npHpo4Ho peqaK Hpa Kpo3 xrr4poreo^orrrKH qrlK^yc - Apyrr M perrvMa,npeHocr4 ce 40 MopanpeKoaruocQepeH noHoBo epaha y Mope. 3eu,nurure jejourje4an pecypc nojn ce Morxe o6nae,rbarrr, aKo ce nalKrr,HBo Fbh Me.pyKoBoaa,jep ce
IberOBI4 rOpEI{ C OJeBI'I TIBpCTUX CTe-

Ha cralHo pa3^axy rz creapajy Hoeo r,to. C,tuqno roMe, naxulr4Bo pyxoBarr,e pecypcrlMa ruyMaqvHH 4a oHe Mory 4a 6yAy cra.nnwrzr3Bop ApBHe rpale.

Hena4orcHa,4rrBu pegypcn
Pecypcu rcoju ce He Mory o6naeJbarri cy oHr{ KOJH cy ce crBapa^n roKoM MHHoHa ro4vrna. @oplrr.rpajy ce rolr.rKo cropo Aa cy HayvHrzrlrrcMarpa^r4 tra
cy oHI4 KOHaLIHH Lr CTOfa He3aMelr,rrBrZ.

Oocz,tna ropvBa - y.rar,,na<pra 14 rrpvpo4Hr4 fac cy HacraJa^IdoA opraHcKr4x varepuja,ra.ToKoM dyrr4x rrepvo4a v npelcraB^aJy pecypce KOJH ce He ooHavtr4 casnajy. Ka4a ce upile r43TAa _onr4 ropeBaJyrzce Tpoue KaKoor4frpoz3Be- '6 E ,ru eneprujy (a, cauuu rr.rrr.r u earaleme) oo rl^rl ce KoprrcTe3a frpor43Bo4rr,y 4pyrzx .9 MarepHJala nonyr nlacruKe u,tz Qap- L 6e rcojece He pertuK,lrapajy. A Enara KrlrMa Crraarpace Aa ce Hrzpecypcu Merala npeoBnabyie He Mory o6nae,baru. Onz ce He rpoy AeBoHy 14 rxe Kao Qocz,nHa roprzBa, eeh xa4a Kopreony ceje4uou ynorpe6e, cMarpa ce Aa cy utro oMoryfiyje Herrrro Bt4rueoZ orrLlJbaKa. Melyrulr, noclearbLrx 20 ro4wua, myAV cBe Bl,z'rJrfe 6auroeaHHrvra yuu\ajy za or-poMHe Kolr.rqriHe Mr.rHe- Aa MaKCnMaflHO l4CKOpl4CTe paiHor oTna4a, a y HeKrrM3eMJbaMa peKOie 3eMrbl,l]|lTe rJr4KHpaHOr MeTa a KaOrrrTo Cy OnHuMaiy. Jr,rlrz a yMHHujyva u rnoxla, nocrajy
f

v oBa ra6ena npnKa3yie noBefialbe norpou]be eHeprlrie. l'lx4ycrpujcxo

oTKpoBelbe ll

cBe BalKHriJri H3Bop.cupoBrrHa y nporz3BoAHoJ LlHAy cT pr4JLr.

3eu"ruruHn pecypc
3eu,nuure je eepoearno uajeaxHujz 04 cBHxpecypca.Melvrnrra. T0ToseNa,,be je ueo6pa4zno, jep je npeeurue cyeo,
CA AOCTA II AHI,IHA U II IIPCBIZIIIC X A4-

rexHonor}|ia cYgo AoBen]4 HarnornopacTa.

qOBEKOBA IIOTPOIIIIbA EHEPIT{IE TOKOM BEKOBA

Ho Aa 6u ce o6palzea,ro. O6pa4neo sa ysrajame yceBa 3ay3[rMa 3eMJburrrre ajoru orcoI0% o4 3enrnnHenoeprurzne, 3a vcilalny CToKe. 20o/o ce KOpI'ICTII {,a 6u ce npouupr4,r.a o6aacr o6pallIBOf

louahuucrso npuBpe4a

vH4ycrpilJa v nosonpuBper4a TpaHcnopT

npuMuTZBHa nosonpuBpe4a

'rpe6He cy cKyne rexHHKe roje cy onc^yr{aJeBLrMa, paB4aHe caMo y xr.ITHuM Kao ruro je ro 6nao roKoM lpyror cBercKor para, K'aAace MapfvHa^Honeo6pa4uno 3eMrblzlrrrey Bpwrauuju o 3a [pOIz3BO4rr,yxpane. Y KOpHCTTT Apytr4M 3eM,baMa,norlyr Xo"lau4uje, KoJa rrMa Ma^o npvpo4HHx p9cypca, y oopaLnMopcKo AHoJe nperBop_e_Ho Be noBprrrl4He,4on je y tr4spaety u ueflycrHrbcKo KO ITKO apaficKrrx 3eMaJba, 3eM^r4rrrTerlpeTBopeHo y oopa4riBe
nOB pIuHHe HaBOAlr,aR aILeM.

3eMJbl4IIITa

II

IIaIIE,aKa

IIO-

C 4pyre crpaHe, norpelrrHo pynoBalbe 3eMrbrrrrrTeM flpeKoMepHrrM y3rojeu yceea v ilpeBelnKoM rrcralxoM, Molr(e 4a 4oBe4e 4o epoanje.r,la. KaAa HecTaHe noBprrrr4HcKH C OJ T a, flpeo6nrHo nlolHo 3eM/bhurre nocraje ofo,\e^I4 KaMelbap r4e HVIxra BHIre He ycrreBa. Y nexrlu o6,ractuua, rlorpemno xopzurherbe 3eMrblrtrrra 4oee,lo je

160

) Jbygh cy pecypce xa ceoj HaqilH. Eea ynorpe6e uaurnna, eefirna nonyr MOpa Aa paA,ry norbHMa, OBl,lx nryflHy norbonpnBpeAHoi y Knxn. sajegxnr4n

= c
6
E a
C o o E

o o

ynorpe6orraca4arxrbHx rexHo^oruja a na rexyheru Hr,rBoynporr3Bo4lr,e. He y3vMa y o6srzp orrpahe HoBHX HaIay lexHo,rorHjv, Hvtrv rrpoMeHe 3Htr'tTa. norpalrnz. Ka4a ce y Q,ryxryaqrzje ! 3eMite nw4ycr pnjatvrcyjy, \' noqerKy Koo ITTBA. CBETCKOT CTAHOBHT4 HrrLlHa noTporulbe Mera a op30 pacre. 3a par"rrzxy o4 eHepnaje, norpaxFsa ce 3aapxaBa Ha o4peleHoM HrrBoy. oEneprercrrr pecypcn llpocnepurer craHoBHarurBa y pa3- ts'a1a 6w 3eM,r,e y pa:eojy locrurle y ee,uarcoj raH4,ycrpujcxrlHHBo CAfi-a, osAa 6u IIaIIIrbarIu nOCTaHy eajeuau 3eMAaMa3aBwcr4 4O TOfa Aa rIAOAHId nyCTIZIr,a. MepH 04 Be UKHX 3a^r4xa eHeprrzJe. cBercKa npoil3Bo4rbareoxla Mopala llpo4yxrlreHocr 3eM,btrrurace 4ocCrona norpourbe enepnrje je, Hnp.. ruecrocrpyKo la ce yeeha. Pyaapcreo HecaMo4a 4ecerrcyjenpara par,rarcyje. Y pasnr,rjeHHM 3eMrbaMa, onaia noqerKoM 80-ax ro4una 20. s. pozHe pecypce, neh pelrera xlrBorHy s6or Harrror nopacra qeHa uaQre u Qapueprz cy noeeharrH rrpuHoce aecer nyra Br-rrue roKoM nocle4nrax 300 ronpvpo4Hor raca,atvr ce y6pso uoeehacpeAIlIJy HapyruaBarbeM. npLIpoAHLtx Kao Lr 3aJe4HrrrIa a cpell4Hor,,r 80-ux HaKoHna4a IIeHa. neJ3ilr(a,rr3MerrrTarbeM 4uua.Ca4alutlbv npuHocr4cy Hajeehu y ne nonyrycro Hace"benzlro6,racrnMa ca orpaEepona, Janan w CA!, urr.rajy aaralrlean'eM peKa u jesepa. TIT1s13 Hnr{eHr{Mo6pa4rleurr 3eMJbLIIrrreM, Kao ,raqnjy noja vrlHu ono 20% cBercnor ;(uBorHy cpe4uuy je Hajneha.y 3MAaurro je ro c"r.yvaj y lanauy, Xo.laH4,uju cTaHoBHI,I[rTBa, aAV ]bI'lXOBa nOTpO,r.ra y pasnojy, noje n3Bo3e Hajnehe xouBpurawnjw.YoevNr HqHHepIAHor 6orarcrea y paserljeHe 3 e M A a Mn ao c r o j n rurua eueprvljeje u 4ame70% npoueBe rrKa norpe6a aa ce 3eMJbr4rxre ruHpoM cBeTa. Ko- HaTa yKynHux cBercKux eHepreTcKLlx 3eM,be pncru vr y dpyre cBpxe. florpe6Ho je pecypca. Ar<o 6n rz 3eMrbey paseojy 3a aepoapoMe, npe4rpal a, wu4ycrpwjy Ocrarrr.r suaqaj Hrr pecypcu Aocrnrle raKBy norporuruy eneprnje, y u nyreBe, re ce s6or rora og6n.,rno ceery 6raAorx,lo zo Be AKlrx npo6;reua Ha serra,ryflaaHe BHIrre KItIxe ].I cHera cuanyje Ko VqHHa 4ocrvnuor o6paHero rrrro je norpe6Ho Aa 6v ce 3ay cHa64eeatt,y eneprujortr. 3a [r4TKoM NIdBOr 3CM,bI'IIIITA. Ono 88% cBercKeeuepruje rrornqe 4oBo,bnle norpe6e Jby1vr BoaoM. llourro na4aBHHeHncy je4nao4 Qocu,nuzx ropuBa. llpeocra"na xourqlzHa 4o6wja ce u3 xH4poe,teKTpa- Ko pacnopeleHe, euure ol 80 seNaa,a'a npo6,reu Malbna Boae. Y Ha H HVK eapH?rx-qeHTpa,na saje4Ho LrMaBe,nHKH 3eMJbaMaje o4pxaeane BoAeueHca eHeprr.rJoM, AooL\eHoM 04 nir4Me TrzM H BeTpa, cyHrla Kao v reoTepMaIHoM Tpa^Ho frurarr,e sa 6v4yhuocr Jour jeeueprnjona.Osy o6,\'rqr,reHeprzje ce AaH Be HKUpecypc, irojlje rpeHyrHo he nocrarn suavaj- yfpoxieH, cy ruyMe, noceoHo npauryMe o6uae,tajy u olr.la Hzju o6rraqu eHepruje, jep pesepee y Jyxuoj Au epvqu, qeurpan Hoj A,Fprnprzpo4Hor racav naQre ona4ajy. uz n jyxHoj Acrjr.r y rojrzva oncraje 6ap no,r,oezHa )KrzBnx Bpcra qvraPecypcu Mr{Hepa a Be nlaHere. lllyrrae Hr4cycaMo r,r3Bop JL vlHore npoqeHe o CBeTCKHM pe3epBaApBHe rpale. OHe npe4craemajy aou Ma MnHepa^a ce 6asapajy Ha no3HarHM ruyMcKr,rx l{apo4a u craHl4ruTe Bei.lrpe3epBaMa xoje ce eKoHoMrrrrHo rIpfie, H xclrBorr-rlba.lllrunor 6poja 6uman<a Te 3eM,bnurre, cnpeqaeajy non,naee { l4nxeruep ceu3Ml,rKe noKpefie G ra noMaxy y cra6u,.usaqr.rju ceercne noA3eMHy eKcnro3uiy y 6ecxpajnoj x,traue. TpeH)/THa curya4uja y6psanor noTpa3H 3a AoKa3nMa o 3Ha'{aiHoM yHr4rrrTaBarr,anparuyMa rIpe4,cTaBrba O n plrcycTByHeeKcnnoaTucaHor E eKo^orxKy naracrpoQy. c yrrba, jep ce oH He HaAoKHabyie pecypcu ce Y pasnnjenuM 3eM.6aMa E 6 nplrpoAHl,rM nyreM. z vuzruraaajy He caMo Kpo3 orrnr eZaH 161

{ l4x4ycrpnicKe 3eMrbe,Kao uro ie CA,[|,qpne orpoMHeKonl,rq[He cBercKl4x pecypca KaKo6yroApKaHa rlr BlrcoKxlrBoTHlr cTaHAapA. xpaoBoi rpne3H ce BI|AHr,r3o6lrrbe He,utro je gocrynxo MaroM 6poiy

crAHoBHr4lrrBo t4PEcyPcl4
.( Tpaeuareo6nacr[ Auepnxe cy nexa4a6une
'|OBl,tl|lTa ]beHlrx

cTapoceAeraqa, caAa cy nperBopeHe y najaefie xurapuvne o6nacfu Ha cBeTy. OeAe ce Bpux )KerBa KyKypy3a
H1,t3()MMeXaHltq-

orrTaA, xao ruroje ynorpe6a rraKoBarba KOJaCe He MOry KOpHCTrrTrr fTOHOBO, r.rHefl aHupaHe seh rze6or n,naHlrpaHe 3acrape,\ocru.

KparrcopoqHa perrerba
-/ cBeTcKHVpa3MepaMa,no4je4HaKo je pacunuo crBaparbe HoBrrx pecypca Ha parryH Apyrr4x. Hanpzrr,rep, Br4coK npnHoc yceBa y pa3BLrJeHHM 3eM.baMa ce rrocrrr2ne ynoTpeooM xeMrlcKux BerrrrarrKrzxI y6pv ea, r,ecrrrrfu4:a ur A. Tizr',re ce caropeeajy pecypcu xojr.rce He ruory o6Hae.lbarvv ro qecro Ha rrrrery y pasnojy. 3eMa,ba Pacnname pecypca je ycxo noBe3aHo ca rurerHuvr 4ejcreor'r Ha )Kr.rBorHy cpe4:ar:y.Y pasnujeHr.rM3eM6aMa, HHAycrpwja, xoja je caMa rro ce6z npoAyKTkrBIIa,rrITeTr'I ApyfLIM pecypclrMa rrpeKo saralueava Kao rxro cy Krrce,ta Karrra, orureherre o3oHcKor oMorar{a LI saraleme BoaeHLrx rorcoea.Y 3eM6aMa y paenojy, rrorporrrba pecypca A.oBoALt uryMa rr epo3nJe T a. 40 yHrzrrrTaBarba

xnx xou6ajxa.

)Komnjyrepu3ora nef, y janarcxoj venuvaxn. 14ngycrprjcxe neuajy 3eMrbe BlrueTonr4Ky norpe6yea

BaHa TOnytoHl,tq-

.c o
l

iI

paAHoM cHaroM,ar!t cBaKa oco6a nMa cBe eefie norpe6e sa pecypcrMa. V Kopuurfierue 3eMrb14urTa 3aB14c],roA KyrrypHor xacneSacraHoBHlrKa.3a anrlepr,fqKeAa4nianqe, TpaBHaTa npocrpaHcrBa xoja cy eBponcKl,tAOCetbeHltqn xacruje xyntneucann,6nna cy Mecro rAe cy noeunu ceoj pecypc ocHoBHl,r - 6yQana.

Pacunna norporurba
Pecypca cerpoue ynorpe6ov y npojenTIdMa I{r4Jr4rrpuopr,rTeT Je rro4 3HaKoM nuTana y cBeTcKIlM oKBnprzMa. 3a uaOpy}I{aIre Ce TpOIxn Be HKa Ko,\IlqHHa npvpo4Hnx pecypca (ropIzno, MrzHepatu, BoAa,3eM,bnrrrTe, lpBHa rpaf a) KaKo y paseujeHnlr, ^rano v y 3eM,baMa

y paseojy. Tpenyrna npe4nzlan,a yrcasyjy na ro Ja he cBercKa nony"laquja HacraBr4'rrr. Aa pacre ao 2120. roanue, a oHAa 6u uor,r.aAa ce 3a4plxlr Ha oKo 8,7 uutvjapaw craHoBHrrKa.Behu aeo oBor nopacra 6u ce 4ecuo y 3eMJr,aMa y pa3eojy. Ilocrzhu norr.rn,reueHTapHy paBHorer(y rzsrraely npHpo4Hrzx pecypca n cBercKe nony,raquje he 6wru Hajrexu 3azaraK njyau y 6y4yhuocru.

(g

flecnuucrrrrrrco r eAr{rrrre
Haura nlaHera Mo?Ke Za no4pxz 6poj craHoBHrrKanoju Huje aucoayraH. To He 3aBvcrz caMo oA o6es6elema ocHOBHT{X nOrpe6a 3a xpaHoM, o4ehou rr cKioHrrrrrrena, eeh r.ro4 uoryhHocru craH4ap4 Aa ce o6es6e4u 2rcr4BorHr.r nojrahe nehr-rHa.oy4u6uru crpeMHa Aa n przxBarv.ilecnl.rncrz BepyjyAa,by At4 HIdCy y cTarby4a petlle oBaJnpoo^eM.

flocrnearre r' o6ru\He xapMoHHie

Mef yrrzv, c,rptrc-a He Mop"a4a6y4e rarco ruypna. floeeharbe cBecrrr o norpe6r.r cBera MolKe4a nocraHe [paKE o.ryBarba rrauHo peruetle sa 6orbe ynpaBJbarbe $ ! erlra,rHr,rvr pecypcl.{Ma A ynorpe6y 3aMeHe. Thxae paseoj y KoM!t r mrlxore 6auaaujra ca KoHrpolonr palarca Ha f lrrorao6u 4a orvroryhu E cBercKoMHHBoy, .ff aa cnu )KHButMo y eehoj xapuonuju ca z xtHBoTHoM cpe4vHoM. 162

KoHrpona6poia craHoBH uKa

Cxopaw"x'aexcnnosuj a 6poja j e npoby cmaHo Btd'u"Ka duna cmpax o mozyftumnocnedur4ama npeuac enelr,o cmu. Mno zu ny du je mepdercaxo xoumpona6poja cmaHorlt"uKa ueonxodua xaxo 6u ce usbezne uecaeneduee nocneduue no cgem) uetLulLu.
peHaceaeHocT
CBCT T|MA BVIIIC

{ flopogr,rqa y l-ann xoja je xexaga6una no3HaTa no BlrcoKoicronu

CMpTHOCTITHOBO-

pobeHqaAr. lana y Koioije39%

CTAHOBH!IIUTBA

HacTaJe I{.aAa
CTAHOBHIZKA

Hero rrrTo To 3eMlbrlHrr pecypcu

4ose o.nanaj y. Oe ane a cwry agwja ce oAyBeK nocMarpala Kao Be,trrKHnpo6,r,eu. Crona palae,a je y npouraocru sHa a 4a6yae BucoKa,Kao u crona cMprHocra yc,ne4 6oaecrv, rrpupo1Ht4x KaracrpoQa, paroea u porrcrBa. Epoj craHoeHrzKa y cBery ce noeehaeao BeoMacnopo. LIrrarc,florreB o4 18. eexa, no6o,nruarla ycloBa rr{r{Bora.34paBrba u rexuo,toruje cy 4oBe^a 40 on2larsa cTole cMpTHocTtl H Harlor nopacra 6poja craHoBHrrKa.

mnafie oA 15 roguHa,Mopa Aa cMalbncTony yKoHaranlrTeTa nlrKo xe'|lr Aa cMalblr lr cTony c14poMauTBa.

V nocrepy Erunryxojnrvr
ce peKraMnpa npeAHocTMalblrx nopoguqa. l4axo nopacr 6poja craHoBHl,rKa nnje eefilt oA nopacra xa rno6anxonrr Hl,lBOy, ef}lnaTCKa BraAa ra cMarpa Bent4Kt4M.

