Sek Men Sains Muzaffar Syah

4.1

Getting Idea of heat transfer

The boy takes his hand away from the kettle because the boy feels
the heat of the kettle. Heat is transferred from the kettle to the boy’s
hand.

The ice melt when it is in the boy’s hand. The boy’s hand is
cooled. Heat is transferred from the boy’s hand to the ice.

Heat is transferred from hot object to cold object.

Comparison between Temperature and Heat

Characteristic Temperature Heat

Temperature is the degree of Heat is the amount of _________ that can
Definition ____________ of an object. be transferred from _________ object to
a __________ object.
Unit SI

Measurement Joulemeter or calorimeter

instrument
Base / derived
quantity?
Scalar / vector
quantity

 When an object is heated, it will ____________ heat energy and the temperature will _________
 When an object is cooled, it will ___________ heat energy and the temperature will _________.
(Hands-on Activity 4.1 on page 72 of the practical book)

Thermal Equilibrium

Block A is hot and block B is at

room temperature. What will
happen if the two blocks are in
direct physical contact?

 Heat energy is transferred

at a __________ rate from
the hot objects A to the
cold object B.
 Heat is transferred at a
__________ rate from the cold object B to the hot object A.

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What happens to the temperature of the blocks? Why?

 The hot object A _________ heat while the cold object B ________ heat.
 The temperature of block A __________, the temperature of block B ____________
 Heat transferred to B ___________ the kinetic energy of its molecules
The net result is the transfer of heat energy from the _______ object to the _________ object.

What happens to rate of heat transfer

after sometimes?

 After sometimes, heat is

transferred at the same rate
between the two blocks.
 The net rate of heat transferred
between the two object becomes
_______
 The temperature of block A
_________ to the temperature of
block B.
 The molecules of both objects have the same __________ energy.
 The two objects are said to be in __________ ____________.

Explain Thermal Equilibrium can be summarized as follows:

Thermal 1. There is no net flow of heat between two objects.
Equilibrium 2. Two objects in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature.

Example of thermal equilibrium

A wet towel is placed on the forehead of a person who has high fever. Initially the temperature of
the cloth is lower than the body temperature of the person. Heat energy is transferred from the
forehead to the towel until thermal equilibrium is reached. The towel is rinsed in tap water and the
procedure is repeated. In this way heat energy is removed from the person.

Cooling drinks
A hot drink can be cooled by adding a few ice cubes to the drink. Heat from the hot drink is
transferred to the colder ice until thermal equilibrium between the ice and water is reached. The
final temperature of the drink equal the final temperature of ices.

Explain how a liquid-in-glass thermometer works.

A doctor uses a thermometer to measure a patient’s body temperature. There is a difference in
temperature before and after the measurement. Why?
 The thermometer is placed in the patient’s ________
 There is a ______ flow from the patient to the thermometer.
 This will happens until ___________ ____________ is achieved.
 The patient’s body temperature and the thermometer temperature
are ____________.
 Temperature is measured using a liquid-in-glass thermometer.
The bulbs contains a fixed mass of liquid such as ___________.
 The volume of the liquid increases when it absorbs heat.
 The liquid ___________ and rises in the capillary tube.
 Therefore the length of the liquid column in the capillary tube indicates the magnitude of the
temperature.

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How a thermometer is calibrated?

 A scale and unit of temperature are obtained by choosing two temperatures or fixed points.

Fixed Definition Value (C)

point
Lower point,
ice point

Upper point,
Steam point

 The range between the fixed points is divided into 100 equal divisions and each division equal
1 C. The thermometer is calibrated and ready for use

Example 1:
Calculate the value of temperature, T.

Give three characteristics of mercury that makes it suitable as a liquid in liquid-in-glass

thermometer.

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

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TUTORIAL 4.1 5. The diagram shows a metal sphere P at

o
80 C is immersed in a cooler liquid Q.
1. Which of the following is true?
A. The unit of heat is o C
B. Heat is a form of energy
C. Heat flows from a cold substance to a
hot substance.

2. A boy puts some ice cubes in his orange

Thermal equilibrium is reached when
juice. There is energy transferred
A. temperature of P = temperature of Q
between the ice cube and the juice.
B. mass of Q displaced = mass of P
Which of the following properties
C. volume of Q = volume of P
determines the direction of such
D. specific heat capacity of P = specific
exchange?
heat capacity of Q
A. Density
B. Temperature
6. The diagram shows two copper blocks,
C. State of matter
L and M, touching each other. The initial
D. Specific Heat Capacity o
temperatures of L and M are 50 C and
o
30 C respectively.
3. The diagram shows two bodies P and Q
which are in thermal equilibrium.

