ME 2308 - METROLOGY &

MEASUREMENTS LAB

V SEMESTER
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

INFANT JESUS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY
KEELAVALLANADU, TUTICORIN.

PREPARED BY
P.NEOPOLEAN
AP / MECHANICAL
 CONTENTS

PAGE
S.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT SIGN
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15

EX.NO:1 DATE:

STUDY OF TERMINOLOGY USED IN METROLOGY

Aim:
To study the terminology used in metrology.

Accuracy:
Accuracy is the assessment of result of measurement with the true value of
measurement quantity. It is the ability to give correct result, which depends on sense of right
and good repeatability of the instrument. The accuracy can be found by taking root mean
square of repeatability and systematic error.

Accuracy = √ (repeatability)2 + (systematic error)2

The accuracy of the physical quantity being measured depends on the following:

(i) Accuracy of the instrument being used to measure.

(ii) Variation of the physical quantity being measured.
(iii) The extent to which the true value is impressed on the instrument.
(iv) The accuracy with which the observation is made by the observer.

Precision:
It refers to ability of an instrument to reproduce its readings again and again in the
same manner for a constant input signal. (i.e) if the numbers of measurements are made on
the same true value, the degree of closeness of these measurements is called as precision.

Reproducibility:
It is the degree of closeness between measurements of the same quantity where the
individual measurements are made under different conditions like: at different locations,
different measuring instruments, by different operators, over long time periods

Repeatability:
It is the closeness between successive measurements of the same quantity with the
same instruments by the same operators over a short time span.

Error:

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 It is the difference between measured value and true value of the physical quantity.
The accuracy of measurement system is measured in the terms of error. The errors may be
both positive and negative.

Types of Error:

(a) static error:

This result from the physical nature of various components of measuring
systems as the system response to a fixed measurement input.

(b) Environmental error:

It results from effect of surrounding temperature, pressure and humidity on
measuring system.

(c) Characteristic error:

It is defined as the deviation of the output of the measuring system under constant
environmental conditions from the theoretically predicted performance.

(d) Loading error:

It is the result from change in measurement itself when it is being measured. (i.e)
after measuring system or instrument connected for the instrument.

(e) Computational error:

Many a times, the results of the measurement are to be computed (calculated).

The human being performing the calculation might commit a mistake which leads to
this error.

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Result:

Thus the various terminology used in metrology were studied.

Ex.No: 2 DATE:

VERNIER CALIPER

Aim:
To study the use of vernier caliper and hence to measure the dimensions of a
machined components

Tools required:

 Vernier Caliper
 Components or specimen

Least Count of the Vernier Caliper Instruments:

Vernier instruments have two scales mainly

 Main scale
 Vernier scale

Both the main scale and vernier scale have a zero on them. When both these zeros coincide,
the vernier scale will have one or more division than that on the main scale with which it
coincides. Hence the value of a division on the vernier scale is slightly smaller than the value
of a division on the main scale. This difference is the Least Count.

5
 Valueof smalestdivson Valueof smalestdivson
LeastCount  
o nthemainscale  onthevrnierscale 
[Value of smallest divisions on main scale] = 01mm
coincides
[50 divisions on vernier scale] [49 divisions on main scale]
with
 Least Count (LC) of the Vernier = 1 M.S.D. – 1 V.S.D.
49
=1–
50
= 1 – 0.98
= 0.02 mm

M.S.D. – Main Scale Division

V.S.D. – Vernier Scale Division

Value of min division on main scale

Also, LC  Number of divisions on vernier scale

1
LC   0.02 mm
50

PROCEDURE:

The LC of the Vernier Caliper is noted. The vernier caliper is held in position and the
longitudinal parts are inserted between the jaws by one for noting the measurement. The
measurement id noted by noting the Main Scale Reading (MSR) passed by the Vernier zero
and if the vernier division coincides with the any one of the main the main scale division.