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Erccnnosnja 6poja
CTAHOBHIIKA Be,rrznu nopacr y 6pojy craHoBHVKa nojn ce Aecuo zsuefy 20-ux ro4vrua 20. eerca,xa4a je npenao 2 *rwxwjap4e a 2006. ro4. :r.a1aje 4ocrrzrao 6pojxy oa ww.nujap4wje rlaaseao Be r{Ky 9,5 f ooa^Hy 3aopzHyTocr. TpenyrHo ce 6poj craHoBHHKa y cBery noBehaea sa oxo 85 MH HoHa cBaKe ro4rfHe, a npeMa cKopalrlbt4M upe4nulamvMa, TaKaBTeMnopacra he ce HacraBr'rrww y 5yayhHocrrr. flperraa HeKrzM npojexqzjaN{a 6poj craHoBHrrxa 6z norao 4a ce cra1v.nrasyje nerye oxo 2125. roa. na4a he ce 3aycraBr4TuHa 6pojua oa 8,7 uulujapAu. Hexe nperrrocraBKe npeaezlajy 6pojxe o4 15,2 MVLvJapAV vNrt BurlJe.

{V Enrnecxa nopoAr,rLla no3He enxropujancxe enoxe. Bncoxa cTonacMpTHocTr,l MebygeqoMje 6pso cr'rarueHa, a onacHocT oA txl,tpelba3apa3Hlrx 6onecrn roroBo ns6pncaxa. Cee ro je goeeno4o nopacraTpourKoBa,HeonxoAH14X 3a noAlr3arbe Aeqe.

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a leKap y Kunu(nacnuqu)Aenu caBereno cenlruay xojnua je enapafiarua nor]rrr4Ka KoHTpone AlaHa nManaMalbeycnexa.
Oearcsa excn,rosuja y 6pojy craHOBHUKa Ce CMaTpa [rOC eAI.IrIOM T3B.

'KoHTpo

crr,rprHocru'. Konrpoa.a
CTOTIe

CMpTHOCTH, OIHOCHO CMaIbelLe

cMprHocrrr, jecre pesy"r.Tar rroMaxa Ha rro.by Me4rrrJr4He rr HayKe.Y pasnnjenrav 3eM,&,aMa oua je 6n,ra nponpaheua ra rrapalelHoM KoHTpo oM palarr,a n ro HapoquTo y u.n4yc'rpujcKa M rpa4oBlrMa y KoJr4Ma Be,\uKLlx Je r434p?r(aBarr,e nopoAv rIa HapoqrzToTerrrKo. Hexu crpyrrlbarlv rBpae rcaro he ce 90% nopacra y 6pojy craHoBHuna y HapeAHr4x 50 ro4uua Aecurvt yilpaBo y 3eM,+,aua y paaeojy. Oezlr he ce noeeharu npr4TacaKHa )KrzBorHycpeAVHy w roeeharu 6poj npupo4Hrax naracrpoQa Kao rrrro je ynnuranan e flparxyMa r{J\u rrJHperba 3apa3a.

14 kIu4wja, y xojoj je 2006. roAHHe 6poj craHonHuKa aocerao 1,095 rrauje nonynarra 4a o6ys4a crony r4oHa, palama rzarto je beHa crona pacra 6poja craHoBHuxa 2006. ro4zne 6pr,na 3HarHo Burua Hero y Rl,z'le'u.60-rax rogwua 20. eercaje uu4ujcrca Blada oxpa6pzea-la orreBeca Burure oJ rrerBopo 4eue Ha creplrlH3auujy, a AecerarcroAVHa KaCHrrJe Je yBeleHa v ooaBe3Ha crepu^n3aquja. Onarcna no,lzrr'rxa je vMarua caa6 eQexar, jep ce yr aBHoM odHocu^a Ha crapuje nyae xojw cy neh rrMalu nopo4r,rqe. Ilope4 Tora, froKa3a^a ce r{3y3eTHo Henony^apHoM Lr40Be^a lo us6vja*a Hepe4a. Y Hercur.r 3eMAaMa y paseojy ce nojerrpoTHBe nporpaMy KoHAVHV JbyAr4 Tpole palan'a. Hexn cy cyMrbvr{aBr,r KaaaJe peq o 3ana4HuMMeTo4EMa, Ha KoJe r^eAaJy Kao Ha Je4Hy Bpcry Heono,noHuja,ru3Ma, a nocroje nojearaHuu xojz ce KoHrpo H pal amaje4HocraBHo rrpoTnBe u3 pe,\urvo3Hux pa3^ofa.

A ESerrneHlr nporpaMn nuyHn3aqlrie cy AoBenn Ao onaAalba crone cMprHocrl,rHoBopobeHqaAh y MHOrlrM 3eMtbaMa. jacHo4a 14cKycrBa serrla.ra paserzjennx
ce po/prTelbl{ onpe/e/'yJy 3a MabH OpoJ rroroMaxa. Ha raj lev\rr4HMory aa lrM o6es6ege 6o,ty Hery, Brzrut4 craH4ap4 )nr4Borau 6ome o6pasoearre. Kourpo,ta 6poja craHoBHnrca ce npeMa roMe He o4Hoct4caMo Ha KoHTpo y palarra, eeh 14Ha c o?KeHyMerrraBlrHyQarcropa o4 KOJr4x Ce HeKrr OAHOCe Ha npuBpe4Hr,r pasnoj, coquja,,rny no,tlrrnKy r.I eMaH\una\r4Jy x(eHa.

Csecr o pacry 6poja

CTAHOBHIIKA Ynpnoc nport4B,r,erbllMa KoHTpo lr palarra xoja nocroje y 3eM^aMa.ypa3prnaKyoqaBaJy3HaBOJy, MHOfe OAFr>vtx vaj cor;nja,r,lrnx npo6aeua ca nojr.rrrla ce cyovanajy,Te ce 3alalKy 3a MoMeHTa Ho frpuMerbHBarbeuporpaMa KoJvMa ce KoHTpoluure pafan e.Y cynpornoru 6u ce cyotrr4le ca uoryhuoruhy npraepe4He [ponacTvt, ilopac^ra cupoMarrrTBa !1 yHHruTaB albeM rr(rrBoTHe cpe4rrHe.
crarroBrrurrrrBa

Konrpo",ra pabarba
bp3 nopacT opoJa cTaHoBHHKa Koqr,t eKoHoMcKrr pa3BoJ3oor BvcoKt4xTporuKoBa 3a IeqL! e ycTaHoBe,Jep 4eqa He AaJy IJnKaK'aBlonpprHoc eKoHoMrzJr.r, 3aTOJe rropacT y cTaHAapAy )KrrBoTa Ma^H y eehuHa 3eMa^a y paseojy. fI po6,r.eu Harlor nopacra craHoBHrzrcaje naneo Burue oa 80 seNaa,ba ceera Ha cnponofel+'e crporrlx Mepa KoHTpo"ne pafama. JanaH je yeeo KoHrpo^y palarm 1948. xa4a cy era^H3oBaHr4 KoHTparlenquja n a6opryc, yclel trera ce Kpo3 Hape4Hrrx AeceTaKro4lrHa cTona pafarm roroBo npeno oBrr,l.a.Ruua, y KoJoJ)KrrBu roToBo rreTr4HayKynHe cBercKenony,raquje, artraxoja rrMacBera 2"h o5paansor 3eM,burrrra.jercpeHyaa ca nolurlrKoM KoHTpo e palama 50-ux n 20.r. {,awac ce y Kunu v'lt?,4v -by4vroxpaopyJy 4a KacHraJe y^a3e y opaK ll 04,toxe Qopuuparbe rropo4r4rIe. OeaKea no,,rr,rrzxaje 6a,ra ycneurHa, Hapoquro y fpa4oBrrMa, TaKo 4a ce crola pacTa 6poja cranoBHrlKa KrEne cuarrvrta ca 2,2o/o no ro/lLrlf.u y ilepwo4y oa 19651980.ros. Ha cBera 0,59"/oy 2006-oj.
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I l aHHpar-be nopo4Hrle He no4pa3yMeBa no cBaKy rleHy lopo4krr\y ca MarbvM 6pojeu ar^aHoBa. I4narc je Ha ocHoBy

) OaanupaMlrAa crpyKrype
CTAHOBHl,IIIITBA

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noKa3yjeoqeKnBaHr pacr 6poja

CTAHOBH14KA

3eure y pmrojy

h3Mety 1985. n2O25.ro+. Hajaefin 6poj Aeqe ce oqeKyie y 3eMrbaMa y pa3Boiy ruro fie ce HacTaBurl,l cBe Ao 2025.
CTAHOBHl,IITTBA

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pa3BlrieHrx 3eMarba ce He3HarHO Melba, ceM

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je Ha)qHuuanpedax Y 20. eexy donpuneo nodusan y edpaecmaeuoz cmaudapda u Knanumema Jtculoma nydu u,upol,t" c*ema, anuje doueou npomeue, Kaourmo cy saeajem,e, npemepaua 6yxa u nlxaeapneexcnnotuje, xojecy nomeuu,uj anuo xamacmpof anne. (! !

A Eonecrnxoje nacrajys6or HeaAeKBarHe 'rcxpaHe ce jaeruajyy ct,rpoMauHltM 3eMtbaMa,

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olecrr{ r{ cMpr Hacrajy s6or E MHorHx Qanropa. Hexu myAucy E cK oHr.r oapeleHrzno6o,temanra (d e6or feHercxr.rx <paxropa. MHoro o o eaxHuje o4 roraje, uelyrrarr.r, )KrzBorHaF cpe4vHa, ToJec! ocHoBHLlEaKToprr Kao rrrro cy Ba3lyx Bo4a, TeMneparypa.ZsaoxeHocr ercrpeuHoj .nojz 4rzureMo, xpaHa n cMerrrTaJ. x"ra4uohu AoBoALr Ao Qnsuvre
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uexajyxpany.9ax lt aKoce HaxpaHe, MHora fie yupern, jep ce 6onecr

HE NOBTAHh,

CyerErue Br{coKa xoHqeHrpaqnja o4peleuux eieMeHara Kao rrrro cy

KaAMVtJyM, OIOBO, )I{'ljBA Lr Ce eH, KOJe

K"tuua
Je4aH oA r aBHux Qar<ropa rcoju yrn'ry Ha )KV BorHy cpeanuyje K HMa. Excrpeltru x.LvMarcKrz ycloBrz, u rorrlri u xAaAHvr, cy rxrerHv. Harue relecHe Qptr<qnje creapajy ynyrparxlby ronlory, ruopanr-o 4a ce ocao6alauo 4a ne lojy olrcMo r]3ryoH^H BrrTa HocTprrrocTa^r4 cK"toHHo4pef enrlv 6o,necruna. Y no^apHrzM Lr cy6no.lapHuu o6,tacrv ua relecHe QyHxr1rzje cy crzMylucaHe rz ybpsaHe s6or nucxux

relecHa xnnorepvrzje, roja nacraje rca4a TeMnepaTypa nalHe vcno4 HopMa Hof Hr.rBoaog, 37"C. Xunorepuzja Morr(e aKO, Ce He yquHr.r 4O CMpTLI 4a AOBeAe Hr,rrura 4a ce 3aycraeu ryburar relecHe reMnepaType. 3elr,oa ie BaxHa KoMnoHeHTa )Kr.rBorHeipe4r"e. Xerr.lajcnz cacraB r a, HapoquTo cazplr{aj oTpeleHrax e ^ e M e H a r ay T p a r o B x M a ( M h H e p a ^ a rraoxe xojzx arr.ra y MaIrzMKo^r4quHaMa), 4a6yle Qanrop xoju ysponyje 6o"recru.

ancop6yjy 6u.,tne H H ce nojaunyjy y

XpaHH, MOIK 4a OIIITCTIi )I(HBOTIIIf,CKOJ 3zpaB,be myAu. flpe'repaHe Ko^ltqrrHe TaKBrzx e eMeHaTa Mory npupo4Ho 4a ce jaee r.rlr{ Mory Aa HacraHy Kao pe3y^rar earalema r,ra. Ca 4pyre crpaHe, He4ocraraK HeKHX e^eMeHara y TparoBrrMa, KoJn cy Heorrxo4HH 3a i+irrBo! uoxte rar<ole 4a orrrrerrr :4pae,ne.ThxBH eieMeHTH cy, yr aBHoM, xo6a,rr, 6anap, jo4, MaHraH, uo,r.z64en, cyMnop rr UHHK.
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xraeorHA 14 EonEcn4 cPEAT4HA

{ Aere ao6uja nxjexqnjynpor}tB ynane nnyfia,xoja vecro norafa manapnjou. Ona rbygeocna6ruexe je y nexuu seMrbaMa peAyKoBaHa MecTa Ha raKo urro cy yHl,ruJreHa xoruapqu, xojnua ce pa3MHoxaeajy xojn npenoceoBy 6onecr. ltMacaMoy v Aaxacruanapnje HeKtaM TponcKlrM o6racrnnna, ar,r ro xnje 'rponcxa' 6onecr.flo npeje4xor eera je 6una pauupena y o6nacruMa ],ty MoqBapnnnn Kaouro cy Oenc, Epurannjn, rge cy je seann'ejr'.

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BoAa u 6onecru
Bo4a, ranofe, Mo)Ke Aa uua BeAr4Kpr yruryaj Ha 3apaB,ise, 6u,ro Aa je y 'npvpol,HoM crany' utv 4a je:arafena. Ha eo4y yrwsy rlo ut creHe r{crro4 rbera, Bereraguja u al',rocQepa. Y rr,oj MolKe aa ce nale BVruaK o4peleHrzx e eMeHaTa, KoJr'I cy [ITeTHu, LIAVr Mo)r(e aa 6y4e npeualo oHrlx rcoju cy Heorrxo4HH3a )KHBOT. vrBrrpyca r.r6axrepzja). Onrz uzasusajy Hayvnuqrz Bepyjy Za BHcoKcaap;xaj. MHore 3aDa3He 6o,lecru xoz qoeexa. Y KaIIIIIJyMa IlOMalKe 4a Ce CMarILI OpOJ relo Mory Aay\y nyreM 4ncan'a,jeta Kap4ao-BacKy^apHax_ rdirr Kpo3 paHe. _o6o,rena roja yrwry Ha KpB rr cpqe. He4ocrararcjo4a y BoAr4 Moxe 4a npoy3poKyJe oo^ecr CuporvrarurBo H 6orrectn 3BaHy ryrxaBoc! rojy xapaxrepurue Pas,\Hre y rpa4lalJ:aoHalHoM crarby oTurlalbe rrrTvTHe}K^e34e. 3zpaB6a ra 6o,tecru uzve\y pa3lurqr.rTrrx pefr4oHa HacTaJy3oor pa3IHYJanany cejaena Mznauara 6o,tecr qvrLrxxr4BorHr4x cpe4uHa y rrzvr o6,r.aKao pe3ylTar rroBexoBor 4ejcrea. To cTabe Je Ha3BaHon o Je4HoJphoapcKoJ cruMa. llocrojejour u BeIr{Ke pas^uKe ^y\u y JanaHy y xojoj je 50-rlx n uerraely 6orarzx, paseujenax wsAynpOIU Of BeKa TpoBalr'e xtPIBoM CTpI4Ja^I,I3OBaHLIX 3eMa-ba H CIlpOMa-

AoBeAo ao 200 cMprHrrx cayvajeea. OHoje Hacra^o Ka4a cy pu6e v ruKo-EKe a[copooB a^e ]KuBy r43r4H4ycTpr4JcKor orna4a xoju ce u3^HBaoy Mope. Apyrw c"r,yvajeeu Mrasauara 6oaecrrz cy ce Ka,4a Cy Ce,ryra[r4,yMeCTO 4a JaB.I4Avr Je^r-tceMe rperHpaHo opraHcKrrM 9eJy, }KuBe. Je4LfiberbeM Mnore apyre 6o.necrH Hacrajy s6or aaraleHocrra BoZe unxpo6ulra. Ty cna4ajy Ko epa, 4zeeHrepuja, racrpoeHTepnrtac, 3apa3Ha )Kyrlrua, nraaapuja, no,nuorrlujea vr hc, nal:T Jbnqapa,ruQyc 14>r<yTa fpo3Hr-rqa. 3a MHore 6o,r.ecra je uorpe6an flpeHocna,aq xojz ce noHarrra Kao vrzxpo6a y roKy Qaee,rapee. 4onaahran Pn6a je aornrahuH frocpegHLrx 3a raHTrbrarrape,38aHe 4rzQuao6orpl,z'a3a. Mnoru Mr4KpoopraHIz3MH rr(rrBeHa,
ll.\ll y, .ft,yAVMa, a Aa I M He HaHoce

rrrHprJHx y pa3BoJy. 3eMarr,a 3a seN{",t,e y pasnojy yonrure je 60-rax r 20. e. orreKHBaHHxrrrBorHv BeK rz3Hocr4o 43 ro4uue,a y paennjenzrra 69 ro4uua. no 2005.je npocerrHl,I xcI,IBorHu BeK y 3eMJbaMa y paseojy nopacrao Ha 64.9 - yr aBHoM aaxna,ryjyhu
CMarbeILy CMpTHOCTII

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a AaHacnocroir,r oKo290000 o6orennx oA renpe, oA Koil,tx y nHnnin.nenpo3He cy BehlfHa y nocneAlbl,rx Ban v,, ann oA6aqlr OI{CKVBAHI4 XIIBOTHII BCK NODACTAO je npeKo na 74.8 roA:aHa.llocroje r,r sHa.rajne 25 roguna nsneveuo nnnnona 14 Dygn. pa3 HKe yHyrap 3eMarba, HapoirHTo
no6onruamy 34paBcrBa - 4ox je y 3eM,baMa npocerrHll pasenjenzu
AeIIe u OIIIITeM

or{urle4Hy rurery. Y arruocQepu nocroje (uzxpo6axrepuje, n wpycr4 z pr.rr<ercraje opraHr,r3Mn roju urraajy KapaKTepr4crlrre 166

uaruefy rpazcKux rz ceocxux cpe4vl;.a, Kao u zsuely cupoMarrrHr'tx, oHnx ca cpe4rbr.rMnpzMalbprMa u 6orarzx. Belurce pa3ll{Ke r.rsruelyrpMoBa H ce a ce JacHo o4paxaBaJy Ha_34paBcrBeHe cTaH4apae u JaB"balbe oo^ecrlt, KoJe nacrajy :6or orxux caHr4TapHr,rx ycloBa H HeyxpalbeHocrn xojrz cy Hapoqhro rrecrn y 3eMrbaMa y paseojy. Heyxpamenoc'r u ca rboM noBe3aHe 6orrecru 4eQaqajenrlr.rje. r<ao rlrro cy

6epn 6epu, KBaclropKop, rrelarpa u cxop6yl xojn cy rvnuqHe 3a clrpoMalrrHe

3eM./Le, cy IIOHeKaI CMpTOHOCHe'

Haporrriro Kol Aerre, Heyxpameuocr rz cnoco6Hocr rela 4a ce 6opu crr.ramyje ca sapa3HrrM 6o,necrulra.

