Identification(10pts)

Water quality 1. It refers to the chemical, physical, biological,and radiological

characteristics of water?
Photogrammetry 2. A measurement technique for which the co-ordinates of the points
in 3D of an object are determined by the measurements made in
two photographic images taken starting from different positions,
usually from different passes of an aerial photography flight?
Soil 3. The loose mineral or organic materials found on the earth's
surface?
Peat soil 4. Type of soil that is high in organic matter and retain a large
amount of moisture?
Topsoil 5. Is usually the darkest layer of the soil because it has the highest
proportion of organic material?
Natural vegetation 6. This type of vegetation is formed naturally without human
intervention or without agricultural practices?
Rice 7. Is the most important crop in the Philippines?
Land use 8. Involves the management and modification of natural
environment or wilderness into built environment?
Pollutant 9. Contaminant present in the environment or which might enter the
environment which, due to its properties or amount or
concentration, causes harm?
Suspended solids 10. Are mineral and organic particles that remain suspended in
water?

Enumeration(20pts)

Substances that may cause pollution

1. Nutrients
2. Pesticides
3. Heavy metals
4. Suspended solids
5. Settleable solids
6. Pathogens
7. Hydrocarbons

Techniques of Topography

1. Direct survey
2. Remote sensing
3. Passive sensor methodologies
4. Photogrammetry
5. Active sensor methodologies

Benefits of Healthy Watersheds

1. Ecosystem Benefits and Services

2. Economic Benefits
3. Physical and Mental Health Benefits

Soil Horizons

1. Topsoil
2. Subsoil
3. C horizon
Two major types of vegetation

1. Natural vegetation
2. Man-made vegetation

Multiple Choice (20pts)

1. It is defined as a region on the earth surface covered with plants?
a) Grassland vegetation
b) Topsoil
c) Vegetation
d) Subsoil
2. It is also called B horizon where soluble minerals and clays accumulate?
a) Topsoil
b) Vegetation
c) Subsoil
d) C horizon
3. Man is the pioneer of this type of vegetation or it is created or seeded by human
intervention?
a) Grassland vegetation
b) Forest vegetation
c) Natural vegetation
d) Man-made vegetation
4. Topographic survey information which is historically based upon the notes of
surveyors?
a) Remote sensing data
b) Raw survey data
c) Topographic mapping
d) Digital elevation modeling
5. Is the harm that results because of the presence of a substance or substances
where they would not normally be found or because they are present in larger than
normal quantities?
a) Hazard
b) Contaminant
c) Pollution
d) Risk
6. These are mineral or organic solids which can settle onto the beds of rivers and
lakes where they can prevent fish spawning?
a) Settleable solids
b) Suspended solids
c) Pathogens
d) Nutrients
7. These include vegetable and mineral oils and chlorinated solvents such as dry
cleaning fluids?
a) Nutrients
b) Settleable solids
c) Hydrocarbons
d) Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
8. Substance, material or agent that is unwanted in the environment?
a) Hazard
b) Contaminant
c) Pollution
d) Risk
9. Largest watershed forest reserves in the Philippines?
a) Pantabangan-Carranglan
b) Libungan
c) Lake Lanao
d) Allah

10. It has been defined as "the total of arrangements, activities, and inputs that people
undertake in a certain land cover type”?
a) Zoning
b) Land use
c) Urbanization
d) Land Modification
11. Is a large dry region covered with sandy soil and rocky soil, the trees in this
vegetation include short shrubs which occur in patches and are characterized with
thorns, thick stems, long roots and wax coated leaves and stems?
a) Grassland vegetation
b) Desert vegetation
c) Forest vegetation
d) Tundra vegetation
12.Refers to a large area of plant community covered with tall trees, these trees form a
layer of foliage that largely covers the ground and shows stratification with more
than one layer?
a) Grassland vegetation
b) Desert vegetation
c) Forest vegetation
d) Tundra vegetation
13.The process where rain falls on dry ground and water soaks in, or infiltrates the soil?
a) Precipitation
b) Soil saturation
c) Transpiration
d) Infiltration
14.Are heavy soils that benefit from high nutrients?
a) Clay soil
b) Silt soil
c) Peat soil
d) Loam Soil
15. Are light, warm, dry and tend to be acidic and low in nutrients?
a) Clay soil
b) Chalk soil
c) Sandy soil
d) Loam Soil
16. Which of the following is a factor that affects water quality?
a) Infiltration
b) Sedimentation
c) Soil saturation
d)
e) Precipitation
 17.Which of the following is a hydrological variables?
a) Odour
b) Colour
c) Hardness
d) Water level
18. Is a broad term used to describe the detailed study of the earth's surface?
a) Land use
b) Topography
c) Geology
d) Photogrammetry
19. An area of land that contains a common set of streams and rivers that all
drain into a single larger body of water, such as a larger river, a lake or an
ocean?
a) River Basin
b) Watershed
c) Drainage Basin
d) Catchment Area

20. Is what you do when you create a particular area?

a) Zoning
b) Land use
c) Land Modification
d) Urbanization

Problems (50pts)
Problem 1

Water having kinematic viscosity v=1.3x10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠 flows in a 100mm-diameter pipe at a

velocity of 4.5 m/s. Is the flow laminar or turbulent?

