PHYSICS NOTES MATRICULATION

MEASUREMENT
METER Meter is the unit of length in S.I. System. Meter is defined as "The distance between the two mar s on a P!atin"m#Iridi"m bar in the Internationa! &"rea" o' (ei)ht and Meas"res in Paris*" One meter = 100 cm One meter = 1000 mm

e$t at % OC

+ILO,RAM Kilogram is the unit of mass in S.I. System. "+i!o)ram is de'ined as the mass o' a $!atin"m c-!inder $!aced in the Internationa! &"rea" o' (ei)ht and Meas"res in Paris*" One kilogram = 1000gram SECON. Second is the unit of time in S.I. System. A second is de'ined in terms o' the time $eriod o' Cs#/00 atoms* i*e*" one second is e1"a! to 23/24350/366% $eriods o' 7ibrations o' Cs#/00 atoms*" 60 seconds = one minute 3600 seconds = one hour LEAST COUNT Minim"m meas"rement that can be made b- a meas"rin) de7ice is nown as " LEAST COUNT8*

Least count !ernier calli"ers# = minimum measurement on main scale $ total num%er of di!isions on !ernier scale . Least count scre& gauge# = minimum measurement on main scale $ total num%er of di!isions on circular scale Smaller is the magnitude of least count of a measuring instrument' more "recise the measuring instrument is. ( measuring instrument can not measure any thing &hose dimensions are less than the magnitude of least count. Least )ount of *ernier )alli"ers = 0.01 cm Least )ount of Micrometer Scre& gauge = 0.001 cm 9ERO ERROR It is a defect in a measuring de!ice *ernier )alli"ers + Scre& ,auge#. -hen .a&s of a *ernier )alli"ers or Scre& ,auge are closed' /ero of main scale must coincides &ith the /ero of !ernier scale or circular scale in case of scre& gauge. If they do not coincide then it is said that a /ero error is "resent in the instrument.

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TYPES O: 9ERO ERROR 0ero error may %e "ositi!e or negati!e. A $ositi7e ;ero error in the instr"ment shows a !ar)er meas"rement than the act"a! meas"rement* In order to )ets e<act meas"rement3 $ositi7e ;ero error is s"btracted 'rom the tota! readin)* . A ne)ati7e ;ero error in the instr"ment shows a sma!!er meas"rement than the act"a! meas"rement* In order to )et e<act meas"rement3 ne)ati7e ;ero error is added to the tota! readin)* PITCH "Per$endic"!ar distance between two consec"ti7e threads o' the screw )a")e or s$herometer is ca!!ed PITCH*" Pitch = .istance tra7e!ed on main sca!e > tota! n"mber o' rotations ERROR (n error is defined as "The di''erence between the meas"red 7a!"e and act"a! 7a!"e*" If t&o "ersons use the same instrument for measurement for finding the same measurement' it is not 1ssential that they may get the same results. 2here may arise a difference %et&een their measurements. 2his difference is referred to as an 3144O43. TYPES O: ERROR 1rrors can %e di!ided into three categories5 1# 6ersonal 1rror 7# Systematic 1rror 3# 4andom 1rror PERSONAL ERROR (n error comes into "lay %ecause of faulty "rocedure ado"ted %y %y the o%ser!er is called 3614SO8(L 144O43. 6ersonal error comes into e9istence due to making an error in reading a scale. It is due to faulty "rocedure ado"ted %y the "erson making measurement. SYSTEMATIC ERROR 2he ty"e of error arises due to defect in the measuring de!ice is kno&n as 3S:S21M(2I) 144O43. ,enerally it is called 3014O 144O43. it may %e "ositi!e or negati!e error. Systematic error can %e remo!ed %y correcting measurement de!ice. RAN.OM ERROR

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2he error "roduced due to sudden change in e9"erimental conditions is called 34(8;OM 144O43. <O4 1=(M6L15 Sudden change in tem"erature' change in humidity' fluctuation in "otential difference !oltage#. It is an accidental error and is %eyond the control of the "erson making measurement.