3apaene 6onecru
3apasHe 6o.necru vr Aatbe noralajy y paceojy. Be r4KH 6poj nyaw y 3eMrbaMa

- HeMlrnocpAHll V Ha Manr4 HanpeAaK KonepeoA 1961-1973. l4axoje oBa enrAeMujaxapana Eeponou, CAA-oruh eehlt]vr AenoM Aanje y 19. e., qhHlrnoce ga 6poj cnyvajeea onaga. Hoetaranac ce y flepyy 1991. npour,rpr,ro

'peuxor cflenlrra'y 3anpy. ) Xprea Llpxe rtryunqe ce pa3MHoxaeajy y bnusunu peKa lr Hoce 3apa3e ynrbyBKoM. V oeoM cnyvajy ce pagr o rnayKoMy,6onecru xo4 xoje ce crBapa cee eefitaoqH]t np]trl,tcaK, HepB. xojn xa xpajy y6nja onrlrtrKr,r

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Y oeo 4o6a 6psux u qecrvx rryroBarba, oHe ce npeHoce 14y JeAHy t4^rr Brrlre paeeujenzx 3eMa,ba. Ipzn je Hajueurhz rryrHr-rx.Oea aryrna Br4pycHa 6o,tecrje noHeKa4 ycaM,beHrr ctyqaJ, a froHeKa4 MacHBHaenu4eurlja. Jaumace y cBr4M
K rrMaTCKt4M yC OBI4Ma H Mo)fie 4a 3aAecv cBe eTHr4rrKerpyne. Ko,r.epa je joru je4ua onacHocr. Kpajev 50-prx r. 20. a. ce uuHu,lo 4a je To eH4eMCKa 6o,recr (r<oja ce pe4oBHo 4euraBa ua o,4peleuou uecry) caMo y Kuleu u na zn4ujcnoM norKoHTrrHeHTy. lloqerrcou 90-ux r: 20 e. je Ko^epa upajae,rena HeKo lrKo y 3eMaJba

y A<ppraqra, yxnyuyjyhu rr paroM pacrp3aHy Anro,ty z MosaNa6zK. Be,trane6orzrre, eepoBarHo uajaapaeavja o4 cer.rx og6zJbuzx 6o,r.ecru, cy
npe4CTaBLa e OIaCHOCT CTOTIIHaMa I o Ar4:era. Mel yrzrvr, HaKoH rzHTeH3r,rBHor nporpaMa earcqrauaqr,rje 04 crpaHe CeercKe 34paBcrBeHe opranusaquje, r43o oBaHH cy H nocle4mv c,ly^vajeerz rcojrz ce npupo4Ho jaenajy. 1980. je CeercKa 34paBcrBeHa opraHzaaqnja o6janrz,r.a Aa cy BeIrrKe 6onrme
C I{MIiHHCAHC.

npujae,neuux Hajeehz 6poj c.ryvajeea je 6uo y CAA-y, r4e je 4o xpaja 1990. 6u;ro erzrue oa 157 000 u4enru(purcoBaHux c,r.yuajeea rz98 500 cMpTHux l,acxo4a. Kpzaa je 6naajour anyrnuja y 3eM,baMa y paseojy. 2006. je Ceercxa 3lpaBCTBeHa opranzsaqzja nporleHala 4a uajuame 40.3 v'utruona hyrr4 )rrlzBvr ca znQexqujou. flperco 52 Mu,tHoHa HoBLrx c,ny.rajeea ce ovexyje ao 2020., oa qera eehzHa y 3eMJbaMa y paseojy y AQpzqu, Asrljv u AarzHcnoj Auepzgz. Bucor<u rporxKoBr,r 4ujarHocrurce, ieqerrra ri npoMoBt4carr,a o6pasoenzx KaMnaEa ruroryhnocru .npeuaruyjy MHOrrix HaJMar[,vx3eMarbay pa3BoJy. Te eeN{,r,e ce eeh MyareZa o6ee6e4e uajocuoeuzjy 3ApaBcrB elly 3arrrrvry,
r{eCTO Ca IO4IIIIIIf LIM OyUeTOM 3a 34paB,be 04 Marbe 04 freT aMepurrKr4x aotapa no rlaBrr craHoBHHKa. tr4cro raxo, eehraHa 3apalnetwx tbyArr cy M^arr4 v eKoHoMcKr4 anr;TI4pulz.Crora AI4AC he eepoearHo vMarvr lr Be rrKe nocle4ltue ua exouomujy 3eMa,ba y rcojrzua )fir4Be.

y KpBr4,rlyrlerbe rlzrapera, He4ocTaTaK Qrzlavruzx eex6r,r, nperepaHa rojacHOC! ncprxurrKtr cTpec, AuJaoeTec Lr HeKv reHercnz Qaxropu. rev,uava parcje Y vHoruu pacerajeurarvr o4Max Apyrw no peAy y3potlHrlK cMp^II,I, u3a KapAIIOBacKyiapHllx ooorbella. Pax norala cBe erHr4r{Kerpyre, alv nocroJe 3HarraJHepa3,\IzKe y yqecTa OCTr,rKOJOM 3aXBaTa pa3^rrrrr.rre opfaHe. flocroje nn4,uxaquje Aa r'yAtl y Apyry xoju ce rrpecele rlsje4ne 3eM,be ao6ujajy oHe Bpcre paxa noje cejaenajy y 3el]MJbkr y KoJoJce Hace^e, npe Hero y 3eMrbt4 zs noje rrorrrlry. To yxaeyje ua qurr,eHnrly 4a ua yehuHy Bpcra paKa
yTlzqe )KIZBOTHO OKpyxelbe.

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A,r.z raMaH xa4 je je4Ha Be,l,r.rKa orracHocr Hecrala, nojaeuna ce HoBa a apMaHrHa 6o,recr. AI4AC je npera rryr vr4eHTvQzrconaH 1981., ua4a cy HaKHa4Ho z4enrrzQuxoea,r r cayv ajee vt y:':ia3ar,cee ao 1959.

Texnorrorursz npoHa acqu xojz sa qlr,n npBeHcTBeHo I4ldaJy npv.AarolJaBalr,e rrurBorHecpe4rznerarcole npe4crae,rajy Mo4epnrz rpa4oBr.r, prrsvrr.no 3ZpaBJbe. HanprzMep,cy o6uvno npeHacerbeHrr rI To AoBoAla uuajy saral eHy arnaocQepy. xpoHrzrrHor Ao eehe yqecralocru 6poxnrarrzca, 6o,tecrz n,tyha, paxa, 6o,tecrz cpua, 3ana-7berr'an,tyha u PasBHjeHe 3eMJbe HeKOIT4KO4pyrr4x pecnv paropHt4x ^ LMprHocr oA Kap/HoBacKy^apHHX 6o"recru. Hexrl crpyutlaurz eepyjy aa o6o,neru,aje najeeha y pareujennu 6yxa 4ouplruocll HepBHzMo6o,ren zua, 3eMrr,aMa, yx,ryvyjyhrz Aycrpaarzjy, 4orc 6psu reMrro )KrzBora y rpaAy Kaua4y, ceBepo3anaaHy Eepony, crBapa ncraxurrKy Harrerocl noja je BpuraHujy u CA!,. Cr'.rarpa ce 4a je h y3poK oo^ecTr.l noTeHqhJa^H cpua. neno,traro QaKTopao4roBopHo 3a raKBo Ca4a je no3Haro 4a uu4ycrpujcrn crarbe. To cy ezcon HHBoxolecrepola flpoqecpr cTBapaJy pa3He onacHocrr4
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rlucra ro4a vr caHVTapHH ycloBrz no 34paBJrbe. Muoru MeralIz rcojz ce 04 araba ornaAa cvaruyjy yqecralocr KopAcTe y wHAycTpLrJn cy oTpoBHrz. 6o,tecru y3poKoBaHvxsaralen elr a6or Bo,ru canrzrapHn yc oBr.r ,4tyAu xojra pa4e y KaMeHo^oMvrMau xaua,,trzrzaglzje. je4Ha rpyna }I(IIBOTHII BeK JLyAl4 y craxaapcrcoj nn4ycrpnjn cy y prr3vtry noMalKyA 4ace cn,rarurljoru Or{eKZBaHV 04 ckrlzKo3e. flneyrr.roxonzosaje 4yro 6o,tecrra - BeKTopcnLr eapzjereru. cBery rropacrao ca 53 na 66 to4rrlua y npe4cTaBJba^a Bercroprzcy r,yAV,)r.t4Borzrt,ez Hajveru- noc,te4rr,vx 30 ro4aua. I4narc, ocraje orracHocT3a py4ape. Cauoy6zcreo ce Hajqenhe jae",r,a he, uucenru riojz npeHoce uHQexquje. joru uuoro rora Aa ce ypa4w. Ceercxa flpoqell yJe y paseujeuzM 3eM,L,aMa. YHzurraearbev o6,tacru y xojunaa ce 34paBCTBeHa OpraHV3arIr,rJa 2003. ro4uwe 3eM"4,e HHCeKTT4 npeHOCHrzUu pa3MHOlKaBaJy, Aa cBane ro4r{He yMpe oKo 25 vul.uoua y KoJvMaJe cTona cyvr\u4aovNa rpeKo 45 oco6a ua 100 000 nyav cy Kao rrrro je Anopheles KoMapaq, 4erle u o4pacllrx - eehzHa oz y3pona EeaopycrEja, Ecrouuja, Malapcna, Harrpr4Mep, BeKTopcKe 6o,necru rao xojra cy Morlr4 Za ce cflpeqe. 168

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nycTl,rlbl,r caxapu Hxje Moryfi pacr 6uruaxa.

T,ro je MerlaBr{Harprr ocHoBHecrBapv.To cy: rpBo - MlrHepa^Hu,la QparMeHTrrcreHa rz3 caoja xoju ce Ha a3v Hcno4 T a: 4pyro - opraHcKeuareprzje (pacna4nyrrz ocrauu 5unaxa 14)KuBoHITM 3CMJbAMA, rzma) rcoje 4e,ryjy xao ',r.enax' rcoju 4p)ru 3pHr1acreHa Ha oKyry u rpehe Kn a-,rurer 3eMJbr{rrrra )KI{BHopraHu3wz, y xoje cna4ajy xano I,Iaxoje lroryhe rajuru 6z,r,xevy BoAe- poBaqnue Kao rrro cy upBt4 r<oja pasHIZM Cy4oBr{ruraya norraoh TexHrrKe fro3rpabyjy MrrHpa e, raKo Lr6anrepuje, z Hare Kao xvr4ponnnuja. je4nHr,r noysr HBurIe KoJepa3^alKy opfaHcKe MaTexpaHe y puje. T,to Huje vepcro. Ono 4ee nerrz4aHV Ha'4VrH nporr3Bo4rr,e Be r,lKHM Kolr,rqtzHava ie 4a ce oHa He T a Ce CaCTOJTT O4 npOCTOpa,Vcrryysraja Ha r y. rbeHvx Ba3ZlD(oM Lr u BoZoM. Ibr,rxoea rr3Hocnla je 0,24 xexrapa ao 2007. ro4v He. Crpyvrsaqr.rnpoueruyjy aa je norpe6no zsuely 0.5 u 0.7 xeKrapa no ocooLl Aa oH ce npou3Be^a KO IITMa xpaHe xojy lanac iporue ,r,yAuy 3ar'a/-

ca4pxajeu opraHcxrzx uarepzja. Herce 6u,nrceycneeajy y HeKo r{Ko Bpcra r a, a nonorrplr Bpe AHuTUlz. uo4uQzxyjy r,r.o, 4o4ar.ajyhu o4pelena Beurrarrxa 14 opraHcxa \y6puza H Kperrrban. Haru6 3eMrrnura Hcro yrrzqe Ha tlrefoB KBa^rfrer. Ha crpunlt 3eM./bHIuTLrMa ce r,ro 6peo cnepe Ka4a ce yK osu 6u"l.rtu rroKpvBar{, a Koperbe,xoje je HeKa4a noMaralo da ce 3pHrla T a 4plKe, ce hcnepe raje4uo ca FbnMa. 3eu,nopa4nw4wwa je raxole rerrrxo 4a
KOprlCTe MaIIILIHe Ha CTpMOM 3eM/bt4rI-

171

3EMJbl4lrrE I nfloAHo rno

h U

x
F :i
!

9t il 3

a I

Ilpeu doceneuut4u 1 AMepultu cJ ceKnu ulne, o6pafitteanu cmpMa mtLa u, opanu c)se mpaqhame npedene,36oe moea je do 19)0. mno y D JrunLHuLtaMajyrcnux denoeaBenu,xenutuje q nocmano c)ao u pacmpecumo. Tbxotv, ,o cytillrux nepuoda eemap je odyeao eoprcu 0 .4 ctloJ nLtla u npemqopuo H a o1nacm ) o11otilmo ce FI danac uasuea'Dust Bowl'(uurtuja npawuH.e).

je rnaexa A Yp6annpaaaoi KapaKrep14cr],r ]rx Ka MoAepH xpajonnxa. Kpajeu18.eexa Mun6enrje 6uo nory-ceocKa je ou geo cpe4rHa;AaHac qeHrpanHor floxAoxa.
ry. faaeHn Qanrop. rccrjuoapelyje KBa-

KoPHIIITEIbET

lr
C
uIla4A
myMa ll.Ancroua4sa !Illyuapuz HACEOEI.THA KoMel)qrjuHa H ifr'#i cTaMoeHa
OTBOPEHI' NPOCTOP O6paaxna, uu f]f BenpoAyKTsBsa 3eM6a

LITeT 3eM/rI4IIITa Je K-\lIMa, /OK I(AltMaTCKe HenOrOAe, KaO UrrO Cy CyUa, florr^aBa, Mpa3 Lr rpal, Mory 4a orrrTeTe cBe yceBe. Hajnna,,rureruraja seunuru'ra cv o6aqHo paBHa u 4y6orca n oAHa r a y oo acTHMa KoJe Hr,{cy rlo4^o}I{rte eKcTpeMI'rprM K I.IMaTCKI'rM yC OBUMa. Melyru nr. y [ycro Hace,6eH},|M o6rrac-rnMa. rae je rua,ro o6pa4r,reor 3eMrurrrra, ce KopHcTrr H cTpMO 3eMJbHruTe, rra ce Ha fra4nHaMa HcKorIa HH3 paBHnx c reneHHKa. nojr,rce uarueajv'repace. Hajnea"trlrernuja seu,ra ce Koplrcru 3a. y3foJ noJr,onprrBpe4HHx Ky rypa, Oeq nana 3eMJburutna TOJ.eCT 3a 3eM,bopMrby, rrrTo AoHocpr nan'Paenetta1958'' HaJBrIIne frpllxola noJbonpHBpeAHI1IUL1ura. OnagameM KBaiI,ITera 3eMJburxra nosehasa ce H pv3HK oa H_eyc[errrHor yaroja zaa eposr.rje r^a. Ka4a yaroj norborrpuBpelHrrx KyiTypa r{a HeKoM y Epumanuju. TAy [OCTaHe HeeKOHOMrrqaH, OHO Ce Obnacm xojaje oede KOpl,rcTH 3a plcnamy u^u Kao rxyMa. je deo npuxatana

ythaTbuu.

Ynpan-rnane BeMiburrrreM
flopacrou craHoBHururBa Ha 3eM,bH. nosehaea ce 14 lrpprrr,rcaK Ha r o 4a6u ce npor.r3Benorrrro Burrre xpaHe. llo.rurbe
Ha{MeTaBe 3a 3eMJbUrXTe He CaMO IZ3Me-

ilSllTH"@fffiS"".
HAII}'IIITEHA 3EMJbA

caoEPAnAI ffiffi "[yxe, r Iaansn /pym

aepoapoMd

!rA.

n)ryeu xe e3HHqKr nvreBff

O6pa,4aHeuounux BpoE3BoAa y p,vIapcrBy, ocm yr.M (cra(ra,

(epaME(e, ueMeETa BT4.) flpoxoro4ra uerua Muuucrro, elerrpnua fluxp Ocrae 6pogorpaaba po6a u nraunapctto rpane nqycrpuje Ipx"re n

Ilycrapa

ly aerra,ropaaHHKa, croqapa n ruyMapa, neh n uely rpalcKllM rrlaHepr4Ma. Y pernoHzrvra ca fycToM nace"renoruhy, rreKala BeArrKil le/\oBr.I fr o/Hor 3eMn'utxra rrpereapajy ce y yp6aue noeprrrr{He, nH4ycTprzJcKe 3oHe, nvTeBe, )KeAe3HHIIe.r4 aepo4poMe. Y rurvt o6rrac'tHMa nocToJe BeArrKe noBprxHHe 4erpadHpaHor HArr 3aHeMapeHor 3eM_/r,Hrlra. Ksa"Anrer o6pa4unor 3eM,6l1[r1'a 3aBlrcH 04 Tora Ko aKo 4o6po ce ynpaBiba. florpe6He cy xr4"/r,adero4nr{e 4a oll HeKO r O HaCTa O u CaMO HeKOrrKo ro4[rHa 4a ce oHo oIuTel'H, aKo ce rbnMe otue ynpaBJr,a. fre ocrroette rrperlbe, ca nojrzrnlace :teM,ibrlrrrre cyoqa-

Ilprzpo4Ha epo:uja je cnopu.nporlec nojr,r He Moxe Aa ce 3aycraBrr.Aau 4ox rlpl-jpo4llu rrpoqecu o4HoceJe4Ho r o, oun Qoprrrupajy. noeo. HgVuuyltlr^ gy nporleHrzlt4 4a je norpe6no. 30 000 ro4rrHa 4a npvpo4lJa eposlla cnepe
Je/aH KBa/paTHv MeTap 3M"4,I{IIITa. Aoruuu yrrpaBJbarbeM 3eM.ir,oMMoxeuro 4a y6psauro epolajy-r,la rolllKo 4a orpoMHe froBprxHHe oy4y oro,r,eHe caMo 3a HeKOALIKO AerIeHr4Ja. Y Hennrnl3eM6aMa y paseojy. Kao [rro cy Ko,ryu6r'rja, Aecoro, Ma.\aeu, Cea3v eHZ Brirxe oz 75th o6paanBof 3eMhvrrrJTa je os6u,nno orureheno s6or OIxeI ynPaB,6alr,a.

{ Yxnaruarue luyMcKor noKp[Baqa ca oBor 6pAa ie AOBenO AO $ rora Aa Knua f aaceqe

Ba. cy 3jlraberbe il epo3hja.

3arafierre ieu.nnurra
Ynorpe6a Be r4Kr4x Kolrzqr.rHaBerurarrxrzx ly6przea roHeKa4 cn,raruyje cnoco6nocr 6arcrepvja aa pa3^alry opr-aHcKe MaTepHJe u Aa rrporl3Bo4e oHe xpaH,buBe naarepraje noje cy norpe6He 5wnxanrra. flectu4u4vr ranole rrrrere 6axrepujaua z ApyrwM KopncHlrM
opfaHH3MLtMa y T y. T,ro Moxe 4a ce KoHTavlrr'lzpa kr y clyrajy He3ro4e, Kao rrrro cy 6z,,ru encrr^o3rzJa v noxap y Hyr{ eapHoJ e eKTpaHr.r y 9epno6z,ry, y Y xpajwnr,r, I 986. Y uenuu 3eMJbaMa ce raHgycrpnjcnz oTrrag o4^axte cBy4a, a TpafoB[l oTpoBHHx Meraia y orna4.Hz^M uarepajava

y5ujajy 6anrepr.rje je y ray.A,ryurznrEjyrvr

Eposuja r a ce 4e[raRa Ha 3eM.btrrrrrrrMa Ha KOJI4Ma Ce rrpeBrr[re caAr4 pr^u ce r4crralua. Ca4urw Bprnu flperepaHa ToKcrzqHlt rraarepzja,tro-ju je r aBHrrcac- npeBHrlre 3Har{u 4a ce cBaKe Io4HHe rojan r,rzrracrrrx MrzHepaa. Onje yr aB- cale vcTe Ky Type, a Aa ce xpaHJbr4Be uov sapo6"rueH y oKBr,rpy xenarzjcrlzx uarepr,rje y r y He 4onywayajy BeruraarLI rtru ly6perser',r. To npoyspor<yje c,aaJe4rrrberr,arz He ruTeTH oaKTepriJaMa 6nyrraraa. A,rn mnce,ra nnua, rcoja ce tbHBarfe II OAHOCTII T^.A 14 npI4HOCa, CTBapa Ka4a Ce KLIIIHe KaIIIz 3alaze cvrartyje rcoxearzjy r a rr r{HHLr ra rro4XeMHJCKT4M 04 rzcnapelba vcfiarna oir{HrrM eposvjz. flperepana Je4rrrberbHMa ayrouo6zaa, ce 4orafa Kaga ce Ha 3eM,brrrrrry 4plre Qa6puxa r{ e eKTpaHa, ocno6ala a,tyuanzjyrra H3 rlnHacrux IIpeBI4IUe X(IIBOTVrr'4. MuHepa a z orurehyje Mr4Kpo-opfaHlr3Eposuja r a ce AeruaBa y Aee Qase. Me y r y u 6unxe noje y meuy pacry. flpea Qasa je pas6njarue FpoMyrr,Hua (KOXe3VBHLTX tpy4Br't) T a Ha LreCTHrJe. qecrr.rr1a Eposuja rna Apyra Qasa je yKlalbarre Hajoz5unnuju o6rrrz.x aerpaaaUuje aeloBarl,eM rercyhe Bole u Berpa. 3eM/,rrrrrra je epoer.rja r,na. Osa ce Y o6rracrzlra Ca o6n.nHnM rr:arraBkrHaorrrer yrtpaBnarla Ma KhurHe xanra yaapajy y r o 3aBnAlerxaBa s6or 3eM,boM u He rpe6a Za ce Meruaca rrpuHoM cHa.oM. O6n.rHo 6nnxe aucop6yjy poZHoM epoeujolr. Be HKrr 4eO Te CHafe, an-IllKaAa Ce yK O-

ay6oxeiapxe f; g y rny.

