A.

FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR

1. A current carrying wire has a magnetic field around it. If this wire is place in another
magnetic field, the two magnetic fields may interact and produce a force on the wire.

2.When a current is passed through the loop, the loop moves upwards. A force is acting
on the wire segment inside the magnetic field.
3.When the direction of current is reversed, the loop moves downwards.
4.When the polarities of the magnet are reversed, the loop moves downwards.
5.When the current and magnetic field strength are increased, the loop will bend more.
The force acting on the wire is therefore proportional to the current and the magnetic
field strength.
6. The directions of the magnetic field, current and force acting on the loop are mutually
perpendicular.
7. The direction of the force can be determined by Fleming’s left hand Rule which is also
known as the Motor Rule.
B. Fleming’s Left hand Rule (Motor Rule)
1. By placing the forefinger, second finger and thumb of the left hand mutually at right
angles, the forefinger will point in the direction of the field, the second finger in the
direction of the current and the thumb in the direction of the force or motion.

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2. The force on the wire can be increased by
Using a larger current
Using a stronger magnetic field
Using a greater length of the wire in the field
3. Only when the wire is inside the magnetic field, there is force acting on it. If you
increase the length of the wire but the increased segment is outside the field, the force
cannot be increased.
Force on a beam of charged Particles
1. When a beam of moving particles enters a magnetic field, there is force acting on the
charged particles. They are deflected inside the magnetic field. Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
can be applied to determine the direction of deflection of the beam of charged particles.
(a) A beam of positive charged particles. Direction of current is same as the direction of
movement of the charged particles.

2
(b) A beam of negative charged particles (electrons) Current is in an opposite direction to
that of the flow of negative charges.

2. The pattern of the combined magnetic field due to a current-carrying conductor in a

magnetic field.
Magnetic Field Magnetic field due to Catapult Effect
a current-carrying conductor

Magnetic Field

Magnetic field due to a current-carrying conductor

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 Catapult Effect
3. The Catapult Effect (also called the Motor Effect).
The catapult effect shows the force on a wire in a magnetic field when current flows
through the wire. If you put two magnets near to each other, their magnetic fields will
interact. The interaction means that the magnets will feel forces on them as like poles will
repel and unlike poles attract. It follows then that a wire in a field from a permanent
magnet
will feel a force when current flows through it. The magnetic field generated around the
wire by the current will interact with the field around the magnet and the two fields will
push or pull on each other. The magnetic field around a straight wire is circular.
The magnetic field between two attracting poles is straight. When the two interact,
the wire is pushed away from the field between the attracting poles at right angles (90°)
both to the straight field lines and to the direction of current flow.

4. The Catapult Effect and Fleming's Left Hand Rule.

If we show the two magnetic fields from the wire and the permanent magnet, we can see
that on one side of the wire the fields have the same direction and repel the wire, on the
other side of the wire the fields have opposite directions and attract the wire. This is
called the catapult effect (or motor effect).

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You can predict which way the wire will move by using Fleming's Left Hand Rule. The
thumb, first finger and second finger of the left hand are all pointing at 90° to each other.

1. The thumb points in the direction of motion of the wire.

2. The first finger points in the direction of the field (from the permanent magnet)
3. The second finger points in the direction of the current through the wire.

This works well in theory but in practice it may be difficult to get your thumb and fingers
all pointing in the right direction.

Electric Motor

1. Electric motors have a wide variety of uses. The catapult effect (motor effect) is used
to make a simple electric motor. The wire is pushed in the opposite direction if the
direction of the current through it is reversed. In a motor, the wire is wound around a
central block called an armature. A spindle through the armature allows it to rotate. The
current flows in opposite directions on each side of the armature, so one side is pushed
while the other is pulled. This makes the armature rotate.

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After the armature has rotated through half a turn (180°), then the side of the armature
being pushed upwards in the above picture is now on the left and the side being pulled
down on the right. The armature would be trying to turn in the opposite direction. For the
armature to continue to spin in the same direction, the direction of the current flowing
through the wire must be reversed every half turn. This is achieved using a split - ring
commutator.

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 Figure 2

Fingers and thumb are spread out so that thumb is at right angles to index finger which is
at right angles to both the second finger and the thumb.

• The thumb represents thrust or motion direction.