The measurement for vernier caliper is calculated by

VSR = MSR + (VSC x LC)

Tabulation for Vernier Caliper

S. Dimensions in MSR (Main Scale VSC (Vernier VSR = MSR + (VSC x LC)
No Length Reading) in mm Scale Count) in mm

6
 in mm
1 Component 1

2 Component 2

3 Component 3

RESULT:

Thus the use of vernier caliper are studied.

Ex.No: 3 DATE:

MICROMETER

Aim:
To study the use of micrometer and hence to measure the dimensions of a machined
components

Tools required:

 Micrometer
 Components or specimen

Least Count of the Micrometer Instruments:

7
 Pitch
Least Count ( LC ) 
No. of thimble rotations
Micrometer dis tan ce
Pitch 
No .of rotations in thimble scale
25
Pitch   0.5mm
50
0.5
LC   0.01mm
50

PROCEDURE:

The LC of the micrometer is noted. Cylindrical part is held in position and the cylindrical
parts are inserted between the anvils one by one for noting the measurement. The reading is
taken by noting the coincidence of thimble scale and main scale.
The measurement for micrometer is calculated by
MMR = PSR + (TSR x LC)
PSR: Pitch Scale Reading
TSR: Thimble Scale Reading

Tabulation for Micrometer

S. Dimensions in PSR TSR LC MMR = PSR + (TSR x LC)

No Outer diameter ( mm) (mm) (mm) in mm

1 Component 1

2 Component 2

3 Component 3

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RESULT:

Thus the use of micrometer are studied

Ex.No: 4 DATE:

CALIBRATION OF DIAL GAUGE

AIM:
To calibrate the given dial gauge.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Dial Gauge
2. Slip Gauge

THEORY:

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DIAL GAUGE:
The dial gauge is used to measure the linear dimensions of the specimen and it is also
used to measure deflection in various structural members. The dial gauge is divided into 10
divisions and each 1mm long. The dial gauge is shown in figure .

DIAL GAUGE

STEM

SLIP GAUGE

DIAL GAUGE

PROCEDURE:

CALIBRATION OF DIAL GAUGE:

1. The dial gauge is fixed on the dial indicator stand and lowered till the tip of the indicator
touches the base of the stand.
2. An initial displacement of 1 mm is provided to minimize the error due to variation in
contact pressure.
3. The bezel of the dial indicator is turned to zero value.
4. The slip gauge dimensions are taken as the standard values and the dial indicator
readings are taken as the observed values.
5. The slip gauges are inserted below the dial gauge and the corresponding dial gauge
values are noted.

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6. The difference between the observed value and the standard value will give the error of
measurement.

TABLE:

Calibration of Dial gauge

Observation:
Least count of the dial gauge = mm

Standard Value Observed Value

Error
S.No (Slip Gauge Height) (Dial Gauge Reading)
mm mm mm
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

GRAPH:
The difference between the observed value and the standard value will give the error
measurement. The error curve for the dial gauge is drawn by taking errors along Y – Axis and
observed values along X- Axis.

Y- Axis
Error (mm)

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 X-axis

Observed value (mm)

RESULT:

The given dial gauge are calibrated.

Ex. No. 5 DATE:

LINEAR MEASUREMENT USING VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

Aim:
To determine the height of gauge block and given specimen to the accuracy of
0.02mm using vernier height gauge.
Tools required:

1. Vernier height gauge

2. Surface table
3. Specimen or component

VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE:

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 It consists of base vertical beam and moving scale. The main scale is graduated on
vertical beam. The moving slide having vertical scale slide over the vertical main scale. The
work piece is placed on the surface plate, the sliding jaw is adjusted to touch the surface and
reading is taken from the main scale and Vernier scale.