Solution:

𝑣𝐷 4.5(0.1)
𝑅𝑒 = =
v 1.3𝑥10−6

𝑅𝑒 = 346,154 > 2000 (𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡)

Problem 2

Oil of specific gravity 0.80 flows in a 200mm diameter pipe. Find the critical velocity. Use 𝜇 =
8.14𝑥10−2 Pa-s.

Solution:

At critical velocity in pipes, 𝑅𝑒 = 2000

𝑣𝐷𝜌
𝑅𝑒 =
μ

𝑣𝑐 (0.20)(1000𝑥0.80)
2000 =
8.14𝑥10−2

𝑣𝑐 = 1.0175 𝑚/𝑠
Problem 3

Oil or sp. Gr. 0.9 and dynamic viscosity 𝜇 = 0.04 Pa-s flows at the rate of 60 liters per second
through 50 m of 120-mm-diameter pipe. If the head lost is 6m, determine:

a. the mean velocity of flow

b. the type of flow

c. the friction factor 𝑓

d. the velocity at the centreline of the pipe

e. the shear stress at the wall of the pipe, and

Solution:

a. Mean velocity

𝑄 0.06
𝑣= =𝜋
𝐴 2
4 (0.12)

𝑣 = 5.31 𝑚/𝑠

b. Type of flow

𝑣𝐷𝜌 5.31(0.12)[1000(0.9)]
𝑅𝑒 = =
μ 0.04

𝑅𝑒 = 14,337 > 2000(𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤)

c. Friction factor

0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄2
h𝑓 =
𝐷5

0.0826𝑓(50)(0.06)2
6=
(0.12)5

𝑓 = 0.01004

d. Centreline velocity

𝑣𝑐 = 𝑣(1 + 1.33𝑓 1⁄2 )

𝑣𝑐 = 5.31[1 + 1.33(0.01004)1⁄2 ]

𝑣𝑐 = 6.02 𝑚/𝑠
e. Shear stress at the wall of the pipe

𝜏 𝑓𝑣 2
𝑜
√𝜌 = √ 8
squaring both sides

𝜏𝑜 𝑓𝑣 2
=
𝜌 8

𝜏𝑜 0.01004(5.31)2
=
1000𝑥0.9 8

𝜏𝑜 = 31.85 𝑃𝑎

Problem 4

A discharge of 750 liters/sec. flow through a pipe having a diameter of 400 mm∅, length of 65
m long, compute the head loss of the pipeline using:

a. Mannings Equation with n=0.013

b. Darcy Weisbach Formula with f=0.012

c. Hazen Williams Formula with C=100

Solution

a. Mannings Formula

10.29𝑛2 𝐿𝑄 2
h𝑓 =
𝐷 16⁄3

10.29(0.013)2 (65)(0.750)2
h𝑓 =
(0.400)16⁄3

h𝑓 = 8.43𝑚

b. Darcy Weisbach Formula

0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄2
h𝑓 =
𝐷5

0.0826(0.012)(65)(0.750)2
h𝑓 =
(0.400)5

h𝑓 = 3.54𝑚

c. Hazen Williams Formula

10.67𝐿𝑄1.85
h𝑓 =
𝐶11.85 𝐷4.87

10.67(65)(0.750)1.85
h𝑓 =
(100)1.85 (0.400)4.87

h𝑓 = 7.05𝑚
Problem 5

What commercial size of new cast iron pipe shall be used to carry 4,490 gpm with a lost of head
of 10.56 feet per mile? Assume 𝑓 = 0.019.

Solution:

0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷5
𝑔𝑎𝑙 3.79𝑙𝑖𝑡 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄 = 4,490 𝑥 𝑥
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑙 60𝑠𝑒𝑐

284𝑙𝑖𝑡
𝑄= = 0.284𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑠𝑒𝑐
5280𝑓𝑡 1𝑚
𝐿 = 1 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑥 𝑥
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 3.28 𝑓𝑡

𝐿 = 1609.76 𝑚

1𝑚
ℎ𝑓 = 10.56𝑓𝑡 𝑥
3.28𝑓𝑡

ℎ𝑓 = 3.22 𝑚

0.0826(0.019)(1609.76)(0.284)2
3.22 =
𝐷5

𝐷 = 0.576 𝑚 = 576 mm

Problem 6

A 2.5-m-diameter pipe of length 2,500 m conveys water between two reservoirs at the rate of
the rate of 8.5 𝑚3 /𝑠. What must be the difference in water-surface elevations between the two
reservoirs? Neglect minor losses and assume 𝑓 = 0.018.

Solution:

For two reservoirs, the difference in elevation between the surfaces is equal to the total head.

0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
𝐻𝐿 = ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷5

0.0826(0.018)(2500)(8.5)2
𝐻𝐿 = ℎ𝑓 =
(2.5)5

𝐻𝐿 = 2.75 𝑚 (difference in elevation)