• The first finger represents the magnetic field direction from North to South.
• The second finger represents the current direction in the usual way assumed from
positive to negative.

Now have a look at the electromagnetic effect in action. Remember that the magnetic

field is going from the north at the top to the south at the bottom. Notice that nothing
happens until the switch is closed and current flows in the direction shown by the arrows.

We use the convention that current flows from positive to negative because it has been so

useful historically. You'll have to twist your hand around a bit to make it match but it will

reinforce the idea for you.

Fleming's left-hand rule

The direction of the current, the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of
movement are at right angles to each other. The way to remember how the wire moves is
by using

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Fleming's left-hand rule
Fleming's left-hand rule can be used to work out the direction of the force when a current
flows in a magnetic field.
Fleming's left-hand rule. Hold your left hand as shown in the picture in Fig.2. Follow
these three steps to learn how to predict which way the wire will move:

1. Rotate your hand so the First finger is in the direction of the magnetic Field.

2. Point your seCond finger in the direction of the Current.

3. Your thuMb is now pointing in the direction of the Movement.

Let's put this into practice. For example, when the magnetic field points from left to right,
point the first finger of your left hand to the right. The current flows out of the screen, so
point your second finger towards you, out of the screen. Now your thumb is pointing
upwards. This is the direction of motion, and agrees with what you found in the
experiment.

The force exerted on the wire depends on two factors:

• the strength of the magnetic field

• the current flowing through the wire

A larger magnetic field produces a larger force, and so does a larger current.

This is how Flemings Left Hand Rule works. Fingers and thumb are spread out so that
thumb is at right angles to index finger which is at right angles to both the second finger
and the thumb.

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The thumb represents thrust or motion direction. The first finger represents the magnetic
field direction from North to South. The second finger represents the current direction in
the usual way assumed from positive to negative. Now have a look at the electromagnetic
effect in action. Remember that the magnetic field is going from the north at the top to
the south at the bottom. Notice that nothing happens until the switch is closed and
current flows in the direction shown by the arrows. We use the convention that current
flows from positive to negative because it has been so useful historically. You'll have to
twist your hand around a bit to make it match but it will reinforce the idea for you.
Motor

2. Turning Effect on a current-carrying coil

In the figure below, a rectangular coil ABCD is placed in a uniform magnetic field. The
coil can rotate freely about the horizontal axis YY’

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When the switch is turned off, the current flows from point A to point D through the coil.
Apply Fleming’s Left hand Rule on the wire segments AB and CD. It is found that there
is a downward force acting on AB and upward force acting on CD. Thus the coil turns in
clockwise direction. This turning effect can be increased by

(i) increasing the current

(ii) increasing the magnetic field strength

(iii) increasing the number of turns of the coil

(iv) inserting a soft iron core within the coil to concentrate the magnetic field lines.

3. AC and DC

"DC" stands for direct current in which the current flows in the one direction constantly
throughout the circuit. One side of the power source is nominated as the positive (+) pole
and the other as the negative (-) pole. An automotive battery or dry cell gives DC. In
"AC" or alternating current the current periodically reverses its direction along the
conductor, i.e. one fraction of a second the right-hand terminal is "negative", the next
fraction of a second it is "positive". In 50 Hertz AC current, such as is commonly used in
Australia, this change from + to - to + occurs as a cyclic variation 50 times a second, the
current thus changing direction of flow 100 times a second. See Fig. 5.

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4. Magnetic Propulsion within a Motor

The basic principle of all motors can easily be shown using two electromagnets and a
permanent magnet. Current is passed through coil no. 1 in such a direction that a north
pole is established and through coil no. 2 in such a direction that a south pole is
established. A permanent magnet with a north and South Pole is the moving part of this
simple motor. In Figure 5-the north pole of the permanent magnet is opposite the north
pole of the electromagnet. Similarly, the south poles are opposite each other. Like
magnetic poles repel each other, causing the movable permanent magnet to begin to turn.
After it turns part way around, the force of attraction between the unlike poles becomes
strong enough to keep the permanent magnet rotating. The rotating magnet continues to
turn until the unlike poles are lined up. At this point the rotor would normally stop
because of the attraction between the unlike poles. (Figure 5-b)

Figure 5

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If, however, the direction of currents in the electromagnetic coils was suddenly reversed,
thereby reversing the polarity of the two coils, then the poles would again be opposites
and repel each other. (Figure 5-c). The movable permanent magnet would then continue
to rotate. If the current direction in the electromagnetic coils was changed every time the
magnet turned 180 degrees or halfway around, then the magnet would continue to rotate.
This simple device is a motor in its simplest form. An actual motor is more complex than
the simple device shown above, but the principle is the same.