Karo ce AerrraBaepo3rrja rla?

l. tlax u y cyBHM KnrrMaMa nroixe 4a 6yja nereraquja, anoje nerarcnyra. lllyue H TpaBa rrrTrrTe T o o4 epo3rrJe.

2. Aro o6pa[yje paBno 3eMrburrrre n o6apa ApBene Ha rra/,HllaMar rroBeK yK^artra TaJ noKprrBarr rr rar{o rrs^arre r,no epoenjz ro4e n BeTPa.

3. flperepaua ca4rba Aerpa4r.rpa paBuo 3eMJbr{rrrTe, ICoJece oH4a KoprrcTE Kao ua.rrrax. -O6pa4a na{,un.a y6peaxo noeehaBa TeM[o ryOfiTRa T a.

4. 3arnu ce rrJro4rro r o ca rrar4rrua crrrlpa, a uperepana Hcrraua y6psara npoqec epoeuje.

5. Kaga ocrane cropo rolrl trpe4eo, rroBex ra 'IIpI{PoAErrM rcocE rrrlaMa' - oBqaMa Ir 4a KO3aMa- 4a fa rroTrryEo oqEcTe.

6. Ha xpajy, cBe mro orraEe oA Her{44a rr;ro4rror T^aJe IIycTHrba v r(oJoJBurxe EeMa ropller c"r.ojarna u y xojoj unje uoryh pacr nereraquje.

173

3EMJbr4urrE n nnoAHo rflo

He, KlrrrrHe xanw 6ujy y r,ro. One no4r,r)Ky qecrHUe T^a y B,a3Ayx ra nornrepajy ux rz4o 1,5u. Cnara KrzruHux xauz rarcof e ca6uja
T O TaKO,4a Ce qeCTO Ha lberOBOM BpXy

qBpcra Kopr4rla. Ona orexaQoprr,rupa Ba K VL r r H H u e .npo/Hpalbe .y ay6ne c oJeBe T a, Kao r4 y cTeHe KoJe ce Ha a3e vcloA lbefa v noBpIuI,IHoM Ter{e BHrxe BoAe. Ta eo4a, rcojy HayvHr.ruH aazwsajy noBprrrrrHcKuM oA uBoM, o4Hocu pacTpecvTa 3pHrla r a Ka rroTouvMau peKaMa.

Eposuj a rroBprrrrrHcror c"toj a

Eposr{a noBprrruHcnor crroja ce AerrraBa
K2l[a Kr4rxHI{rIa yKIOHr4 TaHaK C OJ T a

c 5
I,
z ,4

ca noBprxzHe. Y menzn novernuu Qasaua, eposzja rroBprrrrrHcKor c,loja je je4na nphMerHa. a l,t reK riacHnjeflorbonpnBpeArJLlUr [pr4MeTe Aa yceBv noqHrby 4a onaaajy,jep epo3uBHo r,ro nocraje uame nlo4Ho. Epas4acra eposaja ce 4euaBa
yT aBHOM Ha CTpMLIM 3CM,4,IIIIITIIMa, f/e

E I

A npcrarue
yceBa BeuTaqKilM

noBprurzHcKa Bo4a o4Hocu T o y noToKe, Haxon o6n,lsux rra4aBlz'r.a, norourr nocrajy 6yjnrle rcoje saceqajy 6paz4e (japrce), ay6orceno 20 - 30r'r. Ir npr4lr4rrHo paBHLrMo6,lacY cynwtut rprMa,r aBHlr KpuBarl aa eposujy r,la je BeTap.

unu fiy6pueom

Uaxe^Je 3oHa cyBHx rpaBHaTHx npeze-

. Knuua n epoarrja

V l4H$pa-qpBeHa $ororpa$uja HeKaAa cyBe KparbeBcKe AoflnHe y Auepnqn, Haqt,t]beHa u3 carenura. 14HreHgnexo lrcKopr,ruf, eHa,3gpaBa o6paguBanoBpluuHa Ha crpaHlt Koja npxnaAacAA-y je japro qpBeHa !l npeAcraBrbaourap KoHrpacr HennoAHoi, nycroj o6racryt jyxxo oA MeKChqKe rpaHlqe.

lrHceKTnqlrAuMa MOXE KparKopor{Ho Aa noBefianpHHoce, anh AyropoqHo yHr,ruTaBa 6axrepnje r Apyre Kopt4cHe opraHlr3Melr rro nocraje noroAHo caMo 3a ucnauy croKe.
a, KOJa CenpoTexe 04 HcToKaKa 3arra4y npeKo ceBepHeAQpzxe,jyxno 4o najnehe nycrr4rbe Ha cBery, Caxape. 1950. je y Caxe,ty 6urro eurue xuure

gt

i * d

A Mecro oee Qa6pnxesa npox3BoAlby BeuraqKux nopeA Sy6pnea peKeceBepHy Epurannju, noKa3yieKaKocy
ce lt3MeHltnll y nplropl,rTeTu 6op6r aa 3eMrbl,ruTe. Ao6po o6paAuBo 3eMrbxure ie lr3ry6rbeHo,iep BeulTaqKa Sy6puea noBefiaBaiy npoAyKTl,tBHOCT.

Hefo obptrrHoul oo^acrr{ 3a Lrcnauy cy ce nosehale. hyAu uz rycro Hace,r,eHe caBaHe(rponcxrzx rpaBHarr,rx npeae,ta) najyry cy noqelu 4a ce cele y Caxea. Ibuxoee r{HBor}rbe cy nacle Ha roj 3eM6r4, a tby4rr cy ceK r,r 4pnehe r,r x6yne 4a 6u uxKopucru r.t3a olxerbe. 1970. u 1980. ce Aecno HH3 cyrxHLrx nepvo4a u 5unrce, xoje cy pac e y Caxe,Ly, Bt4rrre Hzcy Morle rroHoBo pacrlr. Jaxu nerpoBvr cy-oAyBa^u ro,lo r o 14 y3poKoBaiH o3oH,,bHyepo3l{y. Crorca je yruuy.ra, a r'yAV cy r aaoBaAr,r, Jep cy ce HeKMaruHra TpaBHarra npe4elrz rperBopt4^t4 y nycrurry. To ce BepoBaTHo He or4 Aecrr^o Aa 3els/Jba uuje 6u.na nperepaHo rcopuurheHa sa HcnaIIIy xllBorlrrba rrpe cyue.

flrranosu

sa 6yAyhxocr

Tpare4vja, roja je 34ecr4la Caxe,r.,je TpaJHr4 rro4ceTHr4K 4a T O Morrce4a ce r,rcrpo[M. 36or nopacra craHoBHrrrurBa y cBery, no/borpr4BpeAH4rlr uopajy 4a pazuujajy Mero4e o6paae 3eMibrrrura xoje hp crpeqrzrn Hajrope roc^e4r4rle epo3r{Je T a. Hayuna rrcrpalKnBarr,a raxole rroMa?r<y Aa ce oolbe Koprrcre BerxrarrKa fy6pvtea H uHceKrvuu4w rcojn cy y

noBpafial 3eMrbe

l.
d

5 j
o

=
I o

= Ilpexo 6 477 nu,tr,uornnyduJ cserny cy enadnuu m,ada cequldu da u,*n doeonno 3eM,rbe, aenuKu rcendeone u,otceda ce xopucrnusa ytzoj nomonpuapednux xynmypa Nurnuxao runrnbat4u.
eAr4KUt 4eO KOrrHa OTfra4a Ha rrycTrzrbe, e4eHe flycTape via n anrzue. O6pa4lrBor 3eMJbuurra je yBeK Maio, a [orrrTo BIzIUe 04 IIo OBI,IHe rroBeqaHcTBa )r(r1Br1 04 3eMJbopa4Ibe, cTBapa ce orpoMaH frpr.rTzcaK 3a o6pa4rno 3eMJbrrrrrre. hyaw creapajy AoAarHo Kopt4cHo 3eM,rbr4rrrreHa ABa HarrrzHa. llperz je 4a Bpare 4eo xoju je y3elo Mope - o6rz.+ro 3eMJby xoja je [orrlaBJbeHa y npoff ocrv.. {pyru je 4a ce no6o,rrra KBa r.rrer 3eMr,vrnra noje uaje y rrorrryHocrpr rroBo,r,Ho 3a 3eMrbop4[by.To Mot+ceJa ce ypaAu.on^o [yTeM HaBo4rbaBaEa, yKo IIKo Je-cyBLIne cyBo nonyT nycTIIItCKLtx OO aCTIZ II^'U IIyTeM OABOAIbaBarta, yxoanxo je cyBrrrue BAa?KHo. flonerca4 3eM a npecraje 4a 6y4e ynorpe6,nrlea s6or tby4cne aKTnBHocrra. Ona Mopa Aa ce Bparv y ao6po cralbe xarco 6rz ce rroHoBo Koprrcrr,rla.

A Xonax4nja rua iegry og xajcnoxenrjrx og6paHa oA Mopa Ha cBery. Ilyl carpafeH npeKo l,ljcenmepa,cnarKoBoAnor jesepa y Xonan4njn. { flongepu cy BeoManroAHl4 la Ha lblr Ma ycneeajy pa3r ulrr,rre Kynrype. Bpafaruem 3eMrbr,rura oA Mopa,Xonanfaxn cy noeefiann ga 10o/o. o6pagree noBprur,rHe
To sHaqra 4a ce nprrMeHe Mero4e, no3Hare rro4 TepMriHoM - epahama serr./tVIIIIT a Ibef OBOJ HaMeHI4.

3eu,ra 04 Mopa

.9 -9
I o o 6

3anarcyjyhrz npuMep epaharua 3eM-/be od Mopa je Xo,tan4r{a. Bzrue oA ABe rrerprHe seMrbe je uerca4a 6u.ra to4 MOpeMU^vr rro4 c aHrzMMotrBapaMau jerepzua. [lplro6a,re je nove,to 4a rrlaBrr y ao6a PuuLsaua, Ka,4ace HrzBo MOpa [o4rrrao 3a HeruTo Marbe 04 je4nor Merpa. 3yunep 3ee je 6nto ua.rojeaepo y Ao6a Przlr,oana.O"tyjnrzr,a nonlaBaMa ono 1200. ro4. je nperBopeHo y MopcKH 3a HB, a nacuujurra rrorr^aBaMa Je AoAaTHorrpouzpeHo. 175

noeenrAJ3EMrbE
V lloepuuHa oA 2250xut2, Aynno eeha oA noepuruxeXoxr Koxra, ie epafieua og 3yugep 3ee 3anfiBay Xonan4uju.
flpecer je4nor Xorran4cxor rrolr4epa
Cenepuo ruope 6egervr no44epa
rryMrrHa cT:lElga oABOAHU KaEaJr.

o o a c

s
6-

E E

A )CarenlrrcKll - 6egeur cHhMaK Koilr rurHTr4 jesepo l4jcenuep je 6ena nnnmia,a nonAepH cy nperexHo nraBu. Epana je npBo carpabeHa Aa6n oABoilrra Mope oA jesepa, 3arlrM je carpabeH 6egeu a r BoAa ie = npenyMnaBaHa 6 y ie3epo.
6 L

flo-reeur4 oa 1927., Xo,r.anlaHz cy carp4n^v 6pauy Aa 6u paa4eojz"ru 3yrz4ep 3ee o4 CeeepHor r'aopa.OHz cy HarpaBh r4 clarKoBo4Ho jerepo, Zjcenuep, Ha3BaHo raKo rro perru LIjce,t xoja ce y r+era yALrBa Kao H Lrervplz oo^acTIl 3eM,7bt'[IrTa Ha3BaHe no^Je-

Karra-nn 3a ogBo4rbaBarbe Heo.renrzeaHr4 pe3y^rar je 6uo raj aa

KMa Ce Aolbn c oJ r4cyrnao,3eM6a ce c^er a, cBe 4oK HrrJe rra a r4cfro4 Hr'rBoa KaHaia 3a ozBo4rbanarr,e. KaHa,tu cy Mopaiu 4a ce 6pane BHcoKrrM 6e4elrrzMa, a fryMrre cy HefrpecTaHo ricnyMrraBa-l,e BrrruaK eo4e. Bpahalr,e 3eM,brrrlrra vMa 14 4pyre noBorbHe yrilrHKe, ocrlM 3eM.brirrrTa. cTBapalr,a o6pa4ueor BexoezNaa cy llonruncne MoqBape 6rrnry Przr.ra 6a,le HeHace,terre,jep cy ce y rr,r4Ma pa3MHolxaBa,r.ra AHoQe,tec KoMapull. rcojr.rnpeuoce ua,rapzjy.

.9 a 7 o z
!

HaMeHu. Be,,rzxz KaHa AaHac oABoArbaBa pe:rHy eo4y noja je nnaer.r,ta ry o6rracr. a Apyru KaHa^H oapxaeajy 3eMnr4rure cyBLrM.Kouapuu cy HecraYMecro AHBALI, a CaH)I1.Ma A Va./\ap:y|ja. rbriHe Hacralo je ner rpa4oBa. Orcoje4He ce4\4hHeKorHa je npenplrBeHo nycrr.{rboM. Hexe nycrurse cy To vKo cyBe 4a 6unne yonrxre He pacry. Je4wuu HarrrrH Aa rrycrr4m,a florrrurrcre MorrBape llonruncrce MorrBape cy Hacrale ono [porIBera 6z,ro je HaBo4rbaBarbe. (Daprraepu Ha E,lv cnorra tr4croxy MOpCKO AIIO, a 3aTrrM Cy rIOCTaBT4 H 300. r rr.H.e, BepoBarHo s6or sela,boHt'r3oBe TCXHAKy HaBO{IsaBaF,axI4JLal{a4pa\a, HanpaBJr'eHux Tpeca KoJr4 noAnfao r o y o^r.r3r.rHrz KOpt4CTe o4 Je IIeCKa, IIUbyHKa IZ CIIHTeTHTIKIiX B aKauopa. floxymajvt 4a ce re MoqBape AaMa roAr4Ha. Oxo 3000. rrr.H.e. prcyue cy rpaja,lv 2 200 roautta. je xopuurheHo y zolI'rHrr ua 4a 6u crpeqr.rlr4 cnnpalbe MopcKof HaBozrbaBarbe je Erunry, oxoTitrpa u kIzna4 Ma4pa\a cy nocraBulpr w e. Hvutay y 3eM"r,aMa Kona.*ro 30-wx 20-or 20-zx 4ua. roroBe 6eroHcxe cry6oee, nojr,rcy r<ac- zra;trajancxrz EyQpara, y Meconorartuju u peqHHM Eenuro 4vKTarop HI4Je noclylxtatr4r.ao oxocHLrqasa <pop- Myco,LrlHz opraHa3oBao Be TTKLI o6-racrrarr.ta y l{'uuu ukIu4uju. MlzparbenpenpeKa 04 non^aRe. Hz,tje laena4arlaBrro cBaKeroZIzHe. [poJeKaT Bpanalba 3eMJbIIIuTa II'HXOBOJ pa. Ilo,n4epv cy oKpylreHrz Be VKHM Hacvrrr4Ma, Ha3BaHHM 6e4eurl. 3erra,btrrrrre je npevraurheHo 14 cMa ce ry Ha^a3e rr^o4He opaHrirle. KaracrpoQalHe nonlaee 1953. cy oaHele I 800,nyacxux )r(r4Bora y Ae^TV perce IIIe,r4e. Oa ra4a Xo,tanlanz rp4e HLr3 6paua, ycraBa u 6e4eva naxo 6rz zarrrrr4Tu^Lr ry-o6,racr. {,a 6w TO ypa4r4 14,ollr4 cy caQr4AI"I neuFraHo

04 (Den-ran4a rbuBe
Zcre upoueHe HVBoa Mopa r4 cpe4FboBeKoBHe o"ryjHe nonlaBe rcoje cy orrrrerrlle Xoaau4zjy cy rroMorle la HacraHe (Den,r.au4y EHra,ecxoj.One cy je no4Bo4noeeha e r,rBoru. {Deu,laH4 HO 3eM,bUUrTeCa TpCKOM11 Apyr-rrM BoaeHrzM pacrr,rrbeM. O6,r.acr, 6"iraxa yHyTpaffibocrz, ,\e?ItHHa TpeceTy,loK
MOpCKl4 Mynr 9I4HI4 OCHOB OO aCTLI,

) flpe
l,rcyur14Ba]ba,

Oexnangie 6nna Herocrorby6lrBa

MOqBapa.

Y 17.e. ie nog
BObCTBOM

oKpeHyre Ka Mopy.Y 17.eexy cy ro3BaHu xolaH4cxrr t4Hlrerbepu, xoju cy eeh brzarz nosnaru ca ceojou 6op6ou ca MopeM. OHu cy vcyurr4tr BelrzKr.rgeo je 3arrlM nperBopeH y @-eu,ran4arcojrz oopa4vBo 3eM,brzrrrTe. 176

xor|aHAcKl,rx cTpyqlbaKa, Oennaug ltcyueH, qltMe ce Ao6lrno oKo 200 000 xexrapa n,|oAHOr
3eMrb14l|lTa.

{ Kpyxxa 3eneHanorba y nn6aHcKoi nycrl,|tbl,rce HaBoglbaBaiy noMofiy qeHrpanHor lrpurallltoHor clrcTeMa,BoAa }|e Befl]rK14x p$epBoapa, ce nyMna noA3eMHlrx y ueBu Ha cpeAt,|Hlr norba. V KopuufierbeM npeBnue BoAe 3a y3 HeaAeKBaTHo HaBoArbaBalbe HltBo noA3eMHe oABoAlbaBalbe, BOAepacTe,a pa3no)KeHe conn ce roMnnaiy Ha noBpurxH]'Kao crepHnHa Kopl,rqa. BoAa 6pgo lrcnapH unn ie 6nnxe norporue r,l corl,r ce cKynrbaiy oKo KopeHa.
txeara^v' ysPoqn cALurrAqal E HABO4TLABAHOT TAA {ox je ro rpajaa,o, tbyAw cy so4,y y cnerluja,rHe 6acene v oc'raBtba- r. noTEH r_lI,uAJIHO frj\OAHO T/rO 2.a fIPEBHIIIE BO4E C)4 IIPE HABONBABAISA HABOAIbABAIbA .tn je 4a HaBoArraBarbuxoBa no,ta. 04 1968. naaeJberbe ce KoHTpolrzrxe noMohy AcyaHcce 6paHe, Koja 3aycraB,ba n aBHV BoAy y Be[TaqKoM jesepy Hacep. KoHrpoaacaHo HaBo4rbaBarr,e rasjesepa 3a BpeMecyureje ovoryhu.,ro Erznry la y4Bocrpyva ceojy no,bonpHB pe4Hy npor.t38oArby. Mero4e {pyre J L'I Y Hemzn ob,racrnua y Aycrpaaujn no43eMHaeo4a je no/.npurucnov, jep cy c oJeBu cTeHa,y KoJHMa Ce OHaHaKyrrtba, HarHyrvr.Kala ce rrcKorra 6ynap, BoAa runKHe y BLtc. Taxae zsnop ce r:,a3vBa aprecKri 6yuap, rro Mecry Aproa y (DpauuycKoj.Y eehuHz rrpe4e,ra, rurefyrurrl, [ol3eMHa Bo4a Mopa 4a ce HcrryMnana. tr4cnyrranaHa Bo4a ce Ko4 4ucrpu6yupa nouohy rpz rr.rero4a. HaBo4rbaBarbarrpcKa^vrlaMa, oHa ce oaqa y Ba34yxrz3qpeBa ca HacTaBrIuMa rcojn npouseo4e cupej. Ko4 Haro4maBalt,a MeTo4oM Kan IIO KaII, BO4a Ce AOBOAId KpO3 rIeBLr HUCKOT [pHTr{CKa, rrocraB,beHe rro 3eM6u. Ko4 no4aerranor

'! I o

o o

crep[^Ila c^aHa KoPr'rga

HaBo/rbaBalba, BoAa ce AoBoAr4 AtlpeKTHo40 KopeHa 6unaxa nouohy uenu

IIOCTaBJbeHIiX HCITO4 froBprrrHHe.

