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Problem I:
Two IP routers are connected via an OC-3 link. Assume that 33% of the resulting frames are 5 !"tes long# and the rest are $5 !"tes long. %hat is the rate of transmission of IP &ackets'

Solution
Average &acket si(e ) .33*5 + .,-*$#5 ) $ .$.5 !"tes. An /T/-3c frame has three /T/-$ frames with 0 columns overhead for each /T/-$ frame. Thus# the /T/-3 &a"load ) .- *1 - $.*1 ) .301 !"tes. %e su!tract $ column PO2 so that at the end we have .301 - $*1 ) ..0$ &a"load !"tes &er /T/3 frame. In these &a"load !"tes we can fit3 ..0$4$ .$.5 ) ... &ackets &er frame. /ince we sam&le 5# frames &er second# the &acket rate will !e ...1 &ackets4frame * 5# frames4sec ) $53. &ackets4sec.

Problem II:
Consider the case of an a&&lication running over an AT6 network. Assume that each &acket generated !" the a&&lication is carried !" n AT6 cells# which are transmitted !ack-to-!ack. The time to transmit a cell is T and the average time it takes for a cell to traverse the AT6 network and reach the destination is D. %hen all of the AT6 cells !elonging to the same &acket are received !" the destination# their &a"loads are e7tracted from the cells and are assem!led to the original &acket. /u!se8uentl"# the C9C o&eration is carried out on the reassem!led &acket. If the C9C check is correct# the &acket is released to the a&&lication. Otherwise# a negative acknowledgment is sent !ack to the source re8uesting the retransmission of the entire &acket. The time it takes to carr" out the C9C check is F# and the time it takes for the negative acknowledgment to reach the source is D. :et p !e the &ro!a!ilit" that the AT6 cell is received with erroneous &a"load. a. %hat is the &ro!a!ilit" that all n cells are received correctl"' !. %hat is the &ro!a!ilit" that e7actl" m cells are received erroneousl"# where m < n. c. %rite down the e7&ression for the average time# re8uired to transfer correctl" an a&&lication &acket to the destination. d. Plot the average time against the &ro!a!ilit" p# assuming that n ) 3 # D ) . msec# T ) 3 ;sec# and F ) . <ar" p from .$ to . $.

e. =iscuss the results of the a!ove &lot in the light of the fact that there is no data link la"er in AT6.

Solution
a> P?all n cells received correctl"> ) ?$-&>n !> P?m cells received incorrectl"> ) nCm&m?$-&>n-m c> Pro!a!ilit" that a cell is received in error ) & Pro!a!ilit" of n cells !eing error free ) " ) ?$-&>n Pro!a!ilit" of n cells with one or more errors ) ?$-"> Time taken to transmit a &acket with no errors ) nT + = + @ ) 9 Time taken to transmit a &acket with error ) nT + = + @ + = +nT + = + @ ).9+= Average time to taken to transmit a &acket ) P AOB99O9*CTime with no errorD + P$B99O9*CTime with $ errorD + E ) "9 + "?$-">C.9 + =D + "?$-">.C39 + .=D + "?$-">3C09 + 3=D +E ) "9 + "?$-">.9 + "?$-">.39 + "?$-">309 + E + "?$-">= + "?$-">..= + "?$">33= + "?$-">00=+ E /e&arating the two &arts# Part $ - "9 + "?$-">.9 + "?$-">.39 + "?$-">309 + E Part . - "?$-">= C $ + ?$-">. + ?$-">.3 + ?$-">30+ E /ummation of iai-$ over i ) a )$-". Therefore# Part . )
y ?$ y > D D ?$ y > ) y ?$ ?$ y >>G .

to infinit" will give $4?$-a>. for aF$# in this case

@or Part $ ) "9C $+ ?$-">. + ?$-">.3 + ?$-">30 + ...D Therefore Part $ )

yR ) 94". ?$ ?$ y >>.

Thus Part$ + Part . ) 94" + =?$-">4" %)

DC$ ?$ p >G nD nT + D + F + ?$ p >G n ?$ p >G n

d> e> The a!ove results show that the time % decreases with the decrease in the cell p (1-p)n W .$ . 0. 130.5.3 . 5 . 5. 0,5.1 . , .$5, .3,.15. 0 ..10 $$,.3, . . .505 53.5, . $ .-0 30.$-, . 5 .-5, 3$. 5 . , .535 .5. $. . 0 .55.5.$1. . .10. ...555 . $ .1.$.33 . 5 .1-, .$. -, . , .15. . .5.5 . 0 .155 . .5-. . .110 . .33$ . $ .11. ..$$ . 5 .115 . .$. , .115. . .$,. . 0 .1155 . .$35 . . .1110 . .$$0 . $ .111. .$ . loss rate. In AT6 the cell loss rate is ver" low# due to high-s&eed o&tical links. 2ence the need for link la"er error4flow control is not necessar". 2ence there is no data link la"er in AT6.