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Chapter 2
Demographics : Population and UrbanizationKey Issues:1.What is demography and what are its basic idea?
2.
What are the key factors sapping ( draining )population?3.What are the major types of cities and how have theygrown?1.0Introduction
Since the beginning of Earth’s history, population of theentire earth was never more than 500 millions.About 250 years ago, however, the world population beganto push upward. We now add about 90 million people to theplanet each year, an increase that made the global total to6.1 billions in 2000, more than 6 times larger than it was in1800.It is projected that the world population will be 8.4 billion by2010 and may reached the peak of 9 billion by 2070. Afterthat, it might start to decline.
Demography – the study of human population.
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It analyses the size and composition of a populationas well as how people move from places to place.The main concern is about the effect of populationgrowth and its control.
2.0
Key Factors shaping the population2.1Fertility
 The study of human population begin with how many peopleare born.Fertility is the incidence of childbearing in a country’spopulation.
Crude Birth Rate
is the number of births per thousand of the population.In 2000, the birth rate for the world was 22
Total Period Fertility Rate ( TPFR )
is the averagenumber of children each woman would have in her lifetime. This measure tells us the average number of children womenhave had in the past and allows us to project how many theymay be likely to have in the future.
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2.2Mortality
Population size is also affected by
mortality
, the incidenceof death in a country’s population.
Crude death Rate,
the number of deaths in a given yearfor every thousand people in a population.Mortality rate also permit the calculation of 
lifeexpectancy
, the average to which people in given societyare likely to live.Males born in Britain in 1997 can expect to live 74 years,while females can look to nearly 80 years.
Infants mortality rate
, the number of deaths amonginfants under one year of age for each thousand live births ina given year.
2.3Migration
Population size is also affected by migration, themovement of people into and out of a particularterritory.Migration is sometimes
involuntary
– such as theforcible transportation.
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