Week-1

Lecture-3
Studied Facts about Water Consumption
• 12 mm diameter tap when fully open with residual head of 1.5m at tap
can deliver water at rate of 15liters per minute.
• According WHO one such tap can serve 9 people in one hour at the
rate of 100 lpcd. However the consumption pattern vary based on
demands.
• For public stand post a minimum two taps should be provided each
for at least 150 persons. Public stand posts are preferred when we need
to reduce the cost of supply system and also to minimize the wastewater
generation
Studied Facts about Water Consumption
• Per capita demand distribution for various part of Punjab
Use Demand

Domestic 135 liters per capita per day

Industrial 40 liters per capita per day
Public 25 liters per capita per day
Fire Demand 15 liters per capita per day
Losses/Theft 55 liters per capita per day

Total = 270 Lpcd

Studied Facts about Water Consumption
Basic requirements for safe water
• Drinking: 2–3 liters/day
• Minimum acceptable standard for living (WHO)  20–50
liters/capita/day for cooking and basic hygiene
Industrial Use:
• Estimated on the basis of proposed industrial zoning and types of
industries likely to be developed.
• – 9-14 m3 /ha-d for light industries
• – 14-28 m3 /ha-d for medium industries
• Public Use: Water furnished to public buildings and used for public
services. – 50 – 75 L/c/d
Fire Demand
Fire Demand
•   actual amount of water used in a year for fire is very small, but the rate of flow is large.
The
Method of Estimation

Where,
Qff= Fire demand in L/min (F should not exceed 45380 L/min and should not be less than
1890 L/min)
A=Area of floors in m2 s (If a building is multi story then summation of floor area of all
stories)
C=A constant, with different values according to construction.
C=1.5 for wood frame construction
C=1.0 for ordinary construction
C= 0.8 for non-combustible construction
Fire Demand
•   (Unitsm3/day)
where A in m2 C = a coefficient related to the type of construction and existence of
automatic sprinkler
F (gpm) = 18 C (A) 0.5 where A = total building floor area excluding basement (ft2 )
Types :
1. Direct System
2. Mobile System

• Maximum flow required for an individual fire is 45 m3/min

• Fire hydrant serve an area of about 3750 m2.
• Minimum spacing between hydrant should be approx. 150 m.
Fire Demand
Storage Requirement for fire fighting
Water storage requirements for fire fighting vary with the size of city.

Minimum Storage required is for 4 hours.

Maximum Storage required is for 10 hours.

 Utilization of Fire Demand
Pumping station
• Should be designed on Maximum flow including fire demand, the average flow, and
the minimum flow should be considered.
Distribution system-
• Design capacity is based on; – maximum daily flow + fire demand or – peak hourly
flow- Larger quantity will be selected.
Ground Reservoirs
• Total Storage = Domestic Demand + Fire Flow for Selected Duration for highest risk
Category in Area
Elevated Storage
• Total Storage = Only total domestic demand when pump is designed on sum of
obtained peak demand and fire flow. (Volume = Daily Domestic Demand)
• Another case is an allowance of 20% should be added in elevated storage for fire
fighting or whichever is greatest. (Volume = Daily Demand x 1.2)
 Numerical
• A community with a population of 22,000 has an average consumption of
600 Lpcd and a fire flow dictated by a building of ordinary construction
with a floor area of 1000 m2 and a height of 6 stories. Determine the
required capacity of the pipe distribution system. C = 1 for Ordinary Cons.
• Solution
• Avg. daily consumption = 600 × 22000 = 132 × 105 Lpd = 13,200 m3/day
• Max. daily consumption = 1.5 × Avg. daily rate = 1.5 × 13,200 = 19, 800
m3 /day
• Peak hourly consumption = 2.25 × Avg. daily rate = 2.25 × 19, 800 = 44550
m3 /day
Floor Area x Stories
• F = 320 C √A = 320 ×1× (√1000×6) = 24,787 m3 /day = 24,787/(24*60) =
17.2 m3 /min < 45 m3 /min, OK)
Numerical- Cont….

