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trsKd ;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\ kyyf rHk sm;jzifh aiGpuLrsm;\
wefzdk;toD;oD;wGif,cifacwf tqufqufu twdkif; jyefvnf
tpm;xdk;xkwfa0ay;&ef vTwfawmfu jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJUtm;
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S &f & ajym&&ifawmh (1965) ckEpS f
avmufuxkwaf 0cJw
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k cf sKyfatmifqef;&JUykH ppf0wfppfpm;eJY du
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acgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ykHwifruygbl;/ uRefawmfwdkY EdkifiHh&JU
ordkif;rSm uRefawmfwdkYvGwfvyfa&;&zdkYtwGuf &&mvufeufeJY e,fcsJU
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k jzpf acsmufrq
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k ifoiG ;f wJt
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f nf;rSm uRefawmfwYkd
ausmif;om;b0wke;f u (1300)jynfo
h cD sif;eJyY wfoufNyD; tifrwefrS Edik if H
a&;t&vIHYaqmfay;cJhwJh pE,m;cspfaqG&JU a&eHajroydwf wyfBuD;csDwuf
vmcsdefwGif &efole,fcsJUtvHudkvJzdkYBuHpDonfqdkwJh aw;oDcsif;oHrsm;udk
jyefvnfMum;a,mifNyD;awmh uRefawmftwdwcf pH m;rIrsm;onfyif jzpfay:cJh
&ygw,f/ 'DtwGuf'DtqdkudkwifoGif;ol OD;odef;vGifa&m? 'DtqdkESifhywf
oufNyD;OD;aqmifrIay;cJhwJh Ou|BuD;&JUtcef;u@udk uRefawmfav;av;
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k cf sKyfatmifqef;tjyif ocifz;kd vSBuD;?
q&mpHwyYkd aHk wGex
YJ w
k af 0cJo
h vdk Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESit
hf wl vGwv
f yfa&;
wdu
k yf 0JG if&if; usqk;H cJw
h hJ tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; tJ'rD mS wdik ;f &if;
om;acgif;aqmifawGvnf;ygygw,f/ tJ'aD wmh uRefawmfwt
Ykd ckvkd trsdK;
om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;wd?Yk trsKd ;om;pnf;vk;H nDw
G w
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ykHeJYaiGpuLrsm;jyefvnf xkwfa0r,fqdk&if tckuRefawmfwdkYoGm;aewJh
jyKjyifajymif;vJru
I mvrSm Edik if aH &;t&trsm;BuD; tqifjh riahf y;Edik yf gw,f/
uRefawmfwdkYvTwfawmf&JU tcef;u@uvnf; ajymif;vJvmwJhEdkifiHa&;
tajctaeESit
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twGuf Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;yku
H kd aiGpuLrSm du
k Ef ydS x
f m;jcif;tm;jzifh ordik ;f
tqufrjywfawmhygbl;/ aemufwpfcg omrefjynfolawGajymwJh pum;
wpfcu
k ykd aJ jym&&if Adv
k cf sKyfyeHk u
YJ ikd w
f ahJ iGpuLjzpfwt
hJ cgusawmh bmajymajym
av;av;pm;pm;wefz;kd xm;Ny;D udik w
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csufygygw,f/ tJ'guawmhbmvJqdkawmh 'D[mudkvnf; uRefawmf&Sif;
vif;csifwJh oabmygygw,f/ tJ'guawmh jrefrmEdkifiHawmf A[dkbPfrS

OD;atmifodef; (GmiH)
av;pm;&ygaom jynfoUl vTwaf wmf Ou|BuD;ESihf jynfoUl vTwaf wmf
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;cifAsm;/ &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;? oCFef;uRef;rJqEe,frS
OD;ode;f Gew
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H ;Hk u Munfkd
av;pm;NyD; urmu
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k cf sKyf
atmifqef;\kyyf v
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xkwfa0&ef vTwfawmfu jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJUtm; wdkufwGef;
aMumif;tqdu
k kd jynfoUl vTwaf wmfwiG f vufcaH qG;aEG;&eftwGuf uReaf wmf
OD;atmifodef;u axmufcHygw,fcifAsm;/
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfA[dkbPf? 'kwd,Ou| a':cifapmOD;
av;pm;tyfygaom jynfolUvTwfawmfOu|BuD;ESifh vTwfawmfudk,f
pm;vS,frsm;&Sif/ uRefruawmh jrefrmEdkifiHawmfA[dkbPf&JU 'kwd,Ou|
a':cifapmOD;taeeJY uRerf wdYk jrefrmEdik if aH wmf A[db
k Pf&UJ ud,
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wdkif;a'oBuD;? oCFef;uRef;rJqEe,f jynfolUvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f
OD;odef;GefY&JU tqdkeJYywfoufNyD;awmh &Sif;vif;wifjyoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/
yxrOD;pGmurmay:rSm? wdik ;f jynftoD;oD;rSm b,fvakd iGpuLawGxw
k af 0
w,fqdkwJhtaMumif; uRefr&Sif;vif;wifjyrSmjzpfygw,f/ wdkif;jynf
toD;oD;rSmolwYkd A[db
k PfawG wnfaxmifMu Ny;D awmh aiG'*Fg;ESihf aiGpuL
awGxkwfa0Muygw,f/ aiGpuLdkufESdyfxkwfa0wJhtcgrSm EdkifiHwdkif;[m
rdrw
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f cgudt
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aqmifrsm;? xif&mS ;wJt
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xkwfa0avh&SdaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygw,f/ Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;? tmqD,HESifhrdwf
zufEdkifiHrsm;rSmvnf; if;wdkYEdkifiH&JU aiGpuLrsm;rSm EdkifiH&JUxif&Sm;wJhacgif;