A..ITION O: ?ECTORS &Y HEA. TO TAIL METHO. @,RAPHICAL METHO.A

>ead to 2ail method or gra"hical method is one of the easiest method used to find the resultant !ector of t&o of more than t&o !ectors. .ETAILS O: METHO. )onsider t&o !ectors and acting in the directions as sho&n %elo&5

In order to get their resultant !ector %y head to tail method &e must follo& the follo&ing ste"s5 STEP B / )hoose a suita%le scale for the !ectors so that they can %e "lotted on the "a"er. STEP B 4 ;ra& re"resentati!e line ;ra& re"resentati!e line of !ector of !ector such that the tail of coincides &ith the head of !ector .

STEP B 0 ?oin @O@ and @A@. 4e"resents resultant !ector of gi!en !ectors and i.e.

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STEP B C Measure the length of line segment magnitude of resultant !ector. STEP B D 2he direction of the resultant !ector is directed from the tail of !ector to the head of !ector . and multi"ly it &ith the scale choosen initially to get the

A..ITION O: ?ECTORS
PARALLELO,RAM LA( O: ?ECTOR A..ITION

(ccording to the "arallelogram la& of !ector addition5 "I' two 7ector 1"antities are re$resented b- two adEacent sides or a $ara!!e!o)ram then the dia)ona! o' $ara!!e!o)ram wi!! be e1"a! to the res"!tant o' these two 7ectors*"A EFPLANATION )onsider t&o !ectors . Let the !ectors ha!e the follo&ing orientation

6arallelogram of these !ectors is5

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(ccording to "arallelogram la&5

MA,NITU.E O: RESULTANT ?ECTOR Magnitude or resultant !ector can %e determined %y using either sine la& or cosine la&.

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MULTIPLICATION G .I?ISION O: ?ECTOR &Y A NUM&ER @SCALARA

MULTIPLICATION O: A ?ECTOR &Y A SCALAR -hen a !ector is multi"lied %y a "ositi!e num%er for e9am"le 7' 3 'B' 60 unit etc.# or a scalar only its magnitude is changed %ut its direction remains the same as that of the original !ector.

If ho&e!er a !ector is multi"lied %y a negati!e num%er for e9am"le C7' C3 'CB' C60 unit etc.# or a scalar no only its magnitude is changed %ut its direction also re!ersed.

2he "roduct of a !ector @mA

%y a scalar Duantity @mA follo&s the follo&ing rules5

@mA &hich is called comm"tati7e !aw o' m"!ti$!ication*

m@n

A = @mnA =m

&hich is called associati7e !aw o' m"!ti$!ication . En &hich is called distrib"ti7e !aw o' m"!ti$!ication.

@m H nA

.I?ISION O: A ?ECTOR &Y A SCALAR

2he di!ision of a !ector %y a scalar num%er @nA in!ol!es the multi"lication of the !ector %y the reci"roc the num%er @nA &hich generates a ne& !ector. Let n re"resents a num%er or scalar and m is its reci"rocal then the ne& !ector &here m = 1$n and its magnitude is gi!en %y5 is gi!en %y 5

2he direction of 2he direction of

is same as that of is o""osite as that of

if n# is a "ositi!e num%er. if n# is a negati!e num%er.

RESOLUTION O: ?ECTOR
.E:INITION 2he "rocess of s"litting a !ector into !arious "arts or com"onents is called 341SOLF2IO8 O< *1)2O43 2hese "arts of a !ector may act in different directions and are called 3com"onents of !ector3. -e can resol!e a !ector into a num%er of com"onents .,enerally there are three com"onents of !ector !i/. Com$onent a!on) F#a<is ca!!ed <#com$onent Com$onent a!on) Y#a<is ca!!ed Y#com$onent Com$onent a!on) 9#a<is ca!!ed 9#com$onent

>ere &e &ill discuss only t&o com"onents 9Ccom"onent + :Ccom"onent &hich are "er"endicular to each othe

Composed By: Ubedullah Memon

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Composed By: Ubedullah Memon

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