5. Direct-Current Motors - DC motors are divided into three classes, designated

according to the method of connecting the armature and the field windings as shunt-series
and compound wound. There are different kinds of D.C. motors, but they all work on the
same principles. To understand what goes on inside a motor, here is an example (click the
illustration below for a full size image).

Simple Motor

When a permanent magnet is positioned around a loop of wire that is hooked up to a D.C.
power source, we have the basics of a D.C. motor. In order to make the loop of wire spin,
we have to connect a battery or DC power supply between its ends, and support it so it
can spin about its axis. To allow the rotor to turn without twisting the wires, the ends of
the wire loop are connected to a set of contacts called the commutator, which rubs against
a set of conductors called the brushes. The brushes make electrical contact with the
commutator as it spins, and are connected to the positive and negative leads of the power
source, allowing electricity to flow through the loop. The electricity flowing through the

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loop creates a magnetic field that interacts with the magnetic field of the permanent
magnet to make the loop spin.

6. AC Current

How the current is reversed in the coil so as to change the coils polarity, you ask. Well, as
you probably know, the difference between DC and AC is that with DC the current flows
in only one direction while with AC the direction of current flow changes periodically. In
the case of common AC that is used throughout most of the United States, the current
flow changes direction 120 times every second. This current is referred to as "60 cycle
AC" or "60 Hertz AC" in honor of Mr. Hertz who first conceived the AC current concept.
Another characteristic of current flow is that it can vary in quantity. We can have a 5
amp, 10 amp or 100 amp flow for instance. With pure DC, this means that the current
flow is actually 5, 10, or 100 amps on a continuous basis. We can visualize this on a
simple time-current graph by a straight line as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 - Visualization of DC

But with AC it is different. As you can well imagine, it would be rather difficult for the
current to be flowing at say 100 amps in a positive direction one moment and then at the
next moment be flowing at an equal intensity in the negative direction. Instead, as the
current is getting ready to change directions, it first tapers off until it reaches zero flow
and then gradually builds up in the other direction. See Figure 7. Note that the maximum
current flow (the peaks of the line) in each direction is more than the specified value (100
amps in this case). Therefore, the specified value is given as an average. It is actually
called a "root mean square" value, but don't worry about remembering this because it is
of no importance to us at this time. What is important in our study of motors, is to realize

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that the strength of the magnetic field produced by an AC electro-magnetic coil increases
and decreases with the increase and decrease of this alternating current flow.

Figure 7 - Visualization of AC.

7. Basic AC Motor Operation

An AC motor has two basic electrical parts: a "stator" and a "rotor" as shown in Figure 8.
The stator is in the stationary electrical component. It consists of a group of individual
electro-magnets arranged in such a way that they form a hollow cylinder, with one pole
of each magnet facing toward the center of the group. The term, "stator" is derived from
the word stationary. The stator then is the stationary part of the motor. The rotor is the
rotating electrical component. It also consists of a group of electro-magnets arranged
around a cylinder, with the poles facing toward the stator poles. The rotor, obviously, is
located inside the stator and is mounted on the motor's shaft. The term "rotor" is derived
from the word rotating. The rotor then is the rotating part of the motor. The objective of
these motor components is to make the rotor rotate which in turn will rotate the motor
shaft. This rotation will occur because of the previously discussed magnetic phenomenon
that unlike magnetic poles attract each other and like poles repel. If we progressively
change the polarity of the stator poles in such a way that their combined magnetic field
rotates, then the rotor will follow and rotate with the magnetic field of the stator.

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 Figure 8 - Basic electrical components of an AC motor.