21

pmrsufESm (25) odkY

OD;odef;GefY (oCFef;uRef;)/ / av;pm;tyfaom jynfolUvTwfawmf

Ou|BuD;ESifh jynfolUvTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;cifAsm;/ 'DtqdkESifhywf
oufNyD;awmh uRefawmfaemufaMumif;jzpfpOfav; wpfckudk Ou|BuD;rS
wpfqifw
h ifjyvdyk gw,f/ uRefawmfpwkwy rHk eS f jynfoUl vTwaf wmf tpnf;
ta0;rSmudu
k uRefawmfMu,fyiG jhf yar;cGe;f taeeJY Edik if aH wmftpd;k &rS aemif
qufvufu
kd Ef ydS rf nfh Edik if aH wmf\aiGpuLrsm;wGif trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif
BuD;Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\ kyyf rHk sm;udk aiGpuLwGif xnfo
h iG ;f azmfjyay;&ef
tpDtpOfSd^rSdESifh tpDtpOfSdygu rnfuJhodkYaqmifGufay;ygrnfenf;qdk
wJah r;cGe;f udk uReaf wmfar;cJyh gw,f/ 'gayr,fh jyefajzwJt
h cgusawmh Mu,f
yGifhrjyar;cGef;rsdK;tjyif xdyfwef;vQdKU0SufqdkNyD;ygvmwJhtwGuf tJ'Dtcsdef
wkef;u b@ma&;0efBuD;Xme&JUajzqdkcsufudk trsm;jynfolod&Sdatmif
uRefawmfrazmfjyEdkifcJhygbl;/ aemuf 'DtqdkESifhywfouf&ifvnf; (129-2013)aeY &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;rSm oCFef;uRef;rJqEe,f trSwf (1)
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jrefrmEdik if aH wmfwiG f ,ciftpd;k &tqufqufxw
k af 0cJah om aiGpuLrsm;
trsKd ;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; Adv
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H ;Hk u
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Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\ kyyf rHk sm;jzifah iGpuLrsm;\ wefz;kd toD;oD;wGif ,cif
acwftqufqufutwdik ;f jyefvnftpm;xd;k xkwaf 0ay;&ef vTwaf wmf
u jynfaxmifpt
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k w
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ywfoufNyD;awmh tckvkd Ou|BuD;&JUOD;aqmifreI YJ uRefawmfwv
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aus;Zl;wifygaMumif; OD;pGmuRefawmfajymMum;vdkygw,f/
av;pm;&aom Ou|BuD;cifAsm;/ 'Dtqdkudk uRefawmfwifoGif;
wJhae&mrSm uRefawmf taMumif;jycsuftaeeJYuawmh EdkifiHwumtpOf
tvmESifh jynfwGif;tpOftvmrsm;udk uRefawmfwifjyygr,f/ EdkifiHwum
tpOftvmudak jymwJt
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wnfaxmifcJhwJh tif'dkeD&Sm;EdkifiH&JU aiGaMu;aygh/ lyD[mqdk&ifvnf; ,aeY
tcsdeftxd trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;ykHeJY xkwfa0vsuf&Sdygw,f/
'DvdkygyJ/ uRefawmfwdkY tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiH xdkif;EdkifiHrSmvnf; bwfaiGudk
bk&ifbrk ad bmykeH yYJ J xkwaf 0ygw,f/ aemufuRefawmfwYkd tdref ;D csif;jzpfwhJ
wkwfEdkifiH&JU,GrfaiGrSmvnf; acgif;aqmifBuD;armfpDwkH;&JUykHeJYyJ aiGaMu;
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(20-1-1970)IUaxmifh*sme,f