Procedure:

1. The height gauge is placed on the surface table

2. The given specimen is placed between the surface table and the measuring jaws
scriber
3. The measuring jaws scriber is adjusted to touch the surface of the specimen
4. The readings in the main scale and vernier scale are noted
5. The readings are tabulated and calculated

Tabulation for Vernier Height Gauge

S. Specimen to be MSR in VSC in VSR = VSC x LC Total Reading

No measured mm div in mm T.R. = MSR+VSR
in mm
1

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2

Average height of the specimen in mm

Result:
Thus, the height of the given specimen is determined for accuracy of 0.02 mm using
vernier height gauge.
The average height of the given specimen = ______ mm

Ex No. 6 DATE:

CHECKING ERRORS IN THE SLIP GAUGE USING

MECHANICAL COMPARATOR (DIAL INDICATOR)

Aim:
To check the errors in slip gauges and check the height of the component with
standard dimensions using Mechanical Comparator.

Tools Required:

1. Slip gauge
2. Surface plate
3. Surface table
4. Mechanical Comparator
Dial Indicator:

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 It is commonly used compactor; it uses a gear system together with a rack and pinion.
Constant plunger pressure is given by a spring. Hair springs are employed to eliminated play
or backlash. The gear and pinion are made up of high degree of precision in order to obtain
very high accuracy.

Procedure:

1. Mechanical comparator is placed on the surface plate and built-up gauge is placed on
the plunger.
2. The slip gauge is checked for zero error. Choose any three slip gauge sizes between 5
to 9 mm. The dial indicator must show the required number of rotations as per the slip
gauge chosen.
3. Slip gauges are built-up to the given height of the component. The slip gauge height is
set using the measurement taken from the vernier caliper reading.
4. The indicator is set to zero.
5. The built-up gauge is removed.
6. The given machined component is placed and various readings on the dial are noted.

Tabulation of checking slip gauge error

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S. Slip gauge readings in mm Dial Indicator readings in mm Difference in mm
No.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Result:

The error of the machined component is checked with standard dimensions.

Ex No. 7 DATE:

ANGLE MEASUREMENT USING SINE BAR AND SLIP GAUGE

Aim:
To determine the angles of the given component using Sine bar.

Tools Required:
1. Sine bar
2. Surface plate
3. Slip gauge

Principle and Procedure:

1. Measurement of angles using Sine bar is an indirect measurement method. A sine bar
consists of an accurately ground bar on which two accurately ground cylinders of the
same diameter are mounted at an exact distance apart (usually 125mm to 250mm).
The axis of the cylinder (rollers) is parallel to each other. The axes of the cylinders lie
on a plane that is parallel to the upper or working surface of the sine bar. The upper
face has a high degree of flatness.
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 2. The principle used in the measurement of the angles is that the sine of a given angle is
the ratio of the opposite side of the angle to the hypotenuse of a right-angles triangle.

3. For measuring angle of a workpiece, the sine bar is set using gauge blocks such that
the two cylinders of the sine bar rest on the gauge blocks wrung to such heights that
the bottom of the sine bars rests over the surface of the workpiece whose inclination is
h  h2
to be measured. Sin  1
L
Where:

θ is the angle of inclination of the workpiece surface (that is to be determined)

h1 and h2 are heights of the built-up with gauge blocks
L is the length of the sine bar
θ is calculated by knowing h1, h2 and L

If one cylinder of the sine bar rest on the surface plate, the h2 will be zero.
h
Therefore, Sin  1
L

Tabulation of determining the angle of the component using sine bar

S. Slip gauge settings in mm Length of the sine bar in mm Angle in degree

No.

1.

Calculation:

h
Sin 
L

h is the height of the slip gauges in mm.

L is the center distance between the two rollers of the sine bar.

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Result:

Thus the angle of the given component using sine bar is calculated.
The angle = _____________

Ex No. 8 DATE:

MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE BY USING THERMOCOUPLE

Aim:
To measure the temperature by using the thermocouple with temperature measuring
trainer kit and compare with water temperature and calculate the percentage error.