This "rotating magnetic fields of the stator can be better understood by examining Figure
9. As shown, the stator has six magnetic poles and the rotor has two poles. At time 1,
stator poles A-1 and C-2 are north poles and the opposite poles, A-2 and C-1, are south
poles. The S-pole of the rotor is attracted by the two N-poles of the stator and the N-pole
of the rotor is attracted by the two south poles of the stator. At time 2, the polarity of the
stator poles is changed so that now C-2 and B-1 and N-poles and C-1 and B-2 are S-
poles. The rotor then is forced to rotate 60 degrees to line up with the stator poles as
shown. At time 3, B-1 and A-2 are N. At time 4, A-2 and C-1 are N. As each change is
made, the poles of the rotor are attracted by the opposite poles on the stator. Thus, as the
magnetic field of the stator rotates, the rotor is forced to rotate with it.

Figure 9 - The rotating magnetic field of an AC motor.

One way to produce a rotating magnetic field in the stator of an AC motor is to use a
three-phase power supply for the stator coils. What, you may ask, is three-phase power?
The answer to that question can be better understood if we first examine single-phase

15
power. Figure 7 is the visualization of single-phase power. The associated AC generator
is producing just one flow of electrical current whose direction and intensity varies as
indicated by the single solid line on the graph. From time 0 to time 3, current is flowing
in the conductor in the positive direction. From time 3 to time 6, current is flowing in the
negative. At any one time, the current is only flowing in one direction. But some
generators produce three separate current flows (phases) all superimposed on the same
circuit. This is referred to as three-phase power. At any one instant, however, the
direction and intensity of each separate current flow are not the same as the other phases.
This is illustrated in Figure 10. The three separate phases (current flows) are labeled A, B
and C. At time 1, phase A is at zero amps, phase B is near its maximum amperage and
flowing in the positive direction, and phase C is near to its maximum amperage but
flowing in the negative direction. At time 2, the amperage of phase A is increasing and
flow is positive, the amperage of phase B is decreasing and its flow is still negative, and
phase C has dropped to zero amps. A complete cycle (from zero to maximum in one
direction, to zero and to maximum in the other direction, and back to zero) takes one
complete revolution of the generator. Therefore, a complete cycle is said to have 360
electrical degrees. In examining Figure 10, we see that each phase is displaced 120
degrees from the other two phases. Therefore, we say they are 120 degrees out of phase.

Figure 10 - The pattern of the separate phases of three-phase power.

To produce a rotating magnetic field in the stator of a three-phase AC motor, all that
needs to be done is wind the stator coils properly and connect the power supply leads
correctly. The connection for a 6 pole stator is shown in Figure 11. Each phase of the

16
three-phase power supply is connected to opposite poles and the associated coils are
wound in the same direction. As you will recall from Figure 4, the polarity of the poles of
an electro-magnet are determined by the direction of the current flow through the coil.
Therefore, if two opposite stator electro-magnets are wound in the same direction, the
polarity of the facing poles must be opposite. Therefore, when pole A1 is N, pole A2 is S.
When pole B1 is N, B2 is S and so forth.

Figure 11 - Method of connecting three-phase power to a six-pole stator.

Figure 12 shows how the rotating magnetic field is produced. At time1, the current flow
in the phase "A" poles is positive and pole A-1 is N. The current flow in the phase "C"
poles is negative, making C-2 an N-pole and C-1 is S. There is no current flow in phase
"B", so these poles are not magnetized. At time 2, the phases have shifted 60 degrees,
making poles C-2 and B-1 both N and C-1 and B-2 both S. Thus, as the phases shift their
current flow, the resultant N and S poles move clockwise around the stator, producing a
rotating magnetic field. The rotor acts like a bar magnet, being pulled along by the
rotating magnetic field.

Figure 12 - How three-phase power produces a rotating magnetic field.

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Up to this point not much has been said about the rotor. In the previous examples, it has
been assumed the rotor poles were wound with coils, just as the stator poles, and supplied
with DC to create fixed polarity poles. This, by the way, is exactly how a synchronous
AC motor works. However, most AC motors being used today are not synchronous
motors. Instead, so-called "induction" motors are the workhorses of industry. So how is
an induction motor different? The big difference is the manner in which current is
supplied to the rotor. This is no external power supply. As you might imagine from the
motor's name, an induction technique is used instead. Induction is another characteristic
of magnetism. It is a natural phenomena which occurs when a conductor (aluminum bars
in the case of a rotor, see Figure 13) is moved through an existing magnetic field or when
a magnetic field is moved past a conductor. In either case, the relative motion of the two
causes an electric current to flow in the conductor. This is referred to as "induced" current
flow. In other words, in an induction motor the current flow in the rotor is not caused by
any direct connection of the conductors to a voltage source, but rather by the influence of
the rotor conductors cutting across the lines of flux produced by the stator magnetic
fields. The induced current which is produced in the rotor results in a magnetic field
around the rotor conductors as shown in Figure 14. This magnetic field around each rotor
conductor will cause each rotor conductor to act like the permanent magnet in the Figure
9 example. As the magnetic field of the stator rotates, due to the effect of the three-phase
AC power supply, the induced magnetic field of the rotor will be attracted and will follow
the rotation. The rotor is connected to the motor shaft, so the shaft will rotate and drive
the connection load. That's how a motor works! Simple, was it not?