29

ou&mZf (838)? (at'D? 1476)ckwGif &mrm"dywdrif;BuD;("rapwD

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oDwif;uRwfvqef; (8)&uf (5)aw;aeY jym'fa&TabmifpD;awmfrl
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'gef;ylaZmf ae&mausmif;odkY jyefaponf/ xkdYaemufrS (3)&ufywfvkH;
yGo
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uvsmPDrGefausmufpm jrefrmjyef? cifBuD;azsmf/
"rapwDrif;onf ou&mZf (751) (at'D 1389)ck? wevFmaeY
jypvufvljzpfonf/ touf (41)ESpf (at'D 1437)wGif rif;jzpfonf/
rif;pnf;pdrf (27)ESpf (at'D 1464) touf(75)ESpfwGif tedpa&muf&
avonf/ "rapwDrif;vnf; ukodkvfuHaumif;rI ra&wGufEdkifaom
apwDqif;wkawmfvLS avonf/ '*kq
H aH wmf&iS af &Tarma"mbk&m;wdu
Yk kd tkyf
tay:vTrf;vkyfNyD;rSvQif xD;cs&moDuonf? ajrwdkifatmif a&Tcs
yd#uwfpmudkvnf; trsm;jyKpk&onf/wpfodef;&Spfaomif;aomaMu;udk
vnf; acgif;avmif;oGef; wifvSL&onf/
(rGef&mZ0ifawmfBuD;-ayrl)
Its weight was 3,000 tulas or 120,000 viss. It measured 8 cubits at the mouth and 12 in height. At the beginning of the 17th
century the Portuguese adventurer, Philip de Brito, Nicote, alias
Morg Zinga, who held his court at syriam, among his of her acts of
vandalism, removed this huge bell and put it on board a ship which
sank with its sacrilegious cargo at Dobon near Rangoon.
Taw Sein Ko "Some Remarks on
the Kalayani Inscription"
Indian Antiquity, Vol 24, 1896
p.332

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30

awo[wkvmy&drmPH?
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(bk&m;jzLq&mawmf) pm - 160

After, we had seen this, at the left foot of the first stair when
down I turned my face to the left side, and with some Portuguese
which were in my company found, in a fair hall a very large bell,
which we measured, and found to be seven paces and three handbreadths and it is full of letters, from the top to the bottom and so
near together that one toucheth the other, they are very well and
neatly made, but there was no nation that could understand them,
no not the men of Pegu, and they remember not whence nor how it
came thither.
Casparo Balbi's Voyage to Pegu and observation there gathered from his own Italian relation. John Pinkerton, A General collection of the best and most interesting Voyages and travel in parts
of the world. Vol IX London. 1811.pp.400-01.
SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research, Vol. 1, No. 2, Autumn
2003, ISSN 1479-8184.
In one of the corners near the Shwe Dagon Pagoda is the shrine
of the great bell, or Maha Ganda, " the great sweet vioce," fourteen
feet high, over seven and a half feet in diameter, and with metal
fifteen inches thick. It is said to weight over forty-two tons. Pali
inscriptions cover its surface. In 1579 an Italian traveler wrote of
having seen this bell, saying that at that time no one remembered
where it came from, or how it came there; and that "there was no
nation that could understand its inscription."
BELLS: Their History Legends Making and Use, Satis N
Coleman 1878.pp.342.
This story has been told of the great forty-two ton bell. Maha
Ganda but it is a mistake. It was eleven-ton bell that was dropped in
the river.
BELLS: Their History Legends Making and Use, Satis N
Coleman 1878.pp.344.

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In 1480 A.D, Dhammazedi, King of the Mon
People of Burma had a vase bell cast in bronze
and given to the Shwedagone Pagoda in Rangoon
(then Know as Dagon). According to texts of the
time, the bell was cast of (180,000)viss of metal
which included silver and gold as well as copper
and tin: According to the History of Kings, the
height was twelve cubits and the width was eight
cubits. At the same time, King Dhammazedi has a
small bell of 500 viss weight cast and offered to
Buddha.
B.R.PEARN. A History of Rangoon. America
Baptist
Mission. Rangoon. 1935. P. 24. 25.
.... with a large bell made of brass, weighting
3,000 tulas.
B.R.PEARN. A History of Rangoon. American Baptist Mission. Ragoon. 1935.P.