2.6 IrPEMAIO BOAE O4 HABOAIf,ABAIf,A

EIBO rro43eMrre BOAe

lloc,re4rse 4Be Mero4e cy cryne 16or TporxxoBa pa4a nyMrrv. OHe ce Kopnc^Ie y 3ana4noj Eeponrz, jyrozcrovHoj Aycrpa,rzjn u tr4zpaety rae ce yzrajajy AparorreHz yceBv, yx,rnyvyjyhrz eohe, qeehe z noephe. flpo6"trervrlr ca HaBo4rbaBarbeM Haao4manarbe Mopa aa ce cnpoBo4u na?K.bHBo. Axo ce y 3eMtby AoBe4e npeBr4rueBo4e noja ne Mo)fiela orerre, T o nocraje npesacuheuo. Kano ce no43eMHH HttBo Bo/e no4h;tte,TaKocolr, rcoie ce Hala3e 4y6oKo y r y. Hsr.ace t]a floBplxtrHy. Ano Heua AoBorHo Bo4e, npupozHe co^n y rcoj ce arcywy,xupajyy roprbeM c,rojy u,a e6or ucnaparama. Y Erunry je nonpahaj 3eM,br4rrrra [poy3poxoBao ourreherbe ]r(zBorHe cpe4uHe. Hena4a cy non"laee Hvla HaHocH e Haclare 6orare uyneu. Ca4a je vrecro ror My/ba3ay3elo BeurraqKo ly6pzno, AoK ce Myrr, HaroMnlaBa v3HaA 6paue. llou.naee cy y6ujaac nyxeBe rcoju npeuoce 6oaec1 seaHy ocucrocouzja. llyxeeu cy ce MHolnv,ln z 6o,recr ce ruHpv,ra. atu 1e ca4a cBe noA KoHTpo OM. Ilpana xaracrpoQa je Hacra"ra xa4a je oo4a Auy Aapje u Cup Aupie y 6wuurer',rCorjercroM Caeeey cKpeHyra Ka jyry Apa,rcxor Mopa,Za 6a ce y Typxue-

c"roj co,ta y 3oHrr ropeua

Hr4craHy ysrajaaz xpaHa u r;.aMyr u ca4a Ao Apaacxor Mopa cru)r{e BeoMa Ma^o Boae rr3 peKa. Og 1960. Apa.lcxo Mope ce cMarr,kr^o cKopo 2a75"/o,rul,/le Je yfarueHa IJeKaAa.BeoMa ycneurHa puoapcKa vHl\ycTpuJa, Ha ncyrrreHoM C aHa nycTldrba, A AIJy Ce CTBOpr4Aa ucrrapaBarbeApa-rcxor Mopa Bzrrre He noMar(e sa pacx,raluBalbe re o6,racrrz. O.rvnarre 3eMJbr-rrrrra Beorr,rauair"o je ovynane 3eMJburrrra, Kao u 6pura Aa rlo ne 6yae c[paHo rrtrr oAyBaHo.Ocnoe Mo4epHor orryBaje sa6pana otrrHx HaBr.rrr,a 3eM,br4rrrra Ka y 3eM,bopz4r\r4,Kao rrrTo cy npeTepalla ca4Eba, [peTepaHa Hcrra[ra, yKia177

A Cxperarue AMypAapr,rie h Cr,tp fiapnje oA ApancKorMopaie nperBoplnoAenoBe ror Mopay

cnaHy nycTl,ftby.

noBPAEAJ 3EMJuE

o o I

: I
o
!

o Y _9 6 4

o o

A Pygnrax 6oxcura na Jauajqu je lrcnylbeH ll nopaBHar.3eurua je npexpneena roplbr,rM cnojen Tna 1,| npeTBopeHay naulbaK. ) necax Mo)KeAa 6yge ogyeax xa KonHy.fla ce ro cnpeq[, AnHe cy aacafieue MapaM rpaBoM.
Ibarbe [oBprxr{HcKor c,toja n npeopaBalr'e HarHyTI4x TepeHa. Be,ruxe o6"a.acrrz jyxuoanrepvqKux nparrryMa cy pacKp.reHe KaKo 6u ce 4o6rz,to AoAarHo noJborrpraBpeaHo 3eMJburure 3a cBe nehz 6poj craHoBHuxa. Haxa,Locl 3eMrbr.{rrrre oBrrx rrparxyMa je n,rzrrco. Ka4a ce yK oHrl rrryMa, r o ocTaJe u3^olKeHo Krzrurr KoJa ra cnprpa.

A llpeopaaarue
HH36pAO AoBoAl,l Ao epo3ltje. To ce lr36eraBa npeopaBabeMno KOHrypaMa. V He6pacqn KOHTypHO npeopaBalbe ce KoM6ltHyje cejalbeM nueH14qe. r|eru je 3eMrba Heo6pabeHa, Aa 6n ce o'{yBara
BTAXHOCT TNA.

6 o o 6 o I

flparurrana qrrHrrja
Ilocroje rpr4 r aBHe rexHvxe oqyBarba r,ra. Ilpea je cuarsrzearueeneprr,rje KprrrrHrrxnanz, rexyhe Bo4e rr Berpa, KOJI4 cnlrpajy 3eMJbr'tlrTe,4pyra Je no6o,nurame crarr,e caMor r a, a rpeha
ozBo4ILaBaIr,e 3eM_rbe Ha TaKaB HaqvH

To nollolr(He l.roryhuocru Aa Lrx Berap odyBa. Peruemeje Ia ce Ha r6vMa 3aca4e o6a,rue rpaBe. Je4Ha o4 Hajnony,\apHrlHx TpaBaJe MapaM TpaBa, Ha3eaHa jour o6aana. TpaBa. Ona ulra ourTpe ArrcToBeu JaKo KopeEe A He cnaerajoj 6-raro c,taHo orcpyxeme. 3a 4uue, xoje cnvpa u rrMa, Koprrcrlr ce MOpCKa TpaBa,Jep oHa rro4Hocr4rroTanarbe y c^aHy Bo4y.

VIngycrpujcrce nycrape
fise nu4ycrpujcxe aKTrrBHocrrr orurehyjy ono"lrzny.To cy py4apcrBo rr KaMeHo oMrz.Ornopenra KorroBrr6pso creanycrape. paJy uHAycTpHJcKe Hexa4a cy yrJbeHoKorrv flporzsBo4uAkr ofpoMHe Ko^uqvHe orrla4Hrix cTeHa,KoJecy ce roMrr a,\e 14crBapaie BerrrrarrKa6pda, naseawa 6p4a rrubaxe. Mo4epne Mero4e py4apcrBa cy cMaI+UJ\e KO r4rrUHy OTIaAHOT MaTepAJa a,

O6pafinnarre Harrryrr{x repeHa

Mnore rr,raHTa-)Ke KayrryxoBr1a,HapoqHTo y Ma,r.eezju, ce Ha^a3e ua o6pourluva 6pla. fia 6w ce crrpeqr4 a eposuja, uanpaBJbeHe cy repace. Ceaxa Tepaca ce cnyrrrra Ka 6pay, ruro rroMa)r(e Aa ce r.o4a sa4p)r.vt y r,ty. Ha je va,,ro. HeKHM MecrhMar4e 3eMlbHrrJre rronyr KaMeHrzrorna Malrz, ce KoprrcTe repace. Thuo ce roprbu crroj r,na yr^arba KM ro4 ce rp4r4 nexa xyha, a 3aTuM ce Kopr-rcTrz 3a rroJborlpt4Bpe4y. Ha 6paaruqrrMa rro rIe oM cBery BAaAa npaBn^o TaiacacTor npeopaBav,a. KaAa 6pae4e vAy rro KoHTypaMa saru6a oHe rroMa?(y Aa ce BoAa 3aApxz. llpeopaBarbe urzs6p4o crBapa BelrrrarrKy jupyry nojou eo4a 6pso oaHecer,l.o. KzHeerz crorrrHaMa ro4krHa npanruxyjy KoHTypHo rrpeopaBabe.

Aa Boda uoxe c,to6o4Ho 4a orzve, 6es aa Hocr4ca co6on roptbll crroj raa. Tpaea je jeana o4 uaj6o"nrzx crBaprr noja noxe 4a cra6utvsyje r,to. fo6ap TpaBHaTH rroKpvBar{, TaMo r4e rlocTOJu,rrrTrlTr4 r o r4 rroMalKeMy 4a ocTaHe Be3aHo.30.-zx ro4vtHa20. e. orpouna o6aacr Be,lzne paBHr.rrle y CAfl-y je nocraia ta3lolKeHa 4ejcrey nprzpo4HHx cu,ta. Hacrao je Hao npaurmaeux o"nyja KOJecy oyKBa Ho olyBan'e r o, cTBapajyhu o6,r.acr xoja ce AaHac Ha3:aBa Ilpanrrnaea uuuuja (eur. Drct Bowl). fleur-rane AlaHe o6a,necy HapoquAy)r< 178

a crapa 6pAa nmaxe ce yx,rar+,ajy. Oreopenrz KonoBV a<nlajy Be uKe rop}ber r a, TaKo Aa pyAapv KOIr4r{r,rHe Mofy 4a ao\y ao yrna xoju ce Ha a3u TLIK r4ctro{t nonprlnHe. flauac, noc e TaKBe MeTO4epyAapcTBa,cNe+r4nepuo4 epaharr,a npeo6urnoj nauenu. 3euJr't4rrrTece paBHa norraohy Be LrKt4x 6arepa, HaKoHr{era ce 4o4aje ly6pzno, a 3arrlM ce c4vaprehe vr rpaBa. AoaaBarbeM n^o4Hor roprber crroja, je4au 4eo 3eM,rbt4rxraMolr{e rroHoBo Aa ce ynorpe6,r,aea y rroJr,onpvBpe4r4. Karuenolour4, Hapoqprro oun y nojrEua ce 4o6zja necaK H rrr/byHaK,rrecro nMaJyBeAvKepyne KoJece rryHe Bo4oM. flanac ce oHe o6u-rno npereapajy y Berrrrarrna jeeepa, a Er4xoBa oKoAvHa ce ypelyje raxo /a ce Hajeuure KopHcre aa pexpeaqujy.

lllyMapcrBo
Illynapcmeo,xoptruherce. u odprcaearce je aarcwr uayxa,jep uryrue utyna,, crndajy y mjnuwjnuje nptpodue pecypce u m,opajy rurs,cJbu*o da ceneeyjy, axo rcemtmo da nu u 1ydytw aewpary$e
u,Itrlllyto MlIKcIti4lamJ xopucm od rcux.

uru, ruyMe npeKpaeajy oxo /f / | 30% 3euvrnHe noBprxuHe. Haxaaocl y nporerc"rHx 50 l-t ro4r4Hay cBery ceje nocryua o BeoMa orxe ca [ryMaMa. MHore cy yHr,rrrrreHe pa.4z rpeHyTHe KopHcTH,oe3 la ce pa3l.rtnrrr:lbao 6y4yhHocru. lo4uwalra je cMarpaHo 3a Mareapeehe y yypl{a-\ KoJr4 KopHcTaHy Je Br4rrrecTpyKo cBaKo4HeBHoM )KrrBory. Illyrrre cy
MHOrO BI,IrXe 04 TOra.

Ilocrojr.r orco 20 000 pa3lurrHrHx Bpcra rrryMcxor 4pneha, rcoje ruorxe 4a Ce rpynnlne y neT r aBHLIxTLIIIOBa. lllrzpoxorrr,rcHo lr,rcronalHo 4peehe pacre y o6,nacruua ca pa3ruvrqkrrnv' rolr.trrrbuM Ao6uua. Ouo raua nmrhe ca Be VKoM uoBpruuHoM noje rvryoutoryhaea 4a ns6agv, e,lary xojy Byqe r.r3 rrra. Ono oa6aqyje cnoje rrraruhe3r.rMrr, a y npo-nehe 4o6wja noro. Ty cyaaajy JaceH, ope3a, KecTeH, opecl JaBop, xpacl opax H 6pesa. lllraporcorrzcHo 3lrM3eieHo 4peehe o6yxnara uajnehu 6poj apeeha noje pacre y rponcrlrM o6,lacrzua. OHo
HMa Be I.tKe UCTOBe, KaO U IpICTOrl2,4-

Illyrvrcxo 4pnehe

A'Ysroj'ApBeHe rpabe y A$puqu. Jyxna xeMlrcQepa AaHac HeMaAOBOTbHO MeKOrApBeTa. { Carennrcxa cruKa Epasuna Ha Koioi ce BlrAe orpoMHe o6nacr1,| ucKpqeHe uyHrne.

Ho 4peehe, al.u o46a4yje rro HeKo r,rKo HCToBpeMeHo. Ty cna4ajy ulalrurzp, 3e^eHrzKa r, ioBop. I4r,rrz.racro Apeehe je yr,tarHortr szv3e^eHo. [IrHxoso ,r.piluheje curuo u y o6"tzrcy r.ycr.u, a He r4r rzqa. Y 4peehe o6,rraxy zr uqa. Henorrzrco Bpcra ca vr uqacTHM r,rcToBprMacila4aly 6opoeu, cMp-ire u rzce.Y apneha tz3 oBe rpyne uMa ,rlrcroBe y je,r.e,_crrapexe, y oo^rlKy tbycKlj ApBene ca r4cToBHMa c\aAaJy Ke4poBHH qeMnpecu. Behuua ua,tMLr HeMarpaHe, eeh zNa ce epx 4e6.ra orBapa y KpyHy Belr.rxrlx IHcroBa y o6araxy [epa r{,lv ,lerre3e. Cra6"ra narrparu cy vtcrvr xao u cra6aa rrarparu xoja pacre y BproBlrMa r.r Ha BIaIKHHMMecrr4Ma, a.nn nvajy BHcoKo 4e6rro, na vnjerrr Bpxy pacTy lrcroBH HairrK Ha franpaT. { flpexo nonoBuHe (52o/ol qenoKynHe ApBeHe rpabe y cBery ce noceqe Aa 6n ce Kopl,rcTu'|a Kao roplrBo, AoK rpaArba, npolr3BoAlba x npaBrbelbe nanupa BeoMa 3aocrajy.

Bpcre rryMa

llocroje MHore pa3lzr{ure Bpcre rnyMa, y 3aBrlcHocTr4 oL AeAa cBeTa y KoM pacry rr rrarloBa apneha y LblzMa. Je4Hocranna noaela je ua rponcKe npauryMe, cBer e TponcKe rrryMe,yMepeHe AucTorralHe ruyMe, yMepeHe 3LrM3e^eHe rxyMe r{ x a4He yMepeHe rr u rro^apHe -yI.. Tponcrce nparuyMe pacTy y vt^vt oArr3y TporrcKlrx oo^acrr{, y npe4e^t4Ma ca MHoro na4aBlllla ToKoM rlele fo4rlHe. K-nzua y raKBnM ruyMaMa je ynerc epyha rr B^a)KHa. Tiznz.+ra rponcKa nparuyMa r.rMaoKo 20 ny'ra Bzrrre Bpcra Apeeha 04 yMepeHe luyMe, a lI MHO|OMalr,e npZMepaKa cBaKeBpcre. Tponcxa rparuyMa pacre y irerr4pr.r caoja. frannu caoj, 6a.rt4axun, ce Ha^a3u Bt4coKovr3r,a.4 ra,a.fpane rz ,rHCToBII 179

uyMAPcrBo
ce Ha^ase Ha Bpxy roJ\rlrx4e6aaa, oracoKrzx oa 30 ao 40 n. Hero,ruxo BeoMa Br.rcoKrrx cra6arra npo6uja usua4 6atpurapajyhra r.rs4zrHyru c.roj. Aaxvtlra, <po I4cto4 6atrAax:r':aaje 4omz cflpal y KOMeCeHa a3Ur yTAaBHOM M aAOApBehe, eucorcoono l0 u, vujz pacrje ore,r{aH s6or HetocrarKa cBerlocrrl. 9erepru cnpar je npnseuua Bereraqraja. Thruo r4e je 6aa4axur 3avrcra rycr rrpn3eMHe eereraqr.rje laMa BeoMa Ma o, a raMo Me ce crapo apeehe cpyrrrn^o t4 cBeT ocT ce y usoovtby npo6uja, npuzeMHa Bererarluja 6yja, creapajyhn uyHr y. Hajeehe rporrcKe rparuyMe cy o6racr ANrasoHayJyxuoj Arvrepraqra, rJeHTpa jyroucrovua Aeraja, Vuaona AQprarca, neszja n (Dlutrurtutrrz.Ceer e rporrcKe rrryMe ce Ha a3e 6nuzy Ana noBparHr4Ka, paKa u japua, y o6aacrrElra r4e vMa
MHOrO il?LaBUHa,

Yrvrepeue acron24He rrryMe pacry y sana4noj Ee ponu, ncrovHoj Asujw w wa rrcroKy Ceeepne Auepzre. Y muua je nehnna4pneha ilrlrpoKolr4cHo ncroIIa,4HO,nAKO y HeKVMa pacTe Iz rzr^lrqacro ZpBehe. Y yuepeHr4M 3r4M3eleHHMrUyMaMa yr aBHOM pacTe r,rr^r4qacro 4paehe. Xrra4ne yMepeHe,u H noAapHe, IIIyMe ca4prre Ma o Apyror Apneha ceM rrerr4uapa, noju x,r.aguohy no4uoce 6o.re Hero ruprpoxo,rrrcHo 4paehe. One pacry y o6,tacruvra ca KparKlrM errzMa H AyrIlIliI, x aAHr4M3VMaMa rr [OKptrBajy orpoMHe o6aacrrl ceBepHe Enpone, Aauje u Ceaepne Artrepurce. Ycueeajy u y 6tuzunr4-eKBaropa Ha
BHCOKT,TM rriaHr4HCKt4M OOpOHTIHMa.

K^rrMoM. Ibuxoso Apeehe pacre yrlaBHoM y 6trlzrsur'w pexa rzlr{ rro43eMrrr4x no4a. Ty cna4ajy rrlyraHr.r xpacr lr Mac,rraneuajyxHe Enpoue r{ eyKa^nrrTycoBo ApBo zs Aycrpa,uaje.