Figure 13 - Construction of an AC induction motor's rotor.

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 Figure 14 - How voltage is induced in the rotor, resulting in current flow in the rotor
conductors.

8. DC Machines, Principles of Operation: Generator

In a generator, moving a conductor through a stationary magnetic field generates

voltage. If a coil is rotated through a magnetic field as shown in Figure 4, an alternating
voltage will be produced. To make this voltage available to a stationary external circuit,
two slip rings and brushes must be provided. For the external circuit to produce DC
voltage, it is necessary to reverse the polarity of the external leads at the same time the
voltage in the coil is reversed. This is accomplished by segmenting a slip ring to form
what is called a commutator. An elementary two segment commutator is illustrated in
Figure 5. This single coil, two pieces of commutator will yield a unidirectional but
pulsating voltage as shown in Figure 6. However, when a large number of commutator
segments or bars are used, the resulting voltage will be more uniform as shown in Figure
7.

Figure 4.
Brushes and slip rings provide AC
voltage

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 Figure 5.
Brushes and Commutator provides
DC voltage

Figure 6. Unidirectional, Pulsating Voltage

Figure 7.

2. ACTIVITY (50 MINUTES)

1. A current flows in wire hanging between the poles of a magnet. The wire starts to
move in the direction shown.

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Which diagrams shows the position and the polarity of the magnet?

Candidates need to apply Fleming Left hand Rule to the diagrams one by one to find out
the correct answer D.

2. A long flexible wire is wrapped round two wooden pegs. A large current is passed in
the direction shown. Which two pairs do the lengths of wire attract each other?

Wires with currents flowing in the same direction attract each other. First pair J and K.
Second pair is L and M.

3. A coil, carrying a current is arranged within a magnetic field. The coil experiences
forces that can make the coil move. How does the coil move?

21
Candidates should trace the direction of current in the wire inside the magnetic field and
then apply Fleming’s Left Hand Rule to determine the direction of movement of the coil.

4. Why is a commutator used in a d.c. motor?

Without commutator, a d.c. motor cannot turn continuously in one direction. The function
of the commutator is to reverse the direction of current through the coil every half-turn so
that the motor can continue to turn in one direction.

5. Figure below shows a rectangular current-carrying coil mounted on a freely pivoted

shaft between the poles of a permanent magnet. The connections to a battery and the
direction of the current in each side of the coil as shown, the sides of the coil are labeled
J, K and M.

Draw arrows to show the directions of the forces, if any acting on the sides J, K, L and
M. State what will happen to the coil as a result of these forces acting on it.

22
The forces acting on the coil produce a net anticlockwise moment about the shaft when
viewed from the front. Hence the coil will rotate in an anticlockwise direction. Two
arrows should have the same length as they represent two equal forces. There is no force
acting on the sides K and M as the direction of current is parallel to the magnetic field.
There is no continuous rotation as slip rings are used instead of commutators. The coil
will oscillate.

6. The following is a diagram of a d.c. motor.

State the direction of movement of side AB and side CD when the current is in the
direction shown. Explain the reason for your choices of direction. When the coil ABCD
is vertical, the brushes line up with the gaps in the spilt-ring commutator. The coil rotates
past the vertical position. Explain what happens to the current in the coil and to the forces
on the sides AB and CD of the coil.

Side AB: downwards. Side CD: upwards. The direction of force acting on each side of
the coil is given by Fleming’s Left hand Rule and is perpendicular to both the direction of
current flowing through the wire and the direction of magnetic field. The direction of the
coil is reversed. Each force reverses its direction so that the coil continues to rotate in the
same direction. At first, current is flowing from A to B and C to D. When the coil is at
the vertical position, the spilt-ring commutator is not in contact with the carbon brush and
therefore no current flows. Because of inertia, the coil will continue to rotate and the

23
commutator touches the carbon brushes again. However, the current is then flowing from
B to A and D to C. The function of the split-ring commutator is to ensure that the motor
rotates in one direction.