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The tola (Hidi: .......; Urdu: ....... tola: from
Sankrit: .... tolaka), also transliterated as tolah or

tole, is a traditional South Asian unit of mass, now

standardised as 180 troy ounce. It was the base
unit of mass in the British Indian system of weight
and measures introduced in 1833, although it had
been in use for much longer. It was also used in
Aden and Zanzibar: in the latter, one tola was
equivalent to 10 grams (0.9772 British tolas,
175,90 troy grains).
1 tola
=
10 grams
1000 grams =
61.239 kyat thar
1 tola
=
6 kyat thar
Resource: wikipedia

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31

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k hJ uAsmudk BudKuf
vGe;f vkYd oDcsi;f acG Original ud0k ,fczhJ ;l wm trSw&f Ny;D tJ'u
D mv
awGudk vGrf;rdygw,f/ Zmwfrif;om;awGxJrSm &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;
uAsmudkcspfwJholwpfa,mufrkdY ydkvdkYESpfoufcJhygonf/
Win Thant - udo
k ed ;f aZmf&UJ pmav;udk udo
k ed ;f aZmf
oDcsif;av;awG em;axmif&if;zwfaeygw,f
Htay Lwin Oo - uRefawmfvnf; tpfudkYvdktEk
ynm0goemygcJhwm jzpfrvmcJhygbl;/
O Aung O Aung - wdwfqdwfaeaom Zmwfobifudk
owd&rd&JU/
Malwinaye Aye - rif;om;0wfpe
Hk YJ tvdu
k zf ufq;Hk Zmwfrif;
om;ygyJ
aomif;xkdufuausmf
aw;a&; rEav; OD;oef;<u,f

Mandalay Thein Zaw

(1974)ckESpf tazu om;udk ZmwfaxmifNyDqdkwmeJY taru

rsuf&nfwprf;prf; a&Tukefonf rdcifwpfOD;twGuf obifonf
b0qdkwmonfrQ ajcmufjcm;apcJhygovm;/ 'gayrJh arar&,f/
uRefawmfhvdk tvdkufuef;qdk;rod vif;vufcsifaewJh Mu,fyGifh
av;udk ararudk,fwdkifyJ arG;zGm;cJhwmudk;vkdY avmu"HudkEGJUqdk;qdk;
NyD; b0ZmwfckHay: uRefawmfckefwufcJhw,f/ uEm&
xJrSm vSnf;om;ig;&mudk vrf;jywJh"l0HMu,fozG,f/
]]Zmwfrif;om;av;odef;aZmf odef;aZmf wdkif;
jynfuarQmf}}qdkwJhaomif;wdkufuausmf oDcsif;av;
[mvnf; uRefawmfh&JU obifonfb0uEm&BuD;
xJrmS awmufywJMh u,fwpfpif;vdk pGr;f pGr;f wrHvif;vufcyhJ g
w,f v k d Y a jymyg&ap/ tJ ' D t vif ; wef ; atmuf r S m jref r mjynf B uD ; ud k
uRefawmfjrifawGUcGifh&cJhovdk tJ'Dtvif;wef;atmufrSmyJ Zmwfrif;
om;av;wpf a ,muf u d k v nf ; tJ ' D w d k i f ; jynf B uD ; ujrif a wG U oG m ;vd k Y
cspfcifrIrsm;pGmay;cJhwm ckwdkiftav;teufcHpm;rdwkef;ygyJ/ odef;aZmf
rEav;ZmwfyGJ&,fvkdY ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm qdkif;oHAkHoHawGeJY NrdKU&GmtESHY
awmawmiftESHY jzwfoef;NyD;oGm;wJhtcg ra[mif;EGrf;EdkifwJhy&dowf&JU
tH h r cef ; arw m w&m;ud k qG w f q G w f j zLterf ; vk d Y t rnf ay;NyD ; uRef
awmfuAsmwpfyk'fa&;zGJUcJhzl;w,f/ tckvnf; arwmodyfonf;wJhtJ'DyGJn
awG&JU tpOftvm twdkif; &if ckef vIyf &Sm; pGm...

