Physics unit mrsmtgb 2019_1

INTRODUCTION
To
1.2 UNDERSTANDING BASE QUANTITIES &
DERIVED QUANTITIES
1.3 SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES
1.4 UNDERSTANDING MEASUREMENTS
1.5 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

NAME :

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CLASS :

TEACHER’S NAME :

‘The most important thing is: do not stop questioning.

Curiosity has its own reason for existence.’
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1.2 Understanding Base Quantities and Derived Quantities

Quantity that can be measured.

Let’s complete the table !

Base Quantity
Physical Quantity Base S.I. Unit
Base Quantity Quantity S.I. Unit Unit symbol
Symbol
Length

Mass

Time

Electric Current

Temperature

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Derived Quantity
Physical Quantity Derived S.I. Unit
Derived Quantity Quantity Expressed in Unit symbol
Symbol Base Quantities
Area

Volume

Density

Speed

Force
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Prefixes are used to express some physical quantities that are either very big
or very small.

Let’s complete the table !

Prefix Symbol Value Prefix Symbol Value
Tera centi

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Giga

Mega
mili

micro

kilo nano
deci
pico

A simple method of expressing very large or very small numbers.

Standard form /
Physical Quantity Value
Scientific notation
Mass of earth 6 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg
Diameter of an oil
0. 000 000 000 74 m
molecule
Speed or light in the
299 792 458 m s-1
vacuum
Radius of earth 6 370 000 m
0. 000 021 kg
Mass of hydrogen atom

Time of a day 86 400 s

Temperature of the
6 000 000 K
centre of the earth
Size of a flu virus 0.000 000 2 m
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1.3 Understanding Scalar and Vector Quantities

Example : The boy walks 50 m to the

Example : The boy walks 50 m. left

Let’s complete the table !

Distance speed mass Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity
Energy Temperature Time
Electric Current Power
Density Displacement
Velocity Weight Pressure
Momentum Impulse
Acceleration
Deceleration Force

1.4 Understanding Measurement

Let’s complete the table !

Terms Definitions

Accuracy physicsmrsmtgb.blogspot.com
Consistency /
Presicion

Sensitivity
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Figure below are the result for four shooters A, B, C and D in a tournament.
Every shooter shot five times. Tick the correct answer

Shooter Consistency Accuracy

A

Error is uncertainty caused by measuring instrument or the observer or the

physical factors of the surroundings.

Caused by : Caused by :
i. i.

ii. ii.

Example : Example :

Way of correction Ways of correction

- -
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Measuring Instruments & Accuracy

Physical Quantity Measuring Instruments Sensitivity

Length

Current

Mass

Temperature

Time

Voltage

1. Metre Rule
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Ruler A
0 1 2 3 4 5
Ruler A Ruler B
wire Sensitivity
Length of wire
0 1 2 3 4 5
Ruler B

2. Vernier Calipers

How to read from a vernier caliper?

Step 1: Read the main scale marking just before the zero
marking on the vernier scale. It shows ……………….. mm
Step 2: Find the vernier scale marking which joins the main
scale marking. This show ……………….. mm.
Step 3 : Therefore, the measurement is
…………… mm + …………… mm = ……………mm
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The thickness of 10 turns of a wire is measured by using a Vernier caliper.

The reading is as follows:

4 5
Sensitivity
Thickness of
a wire
0 5 10

What should we do IF the Vernier caliper does not exactly start from zero?
Positive Zero Error Negative Zero Error

Negative zero error = - ( 0.1 – 0.08 ) cm

= - 0.02 cm
Positive zero error = + 0.08 cm
All measurements taken with this Vernier
All measurements taken with this Vernier
calipers must be corrected by subtracting - 0.08
calipers must be corrected by subtracting
cm, which is adding 0.08 cm to the readings
0.08 cm from the readings.

Example Example

Zero error = -(0.1 – 0.07) cm

Zero error = + 0.04 cm = - 0.03 cm
Vernier caliper reading = Vernier caliper reading = ……………………………
………………………………. mm mm
Corrected reading Corrected reading
= vernier caliper reading – zero error = vernier caliper reading – zero error
= =
= =
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Let’s try this EXERCISE !

1. Write down the readings shown by the following
(a)
7 8

0 5 10
Answer: ……………..
4 5
(b) A B

P Q
0 5 10 Answer: ……………..