3. ASSESSMENT (40 MINUTES)

1. Each of the diagrams below is a cross-section through two parallel current-carrying
conductors. Which diagram correctly shows the magnetic field pattern formed by the
currents in the two conductors?

2. A wire hangs between the poles of a magnet. When there is a current in the wire, in
which direction does the wire move?

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3. The diagrams below shows a two pole single-coil electric motor.

The split-ring commutator reverses the current in the coil as it rotates. How many times is
the current reversed if the coil is rotated once?

A1 B 2 C 3 D 4

4. The diagram below shows a coil in a magnetic field.

When the coil is part of a d.c. motor, what must be connected directly to X and Y?

A d.c. supply

B slip ring

C soft-iron core

D split-ring commutator

5. A coil carrying a current, is arranged within a magnetic field. The coil experiences
forces that can make the coil move.

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How does the coil move?

A from X to Y

B out of the paper

C along the magnetic field

D turns about the axis XY

6. (a) Figure below shows a solenoid which is connected to a battery so that the current in
the solenoid is in the direction shown.

(i) Draw the pattern of the magnetic field due to the current, both inside and
outside the solenoid.

26
 (ii) Draw arrows at P and Q to show the direction of the magnetic field at each of
these points.
(iii) A beam of electrons is now directed at P such that the beam passes into the
diagram. Draw an arrow at P to show the direction of the force exerted on the
electrons by the magnetic foeld due to the current in the solenoid L and the
arrow with the letter R.

(b) Figure below shows a rigid rectangular coil mounted on the axle XY which is
perpendicular to the axis of the solenoid. The coil is connected through slip rings and
brushes to a battery in a circuit which includes a aswitch

(i) Explain why the coils begins to rotate when the switch is closed and the direction of
the current in the rectangular coil is as shown.

(ii) Continuous rotation of the coil does not take place. Explain why this is so.

7. Figure below shows a light aluminium rod resting between the poles of a magnet. A
current is passed through the rod from two brass strips connected to a power supply.

27
Draw the direction of the current in the rod when the switch is closed. State which way
the rod moves when the switch is closed. Give a reason for your answer. State the effect
on the movement of the rod when the current is increased and the current is reversed.

4. MARKING SCHEME (ANSWER KEY)

1. C Use Right Hand grip rule to establish the direction of the magnetic field produced by
the current in each wire. The thumb of the right hand represents current in the wire and
the curled fingers give the general direction of the field lines.
2. A Use Fleming’s Left hand Rule to determine the direction of the force on conductor.
The first finger of the left hand represents the direction of the magnetic field, the second
finger represents the direction of the current and the thumb gives the direction of the
force.
3. B The current in the coil reverses for every half rotation of the coil. Since one rotation
consists of two half-rotations, the current is reversed twice.
4. D Fact
5. D Use Fleming’s Left hand Rule to determine the force acting on the coil.

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6.

(b) (i) A wire will experience a force once the current flows though it in the presence of
the magnetic field. By Fleming’s Left hand Rule, the force is downwards and
perpendicular to the wire further away from the solenoid and upwards for the wire nearer
to the solenoid. Thus, the coil will experience a turning effect and it begins to rotate.
(ii) The turning moment of the coil decreases to 0 as the coil reaches the vertical position
since the distance between the line of actions of the two above-mentioned forces
decreases to 0. Also as the coil rotates clockwise past the vertical position, the turning
moment becomes anti clockwise. The coil will then oscillates about XY with the
oscillations dying away.
7.

The rod moves into the magnet. By Fleming’s Left Hand Rule, the direction of the
magnetic force acting on the rod is perpendicular to both the direction of the magnetic
field and the direction of the current in the rod. The force is increased and therefore the
rod moves faster. The rod moves in opposite direction. Conventional current flows
externally from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of the battery. Only the
segment of the wire which is inside the magnetic field will experience a magnetic force.

29
When only current or polarity of magnetic field is reversed, the direction of force is
reversed. If both current and polarity of magnetic field are reversed at the same time, the
direction of force remains the same.

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