Zmwfrif;om;av; odef;aZmf
odef;aZmf wdkif;jynfu arQmf... jrefrmhobifpifjrifhay:
wifhwihfw,fw,f xnf0gvSaomf
atmifpnfoHNidrfhNidrfhanmif;
aomif;wdkufuausmf
jynfjrefrm taMutnm ausmfvkdYarQmf arQmfvdkYay: ay:vkdY aysmf
Zmwfrif;om;av; odef;aZmf...
.......aomif;wdkufausmf
Comment
Meme Nyanlin - i,fxJu tJh'DoDcsif;udk tNrJqdkaecJhwmyg/
Than Tun Aung - Zmwfobifudk tprStqkH; xdef;odrf;oGm;wJh
OD;odef;aZmf jrwfjrwfEdk;Edk; wefzdk;tNrJxm;wJh OD;odef;aZmfudk uRefawmfwkdY
wpfrdom;pkvkH;u av;pm;aevsufygcifAsm/
Nankhin Hmwe - vGrf;aewmvm; tpfudk/
rEav;om; ol& - tkyftoH tukefvkH;aumif;wJh DVD.
December May - aomif;wdkufuausmfvdkyJ tpdrf;Eka&mifvGifjyif
zefr;D tdrf aysmaf ysm&f iT &f iT Ef pS yf g;cspo
f rl sm;&JU vufcyk o
f yH aJG wmf pwJh ESpyf g;tacG
rsm;udk vGrf;armrd/
Soe Ko Ko Soe - cspfNyHK;ESi;f qDukd uRefawmfBudKufw,f/ rd;k oufav
ESi[
f mudk uReaf wmft
h onf;nmtjzpf &Sad ecJw
h ,f/ cspEf iS ;f rIe[
f m uReaf wmfh
b0ygtpfudk *Dweufoefudk cspfwmcsif;wlw,f/ armifarmifnGefYudk
BudKufwmcsif;wlw,f/ tpfu&Ykd UJ oDcsif;awGeu
YJ AsmawGMum; uRefawmf rde;f
armom,mqJygAs/ wpfaeYtpfudkeJY qkHcGifh&csifrd/

Comment
Minn Thaik

avmu"Hudk EGJUqdk;qdk;NyD; b0ZmwfckHay: uRefawmf ckefwufcJhw,f

Soe Ko Ko Soe - 'gayrJh arar&,f
uRefawmfhvdk tvdkufuef;qdk;rod vif;vufcsifaewJh
Mu,fyGifhav;udk ararudk,fwdkifyJ arG;zGm;cJhwmudk;vkdY avmu"Hudk
EGJUqdk;qdk;NyD; b0ZmwfckHay: uRefawmfckefwufcJhw,f/
Real Friend Moe Thet - vGrf;armp&myJAsm/
Mar Lar - i,fi,fu ZmwfyGJMunfhcJh&wJhtcsdefawGudk vGrf;rdw,f/
Hay Zar - xm0& cspfcifav;pm;&ygaom tpfudk/
Soe Ko Ko Soe - tpfuu
kd av uAsmq&mvdrYk ajym&bl; tpfupYkd mu
vGrf;p&m aumif;om;As/
December May - KaZmf wpfjzpfvnf; udkodef;aZmf&JU uAsmrsm;udk
vnf; &ifckefvdIufarmpGm tm;ay;aerd/
Yin Yin Kyaing - pmom;av;awG tvGrf;awGudk uGif;uGif;
uGufuGufay:vGifapw,f awmfygay\/
Mar Lar - tNrJtm;ay;aeygw,f toHuvnf;atmif oDcsif;
qdkwmuvnf; rmeftjynfheJY em;axmifvkdY aumif;rSaumif;/
Nwe Nwe - udo
k ed ;f aZmf rawGUwmMumNyDaemf 0if;jrifah v;udk vnf;
owd&aerdw,f/ tefwDusif aeaumif;&JUvm;/ wkdYudk rSwfrdvm; 36
vrf;u tefwDoef;orD; EG,fEG,fav/
Myint Oo U Myint - Zmwfpifab; *Dw0dkif;xJu ai;Munfh&wJh
t&omudk rarhNyD/
Khin Dwe - this is great photo.
Ko Naing - av;pm;ygw,f As

32

uRefawmf pku uyg/

opm 'Dyu - tpfudkY&JU u

[efqdk[efawGudk tcktcsdefxd
wrf;waeqJyg/
Nay Ningsoe - tylonf
uAsmudk oabmuscJhw,f/
San Dar - uav;b0u
ta':awGac:oGm;vkYd Munfzh ;l w,f/
t&rf ; acsm t&rf ; atmif j rif a e
wmav/
Ei Ei Khaing - avmu"Hudk
EGUJ qd;k qd;k NyD; b0ZmwfcaHk y:ckew
f uf
cJhw,fwJhvm; a&;wwfvdkufwm/
D May Cho - bmyJjzpfjzpf
'DtcsdefrSm tareJYtwl&SdcGifh&wm
[m bk&m;ay;wJq
h v
k m'fwpfcyk gyJ/
Azm Azm - ESif;xufav;
wJhtvGrf; yef;xufarT;wJhvdyfjym
uAsmxufzGJUwJh naetm;vkH;udk
a&Tjzpfatmif b,folcspfzl;vJ/
Khin

Myo

Swe

i,fpOfuwnf;u tm;ay;cJhwm
cktcsdefxdyg/
Min Min - q&mhrc
d ifu a&Tuek o
f nftodik ;f t0dik ;f qdak wmh uRefawmf
wkdY rsufyg;&yfeJYrpdrf;bl;ayghaemf/
Tin Kalay - tpfu&
kd UJ toHu*kPmoHygvkYd i,fpOfuwnf;u tckxd