(c)
6 7

Answer: ……………..
0 5 10

(d) 0 1

Answer: ……………..

0 5 10

2. The following diagram shows the scale of a Vernier caliper when the jaws are closed.

0 1

0 5 10 Zero error = ……………………………

3. The following diagram shows the scale of the same Vernier caliper when there are 40
pieces of cardboard between the jaws.
5 6

0 5 10

Reading shown = ……………………

Corrected reading = ……………………… = ……………………………

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4. Micrometer Screw Gauge

The diameter of the wire is measured by a micrometer screw gauge. The reading is as
follows:

Sensitivity
0 5 25
Diameter of wire

20

1. How to read from a micrometer screw gauge?

Reading of the thimble

Ball bearing
scale = 0.12 mm

Reading of the main

scale = 5.5 mm

Main scale reading = ……………………. mm

Thimble scale reading = 12 x 0.01

= …………………… mm

Final reading = …………………… mm + …………………… mm

= …………………… mm
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What should we do IF the Micrometer Screw Gauge does not exactly start from zero?
Positive Zero Error Negative Zero Error

Positive zero error = + 0.04 mm

Negative zero error = - 0.04 mm
All measurements taken with this micrometer
All measurements taken with this micrometer
screw gauge must be corrected by subtracting
screw gauge must be corrected by subtracting -
0.04 mm from the readings
0.04 mm, which is adding 0.04 mm from the
readings

Example Example

Zero error = + 0.01 mm Zero error = - 0.03 mm

micrometer screw gauge reading micrometer screw gauge reading
= ………………… mm + ……………………….. mm = ………………… mm +……………………….. mm
=……………………………. mm =……………………………. mm

Corrected reading Corrected reading

= micrometer screw gauge reading – zero error = micrometer screw gauge reading – zero error
= …………………………… mm - ……………………….. mm = ………………………… mm - …………………………. mm
= ……………………………….. mm = ……………………………….. mm
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Let’s try this EXERCISE !

1. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.
(a) (b)

5 45
0 5 30 10 15

40
25

Answer: …………………………. Answer:…………………..

(c) (d)
10 0 5 35
0

5 30

Answer:………………………… Answer:…………………….

2. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.

0 0 5
0

45
0

Zero error = ……….. mm Zero error = …......….. mm

(b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.

5 0 5 20
0

15

Zero error = ………… Reading shown = …………………..

=……………………

Corrected reading =…………………..

= ………………….
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1.5 Scientific Investigation

Writing an experimental report
PKS Report Writing
INFERENCE Prior conclusions / A statement of logical judgment on the basis of
circumstantial evidence. RV depends on MV

Example: Period depends on the length of pendulum

HYPOTHESIS Relationship between MV and RV

Example: When length of pendulum increase, period of oscillation

increase

AIM A brief statement describing the aim of experiment - normally

begins with, ‘To investigate relationship between RV and MV’

Example: To investigate relationship between period of oscillation

and length of pendulum.

VARIABLES Manipulated : Variable which is changed by the experimenter

Responding : Variable that is measured and it changes in

response to the value of the manipulated variable

Fixed / controlled/ constant : Factors that are constant due

experiment

EQUIPTMENT AND list at least 5 items (including all measuring instrument used)
MATERIALS
DIAGRAM / Draw and label the diagram
ARRANGEMENT OF
APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Start sentence with, ‘Set up experiment as shown in
diagram above’
2. State clearly how the manipulated variables can be
controlled in the process of carrying out the experiment.
3. State clearly how responding variables can be obtained also
state what measuring instrument is used to measure the
result.
4. State clearly that the experiment must be repeated by
using 4 different value/readings.

RESULTS /TABULATED List down values of MV and record RV in a table with correct unit.
DATA Record all piece of data in order to obtain RV.
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Example :

Length, l (cm) Time, t20 (s) Period, T (s)

GRAPH/ ANALYZING Plotting graph (y-axis against x-axis)

CONCLUSION A brief summary of the result of the experiment

Example : “ The experiment shows that the acceleration due to

gravity is the same for all objects irrespective of its weight. The
hypothesis is shown to be true / accepted.

SAFETY PRECAUTION Steps/ method taken to avoid or minimize errors

Example : Make sure the position of eyes perpendicular to the

reading of meter rule to avoid parallax error.

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PHYSICS A+

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