Ynorpe6a rr ercrrJ\oararlnja
Illyrure cy ce yr^aBHou ynorpe6./baBa^e 3a ceqy pMvr ApBera. ,\pr'o je 6ua.o npBo roputBo rcoje cy npa?rcropajcrcn JI'yAvrKopIlICTLI^v. Haj6o,iue ApBo ce cerre 3a ApBeHy rpaby, sa- rpaleeuHapcrBo, MocroBe, qaMrle u opo4oBe, rrpaBJbebe HaMerrrTAJa, My3I4qKux r4HCTpyMeHaTa vr roMLr e 4pyrnx crBaprr. {pyre epcre ApBera ce rperBapajy y ue,ry^o3Hy ry ry o4 xoje ce frpaBe rrarrnp, rrlacrrrKa, a,\Koxo^ 14Apyru [por43Bo4H. 04 arlcrona4Hor 4preha ce 4o6rzja lrBpcro 4pro, naj6o.r;a ApBell.a rpala. Ona o4 r{r Hqacror ApBeha ce Ha3vBa MeKOApBO,HaKOCy HeKe BpCTeTBpAe. Y 4pyre uryMcKe npou3BoAe cna4ajy nlyra o4 cynlepacre Kope frlyraHor xpacTa; aTeKc 04 KarryKoBrIa v qLrK

Y apyre Bpcre ruyMa cna4ajy caBaHe t4 H TponcKe rpaBHare o6lacru A,Dp"re u JyxHe Arvrepuxe (r4e ce rrasznajy r.r^aHocu rcarrnoc). Bereraquja ce cacroju o4 rpaBe ca parrrrpKaHr,rMApBeherrl. Bpoj apneha je orpaHr{rreH KolrlrrHHoM flaAaBvrna, flperrasne ruyue pacry y o6,nacrrErraa ca Me44TepaHcKoM
croj

ua4nryrn

6a.raaxns

cMoneca ieAHor .& 6opa y OpaHqycxoj. Vnpxoc

cl,lHTeTnq}t,

)Caxynruarue E

cMotrace KoplicTuy npou3BoArsu naKau npeAcraBJba caMoieAaHoA MHOrlrx uJyMcKUx npou3Bona.

180

ryMa, OOALIK aTeKCa KoJI4 Ce KOpI4CTH 3a )rGaKahe ryMe 04 cafro4la a ApBeTa; aHTI4-Ma apLIJCKI4 eK I{vrHuIJ 04 KOpe KOHKOHa 4pBeTa Iz CMO a O4 OOpOBr.rHe.

Illyucxo 4pBehe ce eKcrrloarr,rure HajBvure s6or rrerosux Bohxv, na ce 3aTo y3raja y BpToBuMa. Ceuenxe n KoruTyrbaBo Bohe ce je4e csyAa, a ol, Br.rx ce rarcofe ao5njajy lr npou3Bo4lr Kao rrrToJe qoKo^a4a. flpe 4ee xvtba,4e roAlzloa BehH Aeo Eepone je 6uo rpeKpr.rBeH ruyMoM, 04 KOJe Je Be"\LtKLf4eO prcKpqeH paAvr

3eMJboPa4rrrevr^vr 4ooL\ar6a 4pBeHe rpale. Ha ucrra HarrlrH, aehraHa ruylra Ha Lrcrory CA[-a, roje cy 6ur,e rycre KaAacy y 16. eexy crnr vr EeporrraHn, je Hecra,no. ,\auac je 4ourao pe4 Ha TporrcKe. nparuyMe. Y uporerurax 50 ro4llHa Je HecTa a cKopo IIo/\oBuHa flparrryMa, a yllvfinTaBarbe ce HacTaBr,a sa6pramaeaj yhorra6peznortr.

lasaoealbe rrryMaMace cacrojra y roMe 4a ce npupo4HoJ paBHorexr4 4o3Bo H 4a QyunquoHr,Iure, Kao Id Aa ce BoAr4 parryHa o roMe 4a le^oBarbe rroBeKa 6y4e 6aaancl4paHo. llocrojehe rryMe Mory 4a ce o4p)rcaBaJy KOHTpO ZCaHOM CeqOM r,r CMrbOM, a II MOAepHLI KOHqeIIT Cy BeIUTaTIKe

Ias4ouarte uyMaMa
Axo ce r6vMa npaBnaHo rae4yje, uryMe o6uan.,nyjy pecypc. One cy ce o6nas.lraa'e xr{ a4e rryra orKa4 ce 4pnehe uojaea o. lor\oceMerbarre (apeehe xoje ne qeera) cy ce [pBl4 nyr nojaeu,re npe ono 300 Mr.rlrroHa roAvrna, a 4prehe xoje qnera ce nojanraao npe oxo 160
MH^IZOHa IOAVTIJA.

IIIyue ceBepHe Enpone rz Cenepne Arraepuxenucy nocroj:rle rrpe Marbe04 10 000 ro414llla,rca4aje fro^aKo 3aBpje IrrH o noc e4rbe eaeHo 4o6a. r{rarvr
K I4Ma rlOCTa,\a IOBO,bHO Torr,\a, Ha ceBepHe Apeehe ce npoilupalo 3eMibe KoJe cy Ao TaAa ov e rro4 ie.4oM. Ilpno cy crrrr u KecreH u 6peaa,3aryrM 6op, 6pecr r.rjaceH rz Ha rcpajy xpacr. Axo ce HeKa uryMa Aanac ynvrrrrrvl a6or noxcapa vlu AeloBarr,a aroBeKa ra lpenycrr,r cauace6u, ona he ce pereHepkrcarvr noruohy 6peo pacryher 4pneha.

ruyMe.Y Bpuranujl4 cy MHore BelurarrKe ruyMe rro4 KoHTpo ou Illyrvrapcxe rorrlzcrnje. Bearaxa onacHocr Ko4 BerrrTarrKt4xruyMa Je Ta rrrTo ce oHe yr lBnovr cacroje o4 je4ne epcre 4pueha yMecro pa3Ho t4xocru xoja ce cpehe y npzpoAr4. Mo4epHa uaeja je 4a ce KoM6uuyjy 6psopacryhe je.ne, norpe6ne sa Apneuy rpaby, IIeAy^o3Hy cMeruy lr crBapr4 norryr reierpa<pcr<rax cry6ona ra rro4yrrvrpalla 3a JaMe, ca iucTorr24HHM 4pneheu.9erznapu v'ory Aa ce noceKy 3a pe^arvBrro KpaTKo BpeMe vr ,44 ce uueecruquje rroBpare. Tnp4o 4pno, ruelyrrartr, 3axreBa HeKo rrKo reHepa\vJa Aa oH ca3pe^o.

O.rynarne
Axo heuo [ryMe, npupo4He v H BerrrTar{Ke,o4pxaBarri, norpe6na je noezTurBrrarrolurr.rKa ovyearra. Tpe6a 4a ce ooapa roAvrrlrbe caMo oHa Ko^r,rqr,rHa ApBera xoja he ce 3aMeHlrrr4npvpo4HprMpacroM. Cracreuarcxo o6apane je

HaqltoHaIHor napKay Auepnqn.Oeaj crapoceAenau 3anagHe o6aae cnaAay HaiBefie Bpcre Ha3eMrbl,t. { }TrnuqHa crpyKrypax pa3HoBpcHocr ApBefiaKoie pacre y cBaKoi oA ner pa3ru{14T}tx rJJyMa. Tponcre npautyilelrMajy :
Cxoros 6oP

A Fnranrcra ceKBoia ],|3 Joceunru

qyMe, yMepeHe an],|Ma]be npuMepaKa noieAHHe EpcTe. Jlou6ap4rjcxa TOnO a Beurrarxe uyMe qecTo lrMaiycaMo iegxy Bpcry.

Ao 20 nyra Bnue BpcraHero

o$nrull

xpacr

181

uyMAPcrBo

A Y eracopaBHlrMa UJpnflanxe ceva gpeefia r npaBrberuerpafe ce jour yBeK cnpoBoAh Ha rpaA[qhoHarHn HaquH. Jegat qoBeKcrojn nsnag Ae6na,a iegax tacno4 rbera yt cBaKh eyve jegan xpaj recrepe.
HaIIIZH 4a Ce TO IIOCTUTHe.

Je4au vero4 cHcreMarcKe ceueje nornyHa ceqa. npu nojoj ce 4ara o6,racr rrornyHo noceqe cBaKZx 50 go 100 ro4r4na. Th o6,racr ce 3arHM noHoBo nouyMz. Apyrv Mero4 je ce,renrneua ceqa, y xojoj ce o6apa Zpeehe o4peleHe cTapocTrr t4 Belrzqrrr'e, a u,r.ale apeehe ce ocraB,ba 4a pacre. 3arnlr cle4r4 norxyMJbaBarr,e Mecra Ha rcojznra je 4peehe nocerreHo. Oeaj laero4 arraa Ty npe4Hocr ruro cra6u,tHo apeehe HyAu 3aut-tvrv Mla4uuava. r<oje raxo Mory y noTfryHocTt4 Aa l43pacTy. Pyxy no4 pyKy ca caalboM ri ceqoM

4peeha lz'4e v 6pvra o 4pyrLrM ?nr4BHM 6zhrzlra y [ryMrr. Czcreuarcra ceqa Molrie 4a yl{r4rnTrl cTaHr.rrrrTa 14Aa y3poKyJe HecTaHaK rrTllrla, czcapa Iz r.rHCeKara h3 re o6"racrz. Ce,leKltzeua ceva je KOpI4CTaHHarrr.lH 4a Ce HeK() CTaHr.{rrrTe orryBa v npoysporcyje Mar+,e rurere rro )I{LIBOTHy CpeAr4Hy. r-a34oBalbe ruyMaMa ce eeh lo6po rrpar<rrzr<yje ) \4Hon4M paseujeuav sen,r.taMa y ceery. MelyrHM, rrpaBz npo6,teu ,rexu y rporrcKrrM npalryMaMa y 3eMrbaMay paaeojy. Tponcr<e rrparxyMe necrajy 6psuuov 04 oKo 170 000 rcu KBa4parHrrx ro4rrrxne. Beh nexo,rrzno 3eMaJba je 6yxea,rHo z:ry6z,ro cee ceoje npupo4He ruyMe, lrely mzua z I4u4uja, Asypua o6a,r.a, Iana H EKsa4op. flope4 rofa rrrro xaracrpoQa.rHo 4e,nyje Ha r o n K-ArrMy, oBo MacoBHo yHurrrraBarie nparxyMa ca co6olr nocz rz rrpeTrr,y rlo Brilre (]4 Mr{^.HoH BpcTa HHCeKaTa 14 ApyfIIX )r{HBOTHrba.

A Ha rseopy IlyHaBa,y y HeMaqKoj, llJeapqean4y, ruaurnxa noA]4xe Ae6na MeKorApBera, cKn4a rpaHe ca ]bnx, a 3aTnMt4x ypeAHocraxe.

A Caxynruarue nnyra y Fopryranujn. llnyra ce

()6HaBrba 6pguFrorvr oA 50 um 3a rpu roA14He,

{ KoM6hHoeaHa nnnaHa y Koioi ce npoh3BoAl4

MeKOr ApBeTa nnyraiy H143 peKy Ao n[raHe, rAe ce fyne n nnnaiy Ha oApebeHy Ayxl4Hy,a 3arhM cnor(y.

rpabar nynnay KanaAu. fle6na

BotreHnpecypct4
Jbydu Moeyda npercueedytce od neceq daua 6esxpaHe,anu caMoHeKorLuKT da1+a 6eseode. donotblto 3emna uMa BulileHeeo eodeda 6u rceuu cnxalrostrul4u MOztLu da oncmany,anu Hejed?raKa pacnoDena 3Haqlt, da m,uoze 3eMJbe Hecmauur4e csemJ nTzaha cyua. ) Hedo*otbne npuHoce, eodedomoce znadu cMpm.

{ EpaxaKapn6aHapequ 3au6egn, je h3Meby n 3rm6a6aea 3am6nje paBrbeH Han a paAnperynlrcatba y peqll - Snyxryaunje xneoa BoAe ereKrpl,rqHe 3anr,rxa o n cTBapalba eHeprlrje.
c

OTpaX{H,a

3a

BO/OM

3a

Ceatru deooaecnuxeje Haq,uH ruaxoie ce eoda

u't84. uaM0 0elun Booece
\+

Boga y cBery

Be IaKa, HapoqrrTo y pa3Br,rJeHr4M 3eM.EaMa. Io4zne yKyrrHa 2003. Ko^r,rqr,rHa Bone v3 peKa, pe3epBoapa r.r BoAoHocHlIX cTeHa vcIro4 3eM,be y Eur,r,ecrcoj r.rBeacyje Lr3Hoch^a 41 400 MLr aoHa nrapa HAH oKo 690,nurapa no oco6u. {orr,rahr,rHcr na r<opwcr e 22 "/" 04 TOra, npoceirHa zHeBHa floTporrffba y AowahuncrBy H3Hocz 150 AzTapa no ocooH - Ko r4Ko ce oTnpI,I I4Ke froTpouLl 3a ABa KynaEa.

4ouahzucreo, wrt4ycrpwjy w no,borrpkr Bp eay Je eKcrpeMHo

y damonmpenymrcy xpehe xposeodeu,u r4utulJc.

Ynorpe6a Bo4e
boAa KoJa ce u3ABoJvr vAA y3Me r43 nplrpo4He Unpxy,rauaje r{HHH cyrrrrLrHcKy noTpeoy 3a BoAoM, AoK oreaEt Bo4a KOJace KopHcTrz 3a peKpearIr4Jy, (B r 570 000 TpaHcnopT r4 04 aralbe oTfla4a, i{vHrl HecyurruHcKynorpe6y. o 5 Y uu4ycrpwjalpr3oBaHvM 3eM6aMa iT Qa6pzrce u e eKTpaHerporue Be r4Ke Ko,tHrrHHe eo4e. flporlenyje ce 4a je norpe6Ho 150 000 aurapa 4a 6u ce npouseeo je4aH ayronao6u,r y Bo4a ce Koprlcrt4 r{ 3a nporr3Bo4rby CAA-y,4orc KaualaHu rporre 29 000 enepruje. Xra4poe.renrpaHe creapajy HTapa Aa 6u npou3BelH ieary eieKTprzqHy eHeprvJy, TaKo rrrTo ToHy HoBLrHcKorrranvpa. Y Eepouz rcopfitre cHary Bo4e, rcoja naAa, sa rz Cenepnoj Auepaqrz uu4ycrpnja oKperane rypiuwa xoje noxpehy y3rrMa orco 55"h Bo4eHrzx pe3epBu, a reHeparope. Xrl4poelexTpaHe cy uajeehu HecyrurrzHcKr4 rrorporxaqu cy jeQrnn r43Bop eneprnje y MHorrrM eleKTpaHe, rcojecaropeoajy ropHeo 4a 3eM,baMa.Y Kana4w oHe npon3Bo4e 6rz creopuae eleKTpur+ry eHepru.rjy. 620/o yrcynne e^eKTphqHe eHepruje, a OHe rpoure oxo 4 000 Mrzlr.roHa urapa y Hopaeurxoj 99%. BO4e ZHeBHO. Y l,trroruu 3eM6aMa ce Boda y3uMa
,l

BImOCT

65 000
pe3epBoapE

jeaefa 125000
troASewe Bo4e 53 000 000

3a rroJbonpuBpely. Y CAfl-y, y KoMe HMa MHoro Qapun xoje ce HaBoAY'atajy, 40Y" Bo4e ce Kopt'tcTt4 3a noJton plr Bp egy, 4ouahuHcrBa Koprrcre l3o/", a wn4ycrpwla 5 7t . Hano4rraBarbe je eaxHo w y l4spaeny, r4e 50o/o o6pa4zee seN{Jr,e Mopa 4a ce HaBogrbaBa. Y Erwrrcy cea o6pa4nBa 3eMrbasaBvcvr o4 HaBo4rbaBarba. Hajveruha HecyrrrrLrHcnaynorpe6a Boze Je 3a peKpeaqrzJyt4 rpaHcnopr. 183

BoflEHr4 PEcyPct4
Y Bpuraunjn oKo 3,5 rrauauonatbyALI Bo u Aa neqa. Muoru pe3epBoapv ce KoprrcTe3a cnopToBe Ha BoAvr Kao rrrTo Ha Bo4n. JeJe4perbeH cKHJarbe Kperame po6e eo4envM rryreBnMa ua xonHy je orralo y MHorrrM3eM"6aMa e6or nonxypenqnje xele3HrrrIe vl Melyrzvr, ApyMcKor rpaHcnopra. oBu nyreBu unam ocrajy Baor<Ht4 y MHoTHM o6,racruva, rao urro je o6,tacr Be.ruxux jesepa y Ceeepnoj Auepraqz. Oeaj orpovu u uw4ycr pwjcrcuqeHrap je loBe3aH ca MopeM npeKo rcaluatta Ce. Aopenu,, xojzlr ce ro4r,rrxrbe [peBe3e orco 43,5 MH HoHa roHa, yr aBHoMH3 KaHa4e u CAfl-a 4o Enpone. ynorpe6a Jour je4na Hecyrrrrt4HcKa no4e je odlaralbe npepalenor H uenpepal euof ornaaa, Hapoqvro oHr.rx y no,bonplrB pe4v Lr wn4ycrpuju. To j. loBelo 4o oa6u,rHor earalema MHorvx pexa ujeeepa. CAA-y ce nooesyje ca un4ycrpujcrcou eKcrraH3LrJoM, yrroTpeooMHaBo4rbaBarba na Qapuarr,rav onlrrreM no6ovl,ruar+,errr
}KHBOTHOT CTaHAapAa.

Baure o4 97"/" eo4e Ha cBeTyce Ha a3ll y oKeaHHMa,atu 'ra eo4a je cyBarrle claHa 3a HopMa Hy ynorpe6y. lolur2"/o je sapo6,reHo y ^eAeHHM rr^oqaMa u rlerreplrMa.Ha r<onHyjer aBHHH3Bop o c arKe Boae rro4 3eMrboM. Ha no4sentry a = BoAy ornaAa 0,60/o yKynHe Ko Hqr,rHeI BoAe Ha cBery, AoK ce caMo oKo 0,02o/t tE :'l.aruazur y peKaMa rajesepuua. Bo4ena ncnapeba y aruocQepr{ rrr.He caMo t 0,001%, laar.o ry Boay npvMaMo y ac o6,ruxy xuBorBopHe KLrrue. CeaKe ro4vHe Bvrue oA 113 000 != rnru,*rjap4vr ry6uux MeTapaBo4e na4He (B

.{ocryunocr

Bo4e

florponrba

Bo4e A l4xgujcxr,r cerbaun uaAyQ, KOpHCre jegrocraaxu ypebai 3a noAlr3albe BoAe

paAlr HaBoAlbaBaba lt3 nIHTKor

florpourrsa eole ce h3y3erHonoeeha a nocle4rbLrx 40 ro4. To ce 4ecrl,ro s6or HeKo^rrKo Qarcropa Meby rcojulra Be LrKo noeehane 6poja ypef aja nonyT MarrrprHa 3a nparbe cy4oBa v Beura, flepuoHnrla ayrorrao6urra, nopacra ynorpe6e 4ecerocrpyKor npcKa^rrqa ea 6arury z ee,ruxor 6poja Toalera ca Ka3aHrrerorrr na rcoju orrra4a orco rpehuna BoZe y 4oMahHHcrBHMa y Bpzranraju. Oa 1900. ro4. ynyrrHa norporxn,a Boae y CA{-y je nopac,la 3a Brzrre oa 1000%. flosehaua norpouna y v Oa6pnxa 3a AecanltHu3aqltiy

6yuapa,rnH iapKa noMofiyKose Ha nony3lrca TeroM. { Ilpcxanuqe

3a BOAyCy eQ[KacHe, KaAa HaBoAlbaBajy BernKe o6nacrh, anlr noTpoue ll Ao 1 000 nlrrapa BOAeHa CaT.
y o6anxy Kn[re r,rlr{ cnera. To 6w 6wl.o
BIIIIIe HerO 4OBO,6HO AA 3aAOBO.ETV

y Karapy.flourro je npoqeccxyn, rH!r3aqlria ce Kop],rcr],t, Aecan

yrnaBHoM, y pa3BltjeHlrM3eMJbaMa lr'|n o6nacTlrMa 6oraTltM HaSToM.

norpe6e craHoBHr{rurBa y cBery KaAa 6u 6uno paBHoMepHo pacnopeleHo. Melyrrarvr, BeiHKr,r Ae oBH cBera cy nycTr4rbe vAId no^yrrycTprrbe ca pe4oBHr,rM cyrxaMa. 3uucre cyrue ce xou6Hnyjy ca cBe eehoN{ norpa)KrboM u sehuNa rcopnruhemeM no43eMHzx BoZa,ruro je - HrrBoa Bo4ocTaJa zoBe^o Ao ofr?,^,aHba vtcrro4xorje u,o sacuheHo no4ou. Orco 40 pena y jyxnop EHr,tecxoj a"ru je npecylut4^o Lr/\HJe Ko rzqHHa Bo4e y
tIllMa BeOMa CMarbeHa.