Hnin Khar Moe rd;k vk;H rIi

d ;f udk pd;k vGiv
f iG f jyefqw
kd m? cspfNyHK; ESi;f qDukd
cifAsm;jyefqw
kd m tpub,fvrkd S vufcv
H rYdk &cJb
h ;l / aemufawmh em;axmif
&if; em;axmif&if;eJY wjznf;jznf;BudKufvmw,f/ tJ'w
D ek ;f u oufreG jf rifh

av;eJY wGJdkufxm;awmh remvdkuvnf; jzpfvdkufao;wm/

Pay Pay - tpfudkYudk MunfhzkdY arQmfvifhvsuf/
Min Swe Hnit - vGr;f ol&UJ yG/J
cspfvlrkef; - i,fxJu&if;ESD;cJhwJh oDcsif;yg/
Nyi Nyi Lwin - udkpkwfcRef;udkvnf; owd&rdygw,f/
Tinmar Nwe - y&dowfudk ac:oGm;wJhoDcsif;
Ko Ko Kyaw - OD;odef;aZmf tNrJxm0& aysmf&TifEdkifygap/
D May Cho - udo
k ed ;f aZmf aysmufaew,faemf uRerf u awG;aewm
rtm;vkdY vdkif;ay:rwufao;wmvm;vkdY/
Aung Aung - tJ'DoDcsif;udk BudKufw,fAs/
U Htun Thein - i,fi,fwe
k ;f u yckuL t.x.u(1)rSm a&Tub
l &k m;
yGJqdk udkodef;aZmfupwm;ygyJ/

jrpfBuD;em;

CA Kits

Myat Mon - om;u om;uqdkNyD; cRJwwfwmvnf; Mum;zl;w,f/

6 wef; 7 wef;qdkayr,fh rSwfrdaewmckxdyJ/
Khin Phyu Phyu Htay - bmtvkyfawGIyfaeygvJ udkodef;aZmf
rawGU&wmMumNyD/ oDcsif;awG uAsmawGwifygOD;/
Swe Zin - aqG ... OD;Nidrf;ausmfyGJrSm wifvdkufwJhpmudk tpfudk
oabmusNyD; trSwf&oGm;wm r[kwfvm;/
Bio Soehtay - tm;vkH;vnf;aysmf odef;aZmfvnf;aysmfaygh/
Thiriwai Mtla - rdwfaqGa[mif;awGqdkawmh Like r,fav/
Khin Myo Swe - i,fpOfuwnf;u tm;ay;cJhwmcktcsdefxdyg/
Myint Soe - rif;om;awGru
kd u
f ikd q
f w
kd m udo
k ed ;f aZmfpcJw
h m (tjrif
uyfp&m) aemufrif;om;awGvu
kd v
f yk Mf ua&m aemufyikd ;f toHBudK;pm;awmh
xdyfwef;rif;om;jzpfoGm;wmygyJ trsKd;orD;BudKufrif;om;yg/
Tin Kalay - tpfuu
Ykd kd rawGU&wmMumNyD tEkynmjrwfE;kd wJh tpfukd
usef;rmygap/
Amy Nyunt - Soe Ko Ko Soe eJY 'dkYeJYwlaeNyD t&ifu armifarmif
nGefYudkBudKufw,f tckOD;odef;aZmf jyefqdkawmhvnf; t&rf;BudKufw,f
um&mtdkautacGudk rMunfhbl; uAsmygwJhtacGyJ tNrJMunfhw,f/
Phoe Thar - udkodef;aZmf touf&Snfygap/
Ko Phoe Thoke - r*Fvmygudo
k ed ;f aZmf/ *DweufoaH w;oDcsif;av;
awG udkodef;aZmftoHeJY Mum;csifygao;w,f/ tdkif;py,foDcsif;av;udk
jyefqdkay;ygOD; tZ#m atmifjrifygapAsm/
Amy Nyunt - yef;ESif;qDikHuav;u uRefawmfhtm; NyHK;Munfh
aeayvdrfhrnf/
Ko Thein Zaw - tm;ay;aeqJyg tpfudk/
John Smith - yef;ovm;arysKdudk vGrf;/
Jun Thit - vGefavNyD;aom (5)ESpfwm (6)ESpfavmufu jynfxkH;