Apparatus Required:
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 1. Temperature measuring trainer kit
2. Thermocouple
3. Thermometer

Thermocouple:

Thermocouple, a transducer based on see-back effect is most common and widely

used single device for temperature measurement in industrial applications, for range of 0˚ F
to 4000˚ F. Thermocouple is a self generating transducer and is basically a pair of dissimilar
metallic conductors joined so as to produce an e.m.f. when junctions are at different
temperatures. A magnitude of e.m.f. depends upon magnitude of temperature difference and
materials of conductors. Combinations used for base metal thermocouple are copper –
constant (-300 ˚ F to 6000 ˚ F), iron constant (-300 ˚ F to 1580 ˚ F), Chromyl-Alumel etc.

Thermocouples are low cost, reliable in service, are easily available, cover wide range
of temperature measurement and are very good time response characteristics (because of low
thermal mass). But they are not perfect linear over entire range. They require cold junction
compensation, if ice bath is to be avoided.

Procedure:

1. Connect the thermocouple at the input terminal. For Chromel-Alumel thermocouple

chromel must be connected to + ve input terminal and Alumel must be connected to –
ve input terminal. The thermocouple is provided with RED or BLACK marking. The
supplied set up is 40 milivlots excitation for cold junction Compensation Bridge
suitable for Chromel-Alumel thermocouple.

2. Immerse the junction of thermocouple in water and adjust the meter reading at water
temperature by using potentiometer marked MIN.
3. Immerse the junction of the thermocouple in boiling water and adjust the meter
reading at 98˚ C by using potentiometer marked MAX.
4. Repeat the procedure for two / three time
5. Now switch off the heater and note down the readings of temperature at interval of
10˚ C on meter and thermometer.
6. Plot the graph of the thermometer reading versus thermocouple reading.

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Tabulation of temperature measurement

S. No Thermometer reading in ˚C Thermocouple reading in ˚C Percentage error in (%)

1

Calculation:

Thermocouple reading  Thermometer reading

Percentage error  x100
Thermometer reading

Result:

Thus the temperature using thermocouple was measured and percentage error was
found out.
Ex No. 9 DATE:

GEAR TOOTH VERNIER CALLIPER

Aim:
To measure the chordal thickness and chordal depth of gear teeth.

Tools Required:

1. Gear tooth vernier Calliper.

2. Gear.

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Procedure:

1. The gear is placed between the two jaws of the gear tooth vernier.
2. The jaws are adjusted independently by adjusting screws on graduated bars.
3. The effect of zero error should be taken for consideration.
4. The readings of the horizontal and vertical bars of the gear tooth vernier are noted at
the same time.
5. The main scale reading and vernier scale reading from both the horizontal and vertical
bars are noted.
6. The horizontal bar reading gives the chordal thickness of the gear teeth and vertical
bar reading gives the chordal depth of the gear teeth.

Tabulation for Chordal thickness

MSR and VSR are noted from the horizontal bars

S. Chordal MSR (Main Scale VSR = VSC x LC T. R = Average

No thickness of any Reading) of the in mm MSR + chordal
3 teeths vertical bar VSR thickness in
in mm in mm mm
1 Teeth 1

2 Teeth 2

3 Teeth 3

Tabulation for Chordal depth

MSR and VSR are noted from the vertical bars

S. Chordal depth MSR (Main Scale VSR = VSC x LC T. R = Average

No of the above Reading) in mm MSR + chordal
corresponding 3 in mm VSR depth in
teeths in mm mm
1 Teeth 1

2 Teeth 2

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3 Teeth 3

Result:

Chordal thickness of the gear teeth = __________mm

Chordal depth of the gear teeth = _________ mm

Ex No. 10 DATE:

MEASUREMENT OF DIMENTION OF GIVEN SPECIMEN USING

TOOL MAKER’S MICROSCOPE

Aim:

To measure various dimension of a given specimen using Tool maker’s

microscope.

Apparatus Required:

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 Tool maker’s microscope, Specimen, Eyepiece.

Procedure:

1. To find the Major and Minor diameter:

One end of screw thread in made to coincide with cross wire & fixed. Reading is
taken. The different between readings given linear measurement.

2. Measurement of pitch:

The contour is get so that the same it an screen. The reading of micrometer is
noted. The reading of are subtracted & different is noted.