Orco 4ee
SOO|

Illnperle uvcrr{rba ^rpehuHe'AQpurce

HeloBo.bHHx nalaBHHa

naru
kr^vr

janzx nepvo4lrqHr,rx cyrra, ToKoM a pr3BOpHflpecylue, CTOKarnl{e, E KOJITX !'a craHonHrrrrrrBo yMvpe oA xehu. tr flycruma Caxapa ce rpeHyrHo rnvpv. 184

) flranr'iryr y Exrnecroj nocre ng 1952. nonnaBe 36or eenuxux

naAaBhHa KaHan[ H[cy MOrn]4Aa nphxBaTe cBy BoAy.

1aE

llI

&ti EEi

ysrajajy n Ky^rype nojzuaje norpe6no Malbe Bo4e. Cuan'enje 6poj cnoprcxux rleHTapa, a MHorH 4e oBIrI \tyMa-cy noBpeMeHo 3arBopeHu 3aJaBHocr 3oor orlacHocTH 04 nolr(apa.

flon"nane
Btr[IKa s6or flon,r.ase uacrajy eo4e. Os6u,bHe rronlaBe Ha KoflHy ro4r4rra y Eaur,ra4eruy flocle4rbux 6 uacrajy u s6or yHt4rrrraBarba ruyMa l o6poHqraMa nlaHrrHa. Ha y4atbe.ur4nr F a 36or yrctamama 4peeha, r o Lr 6umrce a ancop6yjy MarbeKzrxe, eo4a c,to6o4uo F Teqe ro rroBpIuI{HLt rz peKe 6yj"jy. tL Kao Mepe 3arrrruTe 04 rrorrlaBe zw4ajy ce BucoKLr 6e4euu Ay)rr peqHrix o6a,ta, a per{Hlz KaHa,trt ce nonehaeajy yxlarr'albeM rray,ta.-Oee Henrz upoqe*yjy aace y uoc,te4n'r,rx60 ronr4na 130 rrru,tuona xeKTapa 3eMJbe TeXHI4Ke noMar(y CMaEelby OpOJa maracrpoQalHrax-nonlaBa r<oje cy npeTB opn^o y rryc-fvrr,y. Maruouu nyauy AQpwIV, yrAaBHoM HeKa4a ov^e yooHalaJeHe y AoAr4I{u ,r(eHe,frpoBo4e HeKo lrKo caTrr4HeBHo, pene Mrlcucr4rru y CAA-y. socehu Bo4y oa 6ynapa 4o xyhe. Th Ksanfirer Bo4e eo4a je uecro saraleHa, ruro AoBoAr4 npo6,r.erraa o4pxaBana 3apa3Hr,rxoo^ecrrl KoJe flope4 AO eIIr4deMI.jJa r{ecro 6ara,Lrre. Kolr.rqrrHe, norpe6Ho je 6pr.tryru cv ' u o KBalt,trery Bo4e ua xojra y^rvqy Ilycrr.tr.e y Asnju, Jyxnoj Auepzqz rseua Qusrlvxa. 6ro,roruxa u xeurrjcrca r.r ua jyroaanaay CA[-a, yxmy'ryjyhw ceojcrea roflyr 6oje, revneparype, v Ka,r,uQopnujy, ce raxole ruupe. trhHe Ipalanu Aoc Anfe,reca, rze cKopo yKyca,ca4pxaja 6anrepnja. KoAt4 6 6asen, cy npraHyfeHr.r OTOnrr'eHOrKuCeOHvKa, replOhe LI = ceaxa nyha rzrraa o Aa nprlxBare pecrpn xurlj) Boze. ororJbeHr4xrrBpcrux uarepuja. Bo4a, noja ce 4o6uja us c,tojeea .9 KarraQopHnjcxe Qapue. noje n ponseoae c r e H e .j e no oBHHyeoha u noepha 3a ry JplrtaBy, v a r u e s r z j y v c K eK p e e f t , a q n e rrecro BeoMa rBpza. Y raxeoj repaoj cy yBe^e rexHrrKe KoJe rxTele BoAy,a
f

AonhHaTeHecn y CAA-ynpeaje
yBena Cl,lCTeM KOHrpOne BOAe ca 50 eenuxtax

6pana.Harox TOra nonnaBe je perynncana, orBopeHlr cy HoBr,l xomepqujanxu KaHanA, noeefiaxa je eneprnjaxoja ce Ao6ltiay
xlrApoeneKTpaHll cy cMalbeHe, KOr!tr{],tHa BoAe

u cy no6oruuaHlrycnoBe
3a oqyBalbe

nplrpoAe. ) Enerrpaxaca
aKyMynaquoHl,rM le3epoMy Bency Kop,rcrr,l ryp6uxe Aa6u nyMnana Bofly. = Kaga ce eoga epafia, crBapa .9 ce ereKTpHqHa (r exeprrja.
d @ l

tdc

BoAEHr4 PEcvPcr4
) Yrnqaj qeTBoporoAltlxlb14x 3ltMcKl,tx cyua ce BlrAl4 y MHOrlrM HuqeHVpecypc u s6or roraje eKcrpaKopvcre. Behrzna [pcKa l{qa BaraHTHo sa 6arury Kopr4crll 1 000 llrapa Ha s6or rora Iuro cy car. Melyrrlu, TporrrKoBH oqyBarba Bo4e TO I,IKO TOInKa pacr{nHocr Mopa 4a BI"jCO}{.I{, ce cflpeqv. Be,tune Ko LrqHHe Boae 'rpoure' y pe3epBoapuMa e6or ce I4cnapeE,a' HapOquTO y Bpe I{M V cyrrrHzM o6,tacrzua. PaanujeHe cy lr HeKe eKcrrepIzMeHTaIHeTexHriKe ca nPCKaFbeMxevv narruja npeKo froBprrrvHe pe3epBoapa KaKo 4a oH ce BOAa 3afleqaTl"'.^a. fa 6r.ruoeeha e KollzrrrrHeBoae,HeKe o6,racrz, yxnyuy jyt'm a naQrou 6orare cy rz:lpa4n^e Qa6prlxe apa6cne 3eM,be, sa Aecatr4lnr4sa4ujy(yx"r.amameco,r.u), xoje npouseoAe clarKy, ynorpe6nr'rey BOAy oA Mopcxe BoAe. llourro je u<yna, ranee Qa6pzrce AecarulaHr43a1vja cy vcr.-^a-rvBe caMo y o6,tacrurr,ra rye jeQrranux H3BopaBo4e.Moryhe je Helaa v rpaHcrroproBaru BoAy vrzo6"tacru ca
BC IIKOM KO PIIIZHOM IAIABI,IHA Y OHC

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6puxy o BoAaMa ga HaMerHy AyropoqHe sa6panesa ropuufierue E 6aurrencxnx = r{peBa. 6

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Molr(e rrpoqecvMa, y un4ycrpujcKrrM Bo4rz cKopo 4a je nerr.roryhe 4a ce 14 Aa BetuTaLIKrr Aa ce npeqLtcrl] cTBopHcaIryHuua. saraferba BoZe Aota3r4 r.a4a ce yBeK ri3HoBa KopLlCTlr y vcTIlIM fo r4HAycT pr4JCKf4, rloJt,onpvBpe AHr4 uALl npoqecriMa. A,tIa u pequx-tvpame je BeoMa cKyfro, rla BenrrHa r4HAyc"tpvJa KaHa^rz3aurrJcKzoTna4 locneBaJy y u Kopt4crrr o46wja ga peqnn^rrpa npupo4llLl ut4KAyc qnpKy^aurrJ e Bole. je je<prrznlrjy'uoey' ue ane eo4y. Pacx,taf uKoM y CAA-y npH ce Je4uona 3arralrrla pexa Knjaxora s6or BHcoKor 14 rroHoBHa ynoTpeoa Ton^e Bo4e u3 TepMoeAeKTpaHa HyAV BeII{Ky HHBoasaralenocru. uoryhnocr 3a oqyBaee BoAev cMarberre Pe.rHa Bo4a Molr(e Aa ce 3araAu v rarpejaHoraBo4oMr<ojace euaryje rzr cee eeher aaralema. TepMoeleKTpana. Ton,ra eoAacvaru'yje Pacunarre Bo4e caapxtaj KuceoHAKay peuuoj BoaA n florpaxma ea BoAoMMolre 4a ce cMarbrl yrr4qe na pu6e. os6raJbHo Y Epurauujz je saraluBarr,e Bo4e crrpeqaBarbeMpacnfrarba . Mnoru myAu v Aane cMarpaJyAa Je BoAa Heorpa3aKoHoMsa6parr,eno.

ca Hzcxou. A,rz u ro je cKyno, ocHM Ha ro je Ma vM y4atheHoctlrlra. Melyruv, vecro je4uno peilrerbe Ha Mecrr'IMa rae HeMa Apyfe Bo4e. onacHocr 3a 3a HXe BoZe fyropovHa Cy K L]MaTcKe npOMeHe. HaCrarre s6Or u r,r.o6a,tnor 3arpeBan,a. saralema Yruqaj K^HMara je reurxo npeqrr3Ho a,\H Je oqlzr^e4Ho Aa MoilpoqeHvrn, paMo xrzTHo Za rpaxlrMo u npoHalevo 6es6e4He HarruHe oqyBarba 4parol1eHux Bo4eHrix pecypca.

Ouynarae Boge
36or cBe u'ehe Hecraruuqe BO4e, cTpyLrrbarlu KoJrroprzHy o roMe rpa?Ke Harrr4He 3a oqyBarbeBo4eHrrx pecypca. 04 rexHHKa je uo4zQzrcarlzja Je4na Bo4eHof \ul{^yca, nplrpo4He uvpKy^auaje no4e zelrely Mopa, arMocQepe u raa. To je uoryhe n3rpa4rboM 6paua ilpeKo peKa, arr4Me6u ce crBopr,rlrr pe3epBoaph nlh Belrrra.rxa jerepa. Hajeehe eeurauxo je3epo Ha ceery je Jeeepo Bo,tra y lanz. Peeepnoapv noMa)r(yv Aa ce cMarbe norr^aBe, Jep y ErrMa Mo)Ke Aa ce
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nepno4a. Pesepeoapu cy Kopr.rcHrr ri 3a peKpeaqwjy, Aor< ce eehu zeo BoAe, caKyn-beHe Ha opaHaMa,lrecro KopLtcrrl e^eKTpnqHe yr^aBHoM3a npor43BoArby eHeprrrJe. 3arrzxe Tro43eMHHxeo4a ona4ajy, aKo ce Bo4a Kopucnz 6pxe Hero ruro ce npvpozHo ua4orcualyje. To ce Aecrllo y KpeAHrlM rr [eruiraHvM r434allvMa (eo4onocnurr,rc,r.ojeeulra creua) noje ce Hala3e ncfloa AoHZona. {,a 6u ce ro cflpeqrr^o, HeKe eBponcKe 3eM6e, Kao 14 HeKe o6racru y CAA-y, cy cKpeHy^e E f Br4uraK peirHnx Bo4a Ka v3AaHuMa. florroeua ynorpe6a Bole ce l;.asvBa Io peuHK Hparse. Bo4a. xoja ce saraAw U)
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yAV q reK roqeAI,I Aa Kopr4-

Ha o6arx Jlaneapra,xa KaxapcKxMocrpBnMa, ce ea go6njarue conn H3MopcKeBoAeKopl{cTe oBr naHenlr. Co ce HarourraBay 6pAauqnruanouro ce BoAat,tcyur,l HacyHqy. V nofleg lr3 Ba3Ayxa HacoraHy Ha o6anujeeepaMhAy Heeagu.BeurraqKr p$epBoap je racrao KaAa ie pexa Konopaf,onperpafexa Xyaepoeou 6paxomy 6nrcrHr flac Beraca.

najejeQruuaje rcopucrnru oHe xoje cy Ha KorrHy.Mefyrnrtr, rroruro ce [orpe6e nosehaeajy, xouuerurM pecypcr{Ma rrpeTlr ucqprrrberr,e.Tex ra4a he ce euAerv KaKBanpaBa 6.rara orceanv.rcpujy y cnojur',r Ay6unaua.

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Aeo re uaQre npvna4a ntrl Hopeeuucoj u "ru Yje gurceHolr Kpa,t,eBcrB y. no4Bo4Hrzx 3a excn,loaraqujy naQre us CeeepHor Ta, a He vciloA Jy6onrlx oxeaHa. M o p ar o r p e 6 H a j e H a n p e 4 H n j a rexHoflcrcrcrje. n rroAMopcKn pyA:r;l'r\u ,roruja Hefo 3a HaQrHe 6yuroruHe v yfrba, a^nJe peq o npo4yr+ieurrMaJaMa n riTKriM BolaMa. noje sanovurby Ha KonHy. flpocevrla Ay1uua Ceeepor Mopa ce legau o4najno3HaTr.rJr,rxJe no4Mop- xpehe ot oKo 30 uerapa najyry ao 120 oHo opHTaHcKrr cKH pv4Hrix nog BajrxeeeH Ko,rrzepa, Mefapa HaceBepy. Luroje40Bo,r,Ho n hv Kvv6pnjrz. f4e (\ ce HeHe ra,lepuje TKo 4a ce Ha AHo nocraBH HaQrosoa rrpore3ale rrpeno 1,6 nu acrrol Mopa. xojur,rhe ce HaQra npe6arlznr ca nlartr4cnoA C e e e p n o r n r o p an o c r o j e e e - Qopuu Ha KonHo. laaenrl npo6,nelrje ,\HKe HaC are KBa TZTeTHOT yr-rba, a,\z BpeMe.3ulra rraoxe4a 4oT1e Ao )Kecrocy aa 4y6uuu 04 rrpeKo 7 nu ucno4 nzx o;ryja, noje ruz6ajy u n,tarQopl,re, MOpCKOT 4Ha UJOrX HeMa TeXHO O|HJe H 6po4oee KojH Hx onc,ryxyjy. nojou 6u Mor u 4a ce eKcrrloaruruy. llprzpo4Hrz rac ce o6u.{Fro Ha,ta3u eHepreHra noje ce aaje4no ca HaQroM r{ Mo}ie Ha cIHrraH lea Hajepe4urzja ao6njajy I43Mopa cv HaQra vr'pr4po4:e:'4 HarrHH 4a ce npe6aulr 40 KonHa.lac rzs Be HKe KOJ\Hr{HHe MOpCKe BOAe, CO Ce rac, nojv ,le;Nrl sapo6,beHricno4 MopCenepuor vopa je 6yxea,a,Ho 3alvreHuo sapo6rz usruef y leleHrlx KpHcrala. cnor AHa. llpna lraQrHa 6ynrorr.ruaua yrab Kao ropuBo y BpuraHujn. Behzua Ae4eHu 6peroaz cy raxole r.r3Bop Mopy Je HanpaBrbeHay npuooa^HnM B e H K H x H a Q r H r z xn o . b a H a u o p y j e clarxe eo4e. Eyayhu Aa ce paAV o Ae- BotaMa jyxHe Ka,rnQopnr.rje 1896. HacTaia Kao nporrrHperse rrorba Ha otsuMa rleqepa xojrzcl ce o4eojn,uzH f,vro ro4rlHa cv ce MopcKe 6yurrorzKorrHy.To uajeuure Baxiu 3a uaQrnu cTHr r{ lo Mopa, oHu ce )/ noTrr\rHocTH HC HA A3HAC CAMO V il I{TKHM BOIAMA. peraoH Ha cBer\'.flepozjcrul 3a HB. cacroje oA clarKe BoAe. pe arHBrro 6,rr.rgv non na . \4cr'urur'ar+,a uopcxnx4y6r,rHa,Kao z orxpuhe naQre, Llanopn HaQTerr raca Iopnna H3 Mopa cy Jocrnr a BpxyHaq 60-ux r.r70-nx r, Y Ceeepuoj Auepnqn nocroje Be r.,rKa r r p B o B a x i H o r o p H B o K o J e c e B a 4 H - 20. e. llpea naQrHa no,bay Ceeepuov HaQrua noJbay Mencrlqrcov 3a HBy,y ;\o I4crlol lropa je 6lzo yran. Y ceery Mopy cv orKprzBeHa 1969.ro4uue. Beha Aocanle,recxor'r 6aceHy, Ha o6a,rz llaI

AnreprraTlrBe

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J 4 p v f e M e r ' o 4 e 4 e c a ^ ' r H H 3 a u h J ec n a aajv peeepcHa ocMo3a. e,nexrpo4rzjan rzje4Ha 3a H 3aMp3aBabe. Ko4 -ocvore TeqHocT Teqe Kpos MeMopaHv (TaHKH n o p o 3 H H o M o r a q H e n o r M a r e p u . j a , r a )y 4pyry. c,rarxa Bola yrr{r{e y MOpcKy Bo4y, a H aKOJe MOpCKaBoAa rro4 npuTHCKoM, ciarKa Bola r43 me he rehr.r y ApyroM cMepv, a co he ocrarH. To ce Ha3r{Ba peBepcHa ocMo3a. Ko4 e,rexrpo4aja"r.rlse ce Kpo3 MopcK) Bol,y rponyLura eleKrpHeHa crpyja. Harpzjyu ce aKyMy^Hpa Ha HerarHBHOJe eKTpO4H, a X Op Ha TTO3UTHBHOJ, JoK Bo4a ocraje. KaJa ce ciaHa Bola 3aMp3He. ,ne4 xtrju Hacraje je vncra clarKa eo4a. {arcre, aKo 3aMp3HeMo

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188

rIrzQAKa v yApKTHqKoMMopy y 6.xusuHLrceBepHe Kana4e. YJyx<uojAuepurlu, nope4 BeHerIyelcrcux naQrnux noJbarcojeclro eeh noMeHy H. nocroje u :HauajHa HaQnra noJbaHa Mopy y Epasrl,rv Ko,rylr6uju, fl.pyy u Tpuuu4aay. Y Eeponv, nope4'HaQrnux rarauara' Hopeerune u Yje4rrseuor Kpa,reecrea. HaEryy Mopy cy npoHarx^u v. y flaHccoj, tr4pcxoj, Xo,taH4uj u, tr4ralwju n llJ.nauuju. Y AQpuqu cy r aBHH nporlseolavu naQre xoja ce BaAV vctroy Mopa Hurepuja, lasa u la6ou, r4e vMa LI npHpoZHH rac. HaQra je upouafeHa H y Koury, O6a,ru CaoHoeave, Eranry, Tyuwcy rz fP Konro.Y Azuju ocHM3a uBcKHX3eMa,ba, naQry vcr'oA Mopa eKcnloaruury ra Epyueju, KuHa, tr4 n 4uja, tr4w4ouezwja, a JanaH, M a,r.esnj u 1ururu Coejercnu Canes.Aycrpa,rzja u Horu 3enau4 rar<ole nvajy uaQrHe oyruoTl4He y Mopy.