• The fire flow duration = 10 hr.

• Fire flow for 10-hour duration = 24,787 (10/24) = 10327.9 m3 in 10
hours per day.
• The total flow required during this day = 23, 760 m3 /day + 10327.9
m3 = 34,087 m3 /day < Peak hourly flowrate (35,640 m3 /day)
• Then, the pipe capacity must be 35,640 m3 /day
Numerical
• Problem 1: Determine the average daily demand of water in cubic meter per day for a
community having a population of 30,000 persons with average water consumption of
350 lpcd.
• Problem 2: A housing scheme has 50 plots with 5 persons per plot. Per Capita
consumption is assumed to be 550 liter per capita per day. Calculate total average and
maximum demand of scheme?
• Problem 3 :Estimate the peak hourly demand for the population of 68,000 persons, use a
total amount of water 7,546,600 m3 during 52 weeks.
• Problem 4: Estimate the average daily rate ,maximum daily rate, and peak hourly rate for
the population of 58,000 persons , use a total amount of water 9,526,500 m 3 during 12
months.
• Problem 5: Calculate maximum daily flow and peak flow of a water use for a community
having 1000 houses , 7 persons per house with an average water consumption of 350 l/c/d.
• Problem 6: Calculate minimum demand of water for a society having a population of
29,146 persons with a average water consumption of 400 l/c/d.
Numerical
• Problem 7 : City with present population 58000 persons used a total flow 9526600 m3
during last 12 months. On the day of maximum consumption 42000 m3 of water was
used .Estimate Qavg, Q max , to be excepted in 10 years when the population is estimated to
be 72500 persons.
• Problem 8 : Calculate average daily demand and peak hourly demand for a city having a
3000 houses, 5 persons per house, 3 schools , 1000 students per school , 2 commercial
building with a floor area of 0.1 hector. The water consumption is assumed to be 300
L/person/d, 30 L/student/d, and 75 L/m 2/d.
• Problem 9: Determine the fire flow required for a three storey building with a planned area of 700 m2 and
wood frame construction. If this building dictates a fire flow for the community of 78000 persons with the
average water consumption of 350 Lpcd. What will be the maximum daily demand including fire flow.
• Problem 10 :Determine the fire flow required for the community of 22000 person has an average
consumption of 600 lpcd. The fire flow is dictated by a building of ordinary construction with a floor area
of 1000 m2 and height of 6 stories. Find total flow required during the day of fire.
Numerical
Problem 11: Determine the Peak hourly requirement of water and total flow for a
community of population 30,000 persons and average consumption of 350 lpcd, during
a peak hour flow , the fire demand flow is maintained for 3 hrs per day for the building
of ordinary construction with floor area of 1000m 2 and the height is 3 stories.
Problem 12: A three storey wooden frame building has each floor area : a) 900 m2 b)
700 m2 c) 400 m2 .Determine fire flow and total daily amount of flow for maximum
duration of fire flow.
Problem13: Community with a population of 50000 persons has an average
consumption of 550 lpcd. Fire flow is dedicated by 2 storey building of wooden
structure with a floor area of 1000m2 and 500m2 .Find the total flow required for this
day.
Problem14: Estimate the water requirement for the following communities a) 20000
persons with 150 lpcd b) 55000 persons with 170 lcpd c) 120000 persons with 610 lpcd,
having 7 storey building with a)Ordinary construction b)wood construction for each
community (Each floor area=1000 m2. )
POPULATION PROJECTIONS
Requirements of Population
Forecasting
• Needed for the design of water supply and sewerage
systems, but with care.
• If the forecasted population is on the lower side, engineering
works will become inadequate soon. This will require early
re-design and renovation.
• Over-estimation on the other hand will result in over-design
and high costs.
Requirements of Population
Forecasting
• Past population data are required for the forecasting.
• The best source is the census conducted by the
government in the country.
• In Pakistan census used to be conducted after every 10
years. However, after 1981, the next census was
conducted in 1998 i.e. after 17 years. Now 6th census has
recently been conducted in 2017 (after 19 years). Census
data are published, normally, in the form of a census book
for each district
Demographic Trends in Pakistan-
Urban Growth Rate
Urban
5
4.5
4.5 4.3
4.2
4 3.8
3.5
3.5 3.4
3.2 3.2
Annual growth rate (%)