opfarT;rIdaq;rdwfqufyGJusif;y
ESifh Green Garden Cooprative wkdYyl;aygif; CA
opfarT;rIdaq;rdwfqufyGJtcrf;tem;ukd (24?10?2013)&uf eHeuf
(9)em&Du jrpfBuD;em;NrKd U? ,kZe&yfuu
G &f dS a&TjynfpcH ef;rusi;f y&m a&S;OD;pGm
CA Myanmar rS refae*sif;'gdkufwm OD;ppfrkd;uEIwfcGef;quf pum;
ajymMum;NyD; tar&duefEkdifiHrifeDqkd;wm;wuokdvfrS opfarT;uRrf;usif
G f opfarT;rsm;\tusK;d tmedoif
ynm&Sif Dr.Robert u ucsijf ynfe,fxu
xl;jcm;qef;jym;rI oabmobm0rsm;? toH;k 0ifyrkH sm;ESihf pdu
k yf sKd;yHek nf;pepf
rsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f vnf;aumif;? opfarT;rIad q;uRr;f usiyf nm&Sif Dr.Henry
u CA Kits opfarT;rIad q;uku
d rmwGit
f odtrSwf jyKvufcv
H mrI? opfarT;
yif rIdaq;oGif;NyD; owfrSwfumvtwGif; tqDuyfrIESifhtoHk;0ifrIrsm;?
wkid ;f &if;aq;0g;tjzpfo;kH pGrJ rI sm;ESihf pyfvsO;f vnf;aumif;? CA Myanmar
rS CEO a':,k,rk ;dk uopfarT;pku
d yf sKd;jcif;ESihf qufpyfywfoufaomOya'?
enf;Oya'? vkyx
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;ukv
d nf;aumif; &Si;f vif;ajymMum;Muum
wufa&mufvmMuolrsm;\ ar;jref;aqG;aEG;csufrsm;tay: jyefvnf&Sif;
vif;ajzMum;Muonf/ xkdYaemuf CA Myanmar rS CEO a':,k,krkd;u
jrpfBuD;em;NrdKUae OD;ausmfat;(wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;? jynfe,fopfarT;
0goem&Sirf sm;toif;)? a':oifoif;a0wku
Yd dk &Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufyidk ;f CA
Kits opfarT;rIdaq;ukd,fpm;vS,f
todtrSwjf yKceft
Y yfvmT ay;tyfNyD;
wufa&mufvmMuolrsm;uopfarT;
ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh jycef;i,ftwGif;
vS n f h v nf M unf h I a vh v mMu
aMumif;od&onf/
xufolatmif

bdjk rwfrEvmxGe;f xD;wifomG ;wke;f uawmh wpfavSwnf;pD;Ny;D c&D;twlwl

c&D;oGm;cJhMuwm rSwfrdygao;w,fAsm/
Htay Myat Khaing - tNrJtm;ay;vsufyg OD;odef;aZmf/
Thwe Thwe Latt - emrnfBuD;cJhwJh oDcsif;ygyJ/
Zonmeimei Tun - oDcsi;f oHMum;wmeJY udo
k ed ;f aZmf&UJ yef;pnf;av;udk
ayGUydkuf av;udkifawmif&Snfykqdk;av;qGJNyD; uaewJhykHudk tNrJwrf;
jrifa,mifaeygw,f/
Win Myint - oDcsif;BuD;awG em;odyr
f 0ifwhJ uRefawmf'o
D cD sif;awmh
em;0ifw,f/
Myat Myat - udkodef;aZmf pdwfusef;rm udk,fcsrf;omygap/
pHpH rvdiI o
f w
D m - OD;ode;f aZmf vGecf w
hJ hJ twdwu
f trSww
f &awG[m
t&rf;tzdk;wefrSef; ckawmhuRefrwkdYodNyD/
&wemOD;vIdif

jrpfBuD;em;,mOfwdkufrIjzpfyGm;

CA Myanmar

Kits

ucsifjynfe,f? jrpfBuD;em;NrdKU atmufwkdbm(28)&uf rGef;vGJykdif;