3. Measurement of thread angle:

The screw is rotated till linear cross wire coincides with flank of thread profile.
The angle of screw rotation and than the same line coincides with flank thread.

For measuring thread parameters

Initial Reading Final Reading Actual Reading

S.No. Description
MSR VSR Total MSR VSR Total (Final–Initial)
1. Major Diameter
2. Minor Diameter
3. Pitch
4. Thread Angle

Result:

The various thread parameters were measured using toolmakers microscope.

Ex No. 11 DATE:

MEASUREMENT OF DIMENTION OF GIVEN SPECIMEN PROFILE PROJECTOR

Aim:

To measure taper angle and other dimension of a given flat specimen using profile
projector.

Apparatus required:

Profile projector
Specimen.

Procedure:

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 1. The required Magnification adapter is fixed in the center projector.
2. The flat specimen is placed on the glass plate and perfectly focused on the screen.
3. The profile of specimen is traced on a tracing paper is fixed on the screen using
pencil.
4. Then the angle between the two reference surface and dimension are measured
using table micrometer and the Rota table screen circular scale and are tabulated

For measuring thread parameters

Initial Reading Final Reading Actual Reading

S.No. Description
MSR VSR Total MSR VSR Total (Final–Initial)
1. Major Diameter
2. Minor Diameter
3. Pitch
4. Thread Angle

Result:

The various thread parameters were measured using Profile Projector.

Ex No. 12 DATE:

MEASUREMENT OF THREAD PARAMETERS BY USING

FLOATING CARRIAGE MICROMETER

Aim:

To measure the major diameter, minor diameter by using floating carriage

micrometer.

Apparatus Required:

1. Floating carriage micrometer.

2. Specimen
3. Prism
4. Master Cylinder

Procedure:

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 1. The floating carriage micrometer is placed on the surface plate and smooth
movements are confirmed.
2. The master cylinder suitable for the screw is held between the centers.
3. The micrometer head feducial are placed on a fixed position.
4. The wires are held between the two opposite centers of the master cylinder and held
in fixed position.
5. The fixed positions are not to be changed through out the measurement.
6. Measurements over master cylinder are noted using the digital readout micrometer.
This is (R)
7. Measurement over master prism is noted on (RP)
8. Measurement over thread RT
9. Measurement over thread with prism is noted (RTP)
10. Major diameter and effective diameter of the thread are calculated and presented.

FORMULA USED:

MAJOR DIAMETER DO = D + [ RT - R]

MINOR DIAMETER DI = D - [ RTP - RP]

Where,
D is the Master cylinder diameter.

L.C. = MSD-VSD

Tabulation for floating carriage micrometer:

Reading over Reading over

Reading over Reading over
S. Master Screw with
Measurements master cylinder Screw (RT)
No Cylinder with Prism (RTP)in
(R) in mm in mm
prism (Rp) mm
1 MSR

2 HSR

3 VC

4 TOTAL

Calculation:

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Result:

Major diameter of the screw (D) = ___________ mm

Minor diameter of the screw (D) = ___________ mm

Ex No. 13 DATE:

MEASUREMENT OF VIBRATION PARAMETERS USING VIBRATION

SET UP

Aim:

To study the various parameters involved in the vibrations of a given system.

To plot the characteristic curves of the given specimen

Apparatus Required:

Vibration exciter
Vibration pick-up
Vibration analyzer
Power amplifier
Oscillator

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VIBRATION SETUP:

Vibration Pick Up

Vibration
Analyzer

Power
Amplifier Vibration Exciter

Description:

The mechanical vibration, if not within limits may cause damage to the materials,
structures associated with it.
Vibration exciter is an electrodynamic device. It consists of a powerful magnet placed
centrally surrounding which is suspended the exciter coil. This assembly is enclosed by a
high permeability magnetic circuit.
When an electrical current is passed through the exciter coil, a magnetic field is
created around the coil resulting in the upward or downward movement of the suspended coil
depending upon the direction of the current flow in the coil. Thus controlling the frequency of
the coil current, the frequency of vibration is controlled.
Power amplifier is the control unit for the exciter.