3
3 2.8
2.5
2.5

1.5

0.5

0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014

Year
Reasons of reduction in growth rate
(1) economic pressure in supporting large families;
(2) raised awareness of the public about family
planning and
(3) better access to contraceptives.
Rural Areas Annual Growth Rate
Rural
3
2.7
2.6
2.5 2.4 2.4 2.35
2.2 2.2
2
2
Annual growth rate (%)

1.5 1.4
1.3
1.2

0.5

0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014

Year
Different methods of
population projection
1. Arithmetic growth method
•“rate
  of growth is constant” i.e. a constant number of people are added to
the city/ village population, each year.
Mathematically
•
Integrating the equation results in
Where
• Pf= Future population
Pi= Population of last census
Ka= Arithmetic growth rate constant
Tf= Future year in which population is
required
Ti=Year in which last census was held
1. Arithmetic growth method
•  In this method, population data for at least two previous census are
required. The data are used for finding the value of Ka as shown below
• Ka=
• Once value of Ka is known, it is used in equation-2 to find the future
population Pf.
• Suitability: This method is used for cities where there are no chances
of rapid growth.
2. Geometric growth method
•“rate
  of growth is proportional to the present population”.
Mathematically
•
• Or Where:
Integration of equation results in: Ln= natural logarithm
Kg = geometric growth rate
• 
constant and can be calculated
Alternatively, the above equation can also be written as:the following equation.
by using
2. Geometric growth method
• 
Another form of the equation for geometric growth rate, generally used
is
•
Where:
• Pp=present population
• X= annual population growth rate
• N= Number of years in future for which population is required
2. Geometric growth method
Suitability:
• Method is suitable for cities having better job opportunity
(industries and well-established businesses), large resources
of land, good transportation system, better education and
medical facilities.
3. Logistic method
• For
  a city/town/area, initially population increases till it touches a saturation
levels (there is not enough space for further growth). After that, the increase
in population is minimal and the population is said to be stabilized. For such
city/town/area, logistic method is used for the population forecasting.
• Mathematically

•
Where
• P=Future population
• Psat=Saturation population
3. Logistic method
•Now
 
•

•
3. Logistic method
Three previous census data are required for this method
• N=10 i.e. census interval Census year 1960 1970 1980 …….. 2030

• ∆t = 2030 - 1960 Population Po P1 P2

  P

• 1960 is the base year corresponding to Po

• Suitability: e.g. walled city in Lahore; say one is designing for

extension/renovation of existing water supply system in walled city.
Upsets in population estimates
• Extra-ordinary events such as
• discovery of a nearby oil field;
• sudden development of an industry and
• mass influx of people in a city due to a natural disaster or war
(Russian invasion of Afghanistan).
• These events upset an estimate of future population and necessitate
early extension or upgradation of existing water and sewerage
facilities.
Solved example-1
• The population data of a city are given below.
• Find the projected population for the year 2025 using (1) arithmetic
and (2) geometric methods.

1990 2000 2010 2025

Year
  (Te) (Ti) (Tf)
Population 11,885 24,769 35,779 Pf=?
Arithmetic/Geometric   Pe Pi  
Arithmetic method
•  Ka=
• Ka=
• Ka=1,101 per year
•

•
Geometric method
• 
• 

• 
• per year
• 

• 

• 
• 62,317 persons
 Example-2
• The population of a city, in Pakistan, as per 2017
census was 350,000 persons. The city has well
developed industrial area having abundant job
opportunities. An oil field also exists near the city. All
basic amenities of life are available. Find the
population of the city in 2037. Take annual growth
rate as 2.7%.