u ,mOfwdkufrIwpfckjzpfyGm;&m vli,fwpfOD;'Pf&mtenf;i,f&&SdcJh
aMumif;od&onf/ jzpfpOfrSm jrpfBuD;em;NrdKU atmifeef;&dyfom&yfuGuf&Sd
awmf0ifopfqidk yf idk &f iS f OD;wifrsK;d xGe;f armif;ESi
f rif;oef;pD;eif;vdu
k yf gonfh
rpfqb
l &D dS yg*sJ;kd 2008 trsKd;tpm; armfawmf,mOftrSwf 2*^2878 onf
atmufwb
dk m(28)&uf rGe;f vG(J 1)em&D(45)rdepfcefw
Y iG f ajrjrifh &yfuu
G b
f ufrS
,kZe&yfuGufbufokdY jynfaxmifpkvrf;rBuD;twkdif; armif;ESifvmpOf
,kZe&yfuGufe,fajr(6) trSwf(224) zGifhvSpfxm;aom vyfuD;oHk;
bD;qkid u
f ,ftykyd pn;f a&mif;0,fa&;qkid af &SUokt
Yd a&muf t&Sed rf xde;f Ekid b
f J
yvufazmif;ay:jzwfausmf qkdif
twGif;0ifa&mufwkdufrdcJhonf/
,mOfwdkufrIaMumifh tqkdyg
qkdifa&mif;cs&ef&yfwefYjyoxm;
onfh &Sif;vDzef;trsKd;tpm;oHk;bD;
qkid u
f ,fEiS hf ,mrm[mtrsKd;tpm;
armfawmfqidk u
f ,ftrSwf 18,^90
367? xkdYtjyif rSefaumifwmukdyg
xdcdkufysufpD;NyD;qkdifvkyfom; rif;
rif;pk;d (24)ESp\
f 0Jbufvuftenf;
i,f'Pf&m&&So
d mG ;ojzif,
h mOfrqif
rjcifarmif;ESifolwifrsKd;xGef; (48)
ESp?f (b)OD;xGe;f vGit
f m; jrpfBuD;em;
NrdKU,mOfxdef;&JwyfzGJUpcef;u ,mOf
(y) 21^2013? jypfrIqkdif&mOya'
yk'rf 279^338 t& trIziG t
hf a&;
,lxm;aMumif; od&onf/
,kZe&yfuu
G af ejynfow
l pfO;D u
]]t&ufaopmaomufpm;rl;,pf
NyD; ,mOfarmif;ESirf rI sm;ukcd iG rhf jyKbJ
xdxda&mufa&muf ta&;,loifh
aMumif;? ,mOfwkdufrI rMumcP
usL;vGew
f wforl sm;ukv
d nf; ,mOf
armif;ESifcGifh &moufyefydwfodrf;
onfhtxd ta&;,ltjypfay;oifh
aMumif;}} vQyfwpfjyufokdY$xkwf
azmfajymqkdoGm;onf/
xufolatmif

33

,ciftywfrStquf
]]tJ'g tpfuBkd uD;udk 0efBuD;vrf;aMumif;&Sv
d Ydk rauG;u uref;uwef;
zkef;qufac:awmh "mwfykHawGudk ra&G;cJhMuyJ jyefvmcJhMuw,fqdkygawmh/
lyguvnf; olYudk"mwfykHq&maumifav;u&doJhoJhvkyfawmh lygu'DrSm
uRerf wkYd av;ig;&ufaeOD;r,f/ vQypf pfXmeattD;uuRerf tpfuBkd uD;"mwfykH
ul;NyD;&ifvmykdYygvkdY ajymxm;cJhw,fwJh? tJ'gtpfudkBuD;u uref;uwef;
jyef&awmhrif;bl;u vQyfppftvkyform;awGeJYvTJxm;cJh&w,fwJh/ "mwfykH
awGu jrifwJhtwdkif;yJ enf;vm;}}
roef;jrifhu twGif;bufwpfcsufvSrf;MunfhNyD; qufajym\/
]]"mwfyzHk ;kd u enf;wmrSr[kww
f m/ "mwfyq
Hk &maumifav;u vQypf pf
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[du
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wm/ 'geJaY umifav;u lyghyu
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ykHBuD;csJUNyD;awmh olYqdkifrSmuyfxm;w,fwJh}}
roef;jrifx
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Munfhzl;\/
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wpfNrdKUwnf;aeMuwmud;k / t&ifuvnf; &if;ES;D NyD;om;?
OD;ausmf[efu a&Tpufawmfbk&m;rSm a*gyuqdkawmh
aumifav;qD0if&if; lyghykHBuD;udkoGm;awGUw,f/ 'Dawmh
OD;ausm[
f efu ]]a[haumif? 'gacsmuvufyyHk gvm;qdak wmh aumif
av;u tbeJYodvdkYvm;vkdY ar;w,fwJh}}
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vnf; uvufwufwufvkyfwwfojzifh lyghudkolYtbGm;ay;oGm;
aomemrnfajymifjzpfonf/)
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Y artazolt
Y bd;k tbGm;awG
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twif;ajymay;ygjzpfa&m/ OD;ausmf[efuvnf; rif;wdkYtajctaeeJYqdk
olYrdbawGudk igajym&if&ygw,fqdkNyD; lyghudkyxrwpfacguf vmMunfh
wmwJh tJ'g&SifeJYudpudkawmh a,mufruajymvdkuf? rajymvdkufuRefr
rodbl;aemfudkjrifh? 'guRefrbk&m;ay;ay; usrf;ay;ay;yg&Sif}}
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36

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