Piezo – electric crystals produce an emf when they are deformed. This output emf
may be measured to know the value of applied force and hence the pressure.

A piezo – electric material is one in which an electric potential appears across certain
surfaces of a crystal of the dimensions of the crystal are charged by the application of a
mechanical force. The effect is reversible.

Common piezo – electric materials include quartz, Rochelle salt, lithium sulphate etc.,

Caution:

Do not remove the fuse cap while power chord is connected to 230V AC mains

Procedure:
1. Connect power amplifier output to vibration exciter.
2. Place the vibration pick up on vibration exciter spindle.
3. Connect vibration pick up cable to vibration analyzer sensor socket.
4. select the range 0-100 by two way switch.
5. Note down the displacement, velocity and acceleration from vibration analyzer.
6. Similarly noted above parameters in frequency range of 0-1000 Hz.

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 Acceleration
S.No Frequency (Hz) Displacement (mm) Velocity (cm/sec)
(m/sec2)
1

6
7

Result:

Various parameters of vibration such as displacement, velocity and acceleration are

studied and the following characteristic curves were plotted.

1. Displacement Vs Frequency
2. Velocity Vs Frequency
3. Acceleration Vs Frequency

Ex No. 14 DATE:

MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT USING LVDT

Aim:
To measure the displacement using LVDT.

Apparatus Required:

1. LVDT
2. Micrometer

Procedure:

1. Plug the power chard to AC main 230v/50Hx & Switch on the instrument.
2. Plate RED/CAL switch at read position.

28
 3. Balance the amplifier with the help of zero knobs. Without connecting LVDT
to instruments.
4. Replace the RED/CAL switch at CAL position.
5. Adjust the calibration point by rotating CAL knob so display should read 10.00
(i.e.) maximum ranges.
6. Again keep the RED/CAL switch at read position and connect the LVDT cable
to instruments.
7. Mechanical zero by rotating the micrometer. Display will read zero this is full
balancing.
8. Give displacement with micrometer and observe the digital reading.
9. Plot the graph of micrometer reading.

Push side Pull Side

Sl.no Micrometer Indicated Reading Micrometer Indicated
Reading (mm) (mm) Reading (mm) Reading (mm)
1

Result:

Thus displacement has been measured using LVDT.

Graph: Indicated reading Vs Micrometer reading

Ex No. 15 DATE:

TORQUE MEASUREMENT
Aim:

To measure the torque using shear type load cell.

Apparatus Required:

1. Torque measurement equipment

2. Stand
3. lever
4. stain gauge
5. Weight.

Formula Used:

29
 Calculated Torque = Load x Distance (kg-m)

Description:

Torque is the tangential force to set a body in rotation. It is represented as a vector

of a force for a rigged body undergoing force rotation about a single axis.
Torque = DX,
D = Moment of inertia of body about the axis.
X = Angular acceleration.

Thus torque is the essential tensional twisting about its axis of rotation. In this setup
shear type load is used to measure the torque a inverse method of measuring the load with the
output immune to side load and bending moment is based on measurement of shear
components. The load cell is balancing a beam supported on both ends.

Procedure:

1. Fix the main frame of transducers rigidity.

2. Connect the cantilever beam with weight pan.
3. Connect transducer wire socket to rear side of indicator.
4. Connect digital indicator at 230V, AC supply.
5. Set zero on indicator, by zero adjust pan provides indicator.
6. Now apply the load gradually and note down reading in upward & downward
trend.

Distance: 1 meter

Observed torque Calculated Torque

Sl.no Weight added (Kg)
(Kg-m) (Kg-m)
1

7
30
 8

10

Model Calculation:

Calculated Torque =Load x Distance (kg-m)

Result:
Thus measurement of torque using shear type load cell has been carried out.
Graph:
Observed torque Vs Calculated torque

31