Which statement is correct when L and

Which of the following statements is
not true?
A. The net rate of heat flow is zero
B. The heat flow in both directions is the
same.
C. The final temperature of both bodies
is the same.
D. The final physical characteristics of
both bodies are the same.
4. An earth-monitoring satellite falls into
the earth’s atmosphere at a high velocity
and reaches at the sea surface with a
high temperature. After a while the
temperature of the satellite is same as
the temperature of the sea water. This is
caused by
A. The heat released by the satellite
B. The heat absorbed by the sea water
C. The satellite is cooled by the sea
water
D. The satellite and the sea water are in
thermal equilibrium
M are at thermal equilibrium?
A. Temperature of L is higher than M
B. The quantity of heat in L is the same
as in M
C. Rate of change in temperature of L is
bigger than that of M
D. Net rate of heat flow between L and M
is zero
7. The diagram shows object A and object
B are of temperatures T1 and T2. The
heat flows from A to B until the thermal
equilibrium is reached at a temperature
T.
Which relationship between T1 , T2 and
T is true?
A T1 > T2 > T
B T2 > T1 > T
C T1 > T > T2
D T2 > T > T1

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8. What is the concept used in the Which statement is correct about the
measurement of human body temperature of the final mixture? (2008)
temperature using a thermometer? A. It is lower than the temperature of the
(2007) Principle of conservation of cold syrup.
temperature B. It is lower than the temperature of the
A. Specific heat capacity hot water
B. Specific latent heat C. It is higher than the temperature of
C. Thermal equilibrium the hot water
D. Thermal convection D. It is the same as the temperature of
the cold syrup
9. Which of the following points are used in
the calibration of a thermometer? A. sticks to the glass
A. Melting point of ice and freezing point B. has a lower boiling point
of ice. C. expands and contracts uniformly
B. Melting point of ice and boiling point D. is transparent and therefore it is
of water. easier to read.
C. Boiling point of water and
condensation point of water. 14. The figure shows a mercury
D. Melting point of ice and condensation thermometer.
point of water.

10. The lengths of the mercury column in a

thermometer at the ice point and the
steam point are 5 cm and 25 cm
respectively. When the thermometer is
placed in a liquid , the length of the (a) Name component
mercury column is 12 cm. What is the
temperature of the liquid? P: _______________________
o o
A 30 C B 35 C
o o
C 55 C D 70 C Q: _______________________
o
E 85 C
(b) (i) State the physical change in the
11. Which liquid A , B, C or D , can be used mercury when the temperature
to make a liquid –in-glass thermometer to increases.
o o
measure temperatures from -50 C to 50
C? __________________________
Freezing Boiling
o o
point / C point / C (ii) Why is mercury used in the
A -115 78 thermometer?
B -39 357
C 0 100 __________________________
D 17 118
(b) The length of the mercury column in
the thermometer is 2.6 cm at 0°C and
12. Diagram 12.1 shows hot water being 22.6 cm at 100 °C?
poured into cold syrup. Diagram 12.2
shows the final mixture. (i) What is the difference in the
lengths of the mercury columns
at 0 °C and at 100 °C?

________________________

(ii) When the thermometer is placed

in hot oil, the length of the
mercury column is 16.9 cm.
Calculate the temperature of the
hot oil.

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SPM 2003 Section C Additional information:

o
15. You are representing the country in Freezing point of mercury = -39 C Boliling
o
carrying out a research project on the point of mercury = 360 C
o
weather at the North Pole. The Freezing point of alcohol = - 112 C Boiling
o
surrounding temperature is between - point of alcohol = 78 C
o o
40 C to - 8 C. One item of the
equipment to be taken for your research
is a thermometer. Based on the table above;
(a) State the principle used in a liquid –
glass thermometer. (i) Explain the suitable characteristics of
the thermometer so that can be used to
(b) State how a liquid-glass measure temperatures at the North
thermometer can be used to Pole.
measure the body temperature of a
sick person. Explain heat transfer (ii) Decide which thermometer is most
that takes place at each stage of suitable to be taken for your research
measurement. and give reasons.

(b) A thermometer which is not calibrated

has a mercury column of length 8.0 cm
o
when the temperature is 0 C and 20.0
o
(c) The table shows the characteristics of cm when the temperature is 100 C. The
six types of thermometers P,Q,R,S,T mercury column is 5.0 cm when put in
and U. liquid X.
Liquid Glass Diameter Glass-
meter
Thermo-

used walled of bore (i) Determine the temperature of

bulb capillary stem liquid X in Kelvin.
tube and
cross- (ii) State a thermometric property
section used when making of a
P mercury thin big thick thermometer.
and
curved

Q mercury thick small thin and

plane

R mercury thin small thin and

curved

S alcohol thick big thick

and
plane

T alcohol thin small thick

and
curved

U alcohol thick small thin and

plane