MopcKe Bole cy lraruesujvvr (aaranrz MeTai KoJr.r ce KopHcTH 3a KoHcTpyucarre ayrovo6vta H aBr4o:na,BarpoMere, y MeAlar\r4Hlr ri 3a npou3Bo4my ue,r,zrca)

ooJe r4 y Medr4r\vlJvr). Ka,rr.rjyu rz rca,tr1rEjyr..r ce raxole naa3e y uopcnoj BIAV, atu rr,nxoBa eKcnloaraurja ur,rje r.rcn,naruea. jep
Ha. KOnHy vMa AOBO,bHO 3a^r.rxa zO Kojnx ce AaKrxe gola3r4. Oe6u"rHuje ce pa3MHrrrba o eKCnloaraurzjr,r :,rara

y 9pot (nopucrHce y QororpaQujv,,sa

vypanwiltma y uopcxoj eo4u. llecarc r.t rxJbyHaK cy r aBHe Haclare MHHepa a noje ce BaAe ca MopcKor 4na. Ouu ce Kopucre 3a rpa4rby rz y rpaleeuHcnoj uu4ycrpuju. flroeHn japyxap, rcojz (pyHnqnoHnrue Kao Ur.rHoBcKrz ycLrcuBar{, HX caKvn/ba ca MopcKor AHa. Hac,rare Kpe4e, Hacrale oA pacfiaAarrra npelrcTopHJcKllx MopcKrzx )riHBoTplrba, ce Baze Ha c^uqaH HaquH rz Kopt4cTe 3a npaBJberbe rJeMeHTau oeToHa, Hapoqvro na Zc,laHAy v oKo Eaxalra.

p Japyxap xoju BaAn Kanaiy 6nugnxu ocrpBa nyKer Ha Tajnangy.Befira Aeo npepaAe Kanaja ce oABl4iaHa MOpy. V flegenn 6peroBr,r ce cacroie oA cnarKe BoAe 14 Hay'{H]4qr4 E noKyuaBaiyAa !
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\J4 OCTa HX MHHepaia KoJe npoHa^a3rzMo y oKeaHrzMa, HeKr{ cy pacTofr,beHr.r y uopcxoj BoAr4, Ao:K ce 4pyfrz Ha^a3e Ha MOpCKOMlHy r,r,\H ucnol rbera. l,raeHra MHHepa^n rcojz ce ao6ujajy us

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*{ujauawrw 14rr eMeHLrrLrMera rr ce Hala3e y 6t'lrsunu MHorrirx o6aaa. Ti,r MrrHeptLAH ce 3oBy 3,/\aToHocHnHaHocz. Hajnosnaruju cy 3pHrla u rpyMerr, 3^ara KoJece npoHa a3e y peKaMay oOrracrlrvra 6oranzM 3 aroM. Kao u pere, z 3 aTOHOCHH HaHOCl4 npoHarra3e CuOjrry.r 40 MOpa,rAe ce HaKyrl/bajyna naaxarraa 14y IbIIxoBOJ HenOCpeAHoJ b^'H3LIHI,I. Behurra rro3HarLrx B,,raroHocHlrxHaHOCa Ce TpeHyTHO He eKcrr OaTUr[e. Je4uua seMrbarcoja paeeuja croje sraToHocHeHaHocey uopyje Vlu4ouezuja, y xojoj cy neh orKpr{BeHe Haclare ca rrpeKo 600 000 roHa ra-,r,aja.Borare Hac^are srrara nocroj e y 6trwswld'u o6a,ra Houe, IJaAnacljJ, aj\rr HerroBoJbHr4 BpeMeHcKH ycioBu orpauravaeajy ruaxoBy eKcrr oara4ujy. Apyrw Mera Lt roju ce rpeHyrHo
Ba4e II3 3 aTOHOCHID( HaC./\aIa Cy peTKLI

MrrHepa a KOJI.I Tpeoa 4a ce LrcTpaxce Ka4a Ce flpopeAe 3a^r4xe Ha 3eMrbrr. Je4aa 04 Mera a ca MopcKor 4rra je MaHIaII, KOJLI CeKOpLICTLI 3a IlpaB/T,elbe rrBpcTlrx erypa ca qe,/\HKoM,a^yMvrnujyrtrou u 6arcportr. Ou cejoru Kopr4crr.r u 3a npaB.r,err,e Berrrrarmr,rx !y6pnna. vlcllio4r*ropa cejae.,ra y rpyMeHlrMa,oKpyr acr?rMMacaMa y rcojzua ce Hala3e rro IIeKo/\r.rKo Mera^a. Hajneha ronqenrpaquja rpyMeHa ce Ha^a3r{ y ceBepHoM n jyxcrorvr llaquQr,rrcy. leawya oo^acT y KoJoJ ce Ao caAa ycreuHo obaB"/baeKcrr oara4wja ce Ha^a3v 3aila+Ho 04 IJeurpaaue Arvrepnre, usrrrely ABe 3OHe pacqefla 3BaHe Krrapr.roll z Krruneprou. Tia rpyueHz ce Ha/\a3e Ha Ay6uuu 04 rlpeKo 4rclawcrl.o4 roBpmlrHe oKeaHa.Y roj o6"nacra rpyMeHH r.rMaJy Bt{coK ca4p)Kal MeTa^4.

pu y pasnojy oBor-r,r3Bopa eneprzje. Tepualna eueprraja Monce 4a ce sapo6u xa4a nocroja Be uKa pa3r,rKa r{3Mely rer"rneparypa Ha rroBpurllHrl Mopa u y neroeoj Af6uuu. Texuo,rornja za ilo4ecaH rrpeHoc rorrlore eeh nocrojrl.

JLexosn ns Mopa

Mera^ rlraprcouujyu, xojr.r ce Kopucrlr y Je3rprIMa rryK^eapHHx peaKTopa, xpoM u rnoxc[e. Behrasa Mera^a ce jawa y o6-nury Mrrnepa Hux py4a.3aaro u n aTuHa ce JaB/baJy y qncToM oo^t4Ky u uaswnajy ce qlrcrlr Mera u. I)lcnurlananae Haclara Mr,rHepala y flocrojnje4au 6poj 3a^nBauyBa a joru y nonojy, MopcKr.rM Ay6rzr.alnaaje [ILrpOM CBeTarAe Ce Be LIKa pa3 HKa arrH nocroje v Apyru 6orarz Lr3Bopr.r usrrrely rr^r4Mer{ oceKe Mo}rce LrcKopr,rcTIITI1I3a rroKpeTarr,eTypoprHar4[poLr3y Ha 6paxr y ceBepHoi Bo4rr,y eleKTprrqHe enepruje. OpanqycOcra-,ra Hala3r,rura rcojace ucnuryjy Koi,Koiace 3oBePanc6apxa, BoAa cy yruhe perce Cenepu na jyrosaua4y ce nponyurray iepo KagaHarbe BprzraHraje r{ 3aAr4B @au4ny KaH'a4lz' nr[ila. Kala ce nfl]tila noByqe, Cuara ra-^aca 6z rvroraa BOAa npora3r Kpo3, n 4a ce saygAaHa ryp6nne MHon{M rvrecruua. JanaHrlr{ cy rrvroHl,znpor3BoAl{ce crpyla.

O4pef entn 6poj uopcrux opraHr43aMa cllaAa y rroreHquJa^He H3Bope eKoea. Hexe 6arcrepraje u3 oKeaHa Mory Aa lrpotasBe4y .awrn6.uo'rurce. {na 1e04 KoJHxceJe4Ho Kopr,rcrr4 3a ALlrbeHba, errerbepaKa,a Apyro 3a Oopoy nporlrB Brpyca, ce 4o6ujajy us cynlepa rcoju ,r(vBe y Kapuncrcorvrr'ropy. 04 nercraxBpcra rlpBeHvx a,tru npor,r3Bo4rce )Ke aruHo3Ha naarepujaseaua r.r arap-arap. On ce xoplrcrr{ y eKoBr.rMa xao 6asa sa sacejarame 6arcrepzja paalr Enepruia E3 Mopa HarrHi.D( rrcTp;ttKvBarba.Bpcra, noauara r,u HeMHpHO MOpeJe nOTeHrIr4JrL aH n He- -itdpzcrra Kao KapareH vr vr vIpcKa MaxoBLIHace olpaHurleH LI3Bop enepruje. flocroje 3a rrpaB.belbe crzppa 3a Karpu o6,rzxa rcojra uory 4a ce sapo6e: Tlha-o, nacte sa sy6e rr c,lta4olte5a.{pyre rr r.IMa v oceKa, Ta^acu I4 TepMa Ha MopcKe 6r1,tsxev ?I(HBoTrItbe 4ajy jarce enepruja. oTpoBe KoJr4 ce Kopt4cTey Me4vrqullvr.

Eyayhrrocr
Ca nenpecrarior*l norpe6ou 4a ce pecyPcLrHarrre II aHeTe KopvcTe, MHorLr HayqHr.rqnrpe4 alry Haarr.rHe o6paluBarr,a MopcKor 4Ha sa ysroj pu6e w 6unaxa.VIar<o cy yeroj ocrpura r4Mopcre pz6e Aar.ac yo6uvajeuz, pkr6apcKa LlHAycTpvJa Je Mn o y'.ru}rv^a sa pa3BOJa[poz3Bo4rr,e xpaHe I,I3oKeaHa.

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je noxpeny,tz npe najruar+,e 4000 ro4zna u 6pso ce nporuupz^ay Apyre AeoBe AcrotrHe u jyxue Asr{e. Hajpaunja aKBaKy^ryp a y Kwluw yr'parKrbaBa^a ce caMo y cAaTKnM Bo4aua. Y cpe4rroeexonnoj EBporra cBaKrr MaHacTHp Je HMaOpfiol+aK rAe Cy Ce rrrapaHn v Apyre BpcTe Kopr4cTr.r^t4 y LrcxpaHn nerKoM, na4a je pe"nrar-vrja 3aoParblrBzl^a 4a ceJe4e Meco. @apue prz6e y c.ranoj urrn 6ovaroj Bo4krcy y paseojy, a y H,raMa ce ysrajajy MHOreBpCTeMOpCKe pr4oe,TUKO,bKH rr MopcKe rpaBe. ThKae yeroj pz6e ce o4el! a y rraryuaMa, pyKaBqr.rMa lr rrlt4T-

rrzu upao6a HHM BoaaMa. 04 rlea,oKynHe Koll,rrruHe prz6e roja ce KoH3yMvpa^a y qe^oM cnery 2006. roar4He SIoh norwte ca pu6apcrzx Qaplrz.

A l4genaqelbe 6aKanapa lr Baxlbu xa nany6y px6apcKor 6pona y GeeepxoM Mopy.

3oHe MoHcyHa,KaAa orracHocr epe6a pra6apcne6po4one. Apyre asujcxe 3eMrr,e,Kao rrrro cy KnHa, Llu4vr1a, JanaH, Maaesvja, CzHrauyp u Jyxua Kopeja, raje pra6e
y Be I4KLIM KOAI4!II4HaMa Ha BOZeHI4M

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I\aHoc KaHoc, MopcKl4 fiac Je JeAHaoA HajnaxurajraxTerajanzx epcra pz6e. To Je KpynHa przoa,KoJaAocTnrHe Afxwuy vr 4o I,5 u. Hajrehz Aeo xrrBora rrpoBo4r,r y rpocTpaHr4MBo4arvra flaqnQuxa, a I{ ce npehe u y u r,rrKr4M so4al{a 6alasy o6a"re y BpeMe rvrperuhena. )Kesra rrpor{3Beae orpoMaH 6poj jajaruaqa. Thjnauy Y Vlu4ouesujvt, Lr Ha @u,lranrznrzua ce cMarpa Kao Ao.4araK I4cxpaHr4. Ka4a ce rasjajaruaqa Ir3 erHy pu6e y rrlrrrKuM Bo4aMa 6l.wzy o6aaa oBrax 3eMaJba, Mlaae pz6e (rr,raale) ce xnarajy y Mper{y 14 rpeHoce y 6asene ca
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y 6ovarnrau pu6rtaqrarrra. Qaprraarvra Oaprure pz6e nocroje ra y arrrepnvroj naquQnvroj Aplran ra Xaeaju. {,a ce 6o.rarnn r4 clarKoBor4Hut prz6maqz ne 6z saraArt vr, Qaprraepzrcopr4cre rprerrKy pu6y, Tilapia mossambica. OHa noru.re rzs AQpure. r4e je 6rr,ra Je4Ha_oAnpBLIx BpcTa KoJace ApxJ\a y puoH,arlr4Mav Kopr4cTv ay r4cxparru. tr4axo je crrarxono4Ha, oncraje rz y clanoj uo4rz. flope4 r.rcxpaHe, oHa je xopncna rz s6or rora rrrro ce xpauu nrtyrajyhrau a,rraua y xojur'aa ce pa3MHoxaBaJy KoMaprILr - frpeHocr4-

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ce AoHocl4143 MpecTlrnr,lura y raHKepuMa n [cnyMnaBace y pn6ruare.
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nany6y 6poga y Megurepancxom iropy npeAcraBrbanpBx KopaK

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u,ta[zx lococa He ycne 4a crrzrHe Ao Mopa, QoplrupaHe cy Qaprrae "lococa y xojrzva ^ococ Molr(e4a ce ysrojrz 6 40 Be HrrHHeKala ce LIAlarcopacru y fr rzcxpaHHrzlh ce nyurra Ha c,ro6o4y 4a ir 3aBpuH ceoj xueorHu uHK yc. Oae fi nocroje y orpaleHuv ZeaoeH- I Qaprrae Ma rrlKorcKHx c,taHux.jesepa..fanaHrlu, fr r<ojrz cy Be,lHKHnotpo"uravr,t rr"ococoeor q Meca,cy pa4w^r4 Ha ynolemy lrcrovno ! naquQnvxor lococa y asujcce eo4e. E Jananrlu cy rar<ofe noKyrxaBalu 4a y3raJaJyJorrr JeAHyoA cBoJrrxoMrr,beHux pu6a sajeao, n,r.aoy ryry, MaAa :alr'cy A Orponnxu pn6apcKl,t 6poAoeh roplcre ulrHoBcKe nyMne n 6yKBarHo ycne^H 4a je o4raje n3 LrKpe.Oea un'ycxcaBaiy' pr6e HoBcKapa6a voxe Aa Hapacre 4o 3,4 ca MopcKor AHa. rraerpa. JanaHcKu HayrrHur1naplr{e M ale rriaBe ryHe y orpoMHLrMn,r.yrajyhzrra ra xoja rrorvr{e vs Janana, a v ce AaHac )Kr.rr{aHrzM KaBe3uMa 14 xpaHe zx. Ka4a cpehe ys naquQrlvxy o6a-ry Auepr.rxe. HX OBerer{e oKo 225 r<r. Ysraja,luurra ocrprzra cy cMerrrreHaHa o6a,talra rye je eo4a MupHa, a Mopcxo Mopcrcu MeKyrurIH 4Ho qBpcro. Cearca naprlela je osHarreHa H IIocyTa nIofILIIIaMa I{"^t4 CTapUM Mnore Bpcre /bycKapace Kopncre y HcxpaHh, a H ce ysrajajy yr^aBHoM rrrKo,bKaMa 3a KoJe ocTpnre Mofy Aa MopcKH MeKyrlqu, ocTplrfe, 4a[be, ce 3aKarre..I{euxa npolt3Bo4r{ ao 500 rbycnapv jacroalr n MopcKn pavrzhz. MktlnoHa jajaruqa roglrrrrrle. I{"a4a ux Ysrajajy ce aBe Bpcre ocrpnra, je4tta onlo4u rrryxjarc, ns jajarurla ce rr3le)fiy 3a ncxpaHy, a Apyra s6or 6ucepa. crhyruHe ocrpure rcoje ce nasnsajy u Ocrpzre cy nony^apHe 04 BpeMe- MpecT viv 3aMerllr ocTprrre. Ha crapux Puu,raHa. Hexorruxo npcra Ysrajueav ocrplrra xynyje o4peleHy ocrpnra ce Kopucrrr y rzcxpanrz, uely Kolnr{uHy 3aMeraKa rz pas6aqyje HX rro rbrzMaJe eBponcKaocTpufa, no3HaTau ceojoj napueln. Ocrpure ce y6pso rcave KaoJecTHBa ocTpura, vcTorrHoaMepurrrKa 3a Ir oqvqe u urKo,bKe Lr noqrrrby 4a ce ocrpHra H UHHoBcKa naqaQuvxaocrpnpaseujajy.Mory za ce y6upajy rraAacycrape usuef y an e v servpu ro4lrHe. Bo4ehe eev,re y ysrajarby ocrpr4ra cy @panqycrca, Kuna, Kopeja,Janan u CA/' Ocrpzre qeo 2r(rrBor rrpoBo4e no4 Bo4oM. fl,arrce ce Kaqe sa crene xoje uspamajy r.r3 BoZe 3a BpeMe oceKe. CraHurura Aafiva cy ro HKo o6uana nonyr Eprzranaje 3eM,baMa Aay leer.r4lu HeManorpe6e ca ysrajamev.

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parr,a BeruTarrKe cpe4uHe y KoJoJ TpaBa Moxe 4a 6yja,na ce Ha MopcKo.aHorrocTaBthaJy rroro4He cTeHeHa KoJeTpaBa MOXe 4a Ce npr4Kaqr4. Y ocrayre Meroge cna4a yK albarbe r aBHux npHpoAHr,rx Henpzjare,ra Mopcxe rpaBe Kao [rro cy vopcnra je)r(eBv. M,r.a4a MopcKa rpaBa Mo?Ke 4a ce pacatlyje y noapyujrzua rcoja cy oforeHa 04 rpaBe. Mopcca rpaBa y3 je ur4HoBcxr{Kelrr, o6a-re Ka,r.z<poprruje Mauocystis,ofpoMHa Bpcra Mpnlrx a rv rcoja lroxe AavrMaHa crorrrHe rpaHa Ayrar{Krrx 4o 60 rurerapa.Kea.n Qopruupa rro4Bo4He ru)|t!{eKoJenpyxJy yTorrr4rrrre MHoruM BpcTaMa pvrca vl JacTo3r.rMa, ?KItBOTt4ILaMa. Ke;tn Apyrr4MMopCKIzM 4aje cyncrawuy xoja ce 3oBe a rr.rHv ce ynorpe6,nana 3a rlpaB/r,erberrrrBa, Ko3MeTIzqKr4X rrpeflapaTa, c^a4o^e4a, qeMoBa,)Ke^ea,rallvrpav IIpe VBa 3a caiaTe. Chond,rus nisplts lzru:zlrpcra rvraxoerznaje BpcTa qpB eHldx a^rr4.r4ca/p x\r4 )r(e^aTvHacTy cyrcTaHrly KoJace 3oBe arap.

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aMeparrKacaBe3Ha ap)r(aea Macauycerc, r4e nocrojr,r ysraja,,rr,lurejacrora joru o4 1949. Xenrcajacrora Mox(eAa HocvrvtAo 15000jajaruqa. Ka4a ce rzsAeryy ArrBtr,riHrr oKo 15 ua,a4ynaqajacrora npe)KaBe u o4pacrajy y 3pe^eje4zurce. Y ysrajarzrrrry oea qu<ppa Mo?Ke 4a ce uoeeha Ha oKo 6000. Onga ocao6alajy y Mope crzhyruuejacrore,4yraqne ono 2,5 onr,y lr.zp.taAahe nzxos 6poj nopacrra. Mopcrtu pavuhn cy yHocaH nocao y Kvrnu,I4y4oHeszj z,Thj,rau4y v CA!, a,tw ce reZplKaBeoc,tamajyna4lre,berprzpo4He pe3epBe y oKeaHvMa. Jauanqrz, c 4pyfe crpaHe, nwajy yzraja arura MopcKt4x pavzha naxo 6z 3aAoBo.EvrA Be^uKy norpa)Krby y ceojoj 3eM-/br1. 14Ay cr patwja cra64en a JanaH raj eHzu MopcKrzMpa.rrzhaua. floruro cy pa'twhw xauu6attu, rra?r{-br4Bo xparrerreje oA Bvra;rHe Ba}KHocru xaxo 6rz ce cnperrzlo za ,ter o Malrrx paurzha o4pacie yje4nor eeaurcor,Bo4a y nojoj ce paurzhraoarajajyje rycTa CYla cI.IAVKaTHIzx arrrZ. Czhvrunzx jeanoherrHjcxrzx opraHrz:arr.ra xoja )KuBe y noBprulzHcKr4M crojeerzna oKeaHa, clarKux Bo4a pexa rajesepa. 194

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